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1
Palazov, Petko. "Restrictions on the Free Movement of Capital Affecting Third Countries." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 28, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2022-0048.
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Abstract The aim of the author is to analyse the legal restrictions provided by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union on the free movement of capital to or from third countries. Those restrictions are reviewed in terms of the reasons upholding them, the objectives pursued by them and the hypotheses in which they are applicable. Practical examples are given, and relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union is presented.
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Gerlinger, Thomas, and Rolf Schmucker. "Transnational migration of health professionals in the European Union." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 23, suppl 2 (2007): S184—S192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007001400008.
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The establishment of the European Common Market has involved the free movement not only of capital and goods, but also of persons and services. The principles of free movement also apply to the health care sector, i.e. they allow for the free incorporation of health care providers and the cross-border delivery of services. Since the 1970s, the European Union (EU) has passed numerous regulations to enforce the mutual recognition of qualifications of physicians, nurses, and other health professionals by the Member States, considered an indispensable precondition for the free movement of services. Thus far, the establishment of a European job market for the health care professions has not led to extensive migration among the EU Member States. Likewise, the accession of Central and Eastern European countries to the EU in 2004 did not cause a "brain drain" to the better-off countries of Western and Northern Europe. However, the mobility among health care professions is expected to increase in the coming years.
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Rožňák, Petr. "Free Cross-Border Movement, Lucifer’s Effect and National Security of the Visegrad Countries." Security Dimensions 32, no. 32 (December 23, 2019): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0983.
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Since 2015, the migration crisis continues with varying intensity, and international security crisis as well as debt, institutional, and personnel crises are worsening, not only in the Eurozone. Probably war, economic and climate immigrants will continue to move into the Schengen area, showing how helpless the European Union is. Angela Merkel said there was no upper limit for the number of people admitted to escape political persecution. Germany leaves the Dublin system inconsistently, runs counter to European cohesion and stops differentiating between immigrants and refugees. Migration is shared by the EU Member States. Between “old” and “new” EU countries, scissors are opened. Moreover, in some European regions (France, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Spain, Greece) there are closed communities where majority law is not valid. Our current socio-political and economic existence is based on a traditional understanding of security. However, in the third decade of the 21st century the image of prosperity and security is to be seen from a different perspective than in previous years. Dramatic development has led to the mass migration of African and Asian people and to the division of the European Union, especially regarding the mechanism of redistribution of asylum seekers.
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Theorin, Nora, Christine E. Meltzer, Sebastian Galyga, Jesper Strömbäck, Christian Schemer, Jakob-Moritz Eberl, Fabienne Lind, Tobias Heidenreich, and Hajo G. Boomgaarden. "Does News Frame Affect Free Movement Attitudes? A Comparative Analysis." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 98, no. 3 (April 19, 2021): 725–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10776990211006793.
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The policy of free movement—one of the core principles of the European Union—has become increasingly politicized. This makes it more important to understand how attitudes toward free movement are shaped, and the role of the media. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate how news frames affect attitudes toward free movement, and whether education moderates framing effects. The findings from a survey experiment conducted in seven European countries show that the effects are few and inconsistent across countries. This suggest that these attitudes are not easily shifted by exposure to a single news frame.
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Lamfalussy, Alexandre. "Challenges ahead for the European Union." Competitio 4, no. 2 (December 12, 2005): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21845/comp/2005/2/1.
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It is a mild understatement that nowadays the EU is navigating in rough waters. Close to half of the member countries of the Euro area are in breach of their fiscal stability commitment – and some of them very substantially. Quite a few heads of government publicly criticise the ECB’s monetary policy. Germany and France are determined to water down the Bolkenstein directive on the implementation of a genuine single market for services (which amount to about two-thirds of the EU’s GDP), to which, incidentally, no major objections had been raised by the governments of the member states during the drafting stage. There is no agreement on the longer term EU budget. Only Ireland, the UK and Sweden accept the free movement of the residents of the ten countries which became members of the EU in May last year.
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Burnete, Sorin, and Abiola E. Ogunmokun. "European Union: Spearhead of the Environment Protection Movement." Human and Social Studies 6, no. 3 (October 1, 2017): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hssr-2017-0023.
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Abstract Industrialization laid the foundation for contemporary civilization but also begot environmental problems, which have been building up and remained unsolved to this day. There is widespread belief that, if industrial manufacturing lies at the root of environment degradation through endless spewing of residual waste, trade among nations is to blame for scattering residual waste the world over. Yet paradoxically, it is the very international trade that might be the ground for major remedies thereto. The 20th century witnessed the shift from free trade to fair trade; it is about time to shift from fair trade to clean trade. Nevertheless, such serious problems had barely been dealt with until the post-World War II period. An awareness-raising effort in this line was made by the European Union (EU) which, since the early 1970s, has been dealing with environmental and social issues, especially the ones deriving from international trade, in a decisive and responsible manner. Still, EU’s new policy in the field of environment protection has a downside in that it affects trade relations with partners from outside the Union, both developing and developed countries, thereby drawing fierce international reaction. The good part is that EU’s actions will most likely prompt other nations to follow suit.
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Novicic, Zaklina. "Freedom of movement for persons in the European Union Law." Medjunarodni problemi 55, no. 1 (2003): 57–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0301057n.
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In this article the author analyses the evolution of complex corpus of legislation concerning the freedom of movement for persons in European Union Law. The article deals with the subject in two aspects: the first part of the analysis considers the conceptual development of free movement of persons by way of deliberation of building-up the authority of Union in that area, and the second part analyses the contents of the right of the Union citizens to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member State. The freedom of movement for people includes the right of Union citizens to enter, move and reside in another Member State and, in that context prohibition of any discrimination based on nationality. Conceived originally as primarily an economic phenomenon, the free movement of persons was closely linked to the pursuit of an occupation. It was the mobility of human resources as a factor of production, which inspired the chapters of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (1957) relating to the free movement of workers, freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services. In that sense, freedom of movement is a part of a wider concept, that of the common/internal market. Since then, through the combined effect of secondary legislation and the case law of the Court of Justice, the concept has been broadened and it tends, from the Maastricht Treaty (1992), to form one of the fundamental and individual rights of Union citizens generally. Also, the amendments of EEC Treaty, which were made by the Single European Act (1985) and specially by the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) and the Treaty of Nice (2001), have formalised the external aspect of freedom of movement. Namely, it was recognised that freedom of movement for persons could not take place at the expense of security, protection against crime and illegal immigration. The abolition of internal controls has generated the need of the transferring checks to the external frontiers of the Union and, in this connection, the gradual establishment of an area of freedom, security and justice. In the first part of the article the author presents and analyses the development of the Union power in the policies of freedom of movement: in facilitating of free movement of people as a principle of the common/internal/single market, in achievement of the right to free movement for Union citizens, and also in the fields related to the external aspect of freedom of movement, or, actually, the issues pertaining to visas, asylum and immigration. The second part presents the specific contents of freedom of movement for persons that consists of the corpus of individual rights enjoyed by Union citizens on the territories of EU Member States that are not countries of their origin. These are the right to entry and residence and the right to engagement in gainful activity as well as the related social rights. This part of the article also explores the freedom of movement restriction regime as well as the corresponding Union legislation in preparation.
