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Natoli, E., G. Cariola, G. Dall’Oglio, and P. Valsecchi. "Considerations of Ethical Aspects of Control Strategies of Unowned Free-Roaming Dog Populations and the No-Kill Policy in Italy." Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research 1, no. 2 (August 22, 2019): 216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25889567-12340014.
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Abstract The management of free-roaming dog populations is an important matter both for the local administrations that have to manage this problem and for the defenders of the animals’ rights. This review’s first objective is to analyse the legal status of the free-roaming dogs in some European countries. A second purpose of this work is to ask questions and to consider the ethical aspects of the already-existing strategies to control free-roaming dog populations. Italian Law no. 281, which was enacted in 1991, was intended to solve the problem of free-roaming dogs in Italy; at the same time, apparently in contradiction with this objective, the law called for a no-kill policy to be enforced throughout the whole national territory. Thus, for a dog that has no chances of adoption, the ethical debate has moved to the question of whether a “life imprisonment” is better than the “capital punishment”. In terms of ethical aspects of control strategies of free-roaming dog populations, we believe that the Italian national law, and its regional applications, are more functional than the other laws of Westernized countries, with the appropriate measures suggested and with a more accurate control on their application.
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Chanachai, Karoon, Vilaiporn Wongphruksasoong, Ad Vos, Kansuda Leelahapongsathon, Ratanaporn Tangwangvivat, Onpawee Sagarasaeranee, Paisin Lekcharoen, Porathip Trinuson, and Suwicha Kasemsuwan. "Feasibility and Effectiveness Studies with Oral Vaccination of Free-Roaming Dogs against Rabies in Thailand." Viruses 13, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040571.
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(1) Background: Thailand has made significant progress in reducing the number of human and animal rabies cases. However, control and elimination of the last remaining pockets of dog-mediated rabies have shown to be burdensome, predominantly as a result of the large numbers of free-roaming dogs without an owner that cannot be restrained without special efforts and therefore remain unvaccinated. To reach these dogs, the feasibility, and benefits of oral rabies vaccination (ORV) as a complementary tool has been examined under field conditions. (2) Methods: ORV of dogs was tested in five study areas of four provinces in Thailand. In these areas, sites with free-roaming dogs were identified with the support of local municipal workers and dog caretakers. ORV teams visited each of five study areas and distributed rabies vaccine (SPBN GASGAS) in three bait formats that were offered to the dogs using a hand-out and retrieval model. The three bait types tested included: egg-flavored baits, egg-flavored baits pasted with commercially available cat liquid snack, and boiled-intestine baits. A dog offered a vaccine bait was considered vaccinated when the discarded sachet was perforated or if a dog chewed vaccine bait at least 5 times before it swallowed the bait, including the sachet. (3) Results: A total of 2444 free-roaming dogs considered inaccessible for parenteral vaccination were identified at 338 sites. As not all dogs were approachable, 79.0% were offered a bait; of these dogs, 91.6% accepted the bait and subsequently 83.0% were considered successfully vaccinated. (4) Conclusion: Overall, 65.6% of the free-roaming dogs at these sites were successfully vaccinated by the oral route. Such a significant increase of the vaccination coverage of the free-roaming dog population could interrupt the rabies transmission cycle and offers a unique opportunity to reach the goal to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies in Thailand by 2030.
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Dalla Villa, P., S. Kahn, L. Stuardo, L. Iannetti, A. Di Nardo, and J. A. Serpell. "Free-roaming dog control among OIE-member countries." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 97, no. 1 (October 2010): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.001.
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Agustina, Kadek Karang, Putu Sasmitha Devi Cahyani, and Ida Bagus Kade Suardana. "Dog Demography And Level Of Knowledge Against Rabies In Positive And Negative Case Of Rabies Areas In Mendoyo-Jembrana, Bali, Indonesia (DEMOGRAFI ANJING DAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP RABIES DI DAERAH DENGAN KASUS RABIES POSITIF DAN NEGATIF." Jurnal Veteriner 18, no. 4 (January 29, 2018): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2017.18.4.642.
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This research aims were to compare the demography of dogs and knowledge profile of dog owners against rabies in Mendoyo Sub-District, Jembarana Bali. This research used observational method, conducted from May to June 2016 in Mendoyo sub-district of Jembrana. Two Banjars were selected by the rabies case report in dogs (YehEmbangKangin village) and two other without case (MendoyoDanginTukad village). The data collected by interviewing the community and direct assessment of free-roaming dogs in the areas. A total of 200 household samples were taken, 50 respondents of each sampling area. This research resulted that the ratio of man-dog in Mendoyo was 4.5:1 and the ratio of male and female dogs was 1.8:1. As many as 64.8% of dog’s age were more than 12 month old, 28% were 4 to 12 month old and 8% were less than 4 month old. In the sampling areas, 19.4% of dogs were sterilized, which were 91.18% males and 8.82% females. Coverage of rabies vaccination in owned dogs was 82.3%. Dog’s petting method by people in Mendoyo was 69.71% free-roaming while 30.29% tied or caged. On free-roaming dog assessment, this study found 52 free-roaming dogs on the streets, 65.38% males and 34.62% females, only 30.8% of those used vaccination collar marker, Based on the body condition score, 76.9% of free-roaming dogs have good conditions. Of the total 200 households surveyed, there was a high level of knowledge about the danger of rabies and the importance of vaccination, but only a few people (<35%) received consulting about rabies, understood how to prevent rabies infection and the regulations about dog petting management. In positive area, we found there are still many people who have the habit of disposing dog. We conclude that there is needed to improve knowledge and attitude of the community about the prevention and risk factor of rabies.
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Beckman, Magnus, Kate Hill, Mark Farnworth, Charlotte Bolwell, Janis Bridges, and Els Acke. "Tourists’ Perceptions of the Free-Roaming Dog Population in Samoa." Animals 4, no. 4 (September 29, 2014): 599–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani4040599.
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Yoak, Andrew J., John F. Reece, Stanley D. Gehrt, and Ian M. Hamilton. "Optimizing free-roaming dog control programs using agent-based models." Ecological Modelling 341 (December 2016): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.09.018.
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Wright, Nicolette, Deepak Subedi, Saurav Pantha, Krishna Prasad Acharya, and Louis Hendrik Nel. "The Role of Waste Management in Control of Rabies: A Neglected Issue." Viruses 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020225.
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Despite being vaccine preventable, the global burden of dog rabies remains significant, and historically it is the rural and marginalized communities in developing countries of Africa and Asia that are most threatened by the disease. In recent years, the developing world has been experiencing unprecedented increases in urbanization, with a correspondingly massive increase in municipal solid waste generation, among other things. Inefficient and inadequate waste collection and management, due to lack of resources and planning, led to significant increases in the volumes of waste on the streets and in open dumps, where it serves as food sources for free-roaming dogs. In this commentary, we discuss examples of poor waste management and the likely impact on rabies control efforts through the sustenance of free-roaming dogs in some dog rabies-endemic countries. We aim to stress the importance of implementing strategies that effectively address this particular issue as an important component of humane dog population management, as it relates to aspirations for the control and elimination of dog rabies per se.
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Young, J. K., D. L. Bergman, and M. Ono. "Bad dog: feral and free-roaming dogs as agents of conflict." Animal Conservation 21, no. 4 (August 2018): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acv.12438.
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Schüttler, Elke, Lorena Saavedra-Aracena, and Jaime E. Jiménez. "Domestic carnivore interactions with wildlife in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile: husbandry and perceptions of impact from a community perspective." PeerJ 6 (January 4, 2018): e4124. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4124.
