Relevant bibliographies by topics / Free Molecular Regime

Academic literature on the topic 'Free Molecular Regime'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Free Molecular Regime"

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Pathak, Harshad, Kelley Mullick, Shinobu Tanimura, and Barbara E. Wyslouzil. "Nonisothermal Droplet Growth in the Free Molecular Regime." Aerosol Science and Technology 47, no. 12 (December 2013): 1310–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2013.839980.

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TERAO, TAKAMICHI, TAKUMI TERAOKA, and TSUNEYOSHI NAKAYAMA. "CHARACTERISTICS OF AEROSOL FORMATION IN THE FREE-MOLECULAR REGIME." Fractals 08, no. 03 (September 2000): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x00000330.

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We study aerosol growth phenomena in the free-molecular regime. The growth kinetics is clarified by two different approaches, such as the Smoluchowski equation and the cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA) model. The calculated results suggest that the Smoluchowski equation gives a correct description on the aerosol formation. We also study the light scattering intensity on aggregates with non-spherical monomers. The fractal dimension of aggregates does not depend on the microscopic detail of monomers, which confirms the theoretical prediction proposed by restricted hierarchical model.
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Cai, J., and C. M. Sorensen. "Diffusion of fractal aggregates in the free molecular regime." Physical Review E 50, no. 5 (November 1, 1994): 3397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.50.3397.

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Zhang, Kexue, Liyuan Xu, Yunyun Li, Fabio Marchesoni, Jun Wang, and Guodong Xia. "Self-propulsion of Janus particles in the free molecular regime." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 3 (March 2022): 033311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0085921.

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The self-propulsion of a Janus particle suspended in a dilute gas at equilibrium is investigated in the free molecular regime. The Janus particle consists of two hemispheres with different momentum accommodation factors; the particle and the surrounding gas are held at different constant temperatures. Based on the gas kinetic theory, we calculate the particle's self-propulsion and drag force. We conclude that self-propulsion occurs only under the condition that the particle is hotter/colder than the suspension gas, and the self-propulsion force is proportional to the difference of the momentum accommodation factors and directed along the symmetry axis. The drag force, instead, is corrected by a term proportional to the average of the momentum accommodation factors. Our analytical results are confirmed by numerical Monte Carlo simulations.
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Tehranian, Shahram, Frank Giovane, Jürgen Blum, Yu-Lin Xu, and Bo Å. S. Gustafson. "Photophoresis of micrometer-sized particles in the free-molecular regime." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44, no. 9 (May 2001): 1649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(00)00230-1.

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Kogan, M. N., I. N. Bobrov, C. Cercignani, and A. Frezzotti. "Interaction of evaporating and condensing particles in the free‐molecular regime." Physics of Fluids 7, no. 7 (July 1995): 1775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.868492.

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Heinson, W. R., F. Pierce, C. M. Sorensen, and A. Chakrabarti. "Crossover from Ballistic to Epstein Diffusion in the Free-Molecular Regime." Aerosol Science and Technology 48, no. 7 (June 2, 2014): 738–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2014.922677.

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EWART, TIMOTHÉE, PIERRE PERRIER, IRINA A. GRAUR, and J. GILBERT MÉOLANS. "Mass flow rate measurements in a microchannel, from hydrodynamic to near free molecular regimes." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 584 (July 25, 2007): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007006374.

