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1
Caselli, M. Cristina, Laurence B. Leonard, Virginia Volterra, and M. Grazia Campagnoli. "Toward mastery of Italian morphology: a cross-sectional study." Journal of Child Language 20, no. 2 (June 1993): 377–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008333.
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ABSTRACTThe use of Italian morphology was examined in 34 children ranging in age from 2;6 to 5;0. By the age of 3;6–4;0, high percentages of use in obligatory contexts were seen for a number of grammatical morphemes. Children age 2;6–3;0 showed percentages of use that were somewhat lower than those seen for the older children. In this age range, singular forms were used with higher percentages in obligatory contexts than plural forms, for several different types of grammatical morphemes. Greater control over singular forms in these younger children was corroborated by data from a comprehension task. Even at the younger ages studied, use of grammatical morphemes did not seem influenced by whether phonological eues to agreement were present, or whether the grammatical morphemes were homonymous. Percentages for grammatical morphemes in the form of free-standing morphemes were somewhat lower than percentages for morphemes taking the form of inflections, suggesting that the obligatory nature of inflections in Italian may be a more influential factor than the amount of morphological information contained in a grammatical morpheme.
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Nemo, François, and Binène Horchani. "Accounting for transcategorial morphemes." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 5, no. 1 (August 30, 2018): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00014.nem.
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Abstract The article presents a morphemic account of transcategoriality, with detailed illustrations (e.g. English but and even, French encore, tout, meme, Latin to French morpheme /tant/) of the approach. After making explicit the paradigmatic differences between exoskeletal and endoskeletal approaches, and showing that ultimately it can be summarized in terms of existence or not of grammar-free morphemes becoming lexemes through grammatical and contextual insertion, it turns to the issue of knowing what an exoskeletal non-categorial meaning can be. It introduces at this stage the notion of fractality, before making explicit and detailing the method which allows isolation of a morpheme’s indicational semantics. The whole approach is finally illustrated with the study of the whole distribution of French /tant/, first semantically in synchrony before extending the tests to Latin data, showing that polysemy, transcategoriality and plurisemy are various forms of the same issue.
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Tariq, Tahir Rasool, Misbah Abida Rana, Babar Sultan, Muhammad Asif, Nida Rafique, and Shehzad Aleem. "An Analysis of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes." International Journal of Linguistics 12, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v12i1.16084.
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This study highlights the analysis of Pakistani students for Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes at intermediate level. Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes are the elements which explores the field of morphology for daily language users. Morphology is the study of “morphemes”. Morphemes are the smallest units of language that have described into two categories as free and bound morphemes. The main issue that exists in this study is to analyze the derivational and inflectional morphemes used by Pakistani students. Through the perceptions and understanding of inflectional and derivational morphemes, this study can produce the vocabulary in which one word have multiple meanings. This research paper is associated with linguistics and field of socio linguistics. This paper is purely based on qualitative research approach. In this study, the researcher founds the prominent dimensions caused by the inflectional and derivational morphemes, when attached with other morphemes. If the derivational morpheme is attached with free morpheme, it will convey different meaning and a chance have that it will change even word class. While inflectional morpheme will play a grammatical role when will be attached with free morpheme.
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Taib, Alokozay, and Mohammad Usman Solizay. "Morphological and Semantical Effects of Phonemes on Pashto Lexical Structures." Sprin Multidisciplinary Journal in Pashto, Persian & English 1, no. 02 (December 7, 2023): 01–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55559/smjppe.v1i02.200.
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Phonemes and segments are the key elements in the structure of Pashto words, playing an important role similar to other languages worldwide. Through the combination and arrangement of these segments, numerous morphemes and diverse words are generated. When assigning a vowel or consonant to the origin or base form of a word, it leads to the creation of new words and constructions that possess different forms, meanings, and belong to various grammatical categories. Structurally, at least one, two, three, or a maximum of four bound morphemes in the form of segments or phonemes could be added to the root or base morpheme, thus generating new lexemes and words. The addition of new phonemes and segments to the base or root form of a word alters its case, identification, quality, quantity, gender, number, tense, modification, meaning, and grammatical classification. Another important role of segments in the structure of lexemes is the syllabification of simple and complex words. The accumulation of each phoneme brings changes in the number of syllables within that word or phrase. Vowel segments primarily contribute to the syllabification of words. In conclusion, the hierarchical arrangement of segments generates new morphemes, while the combination of bound and free morphemes forms the basis for creating new simple, compound, and complex words in the Pashto language.
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Halawa, Amosi. "An Analysis Of Derivational And Inflectional English Morphemes." Jurnal Ilmiah Langue and Parole 1, no. 1 (June 23, 2017): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jilp.v1i1.13.
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derivation and inflection Morpheme is one of the elements present in the field of morphology. Where the morphology is the study of morphemes, and morphemes are elements of language that have the meaning of the free element and bound elements. The problems that exist in this research is to analyze the morpheme of derivation and inflection contained in Jakarta Post. By understanding the derivation and morpheme inflection it can easily develop vocabulary, from one word can gain many meanings
This research is a type of research belonging to linguistic field. The research also used qualitative descriptive research method. This research method is a method that refers to the form of words taken from the data source by explaining the intent of data intention. In addition, this research also uses research libraries (library research). This literature research only discusses existing data data by processing and developing data by using morphological theory that supports the research.