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BackgroundHundreds of millions of domestic carnivores worldwide have diverse positive affiliations with humans, but can provoke serious socio-ecological impacts when free-roaming. Unconfined dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) interact with wildlife as predators, competitors, and disease-transmitters; their access to wildlife depends on husbandry, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of pet owners and non-owners.MethodsTo better understand husbandry and perceptions of impacts by unconfined, domestic carnivores, we administered questionnaires (n = 244) to pet owners and non-owners living in one of the last wilderness areas of the world, the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, located in southern Chile. We used descriptive statistics to provide demographic pet and husbandry information, quantify free-roaming dogs and cats, map their sightings in nature, and report experiences and perceptions of the impact of free-roaming dogs and cats on wildlife. We corroborated our results with an analysis of prey remains in dog feces (n = 53). With generalized linear models, we examined which factors (i.e., food provisioning, reproductive state, rural/village households, sex, and size) predicted that owned dogs and cats bring wildlife prey home.ResultsThirty-one percent of village dogs (n = 121) and 60% of dogs in rural areas (n = 47) roamed freely day and/or night. Free-roaming dog packs were frequently observed (64% of participants) in the wild, including a feral dog population on Navarino Island. Dogs (31 of 168) brought home invasive muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) and avian prey, and over half of all cats (27 of 51) brought home mainly avian prey. Birds were also the most harassed wildlife category, affected by one third of all dogs and cats. Nevertheless, dog-wildlife conflicts were hardly recognized (<9% of observed conflicts and suspected problems), and only 34% of the participants thought that cats might impact birds. Diet analysis revealed that dogs consumed livestock (64% of 59 prey occurrences), beavers (Castor canadensis, 14%), and birds (10%). The probability that dogs brought prey to owners’ homes was higher in rural locations and with larger dogs. There was also evidence that cats from rural households and with an inadequate food supply brought more prey home than village cats.DiscussionAlthough muskrat, beavers, and birds were brought home, harassed, or found in dog feces, free-roaming dogs and, to a lesser extent, cats are perceived predominantly in an anthropogenic context (i.e., as pets) and not as carnivores interacting with wildlife. Therefore, technical and legal measures should be applied to encourage neutering, increase confinement, particularly in rural areas, and stimulate social change via environmental education that draws attention to the possibility and consequences of unconfined pet interaction with wildlife in the southernmost protected forest ecoregion of the globe.
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DÜRR, S., N. K. DHAND, C. BOMBARA, S. MOLLOY, and M. P. WARD. "What influences the home range size of free-roaming domestic dogs?" Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 7 (February 16, 2017): 1339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881700022x.
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SUMMARYIn many regions of the world domestic dogs are free roaming and live in close relationship with humans. These free-roaming domestic dogs (FRDD) can cause public health problems such as dog bites and transmission of infectious diseases. To effectively control diseases transmitted by FRDD, knowledge on the dogs’ behaviour is required. To identify predictors of home range (HR) size, we collected global positioning system data from 135 FRDD living in eight Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Northern Australia. The core HR size ranged from 0·17 to 2·33 ha and the extended HR size from 0·86 to 40·46 ha. Using a linear mixed effect model with a Restricted Maximum Likelihood approach, the dog's sex and reproductive status were identified as predictors of roaming. Non-castrated males had the largest HRs, followed by neutered females. Also, FRDDs were found to roam further during the pre- than the post-wet season. These findings have implications for infectious disease spread. Identification of risk groups for disease spread within a population allows for more targeted disease response and surveillance. Further investigation of predictors of roaming in other FRDD populations worldwide would increase the external validity of such studies.
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Collinson, Abi, Marnie L. Brennan, Rachel S. Dean, and Jenny Stavisky. "Priorities for Research into the Impact of Canine Surgical Sterilisation Programmes for Free-Roaming Dogs: An International Priority Setting Partnership." Animals 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 2250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082250.
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Surgical sterilisation is a core activity of free-roaming dog population management (DPM) programmes globally. However, there is limited published evidence on its impact at the population level. To support evidence-based decision making in this field, it is important that research conducted is relevant to those involved in working with free-roaming dogs and implementing such programmes. The aim of this study was to adapt the James Lind Alliance (JLA) user involvement approach to systematically identify the top 10 research priorities regarding the impact of canine sterilisation. International stakeholders with experience working in DPM were asked in an online survey what unanswered questions they had regarding the impact of sterilisation programmes. Thematic analysis of survey responses was used to develop a long list of collated indicative research questions (CIRQs). A literature review was performed to identify questions that were ‘true uncertainties’ (had not been answered by evidence review). These questions were reduced to a shortlist via an online interim prioritisation survey, and a Delphi consensus process determined the top 10 priorities. The top 10 questions related to dog population size and turnover, dog bite incidents, rabies control, implementation in the field and human behaviour change. These priorities were identified and shaped by people with direct experience of canine surgical sterilisation programmes, and as such are an essential resource for directing future funding and research. Addressing these priorities will generate evidence that is directly applicable to policy makers and practitioners who make decisions regarding the management of free-roaming dogs (FRDs) worldwide.
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Gibson, Andrew D., Stella Mazeri, Gowri Yale, Santosh Desai, Vilas Naik, Julie Corfmat, Steffen Ortmann, et al. "Development of a Non-Meat-Based, Mass Producible and Effective Bait for Oral Vaccination of Dogs against Rabies in Goa State, India." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 3 (September 4, 2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4030118.
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Introduction: To achieve the global goal of canine-mediated human rabies elimination by 2030 there is an urgent need to scale-up mass dog vaccination activities in regions with large dog populations that are difficult to access; a common situation in much of India. Oral rabies vaccination may enable the vaccination of free-roaming dogs that are inaccessible to parenteral vaccination, and is considered a promising complementary measure to parenteral mass dog vaccination campaigns. WHO and OIE have published detailed minimum requirements for rabies vaccines and baits to be used for this purpose, requiring that baits must not only be well-accepted by the target population but must also efficiently release the vaccine in the oral cavity. For oral rabies vaccination approaches to be successful, it is necessary to develop baits which have a high uptake by the target population, are culturally accepted and amenable to mass production. The aim of this study was to compare the interest and uptake rates of meat-based and an egg-based prototype bait constructs by free roaming dogs in Goa, India. Methods: Three teams randomly distributed two prototype baits; an egg-flavoured bait and a commercial meat dog food (gravy) flavoured bait. The outcomes of consumption were recorded and compared between baits and dog variables. Results: A total of 209 egg-bait and 195 gravy-bait distributions were recorded and analysed. No difference (p = 0.99) was found in the percentage of dogs interested in the baits when offered. However, significantly more dogs consumed the egg-bait than the gravy-bait; 77.5% versus 68.7% (p = 0.04). The release of the blue-dyed water inside the sachet in the oral cavity of the animals was significant higher in the dogs consuming an egg-bait compared to the gravy-bait (73.4% versus 56.7%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The egg-based bait had a high uptake amongst free roaming dogs and also enabled efficient release of the vaccine in the oral cavity, whilst also avoiding culturally relevant materials of bovine or porcine meat products.
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Smith, Lauren M., Sabine Hartmann, Alexandru M. Munteanu, Paolo Dalla Villa, Rupert J. Quinnell, and Lisa M. Collins. "The Effectiveness of Dog Population Management: A Systematic Review." Animals 9, no. 12 (November 22, 2019): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121020.
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The worldwide population of domestic dogs is estimated at approximately 700 million, with around 75% classified as “free-roaming”. Where free-roaming dogs exist in high densities, there are significant implications for public health, animal welfare, and wildlife. Approaches to manage dog populations include culling, fertility control, and sheltering. Understanding the effectiveness of each of these interventions is important in guiding future dog population management. We present the results of a systematic review of published studies investigating dog population management, to assess: (1) where and when studies were carried out; (2) what population management methods were used; and (3) what was the effect of the method. We evaluated the reporting quality of the published studies for strength of evidence assessment. The systematic review resulted in a corpus of 39 papers from 15 countries, reporting a wide disparity of approaches and measures of effect. We synthesised the management methods and reported effects. Fertility control was most investigated and had the greatest reported effect on dog population size. Reporting quality was low for power calculations (11%), sample size calculations (11%), and the use of control populations (17%). We provide recommendations for future studies to use common metrics and improve reporting quality, study design, and modelling approaches in order to allow better assessment of the true impact of dog population management.
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Keyhani, Alireza, Iraj Sharifi, Mehdi Bamorovat, Mohammad Ali Mohammadi, Asma Askari, Mohammad Ebrahimipour, and Majid Fasihi Harandi. "Epidemiological and molecular studies on Echinococcus granulosus from free-roaming dogs in Southeast Iran." April-2020 13, no. 4 (2020): 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.739-745.