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Helium mass flow rates in a microchannel were measured, for a wide Knudsen-number range, in isothermal steady conditions. The flow Knudsen numbers, considered here, cover the range from continuum slip regime to the near free molecular regime. We used a single-channel system involved in an experimental platform more powerful than those previously used. The experimental errors and uncertainties were accurately investigated and estimated. In the continuum slip regime, it was found that the first-order approach is pertinent for Knudsen number between 0.03 and 0.3. Moreover, the slip coefficient was deduced by comparing the experiments with the theoretical first-order slip continuum approach. For Knudsen number between 0.03 and 0.7, a polynomial second-power form is proposed for the mass flow rate expression. Otherwise, the experimental results on the mass flow rate were compared with theoretical values calculated from kinetic approaches over the 0.03–50 Knudsen number range, and an overall agreement appears through the comparison. It was also found, when the Knudsen number increased, that the wall influence on measurement occurred first through the accommodation process in the transition regime followed by the wall influence through the aspect ratio in the free molecular regime.
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Chinnappan, Arun K., Rakesh Kumar, Vaibhav K. Arghode, Kishore K. Kammara, and Deborah A. Levin. "Correlations for aerodynamic coefficients for prolate spheroids in the free molecular regime." Computers & Fluids 223 (June 2021): 104934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2021.104934.

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Boom, Boris A., Alessandro Bertolini, Eric Hennes, and Johannes F. J. van den Brand. "Gas Damping in Capacitive MEMS Transducers in the Free Molecular Flow Regime." Sensors 21, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 2566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072566.

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We present a novel analysis of gas damping in capacitive MEMS transducers that is based on a simple analytical model, assisted by Monte-Carlo simulations performed in Molflow+ to obtain an estimate for the geometry dependent gas diffusion time. This combination provides results with minimal computational expense and through freely available software, as well as insight into how the gas damping depends on the transducer geometry in the molecular flow regime. The results can be used to predict damping for arbitrary gas mixtures. The analysis was verified by experimental results for both air and helium atmospheres and matches these data to within 15% over a wide range of pressures.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Free Molecular Regime"

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Johansson, Martin Viktor. "Gas transport in porous media : an investigation of the hydrodynamic to free molecular flow regime." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0278.

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La thèse porte sur le transport de gaz raréfié dans des milieux poreux causé par des gradients de pression ou de température. Un gaz en milieu poreux se raréfie lorsque l'échelle est petite, comme pour les milieux micro et nanoporeux, ou lorsque la pression est faible (conditions de vide). Les méthodes de mesure des gradients respectifs sont élaborées et les résultats sont analysés. Dans le cas d'un écoulement de gaz à gradient de pression, la perméabilité est une propriété intrinsèque et une mesure de la manière avec laquelle le gaz circule dans le milieu poreux. Le comportement du flux de gaz diffère considérablement selon le degré de raréfaction. Pour caractériser le niveau de raréfaction de l'écoulement de gaz à l'intérieur d'un milieu poreux, une propriété intrinsèque supplémentaire est proposée, la dimension caractéristique de l'écoulement. Cette propriété a également une interprétation physique, et sa mesure pour un échantillon poreux peut être utilisée pour caractériser l'échantillon comme une méthode d'analyse non destructive. Lorsque le milieu poreux est soumis à un gradient de température dans des conditions raréfiées, l'effet de transpiration thermique provoque des flux gazeux du côté froid vers le côté chaud. Les propriétés transitoires et stationnaires de la transpiration thermique en milieu poreux sont analysées. Les méthodologies développées sont appliquées pour analyser les membranes céramiques microporeuses et les milieux poreux en acier inoxydable fritté. Le dernier type de milieu poreux est particulièrement adapté à l'étalonnage des jauges à vide poussé. La méthode d'étalonnage présentée est facile à utiliser, fiable et précise
The thesis investigates the transport of rarefied gas in porous media caused by either pressure or temperature gradients. A gas in porous media becomes rarefied when either the scale is small, as for micro and nanoporous media, or when the pressure is low (vacuum conditions). The measurement methodologies for the respective gradients are developed, and the results are analyzed. For a pressure gradient driven gas flow, the permeability is an intrinsic property and measure of how easily gas flows through the porous media. The gas flow behavior differs significantly depending on the degree of rarefaction. To characterize the rarefaction level of the gas flow inside a porous medium an additional intrinsic property is proposed, the characteristic flow dimension. This property also has a physical interpretation, and its measure for a porous sample can be used to characterize the sample as a non-destructive analysis method. When the porous media is subject to a temperature gradient under rarefied conditions, the thermal transpiration effect, causes gas flows from the cold side toward the hot end. Both the transient and stationary properties of the thermal transpiration in porous media are analyzed. The developed methodologies are applied to analyze the microporous ceramic membranes and sintered stainless steel porous media. The last type of porous media is particularly suitable for high-vacuum gauge calibration. The presented calibration method is easy to use, reliable and accurate
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Sarangapani, Vamshi Krishna. "Investigation of the effect of radiation on the thermophoretic motion of soot particles in free-molecular regime." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/master's/SARANGAPANI_VAMSHI_16.pdf.

