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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Free radicals in solution

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Academic literature on the topic 'Free radicals in solution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Free radicals in solution"

1

Espenson, James H. "Organometallic free radicals in solution." Journal of Molecular Liquids 65-66 (November 1995): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7322(95)00853-1.

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Grampp, G., S. Landgraf, K. Rasmussen, and S. Strauss. "Dimerization of organic free radicals in solution." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 58, no. 6 (April 2002): 1219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-1425(01)00712-0.

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Chen, X., and C. N. Gillis. "Effect of free radicals on pulmonary vascular response to acetylcholine." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 821–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.3.821.

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We describe a model of pulmonary endothelial injury caused by electrolysis-generated free radicals. Rabbit lungs were perfused in situ with Krebs solution at 37 degrees C containing 30 microM indomethacin. Electrolysis of this solution for 2 min, with a constant DC current of 20 mA, caused pulmonary vasoconstriction during the passage of current and converted subsequent acetylcholine-induced vasodilation to vasoconstriction. Electrolysis also inhibited endothelial-dependent vasodilation due to the calcium ionophore A23187 but not that due to sodium nitroprusside, suggesting that smooth muscle function was unaltered, while that of the endothelium of the lung is specifically modified by the stimulus. These effects were prevented by a mixture of superoxide dismutase and catalase or by sodium salicylate, which removes hydroxyl radicals from solution after electrolysis. Electrolysis-induced endothelial damage was less functionally obvious when electrolysis was applied during recirculation of Krebs solution, perhaps because recirculating perfusion may trigger release of either free radical scavengers or other protective substances. This technique offers a simple reproducible model to study free radical-related damage of endothelium in the intact lung.

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Wosiński, Stanisław, Jan Jurga, Zdzisław Kruczyński, Romuald Górski, Krzysztof Sobieralski, and Marek Siwulski. "An Esr Study of Free Radicals Scavenging by Red Tea." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10216-011-0005-z.

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An Esr Study of Free Radicals Scavenging by Red Tea Herbal tea is known to exhibit the scavenging of free radicals responsible for cellular damage. We studied the effect of water treated with reverse osmotic filter equipped with a special dielectric ceramic composite on the antioxidant activity of red tea. Methanol solution of DPPH was added to the tea extract and the RT decay of DPPH free radicals was studied by ESR spectroscopy. Red tea brewed from tap water treated with the composite filter was found to exhibit higher radical scavenging efficiency in comparison with that of the tea brewed from tap water, mineral water and reverse osmosis water.

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Das, Suresh, and Clemens von Sonntag. "The Oxidation of Trimethylamine by OH Radicals in Aqueous Solution, as Studied by Pulse Radiolysis, ESR, and Product Analysis. The Reactions of the Alkylamine Radical Cation, the Aminoalkyl Radical, and the Protonated Aminoalkyl Radical." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 41, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1986-0418.

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Hydroxyl radical reactions with trimethylamine in aqueous solution lead to the formation of the aminoalkyl radical (CH3)2NCH2 (A) and its conjugated acid (CH3)2HN+CH2 (AH+) as well as to the alkylamine radical cation (CH3)3N+(N+). These radicals are transform ed into each other by hydrolytic reactions, e.g.[xxx]Radicals AH+ are more acidic (pKa ≈ 3.6) than the radicals N+(pKa ≈ 8.0). Consequently, N+ predom inate over AH+ under quasi equilibrium conditions (e.g. in the presence of phosphate buffer) and are the only species observed by ESR in acid solutions. Reacting with the protonated amine. OH radicals abstract hydrogen at nitrogen and at carbon with comparable ease. Reaction of OH radicals with the free amine may initially also generate N+, beside H-abstraction at carbon. Radicals A’ absorb more strongly at 260 nm (ε = 3390 dm3mol-1cm-1) than the radical cation N+(ε = 950 dm3mol-1cm-1). Radical A' has reducing properties whereas radicals AH+ and N+ have oxidizing properties and hence can be monitored with p-nitroacetophenone (the reducing radicals), and Fe(CN)64- , N ,N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline- 6-sulphonate) (the oxidizing radicals). These radicals mainly (≥ 85 % ) disproportionate. one of the products being formaldehyde

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Cai, Yu-Jun, Jin-Qiu Dai, Jian-Guo Fang, Lan-Ping Ma, Li-Fen Hou, Li Yang, and Zhong-Li Liu. "Antioxidative and free radical scavenging effects of ecdysteroids from Serratula strangulata." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 80, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 1187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y02-152.