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Smit, Daniël S. "EU Freedoms, Non-EU Countries and Company Taxation: An Overview and Future Prospect." EC Tax Review 21, Issue 5 (October 1, 2012): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2012024.
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Practice shows that the Member States of the European Union maintain a diversified range of economic relations with non-EU Member States. A large number of non-EU-based enterprises are carrying on business in the European Union. Conversely, numerous EU-based enterprises are also carrying on business outside the territory of the Union. Accordingly, trade and investment between Member States and non-Member States is nowadays similarly promoted by abolishing or reducing tax or other obstacles to international flows of goods, services and/or investment between the Member States and third countries. One may recall in this regard the large number of economic integration agreements which the Union has concluded over the past decades with countries all around the world, such as countries in Eastern Europe, the Euro-Mediterranean countries and the African, Caribbean and Pacific states and which, to a greater or lesser extent, provide for liberalization of trade and investment between the Union and the respective non-Member State. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union itself also provides for a substantial degree of economic openness vis-à-vis third countries, particularly by means of the Treaty provisions relating to the free movement of capital. It is this unique legal relationship between the EU Member States vis-à-vis the rest of the world that this article takes as a starting point. It examines and assesses the extent to which the impact on Member States' corporate income tax systems of the liberalization provisions included in the above instruments is similar, or should be similar, to the impact that the free movement provisions included in the Treaty have on Member States' corporate income tax systems in an intra-Union context.
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Farkas, Beáta, Andor Máté, and Tamás Rácz. "A contested foundation of European integration: The free movement of labour." Society and Economy 44, no. 3 (August 22, 2022): 310–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2022.00015.
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Abstract Since the eastern enlargement of the European Union (EU), the movement from east to west has become the main driver of intra-EU mobility. Recently, the free movement of labour has been contested not only in the debates around Brexit, but also in other receiving countries. It is not on the political agenda, but several studies have highlighted the economic and demographic effects of massive emigration in eastern EU Member States. More recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the functioning of free movement. Economic integration theory assumes that migration continues until wages are equalized in the receiving and sending countries. This paper analyses the perception of intra-EU mobility in the literature and empirically tests whether there is a relationship between the dynamism of income growth in the receiving (Germany, Austria and Spain) and sending (Central and Eastern European) countries, and the dynamism of migration. The empirical results do not support the neoclassical assumption that an equalization mechanism can function, even in the long run. To cope with recent challenges, this paper argues that free movement should not be considered as an element of a spontaneous market mechanism, but as an economic-political product, based on a constitutional order.
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Lunt, Ingrid. "Education and training for psychology in Europe: an overview." Psychology Teaching Review 7, no. 2 (September 1998): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsptr.1998.7.2.4.
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In this article I attempt to give an overview of education and training trends in European countries. This is a complicated task, since the countries of Europe differ considerably in their traditions of education and training for psychology. It is, however, possible to identify some patterns and broad regional trends. Directives of the European Union aim to facilitate free movement of professionals between member states of the Union, and to require individual states to develop procedures for judging equivalence of qualifications. EFPPA, the European Federation of Professional Psychologists’ Associations, a Federation of 28 European psychologist organizations, has carried out some work to compare university curricula in different countries; there is a commitment within the Federation to move towards European titles, and to consider the development of a European Diploma. These issues are discussed.
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Kovalenko, Tetiana. "Trademark registration in the European Union." Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, no. 3 (August 9, 2022): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33731/32022.262625.
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Keywords: trademark, EU Regulation, EU trademark, European Union, Europeansystem of trademark protection
The developmentof economic integration of European countries has created the need to create asingle system of legal protection of trademarks, as it should contribute to the formationof a common market, the conditions of which are the possibility of competitionand free movement of goods and services in European countries. One of the legal instrumentsto meet these conditions is the trademark, which must be used in the EuropeanUnion. The creation of a common economic space in Europe has contradicted thenational laws of each of the member states of the European Union. Therefore, there isa need to create a single European system of trademark protection.According to the EU Regulation, one of the main functions of an EU trademark isto guarantee the origin of goods and services sold or provided to consumers under thattrademark. The EU trademark is unitary. As it is registered for all member states ofthe European Union through a single procedure, it acquires rights only if it is acceptedin all member states of the European Union. An EU trademark is acquired onlythrough registration, not use.
The EU regulation provides for the free movement of goods and services betweenmember states. Accordingly, the owner of an EU trademark cannot object to the use ofsuch a registered trademark in the European Union. Moreover, the EU regulation definesnot only the registration criteria, but also the examination procedure, includingthe possibility of objections to registration made by third parties, and the procedurefor filing claims for infringement of trademark rights.Either party may appeal the decision on the objection to the Board of Appeal ofthe European Union Intellectual Property Office. Thereafter, any issue can be appealedto the Court of Justice of the European Union, which can only annul orchange the decision.Once the EU trademark application has been published, the pre-emption holderhas three months to file an objection. Obtaining an EU trademark is essential for asuccessful brand protection strategy. Since its inception, the EU trademark systemhas become one of the most important tools available to both legal entities and individualswho want to effectively protect their trademark rights in Europe.
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Ulbrych, Marta. "The implications of Turkey’s accession to the European Union for the flows of labor." Oeconomia Copernicana 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2011.013.
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Analyzing the course of accession negotiations of Turkey to the European Union and taking into an account the experience of previous enlargements, the issue of free movement of persons appears to be one of the most difficult and controversial subject. EU members societies report concerns about job losses and reduced wages in the case of immigration of cheaper labor. In addition, ethnic prejudices and cultural, religious, social and language differences in the European Union hold the demand for foreign workers. Based on the theory and analysis of current migration flows of the Turkish population to European Union countries, it appears that the most important factors influencing decisions to migrate, and thus also on its size, there are differences in income. An important factor is also the presence of a number of Turkish minorities in European countries. In order to balance the benefits and losses associated with Turkish migration will be analyzed the trends in Turkish immigrants participation in the European Union and Germany.
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Pirim, Ceren Zeynep. "A Neverending Story: The Free Movement of Turkish Workers Within the European Union." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 44, Issue 1 (February 1, 2017): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2017003.