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Hong, Gang. "Monte Carlo simulation of squeeze-film air damping on micro resonators in the free-molecule regime /." View abstract or full-text, 2010. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202010%20HONG.

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Chen, Pin-Chun, and 陳品均. "Investigation of the behaviors of rarefied gas flowing through the microchannel from the slip flow regime to the free molecular flow regime." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/n6chgz.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
107
This experiment used microelectromechanical technology to create a microchannel system in order to investigate the behavior of gas in the microchannel. The experiment gas included helium, nitrogen, argon, and the isothermal steady gaseous flows (298K). The gas through a rectangular microchannel(390um wide, 10.1 um deep, and 10000 um long)from the slip flow region to the free molecular flow region is conducted extensively.The microchannel is constructed on a silicon chip capped with a glass (Pyrex 7740) cover plate via anodic bonding to ensure that only experimental gas inside the microchannel. The minute mass flow rates (10^-9 to 10^-13 kg/s) are determined indirectly using the dual-tank constant-volume mass accumulation system designed by Arkilic. The result found that within the slip flow regime the TMACs for helium, nitrogen, and argon determined by quadratic fitting for 0.01
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Hsien, Sheng-Fan, and 謝昇汎. "Parallel Monte Carlo Simulation of Supersonic Driven Cavity Flows from Free-molecular to Near-continuum Regime." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14691963023465150484.

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碩士
國立交通大學
機械工程系所
95
The driven cavity flow is one of the fundamental fluid flow problems with simple geometry that was often used as the benchmark test problem in computational fluid dynamics. Although they have been thoroughly studied in the literature, most of them were focused on incompressible or continuum compressible regime. Very few have been done in the rarefied and near continuum regimes. It may serve as the benchmarking problem for extending numerical scheme into flow in these regimes. Thus, this thesis describes the simulation of a two-dimensional supersonic driven cavity flow from free-molecular to near-continuum regime by directly solving the Boltzmann equation using the parallel direct simulation Monte Carlo method. Transient sub-cells [Tesng, et al., 2007] were implemented on a general unstructured grid to meet the nearest-neighbor collision requirement, while keeping minimal computational overhead and memory requirement simultaneously. Accuracy of simulation of transient sub-cells using larger sampling cell size was verified by comparing the results with that using much finer sampling cell size. Results show that transient sub-cells can greatly reduce the computational cost, which is especially important in the near-continuum regime. Flow structures within a driven cavity flow are then discussed in detail by varying the top plate speed (Ma=1.1-4) and Knudsen number of cavity (Kn=10-0.0033), in which the corresponding Reynolds number is in the range of 0.181- 1997.6. Results show that velocity slips and temperature jumps along the solid walls increase with increasing Knudsen number at the same Mach number. The additional second vortex occur at the right bottom wall in all Kn=0.01 and 0.0033 case. The Kn=0.0033 and M=4 has the third vortex at the left bottom corner. Results show that vortex center move toward left and down as Mach number increasing at the same Kn=0.01 and 0.0033. But the vortex center move toward the opposite way for Kn=10, 1 and 0.1.
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Shrivastav, Vaibhav R. "Optimization of Lennard-Jones potential parameters and benchmark comparison between ion mobility calculators in free molecular regime." Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7912/C2407B.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) is a widely used technique to differentiate charged particles in the gas phase. Although there has been a significant computational development over the past few decades for calculating Ion Mobility and Collision Cross Section (CCS), still there is a need to develop it in terms of its efficiency and performance, to better understand the dynamics of the collision. The work presented here demonstrates the efficiency and performance of newly developed mobility calculator: IMoS. The results were compared to MOBCAL and were found to be in a good agreement for He and N2 for the same input parameter. IMoS, which has an ability to be parallelized, gave similar values for CCS (within 1% of error) with a speed of two order of magnitude, which is higher than that of MOBCAL. Various options of approximations such as Diffused Trajectory Methods (DHSS, TDHSS) with and without partial charges and Projected Area approximation were considered in this work which lead us to reduce the total computational time required for the calculations. A careful computational study was carried out for 47 organic molecules and few large biomolecules (> 10000 atoms) to demonstrate the similarity and differences in two widely used mobility calculator – IMoS and MOBCAL. As the calculations were made faster using IMoS, it was a necessary step to develop an optimization algorithm in order to optimize the Lennard-Jones potential parameters for gas phase calculations used in the Trajectory Method. The process of optimization follows a multiple iterative path, wherein the parameters are completely optimized for all the given elements. A surface plot was generated using tens and thousands of data points for C, H, N, O, and F to study the relationship between epsilon (ε) and sigma (σ) for each element in the N2 buffer gas. The function (F) used here is a function of experimental CCS and IMoS generated CCS, which was minimized in the process of optimization. These optimized values can be used in the mobility calculator for calculating accurate Collision Cross Sectional values.
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Lu, Chin-Chuan, and 盧勁全. "Simulation of Square Driven Cavity Flows from Free-Molecular to Near-Continnum Regime Using Model Boltzmann Equation." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81425628863720896837.