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The antioxidative and free radical scavenging effects of four ecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone (E1), 25-deoxy-11,20-dihydroxyecdysone (E2), 24-(2-hydroxyethyl)-20-hydroxyecdysone (E3), and 20-hydroxyecdysone-20,22-monoacetonide (E4), isolated from the Chinese herbSerratula strangulata have been investigated in vitro. These ecdysteroids could protect human erythrocytes against oxidative hemolysis induced by a water-soluble azo initiator 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH). They could also inhibit the peroxidation of rat liver microsomes induced by hydroxyl radicals, as monitored by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and prevent radical-induced decrease of membrane fluidity as determined by fluorescence polarization. They reacted with galvinoxyl radicals in homogeneous solution, and the pseudo-first-order rate constants were determined spectrophotometrically by following the disappearance of galvinoxyl radicals. Compounds E1 and (or) E3 were the most active in both antioxidative and radical-scavenging reactions.Key words: ecdysteroid, Serratula strangulata, free radical, erythrocyte, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant.

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Tkáč, Alexander, and Eva Hanušovská. "Reactivity of Free Radicals Generated from Neurotransmitters Studied by Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 69, no. 11 (2004): 2081–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20042081.

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Free phenoxy radicals derived from catecholamine-type neurotransmitters (dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline) σ-coordinated to Co(III) chelates were generated by the reaction of π-coordinated tert-butylperoxy radicals with the neurotransmitters in non-polar solvent at ambient temperature. The ESR signals of the formed complexes are split into the basic octet line resulting from the interaction of the unpaired electron of the phenoxy radical with the 59Co nucleus (I = 7/2). Increasing the polarity of the solution starts the decomplexation and the liberated phenoxy radicals of the neurotransmitters disappear by recombination or by H-abstraction from the added antioxidant. When vitamin E is added to the system, only the ESR signal of the stable α-tocopheroxy radicals is detectable. Similarly, in the presence of the antiarrhytmic drug Stobadine, only the signal of the corresponding nitrogen-centred radical is seen. In the presence of both antioxidants, rapid H-transfer occurs from vitamin E to the Stobadine radicals.

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Ishizaka, Shin-ichi, and Masahiro Kotani. "Laser emission from transient organic free radicals in solution." Chemical Physics Letters 117, no. 3 (June 1985): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(85)80214-1.

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Dewaantari, Virdah Dwi, Setyabudi Setyabudi, and Kun Ismiyatin. "Antioxidant Potential of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Ascorbic Acid, and Sodium Ascorbate in Solution and Gel Forms by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Assay." Conservative Dentistry Journal 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/cdj.v11i1.2021.19-23.

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Background: Free radicals are molecules without any electron pairs, unstable, and highly reactive. Antioxidants are needed to reduce free radicals. Antioxidants provide various benefits in dentistry as a preventive agent for caries, healing, bone formation, mouthwash, preventive and therapeutic cancer, and reduction of periodontal disease progressions. Additionally, research on antioxidants is still undergone due to the existence of free radical residues on bleached teeth. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), ascorbic acid (AA), and sodium ascorbate (SA) are ingridients that have antioxidant properties. Antioxidants can be in two forms solution and gel. Solutions have a higher substance releasing power than gel. Gel is extremely adhesive, so it does not flow easily. Meanwhile, solutions are rather unstable because it flows easily. Antioxidant activities were evaluated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Assay method. Purpose: Analyzing through literature reviews the potential antioxidants of EGCG, AA, and SA in solution and gel forms by DPPH Assay. Reviews: There were eight journal articles used in this review. The first article described antioxidant solutions in which EGCG was higher than sodium ascorbate. The second article showed that antioxidant gel EGCG was lower than sodium ascorbate. The third journal explained that ascorbic acid was higher than sodium ascorbate both in solution and gel forms. The other articles provided some information about the antioxidant activity percentages of EGCG, SA, and AA in the forms of gel and solutions by DPPH assay. Conclusion: EGCG has a higher antioxidant activity than SA, but it is lower when compared to AA in both solution and gel forms by DPPH assay.