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The relations between Turkey and the European Union (EU) rest on an association regime in force for more than fifty years, as established by the Ankara Association Agreement. With the Athens Agreement signed with Greece, the Ankara Agreement constitutes one of the two association agreements that the EU has concluded with third countries providing the free movement of workers between the contracting parties under an ambitious framework. However, notwithstanding the explicit affirmations in existing legal texts, the arrangements put in place by the association law have not been realized and the external policies towards Turkish nationals have been tightened up. Indeed, there is a considerable gap, not only between the starting point of the contracting parties and their current state of affairs concerning the conception of social integration, but also between the wording of the provisions adopted and their practice. The present contribution strives to discuss the influence of political and economic momentum in the formation of this gap and especially on the European Court of Justice’s ways of approaching the association regime concerning the freemovement of Turkish workers within the European Commission (EC), as established by the Association Agreement, the Additional Protocol and the decisions of the Association Council.
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Fares, Samer. "Current Payments and Capital Movements in the EU-Mediterranean Association Agreements." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 30, Issue 1 (April 1, 2003): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2003003.
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The objective of this paper is to elaborate current and capital provisions in the European Union Association Agreements with the Mediterranean countries and their compatibility with the EC Treaty and the international multilateral agreements. These provisions can be classified into two categories. The first has fully liberalised current payments and demanded the progressive liberalisation of capital movement. The second has liberalised capital movements and demanded the progressive liberalisation of current payments. Accordingly, the outcome of this classification is that the Association Agreements, firstly, could not promote the liberalisation of current payments and capital movements in the Mediterranean countries. Secondly, they lag behind the virtual free movement of capital and payments among the parties. Finally, they could not recognise the relationship between current/capital transactions and the IMF, GATS and GATT.
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Neal, Alan C. "Lessons from the Nordic Countries – ‘Basic Building Blocks’ for an Enlarged Common European Labour Market." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 20, Issue 3 (September 1, 2004): 339–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2004020.
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Abstract: This article presents experience with the first three decades of formalised common labour market arrangements in the Nordic countries. It traces the historical roots of Nordic co-operation, and examines how early initiatives were stimulated to develop free movement for workers and a more open Nordic labour market during the inter-war years. Post-war momentum towards the establishment of a common Nordic labour market is then considered, with a focus on the 1954 Agreement laying down the basic framework and the subsequent revised Agreement of 1982 which now underpins the modern Nordic labour market arrangements. Some observations are offered in relation to the creation of basic building blocks for free movement of workers and integrated labour market administration, set against the recent backdrop of ‘enlargement’ of the European Union.
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Barker, Emily. "A timeline of freedom of movement in the European Economic Area." Open Research Europe 2 (January 13, 2023): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15042.2.
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The European Economic Area (EEA) provides a common market for goods, labour, services, and capital. Promoting integration between countries through the free movement of labour, or more generally persons, pre-dates the previous forms of the EEA. However, during the Southern and Eastern Expansions of the European Union, there have been transition agreements on persons, designed to restrict immigration. Opening up labour markets to the new member states with signifcantly lower GDP per capita than existing states, has been contentious. This is why the use of transition agreements have permitted periods which existing members can limit immigration. Not all existing member states impose restrictions, and during the Eastern Enlargements, the restrictions were imposed for varying lengths of time by different existing members up to a maximum of seven years. During the transition agreement, the economies of new members and existing members can converge, which is ultimately designed to limit the pull factor of migration. In this note, we provide a concise resource of the timeline of the expansion of full free movement of persons for countries in the EEA and Switzerland.
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Barker, Emily. "A timeline of freedom of movement in the European Economic Area." Open Research Europe 2 (December 6, 2022): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15042.1.
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The European Economic Area (EEA) provides a common market for goods, labour, services, and capital. Promoting integration between countries through the free movement of labour, or more generally persons, pre-dates the previous forms of the EEA. However, during the Southern and Eastern Expansions of the European Union, there have been transition agreements on persons, designed to restrict immigration. Opening up labour markets to the new member states with significantly lower GDP per capita than existing states, has been contentious. This is why the use of transition agreements have permitted periods which existing members can limit immigration. Not all existing member states impose restrictions, and during the Eastern Enlargements, the restrictions were imposed for varying lengths of time by different existing members up to a maximum of seven years. During the transition agreement, the economies of new members and existing members can converge, which is ultimately designed to limit the pull factor of migration. In this note, we provide a concise resource of the timeline of the expansion of full free movement of persons for countries in the EEA and Switzerland.
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Dragišić, Radmila. "Autonomy of higher education in the European Union: Case C-66/18 European Commission v. Hungary." Politeia 11, no. 21 (2021): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/politeia0-31034.
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Aware of the fact that autonomy is an important prerequisite for educational institutions to be able to perform their tasks, in this paper we explore and analyze one of the most interesting cases from the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union in this area. Namely, the European Commission initiated proceedings against the Republic of Hungary for violating the rights of the European Union. The focus is on the Law on Higher Education of that member state, which has caused sharp controversies within the academic community in the countries of the European Economic Area, but also in third countries. Although the work is mostly dedicated to the free movement of services in the field of higher education, we inevitably explore the relationship between European Union law and legal instruments of the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as the views of the Court of Justice regarding their interpretation. The case we are discussing is also important for the status of countries aspiring to become members of the European organization, since the European Parliament adopted a recommendation to include in the Copenhagen criteria for accession the defense and protection of academic freedom and institutional autonomy in order to prevent their endangerment in member states.
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Krajňáková, Emília, and Sergej Vojtovič. "Global Trends in the Labor Market and Balance of Losses and Benefits from Labor Migration." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 05012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207405012.
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The study deals with the analysis of global labor market trends in the European Union countries under the influence of free movement and labor migration within the European Union. Named analyzes include defining trends in the emigration and immigration flows of the workforce among the countries of the European Union that apply the policy of migration and countries that are the source of labor emigration. On this basis, labor migration losses and benefits are assessed and their impact on GDP creation on the labor market, the state budget and other economic and social indicators for countries with a migration policy and for countries with a strong majority of labor migration flows abroad are examined. On this basis, the processes of creating imbalances in the European labor market, which are affected by the absence of balance sheets in the benefits and losses of labor migration for individual countries, are examined. The analyzes and investigations carried out have resulted in the definition and justification of the shift in the balance of losses and benefits of labor migration towards a predominance of benefits for countries with a migration policy and a prevalence of losses for countries with a strong dominance of labor migration flows abroad.
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Luthra, Renee, Lucinda Platt, and Justyna Salamońska. "Types of Migration: The Motivations, Composition, and Early Integration Patterns of “New Migrants” in Europe." International Migration Review 52, no. 2 (June 2018): 368–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12293.