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碩士
國立交通大學
機械工程系所
95
The driven cavity flow is one of the benchmark problems often used in computational fluid dynamics due to its simple geometry but highly singular points at the corners. It is often used to verify different numerical methods for fluid-flow simulation. However, past studies in this regard focused on flows in thc continuum regime. Very few researches have been done systematically in the rarefied or near-contiuum regime. Several applications require consideration of rarefaction, which motivates the present thesis to focus on simulation of driven cavity flows in this region. This thesis reports the simulation of a two-dimensional top driven square cavity flows from free-molecular to near-continuum regime using a model Boltzmann equation (MBE) solver. The MBE was discretized using finite-difference scheme and discrete ordinate method for the configuration and velocity space, respectively. The collision integral was approximated by either the BGK or Shakov model. The MBE solver was first verified by comparing the results to those obtained using direct simulation Monte Carlo method for a driven cavity flow at Kn=0.0033 and Ma=2.0. Simulation conditions include Knudsen number and speed of the top driven plate in the range of Kn=10-0.0033 and Ma=0.5-2, respectively. Results show that the velocity slips and temperature jumps increase at the solid walls with increasing rarefaction at the same Mach number. The vortex center move toward left and down as Knudsen number (Kn=10, 1, 0.1, 0.01) decreasing for M=0.5, 0.9, 1.1, and 2, when Kn=0.0033 is opposite. But the vortex center move toward the opposite way for M=0.5, Kn=0.0033 and M=2, Kn=0.0033. For Kn=0.01, and 0.0033, under the main vortex secondary eddies have been created at the two bottom corners. Only in this special example for M=2, Kn=10, unnder the main vortex secondary eddie have been created at the right bottom corners.
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Books on the topic "Free Molecular Regime"

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Wick, Wolfgang, Colin Watts, and Minesh P. Mehta. Oligodendroglial tumours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0004.

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Concepts of diagnosis and treatment of oligodendroglial tumours have changed through clinical and translational studies over recent years. Diagnosis is now based on histopathological and integrated molecular information. The latter includes mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase and the co-deletion of 1p/19q in the tumour tissue. In parallel, the long-term evaluation of large randomized trials performed in Europe and North America led to the current standard of a more aggressive chemoradiation regimen with procarbazine, CCNU (lomustine), and vincristine to optimize progression-free and overall survival. The future directions are delineated, which are aiming at further definition of prognostic and predictive subgroups, based on clinical, molecular, and imaging parameters, integrating immunotherapeutic concepts, as well as a closer look at patient-centred outcomes in upcoming trials.
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Book chapters on the topic "Free Molecular Regime"

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Marlow, William H. "Long-Range Attraction in the Collisions of Free-Molecular and Transition Regime Aerosol Particles." In Rarefied Gas Dynamics, 1205–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2467-6_52.