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Background and Aim: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), as a major zoonotic helminth infection, imposes remarkable socioeconomic burden on many endemic countries across the world, including Iran. Due to the high importance of free-roaming dogs in the transmission of CE, epidemiological and molecular studies in this type of hosts are required in the endemic regions. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus isolated from stray dogs in Kerman, Southeast Iran. Materials and Methods: Eighty-four samples were isolated from stray dogs in the city and suburbs of Kerman in coordination with the health authorities and the municipality office for rabies control and dog population management. Dog demographic data, including age and sex were collected. The worm was isolated by necropsy and genomic DNA was extracted and partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene was amplified using specific primers. Phylogenetic and Templeton-Crandall-Sing (TCS) network analyses were carried out on the sequence data. Results: The overall prevalence of CE in the surveyed dogs was 10.7% (9/84 cases). Out of 84 stray dogs, 33 (39.3%) and 51 (60.7%) cases were male and female, respectively. There was not a statistically significant difference between the infection and gender of dogs. However, infection is shown more in dogs under one year of age with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The results of molecular studies indicated E. granulosus G1 genotype for all isolates. The high presence of free-roaming dogs in urban and peri-urban areas and high frequency of parasite in this animal is a risk factor for humans in the region. Haplotype sequence analysis on the dog isolates revealed a close relationship with other E. granulosus isolates in Kerman. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide evidence-based data about the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of CE in dog definitive hosts of Southeast Iran. Further studies are required to understand the prevalence and parasite genotypes in dogs in Iran.
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Agustina, Kadek Karang, Made Suma Anthara, Nengah Anom Adi Nugraha Sibang, Wayan Adi Rinta Wiguna, Jendra Krisna Apramada, Wayan Nico Fajar Gunawan, Ida Bagus Made Oka, Made Subrata, and Nengah Kerta Besung. "Prevalence and distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infection in free-roaming dogs in Bali Province, Indonesia." Veterinary World 14, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.446-451.
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Background and Aim: Several free-roaming dogs can be easily found in the public areas of Bali. They go out in search of foods and friends and defecate everywhere. In general, these groups of dogs do not receive good healthcare from their owners and are generally threatened by some disease-causing organisms, especially helminths. This study was conducted to identify and measure the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) that cause infection in free-roaming dogs in Bali Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 1611 fresh dog fecal samples were collected from all areas of Bali Province and subjected to qualitative fecal examination using flotation techniques to obtain STH eggs. Results: The incidence of STHs in free-roaming dogs was 38.36%. However, three types of STHs were identified, including Ancylostoma spp., Ascaris spp., and Trichuris spp. Ancylostoma spp. had the highest prevalence of 37.8%, followed by Ascaris spp. and Trichuris spp. at 6.02% and 0.87%, respectively. Multiple infections of these worms were also recorded. The polyparasitism prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. and Ascaris spp. was 3.85%, followed by that of Ancylostoma spp. and Trichuris spp. at 0.5% and that of Ascaris spp. and Trichuris spp. at 0.06%. There were no altitude-wise differences in the prevalence of STH infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of STHs was high in free-roaming dogs. This finding necessitates more serious attention as it affects both animal and public health.
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Hsu, Yuying, Lucia Liu Severinghaus, and James A. Serpell. "Dog Keeping in Taiwan: Its Contribution to the Problem of Free-Roaming Dogs." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6, no. 1 (January 3, 2003): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0601_01.
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Barnard, Shanis, Matteo Chincarini, Lucio Di Tommaso, Fabrizio Di Giulio, Stefano Messori, and Nicola Ferri. "Free-Roaming Dogs Control Activities in One Italian Province (2000-2013): Is the Implemented Approach Effective?" Macedonian Veterinary Review 38, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14432/j.macvetrev.2015.04.041.
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Abstract In Italy, standards for the management of free-roaming dogs (FRDs) are defined by regional norms, generating a high variability of approaches around the country. Despite efforts carried out by the competent authorities, FRDs are still a reality impacting upon animal health and welfare and public costs. A similar scenario can be found in many other Mediterranean and Balkan counties. Here we present 14 years of data (2000-2013) retrieved from the admission dog registry of a public shelter (PS) responsible for the collection of stray dogs from one Italian province. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the local FRD population, identifying its source and to evaluate the effectiveness of the actions implemented by the local authorities. In the investigated period, 7,475 dogs were admitted to the PS. Despite the intense sterilisation plan (mean 381.7 sterilisations per year), the overall number of dogs entering PS did not decrease consistently across the years. Results highlighted a lack of responsibility of owners by failing to sterilise and identify their dogs and allowing intact animals to roam free, therefore producing uncontrolled and unwanted litters. The current dog population management strategy, based on both sheltering and capture-neuter-release programmes, is insufficient to tackle the straying phenomenon. Educational and sterilisation programmes should be an integral part of a successfully implemented FRD control plan. Our results provide further insight on free-roaming dog population dynamics and control systems, and may have important implications for many other local contexts across Europe trying to overcome the straying phenomenon.
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Mesquita, João R., Ana C. Oliveira, Frederico Neves, Jose R. Mendoza, Maria F. Luz, Inês Crespo, Thays F. dos Santos, Sérgio Santos-Silva, Hugo Vilhena, and Patrícia F. Barradas. "Hemotropic Mycoplasma and Bartonella Species Diversity in Free-Roaming Canine and Feline from Luanda, Angola." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060735.
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Free-roaming dogs and cats represent potential reservoirs for zoonotic vector-borne pathogens shedding to the human population. Given the health impact of these pathogens, we searched free-roaming dogs and cats included in an animal population control program from Luanda, Angola, for Bartonella and hemotropic mycoplasma infection. We report the detection of Bartonella henselae (2/66; 3%), Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (5/66; 7.5%) and Mycoplasma haemofelis (1/66; 1.5%) in cats. One dog was found positive for Mycoplasma haemocanis (1/20; 5%). This is the first report of Bartonella henselae infections in stray cats and of hemotropic mycoplasmas in cats and dogs from Angola. Despite the relatively small sample size, our results sustain the hypothesis of uncontrolled circulation of these agents in highly mobile synanthropic animal populations of Luanda. Population and vector control could contribute to reducing the likelihood for animal-to-animal and animal-to-human transmission.
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Hargrave, Claire Patricia. "Domestic dogs: the behavioural implications of social living. Part 2." Companion Animal 24, no. 10 (November 2, 2019): 532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2019.0049.
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This article forms the second of a two-part series that considers how well the term ‘domestic dog’ can act as a predictor that the dog should experience no problems in co-existing with humans in domestic, family homes. The previous article took a brief look at the likely domestication process for the dog and suggested that free-roaming dogs (village, street or dump dogs) are better models for ‘natural’ canine behaviour, than that of the wolf. This article considers how well the dog's innate capacity for social flexibility with other dogs equips it for coping with social encounters with both dogs and humans in a complex human environment, and limitations in coping.
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Meunier, Natascha V., Ambra Panti, Stella Mazeri, Karlette A. Fernandes, Ian G. Handel, Barend M. de C. Bronsvoort, Luke Gamble, and Richard J. Mellanby. "Randomised trial of perioperative tramadol for canine sterilisation pain management." Veterinary Record 185, no. 13 (July 18, 2019): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105009.
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Surgical sterilisation to manage free-roaming dog populations is widely used in many countries. However, few studies have examined optimal postoperative pain management regimens at low-resource, high-throughput veterinary clinics. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of two intravenous analgesic regimens, preoperative administration of meloxicam and tramadol, or meloxicam alone, in free-roaming dogs undergoing sterilisation. A total of 125 dogs were included, with 64 dogs in the meloxicam-tramadol arm and 61 dogs in the meloxicam-only arm in a non-inferiority study design. Pain levels in sterilisation surgery patients were assessed at four time points after surgery using the Colorado State University Canine Acute Pain Scale, a Visual Analogue Scale and a modified version of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale – Short Form. Non-inferiority was supported for each of the main scoring outcomes using non-inferiority margins of 0.5, 5 and 0.8, respectively. One dog from the meloxicam-tramadol group and four dogs in the meloxicam-only arm required rescue analgesia, with no difference between groups (P=0.21).The study demonstrated that meloxicam was effective in controlling postoperative pain in a high proportion of dogs. The addition of tramadol alongside meloxicam treatment was not found to be of clinical benefit.