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Aǧirbaş, Hikmet, and Richard A. Jackson. "Free radicals in solution. Part 10. The thermal decomposition of benzylphenylmercury in solution." J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, no. 3 (1987): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p29870000413.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Free radicals in solution"

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Buckley, C. "Transient free radicals and triplets in solution." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233411.

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Ritchie, A. J. D. "Chemically induced dynamic electron polarisation of transient free radicals in solution." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354864.

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Simpson, Nigel J. K. "Studies of transient free radicals in solution by flash photolysis E.S.R." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dd9a8aa9-f68a-4362-af7e-6c052fa3a5fe.

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An introduction is presented to the nature of polarized and non-polarized transient spin resonance signals, produced by flash-photolysis e.s.r., followed by a description of the equipment used for experimental work. Theories of Chemically Induced Dynamic Electron Spin Polarization are reviewed and various models introduced to illustrate these concepts. A description is given of the first thorough investigation into the effect of CIDEP polarization transfer down a free radical chain and expands upon the consequences of hyperfine-dependent relaxation and the relative signs of coupling constants in various radical species. It concludes with an account of two methods of kinetic analysis which are the first practical demonstrations of their kind, and employ extension of expressions developed in earlier chapters. Studies are made of the CIDEP behaviour of radicals in high viscosity paraffins. A reassessment of previous published work is made: anomalous polarization behaviour was found to have been over-compensated for. A new method of extracting values for T₁ and T_{2,/sub> is demonstrated for strong transient e.s.r. signals. A collection of experimental data relating to the previously unexplained absorptive polarization observed in the spectrum of ketyl radicals and the longer-time phase inversion of hyperfine-dependent CIDEP is given. The operation of Triplet Mechanism CIDEP in the ketyl radical systems is ruled out and a division of radicals into geminately formed and free-encounter pairs is shown to be incapable of explaining the observed phase changes. In its place a cross-relaxational mechanism, drawing upon simultaneously generated nuclear spin polarization is advanced. Conclusions are drawn that this may account for both anomalies. Lastly a photochemical application of CIDEP is demonstrated; two different reaction intermediates are identified upon photolysis of ortho phthalaldehyde, depending upon the quenching conditions. A reaction scheme consistent with all experimental data is proposed. A brief comment upon the photo-chemistry of indan 2-one concludes this work.}

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Grant, A. I. "Electron spin resonance studies of transient species." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354833.

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MacFaul, Philip. "Free radical generation by photolysis of iron(III) porphyrin carboxylate complexes in aqueous solution." Thesis, University of York, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241076.

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Osborne, Victoria A. "The photodecomposition of carboxylate complexes of ionic iron (III) porphyrins in solution." Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313870.

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Yeung, May T. "Free radical studies in solution." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306870.

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Saadalla-Nazhat, R. A. S. "Reactions of radiation-produced free radicals with copper-amino acid complexes and related compounds in aqueous solution." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378870.

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Myint, Pe. "Free radical reactions of hyaluronic acid in aqueous solution." Thesis, University of Salford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292943.

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Cai, Yudong. "Synthetic and mechanistic aspects of free-radical reactions in solution." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322240.

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Books on the topic "Free radicals in solution"

1

Myint, Pe. Free radical reactions of hyaluronic acid in aqueous solution. Salford: University of Salford, 1991.