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Beskok, A. "Gas Flows in the Transition and Free Molecular Flow Regimes." In Microfluidics Based Microsystems, 243–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9029-4_13.

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Zolnikov, Konstantin P., Dmitrij S. Kryzhevich, and Aleksandr V. Korchuganov. "Regularities of Structural Rearrangements in Single- and Bicrystals Near the Contact Zone." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 301–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_14.

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AbstractThe chapter is devoted to the analysis of the features of local structural rearrangementsin nanostructured materialsunder shear loadingand nanoindentation. The study was carried out using molecular dynamics-based computer simulation. In particular, we investigated the features of symmetric tilt grain boundary migration in bcc and fcc metals under shear loading. The main emphasis was on identifying atomic mechanisms responsible for the migration of symmetric tilt grain boundaries. We revealed that grain boundaries of this type can move with abnormally high velocities up to several hundred meters per second. The grain boundary velocity depends on the shear rate and grain boundary structure. It is important to note that the migration of grain boundary does not lead to the formation of structural defects. We showed that grain boundary moves in a pronounced jump-like manner as a result of a certain sequence of self-consistent displacements of grain boundary atomic planes and adjacent planes. The number of atomic planes involved in the migration process depends on the structure of the grain boundary. In the case of bcc vanadium, five planes participate in the migration of the Σ5(210)[001] grain boundary, and three planes determine the Σ5(310)[001] grain boundary motion. The Σ5(310)[001] grain boundary in fcc nickel moves as a result of rearrangements of six atomic planes. The stacking order of atomic planes participating in the grain boundary migration can change. A jump-like manner of grain boundary motion may be divided into two stages. The first stage is a long time interval of stress increase during shear loading. The grain boundary is motionless during this period and accumulates elastic strain energy. This is followed by the stage of jump-like grain boundary motion, which results in rapid stress drop. The related study was focused on understanding the atomic rearrangements responsible for the nucleation of plasticity near different crystallographic surfaces of fcc and bcc metals under nanoindentation. We showed that a wedge-shaped region, which consists of atoms with a changed symmetry of the nearest environment, is formed under the indentation of the (001) surface of the copper crystallite. Stacking faults arise in the (111) atomic planes of the contact zone under the indentation of the (011) surface. Their escape on the side free surface leads to a step formation. Indentation of the (111) surface is accompanied by nucleation of partial dislocations in the contact zone subsequent formation of nanotwins. The results of the nanoindentation of bcc iron bicrystal show that the grain boundary prevents the propagation of structural defects nucleated in the contact zone into the neighboring grain.
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"The Free-Molecular Regime." In Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 91–140. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5865-3_7.

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Nitzan, Abraham. "Solvation Dynamics." In Chemical Dynamics in Condensed Phases. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198529798.003.0022.