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Talvik, Heli, Epp Moks, Erika Mägi, T. Järvis, and Illa Miller. "Distribution of Toxocara infection in the environment and in definitive and paratenic hosts in Estonia." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 54, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.54.2006.3.10.
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The aim of the study was to elucidate the distribution and possible transmission routes of Toxocara spp. infection in Estonia. Out of 454 faecal and sand samples collected from park lawns and sandpits in the town of Tartu, 19 were Toxocara positive (4.2%). Out of the 45 sandpit samples 17.8% were Toxocara positive. Cat faeces was found in 21 sandpit samples. Parasitological necropsies were performed on 41 euthanised stray dogs and 27 cats in the Tallinn Dog Home. Additionally, 13 wild free-roaming brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) were captured from the Tallinn Dog Home territory, necropsied and studied for the presence of Toxocara larvae. Toxocara canis adults were found in 14.6% of the dogs and Toxocara cati (syn. mystax) adults in the small intestines of 48.2% of the cats examined. Larval infection was detected in the kidney and liver in 5 dogs (12.2%). Our study demonstrated only low-level larval Toxocara infections in adult dogs. Toxocara larvae were not found in cats and brown rats. According to the results of this study, cats more often carry Toxocara infection than dogs. Under our conditions, stray and free-roaming cats are the main contaminators of the environment with Toxocara eggs. Children playing in sandpits are the main risk group for larval toxocarosis.
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JACKSON, STEPHEN M., COLIN P. GROVES, PETER J. S. FLEMING, KEN P. APLIN, MARK D. B. ELDRIDGE, ANTONIO GONZALEZ, and KRISTOFER M. HELGEN. "The Wayward Dog: Is the Australian native dog or Dingo a distinct species?" Zootaxa 4317, no. 2 (September 4, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4317.2.1.
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The taxonomic identity and status of the Australian Dingo has been unsettled and controversial since its initial description in 1792. Since that time it has been referred to by various names including Canis dingo, Canis lupus dingo, Canis familiaris and Canis familiaris dingo. Of these names C. l. dingo and C. f. dingo have been most often used, but it has recently been proposed that the Australian Dingo should be once again recognized as a full species—Canis dingo. There is an urgent need to address the instability of the names referring to the Dingo because of the consequences for management and policy. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the morphological, genetic, ecological and biological data to determine the taxonomic relationships of the Dingo with the aim of confirming the correct scientific name. The recent proposal for Canis dingo as the most appropriate name is not sustainable under zoological nomenclature protocols nor based on the genetic and morphological evidence. Instead we proffer the name C. familiaris for all free-ranging dogs, regardless of breed and location throughout the world, including the Australian Dingo. The suggested nomenclature also provides a framework for managing free-ranging dogs including Dingoes, under Australian legislation and policy. The broad principles of nomenclature we discuss here apply to all free-roaming dogs that coexist with their hybrids, including the New Guinea Singing Dog.
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Morters, Michelle K., Trevelyan J. McKinley, Olivier Restif, Andrew J. K. Conlan, Sarah Cleaveland, Katie Hampson, Helen R. Whay, I. Made Damriyasa, and James L. N. Wood. "The demography of free‐roaming dog populations and applications to disease and population control." Journal of Applied Ecology 51, no. 4 (June 10, 2014): 1096–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12279.
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Inokuma, Hisashi, Didier Raoult, and Philippe Brouqui. "Detection of Ehrlichia platys DNA in Brown Dog Ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) in Okinawa Island, Japan." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 11 (2000): 4219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.11.4219-4221.2000.
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Thirty-two Rhipicephalus sanguineus females collected from eight free-roaming dogs in Okinawa Island, Japan, were examined for ehrlichial DNA by 16S rRNA-based PCR and subsequent sequencing. Partial sequences of Ehrlichia platys 16S rRNA (678 to 679 bp) were detected in three ticks (9.4%) from two dogs. This is the first report of detection of E. platys in Japan, and also the first report of detection in ticks.
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Tenzin, Tenzin, Rubaiya Ahmed, Nitish C. Debnath, Garba Ahmed, and Mat Yamage. "Free-Roaming Dog Population Estimation and Status of the Dog Population Management and Rabies Control Program in Dhaka City, Bangladesh." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9, no. 5 (May 15, 2015): e0003784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003784.
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Sambo, Maganga, Katie Hampson, Joel Changalucha, Sarah Cleaveland, Tiziana Lembo, Kennedy Lushasi, Eberhard Mbunda, Zacharia Mtema, Lwitiko Sikana, and Paul Johnson. "Estimating the Size of Dog Populations in Tanzania to Inform Rabies Control." Veterinary Sciences 5, no. 3 (September 7, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci5030077.
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Estimates of dog population sizes are a prerequisite for delivering effective canine rabies control. However, dog population sizes are generally unknown in most rabies-endemic areas. Several approaches have been used to estimate dog populations but without rigorous evaluation. We compare post-vaccination transects, household surveys, and school-based surveys to determine which most precisely estimates dog population sizes. These methods were implemented across 28 districts in southeast Tanzania, in conjunction with mass dog vaccinations, covering a range of settings, livelihoods, and religious backgrounds. Transects were the most precise method, revealing highly variable patterns of dog ownership, with human/dog ratios ranging from 12.4:1 to 181.3:1 across districts. Both household and school-based surveys generated imprecise and, sometimes, inaccurate estimates, due to small sample sizes in relation to the heterogeneity in patterns of dog ownership. Transect data were subsequently used to develop a predictive model for estimating dog populations in districts lacking transect data. We predicted a dog population of 2,316,000 (95% CI 1,573,000–3,122,000) in Tanzania and an average human/dog ratio of 20.7:1. Our modelling approach has the potential to be applied to predicting dog population sizes in other areas where mass dog vaccinations are planned, given census and livelihood data. Furthermore, we recommend post-vaccination transects as a rapid and effective method to refine dog population estimates across large geographic areas and to guide dog vaccination programmes in settings with mostly free roaming dog populations.
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Ridwan, Yusuf, Ardilasunu Wicaksono, Siti Vanessa Fransiska, and Princesse Theresa. "PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF HOOKWORMS INFECTION ON DOGS IN SUKABUMI REGENCY, WEST JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA." Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 14, 2020): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v14i4.16751.
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Hookworms infection remains as an important parasitic infections affecting animal and human health worldwide. However, information on the prevalence and the risk factors of hookworm infection on dogs in Indonesia is very limited. A cross sectional study to estimate the prevalence and to identify risk factors of hookworms infection on dogs was conducted in rural area with different topography, Sukabumi Regency, Indonesia. A Total of 204 dog stool specimens were examined for hookworm eggs using simple flotation methods. The data of related risk factors namely type of topography area (high and low land), purpose of having dog, dog demography, dog reared management and deworming were collected through dog owners interview’s with completed a questionnaire. Those data were analyzed using the chi-square test (χ2) and logistic regression. The prevalence of hookworm on dogs in Sukabumi was 24.5 % (95% Confidence Interval [CI]=19.1-30.8). This prevalence was associated with topography of the area, the age of dog, and type of dog keeping methods. The prevalence of hookworms was higher in the high land area than low land area (OR=5.935, 95% CI=2.764-12.744 ). Logistic regression identified pupies as a high risk group to hookworms infection (OR= 2.041, 95%CI=1.035-4.055). The dog which kept in the cage/tied had higher risk than free roaming dog (OR=3.66, 95%CI=1.479-9.091).Key words: Dog, hookworms, prevalence, risk factors, Sukabumi.
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Høgåsen, H. R., C. Er, A. Di Nardo, and P. Dalla Villa. "Free-roaming dog populations: A cost-benefit model for different management options, applied to Abruzzo, Italy." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 112, no. 3-4 (November 2013): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.010.
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ACAR, DUYGU BAKI. "Evaluation of dog spaying, animal welfare, and dog owner/caretaker knowledge in Afyonkarahisar Province." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76, no. 2 (2020): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6365.