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2

Free radicals. New York: Ballantine Books, 1992.

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3

Fischer, Hanns, and Heinz Heimgartner, eds. Organic Free Radicals. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73963-7.

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4

Hiramatsu, Midori, Toshikazu Yoshikawa, and Masayasu Inoue, eds. Food and Free Radicals. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1837-6.

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Winyard, Paul G., David R. Blake, and Christopher H. Evans, eds. Free Radicals and Inflammation. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8482-2.

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Emerit, Ingrid, and Britton Chance, eds. Free Radicals and Aging. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7460-1.

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Morello, Michael J., Fereidoon Shahidi, and Chi-Tang Ho, eds. Free Radicals in Food. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2002-0807.

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8

Resetarits, Kathrin, and Barbara Albert. Böse Zellen: Free radicals. New York, NY: Kino International, 2005.

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9

1926-, Maxfield Margaret W., ed. Abstract algebra and solution by radicals. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications, 2010.

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1926-, Maxfield Margaret W., ed. Abstract algebra and solution by radicals. New York: Dover Publications, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Free radicals in solution"

1

Baumann, U., and M. Schmittel. "Solution Chemistry of Keto and Enol Cation Radicals." In Organic Free Radicals, 189. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73963-7_94.

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Odintsov, B. M., A. V. Il’yasov, and R. G. Yahin. "Nuclear-Electron Resonance in 31P-Containing Free Radical Solution." In Organic Free Radicals, 147–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73963-7_73.

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Koltzenburg, G. "Stereochemical Aspects of Radical Hydroxylation of Cyclohexenes in Aqueous Solution." In Organic Free Radicals, 93–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73963-7_46.

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Paul, Vikram, and Brian P. Roberts. "Polarity Reversal Catalysis of Hydrogen Atom Abstraction Reactions in Solution." In Organic Free Radicals, 167–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73963-7_83.

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Asmus, K. D., E. Anklam, and H. Mohan. "Radical Cations From Alkyl Iodides and 1,n-Halogen(Alkylthio)Alkanes in Solution." In Organic Free Radicals, 3–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73963-7_2.

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Fessenden, R. W., and A. S. Jeevarajan. "An ESR Investigation of the Photolysis of Benzene Polycarboxylate Anions in Aqueous Solution." In Organic Free Radicals, 57–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73963-7_29.

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Bothe, E., M. Adinarayana, and D. Schulte-Frohlinde. "Hydroxyl Radical-Induced Strand Break Formation in Single-Stranded Polynucleotides and Single-Stranded DNA in Aqueous Solution as Measured by Light Scattering and by Conductivity." In Organic Free Radicals, 11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73963-7_6.

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Molin, Yu N. "ESR Spectroscopy of Short-Lived Radical Pairs in Solutions." In Organic Free Radicals, 131–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73963-7_65.

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Krishna, C. Murali, T. Kondo, and P. Riesz. "Free Radical Formation by Ultrasound in Aqueous Solutions of Volatile and Non-Volatile Solutes. A Spin-Trapping Study." In Organic Free Radicals, 165–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73963-7_82.

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Roth, H. K., D. Leopold, A. A. Obynochny, Yu P. Zentalovich, E. G. Bagryanskaya, Y. A. Grishin, and R. Z. Sagdeev. "Photoexcited Electron Transfer and Solvent-Dependent Path Ways of Spin Polarization and Radical Formation in Solutions with Anthraquinone." In Organic Free Radicals, 173–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73963-7_86.

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Conference papers on the topic "Free radicals in solution"

1

Vucane, Sanita, Martins Sabovics, Lauris Leitans, and Ingmars Cinkmanis. "Smartphone-based colorimetric determination of DPPH free radical scavenging activity in vegetable oils." In Research for Rural Development 2020. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.26.2020.016.