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Solvent dynamical effects on relaxation and reaction process were considered in Chapters 13 and 14. These effects are usually associated with small amplitude solvent motions that do not appreciably change its configuration. However, the most important solvent effect is often equilibrium in nature—modifying the free energies of the reactants, products, and transition states, thereby affecting the free energy of activation and sometime even the course of the chemical process. Solvation energies relevant to these modifications can be studied experimentally by calorimetric and spectroscopic methods, and theoretically by methods of equilibrium statistical mechanics. With advances of experimental techniques that made it possible to observe timescales down to the femtosecond regime, the dynamics of solvation itself became accessible and therefore an interesting subject of study. Moreover, we are now able to probe molecular processes that occur on the same timescale as solvation, making it necessary to address solvation as dynamic in addition to energetic phenomenon. This chapter focuses on the important and most studied subclass of these phenomena—solvation dynamics involving charged and polar solutes in dielectric environments. In addition to their intrinsic importance, these phenomena play a central role in all processes involving molecular charge rearrangement, most profoundly in electron transfer processes that are discussed in the next chapter. Consider, as a particular example, a neutral (q = 0) atomic solute embedded in a dielectric solvent, that undergoes a sudden change of its charge to q = e, where e is the magnitude of the electron charge. This can be achieved, for example, by photoionization. The dipolar solvent molecules respond to this change in the local charge distribution by rotating in order to make their negative end point, on the average, to the just formed positive ion. Thus, the solvent configuration changes in response to the sudden change in a local charge distribution. The driving force for this change is the lowering of overall free energy that accompanies the buildup of solvent polarization.
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"Calculations of Rarefied Gas Flows in Free-Molecular and Transitional Regimes." In Microfluidics and Nanofluidics Handbook, 64–115. CRC Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11377-7.

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Sligar, Stephen G., and Clifford R. Robinson. "Osmotic and Hydrostatic Pressure as Tools to Study Molecular Recognition." In High Pressure Effects in Molecular Biophysics and Enzymology. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195097221.003.0026.

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The question of molecular recognition is a central paradigm of molecular biology, playing central roles in most, if not all, cellular processes. Failed recognition events have been implicated in numerous disease states, ranging from flawed control of gene regulation and cellular proliferation to defects in specific metabolic activities. Historically, questions of molecular recognition have been approached through organic synthesis and through actual structural studies of biomolecular complexes. Fundamental insight into the mechanisms of molecular recognition can be realized through the use of broad interdisciplinary tools and techniques. In particular, the use of recombinant DNA technology in concert with hydrostatic and osmotic pressure methodologies have proven to be ideal for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of recognition. In our presentation, we will focus on recent results from our laboratory that examine three major classes of recognition events in biological systems: 1. Protein-protein recognition: here we seek to define the role of specific surface interactions; electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic free energies provided through surface complimentarity, which define the specificity and affinity in the formation of complexes between the metalloproteins involved in electron transfer events in cytochrome P-450-dependent oxygenase catalysis and in the assembly of tetrameric hemoglobin. 2. Protein—small molecule recognition: here we seek to ascertain how the same fundamental forces of electrostatics, hydrogen bonding, and the hand-glove fit of a substrate into the active site of an enzyme can give rise to the observed high degree of control of regio- and stereo-specificity in catalysis and in the interfadal interactions of proteins at electrode interfaces. 3. Protein nucleic acid recognition: here again the same fundamental forces control recognition processes, but in this case we will focus on our exciting, recent discovery of a role for solvent water in mediating recognition between protein and nucleic acid components. Representative systems in the binding/ catalytic class of restriction endonucleases and recombinases will be discussed. In all cases, the use of pressure as a variable has provided unique understanding for the molecular details of these processes. Pressure, both hydrostatic and osmotic, has proven to be an enabling experimental technique in understanding the mechanistic origins of molecular recognition events.
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"Condensation and Evaporation of a Spherical Droplet in the Near Free Molecule Regime." In Rarefied Gas Dynamics: Physical Phenomena, 447–59. Washington DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781600865916.0447.0459.

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Leak, David J., Xudong Feng, and Emma A. C. Emanuelsson. "Enzyme Biotransformations and Reactors." In Chemical Processes for a Sustainable Future, 320–46. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781849739757-00320.