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Applying latent class analysis to a unique data source of 3,500 Polish migrants in Western Europe, we develop a new typology of Polish migrants under “free movement” following the 2004 expansion of the European Union. We characterize these diverse migrant types in terms of their premigration characteristics and link them to varied early social and economic integration outcomes. We show that alongside traditional circular and temporary labor migration, European Union expansion has given rise to new migrant types who are driven by experiential concerns, resulting in a more complex relationship between their economic and social integration in destination countries.
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Roberts, Simon, and Maija Sakslin. "Some are more equal than others: the impact of discrimination in social security on the right of same-sex partners to free movement in the European Union." Benefits: A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 17, no. 3 (October 2009): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/rwkw9327.
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Although non-discrimination and the free movement of persons are fundamental principles of the European Union (EU), discrimination against same-sex partners in many EU member countries presents serious barriers to free movement. In many member countries, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual (LGBT) people experience discrimination in all aspects of their lives, including civil status and social security. The interface of a plethora of civil statuses and benefit entitlement conditions means that same-sex partners exercising their right of free movement under the Treaty of Rome may find their status and entitlements changing as they move between different ‘rights regimes’, to the detriment of their social security coverage. The proposed new EU Directive on equal treatment may not prevent this discrimination although, if the Lisbon Treaty is ratified, the Charter of Fundamental Rights may provide a route and an opportunity to do so.
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Vuković, Ivan. "Development of European Union and joining perspective of Croatia." Tourism and hospitality management 13, no. 2 (June 2007): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.13.2.7.
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In this paper we researched European Union starting with the Agreement from Maastrich from year 1992, even though the European Union has a long traditional history and its origin is founded on regulations of economical integrations in Europe beginning from the 1950’s through the Roman treaty from year 1957 and the forming of the European Union Committee in year 1965. Further we follow her expansion and introduction of the European economic and monetary policy, to last, the joining perspective of Croatia. According to the Agreement from Maastrich, European Union lies on three posts: 1) Legal-political and regulative post, 2) Economical post, where the forming of European economical and monetary policy is in the first plan, especially the introducing of Euro as the unique European currency, 3) Post of Mutual foreign security policy within European Union. In that context we need to highlight the research conducted here and in European Union, including the world, regarding development of European Union and its economical, legal, political and cultural, as well as foreign diplomatic results, which are all perspectives of European Union. All the scientists and researches which were involved in exploring the development of EU with its modern tendencies and development perspective, agree that extraordinary results are achieved regards to economical, legal, political, foreign-security and diplomatic views, even tough many repercussions exist in progress of some particular members and within the EU as a whole. The biggest controversy arises in the perspective and expanding of European Union regarding ratification of the Constitution of EU from particular country members, but especially after the referendum was refused from two European countries, France and Netherlands. According to some estimates, the Constitution of EU would have difficulty to be adopted in Switzerland and some other Scandinavian countries, but also in Great Britain and other very developed countries. However the European Community and European Union were developing and expanding towards third European countries, regardless of Constitutional non-existence, where we can assume that if and when the Constitution of EU will be ratified, the EU will further develop as one of the most modern communities. This will enable economical development, especially development of European business, unique European market and free trade of goods and services, market of financial capital and labour market in free movement of labour. Being that EU has become one of the most largest dominating markets in the world, it offers a possibility to all new members to divide labour by using modern knowledge and high technology which insure economical, social and political prosperity. This results to forming a society of European countries which will guarantee all rights and freedom of development for all nations and ethnic groups. As well as, all European countries with somewhat less sovereignty, but in international relations will be stronger and significant, not only in sense of economics, but also in politics and military diplomatic relations. Therefore, Croatia has no choice and perspective if she does not join the European Union till year 2010, but until than it needs to create its strategy of economical and scientific-technological development, including demographic development, which will insure equal progress of Croatia as an equal member of European Union.
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Och, Jarosław. "Specific aspects of European and Polish migrations at the begging of the 21st century." Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2019.4.07.
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The text focuses on the migration in the European Union and in Poland at the begging of the 21st century. It aims to prove that even if the reasons and consequences of migration are varied, they have significantly shaped the development of human civilization and have been a part of human socialization. Furthermore, this text points out that the phenomena of globalization and democratization have affected the population movement and caused new patterns of contemporary migration. The European Union is a great example of cooperation between different countries in order to realize the principle of free population movement, which was put to the test over past years. Additionally, this article characterizes the Polish migration, especially the inflow of immigrants to Poland. Poland has become an emigration and an attractive immigration country. This text revels also the consequences of migration in modern Europe.
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Kazimierowski, Piotr. "Requirements for rail service." Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2016, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_16_05_04.
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One of the elements of the integration process of the European Union is striving to remove barriers to the free movement of persons, goods, services and capital between the countries of the Community. This process does not bypass means that rail transport for environmental reasons is promoted, developed and is to constitute one of the pillars of building cohesion, despite the numerous technological diff erences existing between the systems in the individual EU countries. These measures are aimed as soon as possible to ensure interoperability between countries and transport systems.
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BIELER, ANDREAS. "The EU, Global Europe, and processes of uneven and combined development: the problem of transnational labour solidarity." Review of International Studies 39, no. 1 (May 29, 2012): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210512000083.
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AbstractIn 2006, the European Union launched its new free trade strategy Global Europe with the explicit goal of increasing European competitiveness. This article explores the positions of trade unions and other social movements on Global Europe. Importantly, while Northern social movements and trade unions from the Global South reject Global Europe due to its impact of deindustrialisation on developing countries, European trade unions support it in so far as it opens up new markets for the export of European manufactured goods. It will be argued that this has to be understood against the background of the dynamics underlying the global economy and here in particular uneven and combined development. Due to the uneven integration of different parts of the world into the global economy, workers in developed countries may actually benefit from free trade, while workers in the Global South are more likely to lose out. It will, however, also be argued that while these different positions within the social relations of production are shaping the position of trade unions, they do not determine them. Over time, through direct engagement, trade unions in the North and South may be able to establish relations of transnational solidarity.
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Lotz-Rambaldi, Winfried, Ines Schäfer, Roelof ten Doesschate, and Fritz Hohagen. "Specialist training in psychiatry in Europe – Results of the UEMS-survey." European Psychiatry 23, no. 3 (March 10, 2008): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.12.001.
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AbstractAccording to the aim of the Treaty of Rome from 1957 which postulated the free movement of workers throughout the European Union, the European Board of Psychiatry in the UEMS (European Union of Medical Specialists) carried out a comprehensive survey of training in psychiatry, including all member countries in order to evaluate the present state of training in psychiatry in each. The survey should indicate whether the training requirements [UEMS Section Psychiatry. Charter on training of medical specialists in the EU: requirements for the speciality psychiatry. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1997;247(Suppl.):S45–7; UEMS Section Psychiatry. Charter on training of medical specialists in the EU: requirements for the speciality psychiatry. <www.uemspsychiatry.org/board/reports/Chapter6-11.10.03.pdf>; 2003 [last revision]] have had an impact on the actual conditions of training in psychiatry in the member countries. We gathered 22 questionnaires from 31 national representatives involved and 424 questionnaires completed by the chief of training and the representative of trainees at the responding training centres from 22 countries. The results give an overview about the practice of training in psychiatry in many European countries. While there are great differences between the training centres in different countries, apparent progress towards developing high standards in training in psychiatry has been made.