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The present study evaluated the demographics and knowledge of the dog owners regarding the importance of dog spaying/neutering and animal welfare in Afyonkarahisar Province. Therefore, the original questionnaires were prepared to evaluate the knowledge of dog owners/caretakers about dog reproduction, spaying of dogs, and stray animal welfare. The mean age of participants was 33, and 51.8% of responders were female and 48.2% were male. Most of the dogs (83.7%) were not spayed/neutered and spaying/neutering age was ≥ 2 years. Fifty-five per cent of owners had a dog for more than 5 years, and only 2% of dogs were obtained from a dog shelter. Most of the participants reported that municipalities should take more active roles and increase the number and quality of animal shelters. Adopting dogs from shelters, putting food and water containers on the streets for stray dogs, and promoting the awareness of people regarding animal rights and welfare were among the responses. There was a knowledge deficiency regarding the importance of spaying/neutering dogs, especially spaying females, and the reproductive characteristics of dogs that may cause an increase in the stray dog population and unwanted puppies. The results of this study revealed that the dissemination of accurate information to people is a crucial point in the welfare of both stray and owned dogs and controlling the overpopulation of free-roaming dogs.
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Mbilo, Céline, Jean-Baptiste Kabongo, Pati Patient Pyana, Léon Nlonda, Raymond Williams Nzita, Bobo Luntadila, Badivé Badibanga, Jan Hattendorf, and Jakob Zinsstag. "Dog Ecology, Bite Incidence, and Disease Awareness: A Cross-Sectional Survey among a Rabies-Affected Community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Vaccines 7, no. 3 (August 26, 2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7030098.
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Despite the existence of safe and efficacious human and animal rabies vaccines, millions of people remain at risk of exposure to this deadly zoonotic disease through bites of infected dogs. Sub-Saharan African countries, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), bear the highest per capita death rates from rabies where dog vaccination and availability of lifesaving post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is scarce. Mass dog vaccination is the most cost-effective and sustainable approach to prevent human rabies deaths. We conducted a cross-sectional household survey in a rabies-affected community in Matadi, DRC, to estimate the size of the owned dog population and dog bite incidence and assess knowledge and practices regarding rabies, as preparation for future mass dog vaccination campaigns. Our study revealed that the owned dog population in Matadi was almost ten times larger than assumed by local veterinary officials, with a large proportion of free-roaming unvaccinated dogs. The annual dog bite incidence of 5.2 per 1000 person years was high, whereas community rabies knowledge was low resulting in poor practices. Given these findings, human rabies deaths are likely to occur in this community. Lack of disease awareness could negatively affect participation in future mass dog vaccination campaigns. A public sensitization campaign is needed to promote appropriate rabies prevention (washing bite wounds and PEP) and control (dog vaccination) measures in this community.
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A, Masud M., Md Hamidul Islam, Muhaiminul Islam Adnan, and Chunyoung Oh. "Dog Rabies in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Implications for Control." Processes 8, no. 11 (November 21, 2020): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111513.
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Controlling rabies among free-roaming street dogs has been a huge challenge in many parts of the world. Vaccination is a commonly used strategy to control rabies, however, sufficient vaccination coverage is very challenging when it comes to street dogs. Also, dog rabies data is scarce, making it difficult to develop proper strategies. In this study, we use a logistic growth incorporated epidemic model to understand the prevalence of rabies in the dog population of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study shows that, the basic reproduction number for dog rabies in Dhaka lies between 1.1 to 1.249 and the environmental carrying capacity lies approximately between 58,110 to 194,739. Considering the vaccination and neuter programs administered in the last decade, we attempt to explain rabies transmission among dogs in this population. We found that the high basic reproduction number is associated with high environmental carrying capacity and vice versa. Further, we compare different type of control strategies, viz., constant vaccination, pulse vaccination, and optimal vaccination strategies. In the case of high environmental carrying capacity, vaccination, and neuter strategy is not sufficient for controlling rabies in street dogs, whereas carrying capacity control through waste management coupled with vaccination and neuter is more effective.
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Shrestha, Denusha, Balaram Thapa, Gaurav Rawal, Santosh Dhakal, and Bishwas Sharma. "Prevalence of Demodectic Mange in Canines of Kathmandu Valley having Skin Disorder and Its Associated Risk Factors." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 3, no. 3 (September 25, 2015): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i3.13218.
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Very little information is available regarding the demographics of the demodicosis in canines of Kathmandu valley and in Nepal as a whole. In this study, we determined the prevalence of the demodicosis and its associated risk factors from 110 canines of Kathmandu valley including both sheltered and free-roaming. The skin scrapping collected was dissolved in 10% KOH for the microscopic diagnosis of the mites. The overall prevalence of demodectic mange was found to be 29.1%. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between the prevalence rate among puppy (49.0%), adult (6.9%) and senior (33.33%). Whereas, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the prevalence rate among female (22.9%) and male (36.7%). Similarly, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the prevalence rate among short hair (40.7%), medium (25.67%) and long hair (28.5%). The association between the prevalence rate among good health status (10.7%) and poor health status (55.5%) is significant (p<0.05). Similarly, there was significant difference (p<0.05) between the prevalence rate among the free-roaming (48.9%) and the owned dogs (13.1%). At last, there was no significant association (p>0.05) between the prevalence rate among the pure breed (27.7%), cross (25.9%) and mongrel (37.5%). This study shows that demodectic mange is somewhat serious skin infection in canines of Kathmandu valley. The high significant association of age, health status and management with its prevalence suggests that the disease is more common in dogs which are left uncared and whose immune system is disturbed. Whereas, sex, breed and type of the hair of the dog did not have such significant relation with its prevalence. As demodicosis is a huge problem in street dogs, concerned organizations and authorities should develop proper planning for street dog management and their health care. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 459-463
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Pandey, E., D. K. Singh, and R. Raut. "Using Mapping, Global Positioning System (GPS) and Smart Phone Technology in Rabies Control Program in Kotagiri, Nilgiris District, India." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 35 (December 31, 2018): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v35i0.25249.
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In this study, we utilized a catch-vaccinate-release approach for dogs in a canine rabies vaccination program in Kotagiri municipality, India. Following vaccination, surveys on dog population and their vaccination status was undertaken. A bespoke smartphone ‘Mission Rabies’ application was developed to facilitate data entry and team management. This global positioning system (GPS) enabled application captured the location of all vaccinated dogs and dogs sighted on post-vaccination surveys. In areas where coverage was below 70%, catching teams were re-deployed to vaccinate additional dogs followed by repeat survey. Out of 248 dogs captured, only 210 dogs were vaccinated because of the previous vaccination history within a year, and refusal of owner due to their misconceptions. In survey, 147 dogs were sighted of which 77 were seen marked with paints indicating a vaccination coverage of 52.4%. The total estimated dog population was found to be 475. Our study demonstrated that mobile technology enabled efficient team management and real-time data entry and analysis. The vaccination approach outlined in this study can serve as a guideline for rapid vaccination of large numbers of dogs with a high coverage rate in free roaming dog populations in India in the future.
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Massei, Giovanna, and Lowell A. Miller. "Nonsurgical fertility control for managing free-roaming dog populations: A review of products and criteria for field applications." Theriogenology 80, no. 8 (November 2013): 829–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.07.016.
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Tiwari, Bruce, O’Dea, and Robertson. "Utilising Group-Size and Home-Range Characteristics of Free-Roaming Dogs (FRD) to Guide Mass Vaccination Campaigns against Rabies in India." Vaccines 7, no. 4 (September 30, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7040136.
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Adequate vaccination coverage of free roaming dogs (FRD) against canine rabies is not achieved primarily due to difficulties in administering parenteral vaccinations to this population. One factor associated with this difficulty is the tendency of FRD to form groups, which increases their aggressive behavior, resulting in a significant risk of dog-bites for the vaccinators. This study investigated factors that influenced FRD forming groups and their home-ranges, using data obtained from photographic capture-recapture/sight-resight surveys conducted in rural Shirsuphal (584 sightings) and urban Panchkula (3208 sightings), India. In the rural site, older dogs (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.2–0.9, p = 0.03) and FRD sighted within 20 m of garbage sites (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9, p = 0.02) were less likely to be in groups. The number of dogs sighted with an FRD decreased with increased resight-probability of that dog (β= –1.0, p < 0.001). The rural FRD with smaller home-ranges were more likely to be sighted alone (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0–95, p = 0.04) than those with larger home-ranges. In the urban site, females (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.5, p = 0.002) and older dogs (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.1, p = 0.07) were more likely to be found in groups, and groups of dogs were more likely to be seen within 20 meters of garbage sites (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5–2.0, p < 0.001). The distribution of urban FRD sighted alone, in pairs, triads, and in packs of ≥4 dogs were not random in the administrative (p = 0.02), and the two industrial (p = 0.03 & 0.01) survey tracks of the urban site, implying stable groups. The resighting probability of a dog (β = 0.3, p < 0.0001) and presence of garbage within 20 m (β = 0.2, p < 0.0001) in the urban site increased the likelihood of sighting a FRD with other dogs. It is concluded that data on the resighting probability, presence of garbage points, and home-ranges can be utilised to guide the selection of parenteral or oral rabies vaccination to achieve a population vaccination coverage of 70% to break the transmission cycle of rabies virus in FRD in India.