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Enzyme-catalysed biotransformations, either using whole cells or free enzymes, are increasingly being exploited in industrial chemistry. They can offer remarkable reaction, stereo- and regio-selectivity, and work in benign aqueous systems. Some enzymes are remarkably robust, while others are relatively fragile, but may be stabilized by immobilization or used in whole cell systems. The use of purified (or partially purified) enzymes avoids the possibility of side reactions (of substrate or product), but incurs the additional cost of purification. This is why, historically, some of the most commonly used enzymes (e.g. lipases, proteases and glycoside hydrolases) are naturally extracellular. However, advances in molecular biology and protein engineering mean that production of any enzyme can be engineered into commonly used hosts (e.g. yeast or Escherichia coli). Methods are available to modify substrate recognition and reaction selectivity, allowing tuning of an enzyme to a novel substrate. Together with improvements in immobilization technology and enzyme reactor design, this is opening up new possibilities for single and multi-step biocatalytic processes.
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Budnikov, Dmitry, and Aleksey Vasiliev. "The Use of Microwave Energy at Thermal Treatment of Grain Crops." In Handbook of Research on Renewable Energy and Electric Resources for Sustainable Rural Development, 475–99. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3867-7.ch020.

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Thermal treatment is used for different grain crops during the processes of drying, disinfection, and preparation to feeding, etc. The high cost of the processes is caused by the cost of energy and the energy-output ratio of the processes. The development of the processing regimes with the use of electric technologies in general and electromagnetic fields in particular can reduce the cost of the mentioned processes. When IR and MW fields are used, there occurs the direct heating of the grain material without the coolant, due to the effect of the field on water molecules in the kernels. As the grain is a colloid capillary-porous substance, moisture can be in a bound or free state that affects the properties of the material and the thermal processes in it. The use of the special programs gives vast possibilities for the design of such equipment. Using of MW fields allows reducing the cost of the thermal treatment 15-20% depending on the process and type of the processing material.
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Conference papers on the topic "Free Molecular Regime"

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Hong, Gang, Wenjing Ye, and Takashi Abe. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Squeeze-Film Damping in the Free-Molecule Regime." In RARIFIED GAS DYNAMICS: Proceedings of the 26th International Symposium on Rarified Gas Dynamics. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3076433.

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Ewart, Timothe´e, Irina A. Graour, Pierre Perrier, and J. Gilbert Me´olans. "Mass Flow Rate Measurements: From Hydrodynamic to Free Molecular Regime." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62177.

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An experimental investigation in a single silica microtube in isothermal stationary flow for various gases is made from the hydrodynamic to the near free molecular regime to study the reflection/accommodation process at the wall. This kind of investigation requires, more than other Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) experiments, a powerful experimental platform to measure very small mass flow rate. A global analytic expression, based on the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations with second order boundary conditions, is used to yield the Tangential Momentum Accommodation Coefficient (TMAC) in 0.003–0.3 Knudsen number range. Otherwise, the experimental results of the mass flow rate is compared with theoretical values calculated from kinetic approaches using variable TMAC as fitting parameter over the 0.3–30 Knudsen number range. Finally, whatever the theoretical approach the TMAC values obtained from the different gas-surface pairs are rather close one to other, but the TMAC values seem decreasing when the molecular mass increases.
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Martin, Michael J., and Whitney Schmieder. "Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Crooke’s Cantilevers in the Free-Molecular Flow Regime." In 54th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-2188.

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4

Liu, Fengshan, Min Yang, David R. Snelling, and Gregory J. Smallwood. "Numerical Calculations of Heat Conduction Between Soot Aggregates and the Surrounding Gas in the Free-Molecular Regime Using the DSMC Method." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72433.

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Numerical calculations were conducted to calculate the heat conduction rate between soot (carbon) aggregates of different sizes and the surrounding gas in the free-molecular regime using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. This method is based on simulation of the trajectories of individual molecules and calculation of the heat transfer at each of the molecule/molecule collisions and the molecule/particle collisions. Soot aggregates of known fractal dimension and pre-factor are first numerically generated using a cluster-cluster aggregation algorithm. Effect of incomplete thermal accommodation was accounted for by employing the Maxwell gas-surface interaction model. Gas collisions were treated using the simple hard sphere model. Numerical results were obtained for aggregate sizes between 10 and 228 primary particles and the thermal accommodation coefficient between 0.1 and 1. A simple scaling for the heat transfer equivalent sphere diameter was also presented for incorporation into a laser-induced incandescence model.
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Chinnappan, Arun Kumar, Sai Abhishek Peddakotla, Rakesh Kumar, and Vaibhav K. Arghode. "Transport of non-spherical particle in free molecular regime using the DSMC method." In 31ST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAREFIED GAS DYNAMICS: RGD31. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5119575.