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Tryfonidou, Alina. "The Free Movement of Goods, the Overseas Countries and Territories, and the EU’s Outermost Regions: Some Problematic Aspects." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 37, Issue 4 (November 1, 2010): 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2010024.
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This article will analyse how the European Union (EU)’s prohibitions on the imposition of customs duties and quantitative restrictions are applied to goods that move between the EU and its regions, countries, and territories that are situated away from continental Europe. The main aim will be to identify some of the problems and difficulties that emerge as a result of the way that the EU and its Member States have decided to delimit the scope of these prohibitions in this context and to consider possible solutions.
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Matei, Elena Florentina, and Ioana Manuela Mindrican. "The Evolution of Nominal Convergence After Accession to The European Union. The Case of Romania." European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n3p149.
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Economic and Monetary Union is the result of progressive economic integration that includes collective regulation for the free movement of goods, services, labor, capital, and products. Economic and Monetary Union presupposes a common currency and market, but also a monetary policy coordinated by the European Central Bank, which has the role of ensuring economic stability. In this context, the countries wishing to join must be prepared to deal with possible economic imbalances, this being possible through the existence of a high level of economic development. Through this paper, we want to identify the evolution of the nominal convergence criteria established by the provisions of the Maastricht Treaty to identify the level of readiness of the Romanian economy for integration into the Economic and Monetary Union.
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Nijkeuter, Erwin. "Exchange of Information and the Free Movement of Capital between Member States and Third Countries." EC Tax Review 20, Issue 5 (October 1, 2011): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2011027.
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In this article, the author discusses the scope of the freedom of capital movements between Member States of the European Union and third countries. According to the ECJ, restrictions of the freedom of capital movements between Member States and third countries can be justified to ensure 'the effectiveness of fiscal supervision'. Based on case law of the ECJ, the author discusses the relevant questions to adopt this justification as suitable and proportionate. An important factor in adopting the justification 'effectiveness of fiscal supervision' is the degree to which the Member State implementing the restriction has the opportunity to exchange information with the third country. The author, therefore, discusses the possibilities available for Member States to exchange information under EC law, bilateral tax treaties, TIEAs, etc. In the author's opinion, the Member States will - given the recent extended possibilities to exchange information - no longer be able to hide behind this justification.
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Falcao, Tatiana. "Third-Country Relations with the European Community: A Growing Snowball." Intertax 37, Issue 5 (May 1, 2009): 307–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2009032.
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The dissertation focuses on the development of the European Court of Justice’s (ECJ’s) jurisprudence in creating a legal doctrine applicable to European Union (EU) and non-EU members, when operating capital transactions to, from and within the Community. The main focus of the thesis is in the formulation of a policy that would reconcile the Member States’ need to protect their economies against the free inflow and outflow of capital resources while upholding one of the European Community (EC) Treaty’s main principles: the free circulation of capital. The article points out to the dilemma faced by the Court of Justice when deciding on direct tax cases: how to secure a coherent interpretation of the freedoms, including that of free movement of capital, while protecting Member States’ tax jurisdictions from the free inflow and outflow of capitals from third countries?
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Ferreira, Nuno. "The EU Free Movement of Persons from a Spanish Perspective: Exploring its Evolution and Derogations." European Public Law 19, Issue 2 (June 1, 2013): 397–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2013023.
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Although Spain is often discussed in migration studies, both for its special characteristics and for its representativeness of a larger group of European countries, the free movement of European Union (EU) citizens across Spanish borders and within Spain is a matter so far insufficiently explored in legal literature. Spain has been a member of the EU for more than twenty-five years, however, the assessment of the implementation by Spanish authorities of EU law in this field has remained mostly limited to fairly descriptive analyses of the applicable statutory framework. This article goes beyond that and looks critically into the evolution of this statutory framework and, above all, its judicial application. Besides analysing the Spanish legal framework applicable to the free movement of EU citizens and their family members, this article explores a range of obstacles to that free movement. It concentrates particularly on the most striking obstacle to free movement - exclucsion orders - by exploring in detail the rules and case law (mainly produced by the Spanish Supreme Court) that have dealt with the possibility of expulsion of EU citizens and their family members.
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Jimon, Ștefania Amalia, Nicolae Balteș, and Florin Cornel Dumiter. "Empirical Approaches Upon Pension Systems in Central and Eastern European Countries. Triangle Assessment: Free Movement of People, Labor Market and Population Health Features." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sues-2020-0001.
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AbstractNowadays, around the world, it can be noticed an important trend towards the pension system reforms. The creation of the European fiscal space, the effects of globalization and the movement of the labour force are important vectors towards creating a new type of social economy. The labour force is constantly moving around the countries that gathered important amounts of capital, especially in industrialized countries. Moreover, the lower levels of the birth rate combined with the increasing level of death rate unbalance the labour market. The entire European continent undergoes a demographical transition period, highlighted by aging and intensive migration. This phenomenon is registered both outside and inside the European Union, especially upon the highest industrialized Western countries. In this context, the human capital role and quality gain an important topic throughout the social and economic developments. In this article, we tackle some important aspects regarding the correlation between the actual status quo of population structure and some important features of future pension systems.
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Langewiesche, Renate, and Martina Lubyova. "Migration, mobility and the free movement of persons: an issue for current and future EU members." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 6, no. 3 (August 2000): 450–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600309.
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This article, in addition to providing information on and discussing lines of argumentation and probable developments, proposes an 'integrated' approach to the issue of migration. Public debate in some of the European Union (EU) member countries gives the impression of a deep East-West divide as far as migration movements are concerned. It is often feared that opening the EU towards the East will, by way of the expected migratory flows and low-wage competition, result in massive distortions on west European labour markets, accompanied by job losses and pressure on wages. Policy-makers and the public at large in applicant countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs) resent calls in some EU Member States for transitional periods for the free movement of persons, excluding the freedom of the new member's citizens to move in the enlarged Single Market. We hold that it is too short-sighted to look at the two sides merely as 'antagonists': First, a look at current data and projections about future developments should be conducive to dispel the diffuse fears in the current EU of being inundated by east European labour migrants once these countries accede. Secondly, flanking policy instruments, such as structural and regional policies, the fostering of social partnership in the CEECs and the introduction of active labour market strategies, all of which are still more or less in a stage of infancy, as well as close cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs will have to play their full role before and after accession, in order to mitigate possible negative effects in certain segments of the labour market. This paper also gives some insights into labour migration and the effects of the application of EU border control requirements in a number of accession countries, an aspect greatly overlooked in debates within the current EU
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Friedrich, Marek. "Migracje Polaków do Szwecji po przystąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej w 2004 roku." Cywilizacja i Polityka 14, no. 14 (October 30, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0248.