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Free radicals can rapidly and irreversibly oxidize various structures, including unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils, which affect the sensory properties. Spectrophotometry is the most widely used method for the determination of free radical scavenging activity (RSA) using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Barrier to the further use of classical analytical methods to analyze biologically active compounds in foodstuffs is that equipment requires high cost and has limited mobility. One of solutions is to replace classical methods, such as spectroscopy, with smartphonebased colorimetry. Huawei P30 Lite smartphone was used for colorimetric detection. The free radical scavenging activity (RSA) in vegetable oil was detected using an application ‘Color Picker’, with image matching algorithm for red, green, and blue (RGB) model. RSA was expressed as percentage and measured by the DPPH method. The aim of the study was to determinate the total free radical scavenging activity with smartphone-based colorimetry. For the data comparison and accuracy spectrophotometer as analytical optical instrument was used. Eleven vegetable oils: sea buckthorn, sunflower, rice, macadamia nut, hemp, corn, grape, linseed, rapeseed, olive and milk thistle oils were selected for analysis. The best results with no significant differences (p>0.05) compared to smartphone-based colorimetry from spectrophotometry were determined using RG values. The poor results were detected by using B value (p<0.05) and were not suitable for determination of RSA. Smartphone-based colorimetry can be used in the determination of the RSA in vegetable oils.

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Mahmoud, Abdelrahman, Mohammed Naser, Mahmoud Abdelrasool, Khalid Jama, Mohamed Hussein, Asma Abdulkareem, Peter Kasak, and Anton Popelka. "Development of PLA Fibers as an Antimicrobial Agent with Enhanced Infection Resistance using Electrospinning/Plasma Technology." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0079.

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Humans are vulnerable and easily prone to all kind of injuries, diseases, and traumas that can be damaging to their tissues (including its building unit, cells), bones, or even organs. Therefore, they would need assistance in healing or re-growing once again. Medical scaffolds have emerged over the past decades as one of the most important concepts in the tissue-engineering field as they enable and aide the re-growth of tissues and their successors. An optimal medical scaffold should be addressing the following factors: biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical properties, scaffold architecture/porosity, precise three-dimensional shape and manufacturing technology. There are several materials utilized in the fabrication of medical scaffolds, but one of the most extensively studied polymers is polylactic acid (PLA). PLA is biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester that is derived from naturally produced lactic acid. PLA is characterized with its excellent mechanical properties, biodegradability, promising eco-friendly, and excellent biocompatibility. PLA can be fabricated into nanofibers for medical scaffolds used through many techniques; electrospinning is one of the widely used methods for such fabrication. Electrospinning is a favorable technique because in the preparation of scaffolds, some parameters such as fiber dimensions, morphology, and porosity are easily controlled. A problem that is associated with medical scaffolds, such as inflammation and infection, was reported in many cases resulting in a degradation of tissues. Therefore, a surface modification was thought of as a needed solution which mostly focuses on an incorporation of extra functionalities responsible for the surface free energy increase (wettability). Therefore, plasma technique was a favorable solution for the surface treatment and modification. Plasma treatment enables the formation of free radicals. These radicals can be easily utilized for grafting process. Subsequently, ascorbic acid (ASA) could be incorporated as anti-inflammatory and anti-infection agent on the plasma pretreated surface of scaffolds.

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Al-Zaidi, Ahmed T., Mohsin E. Al-Dokheily, and Sajed H. Al-Atabi. "Low critical solution temperatures and water swelling ratios of some new PNIPAAm copolymers synthesized by free radical polymerization." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIALS ENGINEERING & SCIENCE (IConMEAS 2019). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0000250.

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4

Ebert, Haseloff, and Hartel. "Photochemical formation of free radicals." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.589510.

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Ebert, Bernd G., Reiner F. Haseloff, and Heiko Hartel. "Photochemical formation of free radicals." In 1992 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.5760868.

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Krzyminiewski, Ryszard, Carlos Granja, Claude Leroy, and Ivan Stekl. "Free Radicals, Life and Radiation." In Nuclear Physics Medthods and Accelerators in Biology and Medicine. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2825770.