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Graur, I. A., P. Perrier, W. Ghozlani, J. G. Méolans, and Takashi Abe. "Mass Flow Rate Measurements in a MicroChannel: from Hydrodynamic to Free Molecular Regime." In RARIFIED GAS DYNAMICS: Proceedings of the 26th International Symposium on Rarified Gas Dynamics. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3076618.

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Li, Pu, Cunhao Lu, and Longfei Yang. "Analytical model of squeeze film air damping for circular microplates in the free molecular regime." In 2018 IEEE 3rd Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iaeac.2018.8577899.

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Martin, Michael James. "Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Through Nano-Fin Arrays in the Free-Molecular Flow Regime." In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75312.

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Gas flow through arrays of rectangular nano-fins is modeled using the linearized free-molecular drag and heat transfer equations. These are combined with the one-dimensional equations for conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, and the ideal gas law, to find the governing equations for flow through the array. The results show that the pressure gradient, temperature, and local velocity of the gas are governed by coupled ordinary differential equations. The system of equations is solved for representative arrays of nano-fins to find the total heat transfer and pressure drop across a 1 cm chip.
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9

Park, Jae Hyun, and Ali Beskok. "DSMC Analysis of Fluid Film Damping in Laterally Oscillating Microstructures." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41610.

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Fluid film damping in laterally oscillating microstructures is investigated in the entire Knudsen regime and a wide range of Stokes numbers by using the unsteady DSMC method. DSMC results are validated through comparisons with theoretical predictions at continuum and free molecular flow regimes. Dynamic response of the flow, including the velocity profile, normalized velocity amplitude distribution, and phase angle are presented at various flow conditions. Based on the DSMC data, quality (Q) factors are computed to quantify the damping characteristics of the system. The quality factor increases with rarefaction, proportional to the Knudsen number. The Q-factors from DSMC are compared with predictions of slip-based continuum models. Although the DSMC-based Q-factors successfuly satisfy the theoretical criterion in the free molecular flow regime, slip-based continuum models fail to predict the Q-factors in the transition and free molecular flow limits. These models also fail for high Stokes number conditions.
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Donkov, Alexander A., Steffen Hardt, Sudarshan Tiwari, and Axel Klar. "Coupling of Heat and Momentum Transfer Between Nanostructured Surfaces." In ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18061.

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Heat transfer between nanostructured surfaces separated by a thin gas film is studied in the free-molecular flow and in the transition regime. Besides topographic features the surfaces are characterized by regions with different boundary conditions displaying either diffuse or specular reflection of the molecules. The thermal conductivity of the materials on both sides of the gas film is assumed to be very high such that isothermal conditions may be applied at both surfaces. We analyze the problem using a combination of analytical techniques in the free-molecular flow regime and Monte-Carlo simulations. Under certain conditions, when the surfaces are held at different temperatures heat transfer is accompanied by a transfer of momentum such that a force is created parallel to the surfaces. This force can be significant and vanishes in the classical regime when the continuum transport equations can be applied. It is only observed if the reflection symmetry in a direction parallel to the surfaces is broken. We derive an analytical expression for the thermally-induced force as a function of the geometric parameters characterizing the surface topography and compare the results to Monte-Carlo simulations. The latter provide numerical solutions of the Boltzmann equation both in the free-molecular flow and in the transition regime. The scenario studied points to a novel method for conversion of thermal into kinetic energy and may find applications in small-scale energy converters.
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Reports on the topic "Free Molecular Regime"

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Mulholland, George W., Raymond D. Mountain, and Howard Baum. Simulation of aerosol agglomeration in the free molecular and continuum flow regimes. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.86-3342.

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