The first step used by the author is to collect data taken from the source, after that the data are all collected then the writers classify the data in several groups. Since in this study only discusses the three topics of the problem, the first is to classify all types of derivation and morpheme inflection found in the Jakarta Post newspaper, the second is the function of each morpheme, and the last is the rule that belongs to the derivation and morpheme inflection The.
Based on this study, the writers found the uniqueness caused by derivation and morpheme inflection when combined with other morphemes. If the morpheme derivation is compared with the free morpheme it will have a different meaning and sometimes even change the word class. While morpheme inflection when compared with free morpheme it will have a grammatical function.
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Paul, Rhea, and Sally Alforde. "Grammatical Morpheme Acquisition in 4-Year-Olds With Normal, Impaired, and Late-Developing Language." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 6 (December 1993): 1271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3606.1271.
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The production of the grammatical morphemes studied by Brown and his colleagues was examined in free speech samples from a cohort of 4-year-olds with a history of slow expressive language development (SELD) and a control group of normal speakers. Results suggest that children with SELD acquire morphemes in an order very similar to that shown in previous acquisition research. Children who were slow to begin talking at age 2 and who continued to evidence delayed expressive language development by age 4 showed mastery of the four earliest acquired grammatical morphemes, as would be expected, based on their MLUs, which fell at Early Stage IV. Four-year-olds with normal language histories produced all but one of the grammatical morphemes with more than 90% accuracy, as would be expected based on their late Stage V MLUs. Children who were slow to acquire expressive language as toddlers, but who "caught up" in terms of sentence length by age 4 did not differ in MLU from their peers with normal language histories. However, they had acquired fewer of the grammatical morphemes. The implications of these findings for understanding the phenomenon of slow expressive language development are discussed.
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Siegel, Jeff. "The role of substrate transfer in the development of grammatical morphology in language contact varieties." Word Structure 8, no. 2 (October 2015): 160–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2015.0080.
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This article shows how the psycholinguistic process of language transfer accounts for the many features of the grammatical morphology of language contact varieties that differ from those of their lexifiers. These include different grammatical categories, the use of contrasting morphological processes to express grammatical distinctions, lexifier grammatical morphemes with new functions, and new grammatical morphemes not found in the lexifier. After an introductory description of the general notion of language transfer, it presents five more specific types: transfer of morphological strategies, word order and grammatical categories, as well as direct morphological transfer and functional transfer. The article then gives some possible explanations for the distribution among different types of contact varieties of two kinds of functional transfer – functionalisation and refunctionalisation – and for the distribution of particular types of grammatical morphemes – i.e. free versus bound. The examples presented come from contact languages of the Australia-Pacific region: three creoles (Australian Kriol, Hawai‘i Creole and Tayo); an expanded pidgin (Melanesian Pidgin, exemplified by Vanuatu Bislama and Papua New Guinea Tok Pisin); a restricted pidgin (Nauru Pidgin); and an indigenised variety of English (Colloquial Singapore English).
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Quebec, Jett C. "Morphologic Segmentation Linearity in Jose Garcia Villa's PROEM." JETAL: Journal of English Teaching & Applied Linguistic 3, no. 2 (April 19, 2022): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36655/jetal.v3i2.656.
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Morphology is the study of the intertwined relationship of morphemes, or what we commonly refer to as "words.". Analysis of words enables us to experience how to break apart unfamiliar words in order to understand their overall meanings. It aids us in understanding how prefixes and suffixes can change a word's meaning and how much of our language is constructed. This paper aims to analyze morphologically the textuality of the poem Proem by Jose Garcia Villa by describing the segmentation of the content and function words in the textuality of the poem PROEM focusing on the affixation structuration of the lexical and grammatical morphemes. The linear morphologic segmentation of morphemic contents of the poem "PROEM" by Jose Garcia Villa reveals nineteen lexical morphemes. There are ten (10) simple form (roots), seven (7) complex forms (affixations and roots), one (1) compound form (two roots combined), and one (1) compound–complex form (two roots combined and affixation). On the other hand, there are seven (7) grammatical morphemes of three prepositions, two determiners and two conjunctions. It further reveals that words undergo changes in terms of their class after going through the process of affixation. The results prove that the poem "Proem" by Jose Garcia Villa follows morphologic segmentation linearity in its free verse textuality. This study thus recommends that a parallel morphological investigation be conducted on different textualities of poetry used and read by teachers and students in the process of academic discourse.
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Rugaiyah, Rugaiyah. "Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes: A Morphological Analisis." J-SHMIC : Journal of English for Academic 5, no. 2 (August 26, 2018): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jshmic.2018.vol5(2).1887.