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Human migration should be considered as one of the fundamental values of cultural and civilization life, which is creating a new social reality. In the European Union there are different attitudes towards migration: on one hand – professing the principle of free human movement and on the other hand – making restrictions on immigrants. Sweden stands out from other European countries because of friendliness for immigrants. In this country, the migration and integration policy is based on the principles of equality, solidarity, cooperation and consensus. Number of Poles in Sweden is the third largest number of foreigners and it is still increasing, especially after accession of Poland to the European Union. Gainful employment is the main objective of Polish citizens migrating to Sweden. The country is also being selected by young people as a place, where everyone could gain an education, especially higher education.
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Clement, Andrew Anzur. "News from the East: Perceptions of the Free Movement of Persons in the Polish Popular Press." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 31, no. 4 (July 18, 2017): 799–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325417716511.
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The free movement of persons in the EU has been thought of as reflecting an ideal of supranational solidarity within the single market. However, over the past decade, it has become a source of political contention among European peoples. Much attention has been paid to Western European, anti-EU sentiment regarding Central Eastern European migration. Yet euroskeptic populism has recently risen within the eastern EU as well. Despite this phenomenon, less attention has been given to discursive views of the free movement of persons in the eastern expansion countries. This contribution takes issue with transactionalist and utilitarian approaches to identity formation. It argues that resilient national identity shapes the perception of national interests regarding the market-based citizenship promoted by the EU institutions. Through qualitative analysis of the high-circulation popular Polish press, this study finds that when viewed through national identity–based interest perceptions, the free movement of persons is not framed in terms of “actual” economic benefits or opportunities. Instead, it is framed as a dubious benefit of EU integration, in relation to many obligations of EU membership. In contrast, the press discourse examined here frames intra-Union migration as the continuing unfortunate necessity of emigration. Thus, national identity conceptions may influence the eastern EU press narrative, causing it to frame the free movement of persons negatively, in terms of perceived interests.
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Квеліашвілі, І. М. "Brexit: signs of disintegration of the EU customs union under the conditions of globalization." PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ASPECTS 7, no. 4 (May 23, 2019): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/151923.
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The processes of changing the world's space, turning it into a single zone, the unimpeded movement of goods, services, information, capital are aspects of the globalization of world economies. In this space, ideas that contribute to the development of relevant institutional formations and form their communicative connections are more freely distributed. Ukraine is on the way to solving the European integration tasks defined in the Association Agreement with the EU, the implementation of customs legislation, the purpose of which is not only the establishment and existence of a free trade zone, but also a more in-depth integration. The purpose of the article is to review possible scenarios concerning the conditions of movement of goods across the customs border, in the event of a final decision on the withdrawal of Great Britain from the EU Customs Unio Today, it has already been recognized that the integration persistence of the EU Customs Union was threatened by the name Brexit. This phenomenon, as a challenge to integration in a globalized world, gives impetus to a moderate choice of concept and form of integration for the future perspective of economic development of the member countries and candidate -countries for membership in the Community. The European integration policy of Ukraine's economic policy, along with urgent issues requiring a priority solution and fulfillment of obligations, should also be considered under the criterion of probable risks and threats to national interests. The article gives moderate arguments from UK analysts regarding the UK's exit from the EU, the urgent issues regarding the varied prospects of customs relations between the European Union and the UK, as well as the EU Customs Union. Influence of possible scenarios of "soft Brexit", "hard Brexit" on foreign economic activity of the country and its activity.
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Organiściak-Krzyszkowska, Anna. "The Determinants and the Size of International Migration in Central and Eastern Europe After 2004." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 20, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0033.
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Migration is a very important socio‑economic issue in the contemporary world. One of the interesting and pertinent research problems worth considering concerns the scale and nature of migration from countries which entered the European Union in 2004 and in the subsequent years. As a result of integration within the European Community, the citizens of member states acquired citizenship within the entire European Union (which is complementary to citizenship in the country of origin). The right of free movement led to the emergence of the migration phenomenon within the territory of the European Union. A well educated and young labour force may be an influential factor in the social and economic development of the European Union members. The enlargement of the EU led to a significant increase in the number of part‑time/temporary migrants. According to statistical data, the number of emigrants from the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) to the more prosperous European countries increased from 1,66 million in 2004 to 7,3 million in 2016. Within the context of the scale of economic migration from the CEE, questions should be asked about the determinants and economic consequences of this mobility. The main objective of this article is a diagnosis and evaluation of the determinants and size of migration from the CEE. The analyses are based on Eurostat data. The determinants of migration are presented from the point of view of the push and pull factors theory and related to the situation in the European labour market. An analysis of the size of migration outflow from the CEE countries made it possible to classify them into three groups: countries with a high emigration potential (Latvia, Lithuania, Romania), a moderate emigration potential (Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Estonia, Slovakia) and a low emigration potential (the Czech Republic, Slovenia). The economic consequences of migration are shown from the perspective of remittances received from working abroad.
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Mayer, S., R. J. van der Gaag, G. Dom, D. Wassermann, W. Gaebel, P. Falkai, and C. Schüle. "European Psychiatric Association (EPA) Guidance on Post-graduate Psychiatric Training in Europe." European Psychiatry 29, no. 2 (February 2014): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.01.002.
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AbstractThe European Union Free Movement Directive gives professionals the opportunity to work and live within the European Union, but does not give specific requirements regarding how the specialists in medicine have to be trained, with the exception of a required minimum of 4 years of education. Efforts have been undertaken to harmonize post-graduate training in psychiatry in Europe since the Treaty of Rome 1957, with the founding of the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) and establishment of a charter outlining how psychiatrists should be trained. However, the different curricula for post-graduate training were only compared by surveys, never through a systematic review of the official national requirements. The published survey data still shows great differences between European countries and unlike other UEMS Boards, the Board of Psychiatry did not introduce a certification for specialists willing to practice in a foreign country within Europe. Such a European certification could help to keep a high qualification level for post-graduate training in psychiatry all over Europe. Moreover, it would make it easier for employers to assess the educational level of European psychiatrists applying for a job in their field.
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Guild, Elspeth. "EU Citizens, Foreign Family Members and European Union Law." European Journal of Migration and Law 21, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 358–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340055.