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Chevalier, Véronique, Holl Davun, Sopheak Sorn, Pitou Ly, Vutha Pov, and Sowath Ly. "Large scale dog population demography, dog management and bite risk factors analysis: A crucial step towards rabies control in Cambodia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): e0254192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254192.
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Cambodia is a rabid-endemic country. However, data on dog population characteristics are lacking, and there is no national dog vaccination program. We implemented the first extensive door-to-door longitudinal survey in 2 Cambodian provinces, namely Kandal and Battambang, to estimate dog population demographic parameters, identify dog ownership determinants, analyze dog management practices and estimate the yearly cumulative bite incidence and associated factors. During the first session, more than 5000 dogs were recorded and identified. Data on families, dogs and cats characteristics, as well as the number of bites experienced the year before in the family, were recorded. One year later, a second session was performed in both provinces to record missing dogs and the reasons for missing. Age-specific survival rates of the dog populations were computed using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Ownership determinants and bite risk factors were identified using a negative binomial regression model. Dog trade and dog meat consumption were often reported. We estimated high dog-to-human ratios (1:3.8 in Kandal, and 1:3.3 in Battambang). The mean age of dog populations was 26.4 months in Kandal against 24.3 in Battambang, with a survival rate of 52% at 24 months in Kandal (34% only in Battambang). They were no feral dogs, but the large majority of recorded dogs were free roaming. In both provinces, the number of dogs significantly increased in families with children younger than 15, and when the head of the family was a male. The estimated yearly cumulative bite incidences were 2.3 and 3.1% in Kandal and Battambang provinces respectively, and are among the highest in the world. Our survey provides valuable data to focus information programs, parametrize transmission models and identify efficient vaccination strategies to control rabies in Cambodia in the future.
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Bacon, Heather, Hayley Walters, Vlad Vancia, Louise Connelly, and Natalie Waran. "Development of a Robust Canine Welfare Assessment Protocol for Use in Dog (Canis Familiaris) Catch-Neuter-Return (CNR) Programmes." Animals 9, no. 8 (August 16, 2019): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080564.
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The aim of this study was to develop a welfare assessment tool based on objective, reliable and relevant measures to be applied to individual dogs as they underwent a Catch-Neuter-Return (CNR) programme. A modified Delphi method and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) approach was used to develop the composite canine welfare assessment protocol, comprising both animal-based and resource-based measures. This draft welfare assessment protocol was then trialed and refined in existing CNR programmes to identify key control points where individual dog welfare may be moderately or significantly compromised in the CNR process. The results show that animal-based welfare indicators, e.g., pain behaviours, which provide a more direct indication of an animal’s welfare state, require training and skill to recognise, whilst resource-based indicators are simple to measure but act only as indirect measures of welfare. We concluded that whilst CNR projects can potentially improve the health and welfare of free-roaming dogs in the long-term, the risk of short-term welfare harms during the CNR process is high. Thus, it is essential for staff involved in dog population management programmes to assess the welfare state of dogs in CNR and take remedial action to safeguard individual dog welfare.
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Cobb, ML, A. Lill, and PC Bennett. "Not all dogs are equal: perception of canine welfare varies with context." Animal Welfare 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.29.1.027.
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Community attitudes drive societal expectations, influencing government and industry regulations that determine standards of care for industries reliant on animals. It is important for dog industry stakeholders to understand public perceptions and attitudes, to inform management strategy priorities relating to animal welfare. This study sought to determine if the welfare status of dogs (Canis familiaris) is important to people and whether the perceived level of welfare varies with dog context (eg companion, protection, stock herding, assistance, sporting, free-roaming, wild, etc). Over 2,000 self-selected adults completed a voluntary, internet-based questionnaire. Responses were received from more than twelve countries and from a range of stakeholders with varied experiences. Perceived welfare status of dogs varied significantly across 17 dog contexts and roles, from extremely low (eg fighting dogs) to very high (eg guide dogs). Over 95% of respondents agreed that the welfare of dogs was very important to them. Demographic features of respondents did not relate to meaningful differences in reported importance of canine welfare or ratings of perceived welfare of dogs. The constructs underlying how people perceive the welfare of dogs appear complex and multi-dimensional. As public scrutiny forces reassessment of the welfare status of animals used in various contexts, proactive management of perceived welfare issues by companion and working dog industry stakeholders, including government, industry organisations, advocacy groups, and animal welfare researchers, is likely to be key to the sustainable participation of dogs in these roles.
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Bouaddi, K., A. Bitar, A. Ferssiwi, M. Bouslikhane, A. Fitani, P. P. Mshelbwala, and S. W. Audu. "Socioecology of the Canine Population in the Province of El Jadida, Morocco." Veterinary Medicine International 2018 (June 27, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4234791.
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Understanding the socioecology of domestic dog populations is essential for effective disease control, especially canine rabies. In Morocco, since 1986, the control efforts and plans put in place by the government have failed to eradicate this disease; this is because the management of the canine population was not taken into account during the establishment of these plans. It is against the background that this study was designed to estimate the dog population and determine its socioecological characteristics, as well as investigate the attitude of the inhabitants towards the dogs. A stratified random sampling was conducted using a structured questionnaire from May to December 2016. A total of 1931 households were interviewed, comprising 27.4% in urban areas and 72.6% in rural areas. A total of 3719 dogs were counted alongside a human population of 11302 for a dog : human ratio of 1 : 2.42 in rural areas and 1 : 46.58 in urban areas. The majority of dogs (92%) in rural areas were not vaccinated against rabies. In urban areas, about 88.5% were vaccinated against rabies. In addition, 78.5% of dogs in rural areas were free roaming, with more than 53% of births being abandoned by their owners, resulting in a large stray and feral dog population and increasing the potential for continued transmission of rabies virus. There was strong association between breed and rabies vaccination (p<0.05) and confinement with body condition score.
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Newsome, Thomas M., Danielle Stephens, Guy-Anthony Ballard, Christopher R. Dickman, and Peter J. S. Fleming. "Genetic profile of dingoes (Canis lupus dingo) and free-roaming domestic dogs (C. l. familiaris) in the Tanami Desert, Australia." Wildlife Research 40, no. 3 (2013): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12128.
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Context Many rare and endangered species are threatened by the effects of hybridisation with their domesticated and often numerically dominant relatives. However, factors that influence interactions between hybridising species are poorly understood, thus limiting our ability to develop ameliorative strategies. Aims Here, we identify family groups and investigate patterns of gene flow between dingoes (Canis lupus dingo) and domestic dogs (C. l. familiaris) in the Tanami Desert of central Australia. We aimed to determine whether human-provided resources facilitate hybridisation or alter typical patterns of dingo breeding and social behaviour. We also ask whether remote townships are arenas for dingo–dog hybridisation. Methods Tissue samples and morphological details were collected from dingo-like animals around two mine sites where humans provide abundant supplementary food and water. Using molecular DNA analyses, we assigned animals to population clusters, determined kinship and the numbers of family groups. Rates of hybridisation were assessed around the mines and in two nearby townships. Key results Of 142 samples from mine sites, ‘pure’ dingoes were identified genetically in 89% of cases. This predominance of dingoes was supported by our observations on coat colour and body morphology. Only 2 of 86 domestic dogs sampled at the two townships showed evidence of dingo ancestry. Around the mine sites, there were two distinct population clusters, including a large family group of 55 individuals around a refuse facility. Conclusions Where superabundant and consistent food, and reliable water, was available, dingo packs were much larger and co-existed with others, contrary to expectations derived from previous research. Dingo sociality and pack structures can therefore be altered where human-provided food and water are constantly available, and this could facilitate accelerated rates of hybridisation. Implications The development of appropriate domestic-waste management strategies should be a high priority in remote areas to ensure only normal rates of population increase by dingoes, and other canids more broadly. It will also potentially impede hybridisation rates if typical canid social and behavioural traits remain intact. Additionally, areas surrounding remote human settlements are likely arenas for accentuated dingo–domestic dog interactions and should be a target for future studies.