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Xiang, Rong, Erik Einarsson, Junichiro Shiomi, and Shigeo Maruyama. "Feedstock Diffusion and Decomposition in Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays." In ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18479.

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Feedstock diffusion and decomposition in the root growth of aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays is discussed. A non-dimensional modulus is proposed to differentiate catalyst-poisoning controlled growth deceleration from one which is diffusion controlled. It is found that, at current stage, aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) arrays are usually free of feedstock diffusion resistance. However, for single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) arrays, since the inter-tube distance is much smaller than the mean free path of carbon source (ethanol here), high diffusion resistance is significantly limiting the growth rate. The method presented here is also able to predict the critical lengths in different chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes from which CNT arrays begin to meet this diffusion limit, as well as the possible solutions to this diffusion caused growth deceleration. The diffusion of carbon source inside of an array becomes more important when we found ethanol undergoes severe thermal decomposition at the reaction temperature. This means, in a typical alochol CVD, hydrocarbons and radicals decomposed from ethanol may collide and react with the outer walls of SWNTs before reaching catalyst particles. We found when flow rate is low and ethanol is thoroughly decomposed, the produced SWNTs contain more soot structures than the SWNTs obtained at higher ethanol flow rate. Understanding the mass transport and reaction inside a SWNT array is helpful to synthesize longer and cleaner SWNTs.

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Sato, M. a., and M. Hiroi. "Cation radicals and trication radicals of hexyl-substituted sexi-thiophene in solution." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.835341.

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Dane, C. B., W. B. Yan, D. Zeitz, J. L. Hall, R. F. Curl, J. V. V. Kasper, and F. K. Tittel. "Color center laser spesctroscopy of free radicals." In AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 146. AIP, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.35721.

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Linjama, Matti. "Model-Based Control of a Digital Hydraulic Transformer-Based Hybrid Actuator." In BATH/ASME 2018 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2018-8866.

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Abstract:

Energy-efficient motion control of hydraulic actuators is a challenging task. Throttle-free solutions have the potential for high efficiency. The main throttle-free approaches are pump-controlled systems, transformer-based solutions, and digital hydraulic solutions, such as switching transformers, multi-chamber cylinder and multi-pressure systems. This paper presents a novel solution based on a so-called digital hydraulic power management system (DHPMS). The DHPMS is freely rotating and a hydraulic accumulator is used for energy storage. In contrast to existing approaches, each actuator has its own DHPMS and a small accumulator to locally handle the power peaks. Only an average amount of power is needed from the hydraulic grid, radically reducing the size of the supply pump and the hydraulic piping and hosing. Pump flow is only 12.5% of the peak flow of the actuator in the case studied. Control of this type of system is challenging, and the model-based approach is used. The controller uses a simplified model and functionality is verified by using a detailed simulation model of the system. The results show that the approach is feasible but is demanding on the control valves. The system delay is also relatively long, which reduces the control performance in high-end systems. Nevertheless, this approach has potential in mobile machines, for example.

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Reports on the topic "Free radicals in solution"

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Terry A. Miller. Unimolecular reaction dynamics of free radicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/890741.

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Continetti, Robert. Support for 33rd International Symposium on Free Radicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1411320.

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Bise, Ryan T. Photoisomerization and photodissociation dynamics of reactive free radicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/767628.

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Curl, R., and G. Glass. Infrared absorption spectroscopy and chemical kinetics of free radicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6950579.

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Curl, Robert F., and Graham Glass. Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy and Chemical Kinetics of Free Radicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838138.

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Curl, R. F., and G. P. Glass. Infrared absorption spectroscopy and chemical kinetics of free radicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5184794.

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Continetti, Robert E. International Symposium on Free Radicals - August 12 - 17, 2007. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1018340.

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Evenson, Kenneth M. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Symposium on Free Radicals. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.sp.716.

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North, Simon William. Photofragment translational spectroscopy of three body dissociations and free radicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/108145.

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Weisshaar, J. C. Infrared spectroscopy of organic free radicals related to combustion processes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10165205.

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