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Abstract While international human rights law enshrines family life as a cornerstone of society, when it intersects with migration, issues and problems arise in countries where migration is high on the political agenda. This is true in a number of EU states. Both EU law and European human rights commitments, however, require states to provide for family reunification subject to a margin of discretion to the state. While family reunification for refugees and beneficiaries of international protection has been at the top of some political agendas in Europe, this article looks at family reunification (generally known as family reunion) for another group—nationals of the Member States. In particular it poses two questions: do EU Member States accept their own nationals to come back to their home state with third country national family members they have acquired while abroad? Secondly, to what extent do EU Member States discriminate against their own nationals in comparison with the generous EU rules of family reunion for nationals of other Member States who have exercised a free movement right in their country. This article is based on reports by experts from all EU Member States in light of the 2014 judgment in O & B (C-456/12) by the Court of Justice of the European Union.
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Dąbrowska, Izabela. "Migration Flows form New Member States and the Prospect of Britain’s Withdrawal from the European Union." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 13, no. 3 (October 27, 2015): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.733.
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Ever since the European Union expanded to admit first eights Central and Eastern European countries in 2004, and then two more in 2007, internal migration has become a major social and political matter especially in Britain, which is one of the main destinations for thousands of migrants. This article builds on the body of data provided by British national institutions to examine the kingdom’s economic interests in revising its own deal in European migration policy. It presents the contemporary concerns with migrants’ flows from new member states in the wider perspective of Britain’s complex relationship with Europe and its own contested integration with the Union. The paper’s main objective though is to argue whether questioning the existing integration principles, including the principle of free movement, is justified or whether it has just become a convenient matter in the discussion on Britain’s likely withdrawal from the organization in 2017.
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Jachowicz, Estera, Magdalena Gębicka, Daria Plakhtyr, Myroslav Shynkarenko, Juri Urbanowicz, Maciej Mach, Jacek Czepiel, Jakub Marchewka, and Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach. "Incidence of Vaccine-Preventable Childhood Diseases in the European Union and in the European Free Trade Association Countries." Vaccines 9, no. 7 (July 17, 2021): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070796.
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Introduction: Despite the widespread availability of vaccines, the incidence of vaccine-preventable childhood diseases (VPCD) started to grow in recent years. The aim of the study was to compare the annual incidence of selected VPCDs in the EU (European Union) and EFTA (European Free Trade Association) countries in the period of the last 5 years (2014–2019 or other intervals, depending on data availability), and the country-specific vaccine schedules. Methods: VPCD incidence rates in Europe were based on “The Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases” by the ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control); vaccination schedules were based on ECDC reports. Results: The obligation to vaccinate was not universal, and it generally only applied to two preparations: the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine and the one against polio. During the study, the situation associated with mumps did not change or improve in individual countries; the median incidence amounted to 30 cases. The median incidence associated with rubella amounted to 1 case, but in a few countries, it grew very rapidly, i.e., in Germany, Italy, and Romania; in Poland, the incidence was clearly decreasing, from 5923 to 1532 cases. The most dynamic situation concerned measles. The total median was 2.4 cases per 100,000 population; the only one country with falling incidence was Germany. The diseases associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis remained at a stable level in all analyzed countries. Conclusion: Vaccine schedules differ among the countries, so does the epidemiological situation of selected diseases. Morbidity on measles was the most disturbing phenomenon: the incidence rate increased in almost 40% of all countries, regardless of the obligation to vaccinate. The increasing incidence of VPCD may be due to anti-vaccine movements, the activity of which is often caused by mistrust and spreading misinformation. In order to better prevent the increase in morbidity, standardization of vaccine schedules and documentation should be considered in the EU countries.
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HYZ, ALINA BARBARA. "Technology market in the European Union." International Business Research 3, no. 3 (June 11, 2010): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v3n3p32.
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<!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-hyphenate:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;} p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-hyphenate:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:AR-SA;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> The common market of factors of production in the European Union (EU) involves the free movement of labour factor, financial capital and innovation/technology. Technology as a separate factor of production in an integrating area is rarely incorporated into theoretical analysis. From a theoretical point of view, there are different relationships between various segments of the market of factors of production. Importance and strength of the relationship between them changes with each shift in the economic development of the EU member countries and deepening of integration processes. No doubt, however, that the central element becomes innovations / technologies, that lead to structural changes and local changes in integrating areas. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to assess the progress of the integration processes on the technology market in the EU and the identification of the relationship between this segment of the market of factors of production and its remaining segments. The first part of the article presents the technology as a factor of production in an integrating area. Next we describe the influence of R&D on the region’s competitiveness and we identify the main characteristics of the technology market in the European Union. The main aim of the next part of the paper is to indicate the role of international business in the creation and transfer of technology in the European Union. The analysis conducted in the paper is based on specialist literature and statistical data.
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Bree, Axel. "The Organisation of Waste Management in the European Union Member States." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 2, no. 6 (2005): 478–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601005x00471.
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AbstractThe organisation of waste management raises an important question: Who has access to waste - the public waste management services or private waste management companies ? The answer has important economic consequences, since waste management is a significant market. At the same time, environmental concerns have to be observed. The framework legislation of the European Community leaves the organisational structure of waste management to the national legislation of the Member States. However, under Community legislation waste is subject to the principle of the free movement of goods, which may be restricted on environmental grounds. Furthermore EU law draws a distinction between waste for disposal, for which shipment can be restricted more easily, and waste for recovery, which is subject to less stringent control procedures. Given the broad European framework, this article explores the national legislation in most EU countries. It aims to analyse the approach taken by the national legislators to find a way between public service and private autonomy. In conclusion, it seems clear that in the countries examined an important distinction is made between household and industrial waste. Only Germany has adopted the European distinction between waste for recovery and waste for disposal as a major criterion for the allocation of the waste streams between public and private entities, whereas in the other Member States this criterion only plays an insignificant, if any, role at all.
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Keca, Ljiljana, Milica Marceta, and Aleksandar Markovic. "Export of non-timber forest products in the context of free movement of goods to the European Union market." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 120 (2019): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1920057k.
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The tendency to conquer foreign markets emerges as one of the starting ideas when setting up each company. From the point of view of domestic companies, the target markets are those located within the European Union (EU), which exists and operates under the Single Market system. If you look at the part related to non-timber forest products (NTFP), it can be pointed out that in the last period it has become wider and has increasingly gone beyond local limits. In the context of the global orientation towards organic products, the aspiration of domestic companies in trying to place their products to a foreign, primarily European market is justified. The subjects of work are: treaties of establishment, conventions between Member States and Union agreements with third countries and international organizations, which have stronger legal force than other (secondary) sources, such as: regulations, directives and resolutions, as binding acts, as well as recommendations and opinions, as non-binding acts. The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the functions of the competent institutions and procedures that follow the export of products and documentation necessary for the implementation of the export procedure, with special reference to the NTFP.