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Warembourg, Charlotte, Monica Berger-González, Danilo Alvarez, Filipe Maximiano Sousa, Alexis López Hernández, Pablo Roquel, Joe Eyerman, Merlin Benner, and Salome Dürr. "Estimation of free-roaming domestic dog population size: Investigation of three methods including an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based approach." PLOS ONE 15, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): e0225022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225022.
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Anyaoha, Chidiebere O., Lynda O. Majesty-Alukagberie, Iniobong C. I. Ugochukwu, John A. Nwanta, Boniface M. Anene, and Steve I. Oboegbulam. "Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Dogs in Enugu and Anambra States, Nigeria." Revista de Medicina Veterinaria 1, no. 40 (June 19, 2020): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/mv.vol1.iss40.5.
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Seroprevalence of the antibodies of Brucella canis and Brucella abortus in dogs was assessed using a cross-sectional survey in Anambra and Enugu States, Nigeria. A total of 123 Companion dogs made up of 65 clinic dogs, 34 slaughter dogs and 24 household dogs were screened. For B. abortus antibody assay, the collected serum was used for Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), Serum agglutination test (SAT) and Solid Phase Immunoassay technique with Immunocomb® Canine Brucellosis Antibody Test Kit was used. Out of the 123 dogs screened, none was positive for Brucella abortus antibodies while 34 (27.7%) of the dogs screened were positive for B. canis antibodies. There was a significant association (P0.05) between infection and sex, the infection was significantly higher (P0.05) in female than male dogs. Prevalence was significantly higher (P0.05) in Exotic breeds than in mixed and local dog breeds. There was no association (P0.05) between infection and antibody titre levels in the different categories of dogs. However, there was significant association (P0.05) between the presence of Brucella canis antibodies and free roaming of dogs. This study provides the first serological evidence of B. canis infection in dogs in Enugu and Anambra States. This shows that B. canis is endemic in both states, underscoring the need for further studies. Female dogs, exotic breeds and freely roaming dogs are at a higher risk of Brucella infection in the study area; therefore, preventive and control measures are strongly recommended
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Anandhan, Sruthi N., Shiny Chrism Queen Nesan G, Charumathi B, and Timsi Jain. "To assess the knowledge, attitude and behaviour on dog bites and its management in the prevention of rabies among general population in an urban area in Tamil Nadu." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL2 (April 23, 2020): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl2.2143.
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Rabies is a major health issue in the urban areas where there are many free roaming dogs. The absence of knowledge among people regarding the management of dog bites results in increased death due to rabies. Myths and indigenous methods have a greater influence on people than the available vaccines with proven efficacy. Rabies is a 100% fatal disease that can be prevented by timely intervention. Knowledge, attitude and practice among the people play an important role in reducing death due to rabies.So this study aims to assess and evaluate the knowledge, attitude and behaviour on dog bites and its management in the prevention of rabies among general population. A Pretested questionnaire regarding the knowledge, attitude and behaviour on dog bites and it management, containing 34 questions, was used. A cross sectional descriptive study was performed on 205 residents of an urban area (Thirumazhisai) in Tamil Nadu. The data obtained was analysed using SPSS10. A total of 205 subjects were studied. 52 subjects had heard of rabies and knew that it could be spread by animal bite. Regarding the animals that could spread rabies, 52 subjects reported dogs to be the most common source, the second commonest response being cats (24 subjects). Knowledge, attitude and behaviour study suggests that there is need to create awareness amongst the masses regarding epidemiology of the disease and merits of prompt and appropriate post exposure treatment.
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Blasco, Xavier, Xavier Manteca, Manel López-Béjar, Anaïs Carbajal, Joaquim Castellà, and Anna Ortuño. "Intestinal Parasites and Fecal Cortisol Metabolites in Multi-Unowned-Cat Environments: The Impact of Housing Conditions." Animals 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051300.
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Housing conditions were assessed in different unowned multi-cat management models in order to evaluate their impact on the occurrence of intestinal parasites and fecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) levels. Fresh stool fecal samples were collected from rescue shelters, catteries and feline colonies for coprological analyses in order to detect intestinal parasite patency and fecal cortisol metabolites. A questionnaire provided information about the facilities, management and housing conditions of cats, including information about dog exposure, enclosure size, environment enrichment and changes to group composition. Overall, intestinal parasite infection was detected in 58.2% of fecal samples collected. The occurrence of intestinal parasites detected in free-roaming cats was 82.2%, mainly due to helminth infection. The parasite infection rate was 57.3% in rescue shelters and 34.6% in catteries. In confined cats, protozoa infection was more likely detected in rescue shelters than in catteries (RR = 2.02 (1.30–3.14), p = 0.0012). Although the FCM values were very variable between cats, the enclosure size and parasite infection were correlated with the average FCM. A small enclosure size was correlated with high fecal cortisol metabolites (p = 0.016). Protozoa-positive samples showed higher FCM levels than negative samples (p = 0.0150). High dog exposure was statistically associated with protozoa infection (p = 0.0006). The results indicated that improving housing, especially in terms of floor space and avoiding dog exposure, reduces stress and can thus be applied to make control strategies in multi-unowned-cat environments more efficient, especially when cats are confined.
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Capellà Miternique, Hugo, and Florence Gaunet. "Coexistence of Diversified Dog Socialities and Territorialities in the City of Concepción, Chile." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020298.
Full textAbstract:
There has been scant research on the presence of stray dogs in cities. Studying their very considerable presence in Concepción (Chile) provided a unique opportunity to learn more about the different patterns of sociality and territoriality exhibited by the dog species. Via a set of case studies, we examined the behavior of urban dogs, adopting an ethnographic methodology. This yielded findings of the dogs’ cognitive, social and spatial adjustment abilities, i.e., their territorialities. Our hypothesis was validated: We found numerous types of sociability, we confirmed the presence of two previously established categories: family dogs (pets, guard dogs and beggars’ dogs) and stray dogs (dogs almost entirely unused to humans, aggressive dogs at the far end of the campus and feral dogs in the woods). We also identified three new ones: familiar stray dogs in packs (dogs both spatially and socially close to humans), pet-stray dogs (i.e., village dogs interacting closely with people) and free-roaming pet dogs. We conclude that an ongoing two-way bond between humans and animals allowed these dogs to became part of a city’s urban identity and explains the stray dogs’ plasticity in terms of adapting to the diversified urban habitat. We postulate that it was the human culture and range of urban areas in Concepción that gave rise to this unique diversity of sociospatial positioning and level of adjustment (e.g., dogs crossing crosswalks).
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Urfer, Silvan R., and Matt Kaeberlein. "Desexing Dogs: A Review of the Current Literature." Animals 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121086.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Desexing dogs is promoted for population control, preventative healthcare, and behavior modification. Common methods are orchiectomy and ovariectomy/ovariohysterectomy. GnRH superagonist implants are available in some areas. Alternative methods like vasectomy and salpingectomy/hysterectomy are uncommon. The terminology used to describe desexing is inconsistent and contradictory, showing a need for the adaption of standardized terminology. Population Control: Surprisingly, empirical studies show no effects of desexing on population control in companion and shelter dogs despite desexing being consistently recommended in the literature. There is evidence for a population control effect in free-roaming dogs, where desexing also has benefits on zoonotic disease and bite risk. Population control in free-roaming dogs is mostly correlated with female, not male desexing. Health and Lifespan: Desexing affects numerous disease risks, but studies commonly neglect age at diagnosis and overall lifespan, age being by far the most important risk factor for most diseases. We argue that lifespan is a more important outcome than ultimate cause of death. A beneficial effect of desexing on lifespan is consistently demonstrated in females, while evidence for a beneficial effect in males is inconsistent. Studies are likely biased in desexing being a proxy for better care and desexed dogs having already lived to the age of desexing. Desexing reduces or eliminates common life-limiting diseases of the female reproductive system such as pyometra and mammary tumors, while no analogous effect exists in males. Disease risks increases across sexes and breeds include cruciate ligament rupture, various cancers, and obesity. Urinary incontinence risk is increased in females only. Various other disease risk changes show considerable variability between breeds and sexes. Behavioral Effects: Desexed males show reduced libido, roaming, conspecific mounting, and urinary marking frequency, as well as reduced male dog-directed aggression in a majority of males desexed for behavioral reasons. There is a detrimental effect on the risk and progression of age-related cognitive dysfunction. Desexed dogs may be less likely to cause bite injuries across sexes. The evidence for other effects such as human-directed aggression, human or object mounting, resource guarding, or shyness and anxiety is inconsistent and contradictory. There are few studies specific to females or individual breeds. Conclusions: The evidence for a beneficial effect of desexing is stronger in female than in male dogs; however, there is significant variation between breeds and sexes, and more research is needed to further elucidate these differences and to arrive at individualized evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.