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Halili, Nijazi, Aziz Rexhepi, Besarta Rexhepi, and Arbresha Meha. "Economic integration." Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 2, no. 4 (June 16, 2020): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/technium.v2i4.860.
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In this scientific paper we have presented how the European Integration process gives results so that the level of economic development is approximately comparable between different countries. The economic structure should be, if possible, the complementary structure of production and the market between different countries.
The basic economic goals are to advance the development of economic activities between member states, the permanent and balanced expansion of the economy, greater economic stability and the improvement of living standards and the strengthening of economic relations between member states.
The realization of the set goals is realized through: elimination of barriers and ensuring the free movement of labor, the circulation of capital and services, the establishment of a common customs tariff for EEC countries.
It is considered that the reform in accordance with the standards of the European Union, is one of the most effective measures for the acceleration and successful transition of the transition process and individually advancement in the process of European integration.
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Organiściak-Krzykowska, Anna. "Remittances as a Consequences of Labour Migration of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) Citizens in 2004-2013." Olsztyn Economic Journal 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.2910.
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Migration is a very important socio-economic issue in the contemporary world. One of the interesting research problems worth considering concerns the scale and consequences of migration from the countries which joined the European Union in 2004 and in the later years. As a result of integration with European communities, citizens of the new member states acquired citizenship of the European Union. The right of free movement caused a significant increase in the number of temporary migrants. According to statistical data, the number of emigrants from the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) to the more prosperous European countries increased from 1.7 million in 2004 to 5.6 million in 2012. In the context of the scale of economic migration from the CEE, important questions should be asked about the economic consequences of the mobility. The main objective of this article is a diagnosis and evaluation of the size of migration and remittances in the CEE countries. An analysis of the statistical data from Eurostat concerning the transfer of financial means due to working abroad made it possible to assess the economic consequences of labour migrations of the CEE-10 inhabitants. It turned out that, as regards the amount of those transfers, the biggest beneficiaries are Poland, Romania and Hungary. Throughout the period under analysis (2004-2013) Poland saw a joint inflow of EUR 44.8 bn, Romania - EUR 31.9 bn, and Hungary - EUR 15 bn due to their citizens working abroad.
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Ristić, Vladimir. "The European model of the integrated border management." Pravo - teorija i praksa 39, no. 2 (2022): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ptp2202091r.
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The enlargement of the European Union has called for a reevaluation of the way the external borders to be protected as a necessary consequence of the free movement of people in the European Union. It also appears to be a result of a fundamental component of the area of freedom, security and justice. The abolition of the internal border checks and a different approach to external borders followed by emerging forms of cross-border crime with a cross-border dimension, illegal migration, trafficking in human beings and terrorist threats constantly being on the rise, have requested a different approach. The lack of economic perspective, poverty, environmental disasters and wars have forced people to look for a better life else where, which has led to the most important global phenomenon of the 21st century migration. Migration issues have made us think about the important matters faced by developed countries independently, and as such they are currently at the top of the European Union's political agenda. To respond effectively to emerging challenges and threats, the European Union has expedited the development of the integrated border management as a generally acceptable border management model, as well as a key factor in improving migration management. The paper is based on the information gathered from the open sources of the European Union institutions, as well as from personal experiences gained throughout the course of border management reform in Republic of Serbia.
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Liepa, Diana, and Inta Ratniece. "PROFICIENCY INCREASE BY COLLABORATION WITHIN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY PROCESS." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 52, no. 1 (March 20, 2013): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/13.52.48.
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In the fields of science and education transnational cooperation has become particularly relevant for developing of contemporary conceptions in education and science. As the first step in such cooperation has been the Bologna process, started on June 19, 1999, when 29 Ministers of European countries signed the Bologna Declaration. The Bologna Declaration promotes education and cooperation being the fundamentals of a peaceful and a democratic society. The European dimension is characterized by student mobility and cooperation between educational institutions in European study programmes. The significance of communication and foreign language acquisition skills is gradually increasing (Bologna Declaration, 1999). A strategic goal for the European Union is to develop the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world capable of sustainable economic growth with a wider variety and better jobs and greater social cohesion. All citizens of European Union countries require foreign language skills, because these skills provide citizens with the opportunity to make use of the free movement to work or to study at one of the EU member states and as such they stimulate the development of a European labour market. As an EU member state, Latvia participates in this process. Improvements should be achieved in teacher education by implementing innovations in the study process. Key words: didactic modules, experience, planning, aim, assessment.
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Nijkeuter, Erwin, and Maarten F. de Wilde. "FII 2 and the Applicable Freedoms of Movement in Third Country Situations." EC Tax Review 22, Issue 5 (October 1, 2013): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2013027.
Full textAbstract:
In this article, the authors discuss the approach that the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) adopts in deciding which of the European treaty freedoms apply to third country situations. On 13 November 2012 the CJEU delivered a landmark ruling on this matter in the Test Claimants in the FII Group Litigation case. The CJEU observed that if the tax legislation in question is of a general nature then the free movement of capital also applies where European Union (EU) resident entities derive taxable proceeds from majority interests held in companies resident in third countries. In reaching this conclusion, the CJEU adopted an approach that seems to differentiate from that applied in earlier judgments. Moreover, the CJEU's findings clearly differ from the approach taken by the Dutch Supreme Court in various recent judgments. The Dutch Supreme Court considers external cross-border investments in majority shareholding interests as acts of establishment, which are not protected under EU law, because the freedom of establishment does not apply to third country situations. Assessing EU jurisprudence, the authors seek to answer the question which treaty freedom applies in cases involving the direct taxation of proceeds from cross-border third-country corporate shareholding interests and where does the approach adopted by the CJEU differ from that of the Dutch Supreme Court? The authors further address some potential consequences that the CJEU case law on this matter could have on the future interpretation of the freedom of capital.
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Antoń, Paulina. "Wpływ traktatu lizbońskiego na zintegrowane zarządzanie granicami zewnętrznymi Unii Europejskiej." Politeja 15, no. 54 (February 10, 2019): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.15.2018.54.23.
Full textAbstract:
The Impact of the Lisbon Treaty on the Integrated Border Management of the European UnionThe idea of integrated border management (IBM) in the European Union assumes ensuring free movement of persons within the Union, while maintaining the highest security standards. The priority is to create a uniform, high level protection and control of external borders and to uphold the flow of border traffic. An important role in the development process of IBM was played by its regulation in the Treaty of Lisbon and the extension of EU competences in the areas of border control, asylum and immigration policies. The purpose of the article is to show main assumptions of IBM and to analyze their practical implementation. One of the major successes in this area is considered to be establishment of the Frontex agency, which helps EU Member States and Schengen associated countries manage their external borders and harmonise EU border control.