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Sidhu, Nadisha, Jimmy Borah, Sunny Shah, Nidhi Rajput, and Kajal Kumar Jadav. "Is canine distemper virus (CDV) a lurking threat to large carnivores? A case study from Ranthambhore landscape in Rajasthan, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 9 (July 26, 2019): 14220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4569.11.9.14220-14223.
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Canine distemper virus (CDV) was reported in wild tigers from Russia and recently from India. Very few studies, however, have been carried out to gain an insight into the prevalence of the disease in India, particularly in the wild. CDV is the etiological agent of one of the most infectious diseases of domestic dogs. With the aim of exploring the threat CDV poses for tigers, a preliminary assessment was carried out to determine its prevalence from villages near Ranthambhore National Park in Rajasthan, India. Free-roaming dog populations within a 4-km-radius of the park’s periphery were tested for antibodies against CDV. The seroprevalence of CDV antibodies in the sampled dogs was 86% (95% CI 78–91 %), indicating the probability of the dogs acting as a reservoir and having been exposed to CDV in the past. The seroprevalence of CAV antibodies was 44.23% (95% CI 35–54 %) and CPV antibodies was 95.19% (95% CI 91–99 %). This could threaten the tiger populations in the park, considering the close proximity of dogs to tigers. It is, therefore, crucial to assess disease threats at the domestic-wildlife interface and to establish management strategies for more effective conservation practices in the landscape.
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Gabriele-Rivet, Vanessa, Michael P. Ward, Julie Arsenault, David London, and Victoria J. Brookes. "Could a rabies incursion spread in the northern Australian dingo population? Development of a spatial stochastic simulation model." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): e0009124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009124.
Full textAbstract:
Australia, home to the iconic dingo, is currently free from canine rabies. However northern Australia, including Indigenous communities with large free-roaming domestic dog populations, is at increased risk of rabies incursion from nearby Indonesia. We developed a novel agent-based stochastic spatial rabies spread model to evaluate the potential spread of rabies within the dingo population of the Northern Peninsula Area (NPA) region of northern Australia. The model incorporated spatio-temporal features specific to this host-environment system, including landscape heterogeneity, demographic fluctuations, dispersal movements and dingo ecological parameters—such as home range size and density—derived from NPA field studies. Rabies spread between dingo packs in nearly 60% of simulations. In such situations rabies would affect a median of 22 dingoes (approximately 14% of the population; 2.5–97.5 percentiles: 2–101 dingoes) within the study area which covered 1,131 km2, and spread 0.52 km/week for 191 days. Larger outbreaks occurred in scenarios in which an incursion was introduced during the dry season (vs. wet season), and close to communities (vs. areas with high risk of interaction between dingoes and hunting community dogs). Sensitivity analyses revealed that home range size and duration of infectious clinical period contributed most to the variance of outputs. Although conditions in the NPA would most likely not support a sustained propagation of the disease in the dingo population, due to the predicted number of infected dingoes following a rabies incursion and the proximity of Indigenous communities to dingo habitat, we conclude that the risk for human transmission could be substantial.
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Arega, Sintayehu, Anne Conan, Claude T. Sabeta, Jan E. Crafford, Jeanette Wentzel, Bjorn Reininghaus, Louise Biggs, et al. "Rabies Vaccination of 6-Week-Old Puppies Born to Immunized Mothers: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a High-Mortality Population of Owned, Free-Roaming Dogs." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 1 (March 12, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010045.
Full textAbstract:
To achieve global elimination of human rabies from dogs by 2030, evidence-based strategies for effective dog vaccination are needed. Current guidelines recommend inclusion of dogs younger than 3 months in mass rabies vaccination campaigns, although available vaccines are only recommended for use by manufacturers in older dogs, ostensibly due to concerns over interference of maternally-acquired immunity with immune response to the vaccine. Adverse effects of vaccination in this age group of dogs have also not been adequately assessed under field conditions. In a single-site, owner-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in puppies born to mothers vaccinated within the previous 18 months in a high-mortality population of owned, free-roaming dogs in South Africa, we assessed immunogenicity and effect on survival to all causes of mortality of a single dose of rabies vaccine administered at 6 weeks of age. We found that puppies did not have appreciable levels of maternally-derived antibodies at 6 weeks of age (geometric mean titer 0.065 IU/mL, 95% CI 0.061–0.069; n = 346), and that 88% (95% CI 80.7–93.3) of puppies vaccinated at 6 weeks had titers ≥0.5 IU/mL 21 days later (n = 117). Although the average effect of vaccination on survival was not statistically significant (hazard ratio [HR] 1.35, 95% CI 0.83–2.18), this effect was modified by sex (p = 0.02), with the HR in females 3.09 (95% CI 1.24–7.69) and the HR in males 0.79 (95% CI 0.41–1.53). We speculate that this effect is related to the observed survival advantage that females had over males in the unvaccinated group (HR 0.27; 95% CI 0.11–0.70), with vaccination eroding this advantage through as-yet-unknown mechanisms.
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Wera, Ewaldus, Charlotte Warembourg, Petrus M. Bulu, Maria M. Siko, and Salome Dürr. "Loss of binding antibodies against rabies in a vaccinated dog population in Flores Island, Indonesia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): e0009688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009688.
Full textAbstract:
Effective parenteral vaccines are available to control rabies in dogs. While such vaccines are successfully used worldwide, the period between vaccine boosters required to guarantee protection of the population against rabies varies between vaccines and populations. In Flores Island, Indonesia, internationally and locally produced rabies vaccines are used during annual vaccination campaigns of predominantly free-roaming owned domestic dogs. The study objective was to identify the duration of the presence and factors associated with the loss of adequate level of binding antibodies (≥0.5 EU/ml) following rabies vaccination in a domestic dog population on Flores Island. A total of 171 dogs that developed an antibody titre higher or equal to 0.5 EU/ml 30 days after vaccination (D30), were repeatedly sampled at day 90, 180, 270, and 360 after vaccination. On the day of vaccination (D0), an interview was performed with dog owners to collect information on dog characteristics (age, sex, body condition score (BCS)), history of rabies vaccination, kind of daily food, frequency of feeding, and origin of the dog. Serum samples were collected and the level of antibodies was quantitatively assessed using ELISA tests. Dogs were categorized as having an adequate level of binding antibodies (≥0.5 EU/ml) or inadequate level of binding antibodies (<0.5 EU/ml) at each time points examined. A total of 115, 72, 23, and 31 dogs were sampled at D90, D180, D270, and D360, respectively, with the highest proportion of antibodies ≥ 0.5 EU/ml (58%, 95% CI, 49–67%) at D90, which reduced gradually until D360 (35%, 95% CI, 19–52%). Multivariable logistic regression models showed that loss of adequate level of binding antibodies is significantly associated with dogs having no history of vaccination or vaccination applied more than 12 months before D0, being less than 12 months of age, and having a poor BCS. These results highlight the importance of BCS regarding the immune response duration and provide insights into frequency of vaccination campaigns required for the internationally available vaccine used on Flores Island. For dogs without vaccination history or vaccination being applied more than 12 months before D0, a booster is recommended within 3 months (a largest drop of antibodies was detected within the first 90 days) after the first vaccination to guarantee measurable protection of the population that lasts at least for one year.