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This study was intended to describe the category of inflectional and derivational morphemes found in Reading Texts of 2013 Curriculum English Textbook for the X Grade of Senior High Schools Published by Ministry of Education and Culture. Morpheme is used to refer to the smallest unit that has meaning or serves a grammatical function in a language. The morphemes which can meaningfully stand alone are called free morphemes while the morphemes such as –er and –s, which cannot meaningfully stand alone are called bound morphemes. The design of this study was descriptive qualitative. The results of this study show that Derivational prefixes consist of inter-, eco-, un-, ar-, pre-, re-, pro-, be-, de-, in-, dis-, a-, ex-, auto-, mis-, agri-, em-, ap-, im- and al-. While, Derivational suffixes consist of four categories. Thus are nominal, verbal, adjectival, and adverbial suffixes. First, nominal suffixes, namely –ism, -ation, -al, -ing, -ist, -or, -ity, -er, -ance, -ment, -ion, -ess, -ium, -ature, -ry, -ant, -ce, -ive, -cy, -y, -r, -ge, and -ness. Second, Verbal suffixes, namely –n and –ize. Third, Adjectival suffixes, namely –al, -ly, -ous, -ing, -able, -ic, -ish, -ive, -ian, -ny, -less, -ed, -ary, -nese, -y, and –ful and the last is adverbial suffix –ly. Otherwise, the categories of inflectional morphemes that found in texts consist of Noun suffixes (plural) such as; –s, -ies, and –es, Noun suffixes (possessive) e.g; –s’ and -’s, Verb suffixes (3rd person singular) are –s and –es, Verb suffixes (past tense) are –ed and –d, Verb suffixes (past participle) such as; –n, -d, and -ed, Adjective suffixes (comparative) are –er, - r, and –ier and Adjective suffixes (superlative) are –st and –est. Therefore, based on the result of finding verb suffixes are not found.
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Pulvermüller, Friedemann. "Agrammatism: Behavioral Description and Neurobiological Explanation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7, no. 2 (April 1995): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1995.7.2.165.
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Subjects with brain damage resulting in agrammatic aphasia frequently omit or substitute function items (function words and inflectional affixes). However, they show only mild deficits in using meaningful content words. Agrammatics' performance on comprehension tests reveals a rather complex pattern. They usually understand active sentences correctly, but perform on chance level on passives. The same contrast is observed for more complex sentence types, such as subject vs. object clefts or relatives. This complex comprehension pattern suggests that agrammatism is a syntactic disturbance that selectively affects particular sentence structures. Nevertheless, it is possible that both the production and comprehension patterns go back to an access problem for grammatical morphemes. If an agrammatic aphasic comprehends only 50% of these morphemes, she or he may well be problem-free in understanding the resulting “pruned” active sentences in which some of the grammatical morphemes are missing. In contrast, she or he is likely to arrive at the wrong meaning when confronted with “pruned” passives. This hypothesis raises the question of how fully competent speakers interpret ungrammatical “pruned” strings derived from well-formed sentences by systematically deleting function items. Experimental data demonstrate that competent speakers approximate the agrammatic comprehension pattern when being presented with “pruned” strings. This argues that agrammatism can, indeed, be viewed as a deficit in processing function words and inflectional affixes, which may manifest itself in production and/or comprehension tasks. Assuming that cortical cell assemblies with distinct topographies correspond to content words and grammatical morphemes, it is possible to explain agrammatism in terms of lesions to these neuronal networks. This neurobiological model can explain additional aspects of agrammatics' performance.
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Salmani, Masoomeh, Sepideh Seyed, Sara Moradi, Zohreh Shirkavand, Sahar Sadati3, and Maryam Alsadat Tabatabyi. "Production of Persian Inflectional Morphemes, Phrase & Clause Structures Based on P-LARSP: A Comparison of Children With Moderately Severe hearing Loss & Children With Normal Hearing." Journal of Rehabilitation 22, no. 4 (March 5, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/rj.22.4.3307.1.
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Introduction: In spite of all progressions in hearing amplification, hearing screening and intervention, there are still concerns around the language outcomes in children with mild to severe hearing loss. The present study aimed to investigate the performance on production of inflectional morphemes & phrase & clause structures of children with moderately severe hearing loss (MSHL) and compare with those of the children with normal hearing (NH). Materials & Methods: Participants were 88 children with NH, aged 2-5 years old, and 10 children with MSHL, aged 5-6 years old recruited by convenient sampling. Speech therapists collected language samples in a free play context, and then they transcribed and segmented language samples according to P-LARSP. From 100 analyzable units, they identified, allocated and counted 14 inflectional morphemes and all clause & phrase structures in each language sample. Results: Children with MSHL had significantly fewer numbers of inflectional morphemes (p = 0.004), verb/complement + personal pronoun (p = 0.009), and prefix /mi/ as a tense marker (p = 0.025), lower MLUmorpheme/analyzable utterances (p = 0.003), higher percentages of one-word utterances (p = 0.001), and lower numbers of clause structures in stage V (p = 0.002) compared with children with NH aged 4-5 years old. While the types of clause structures in children with MSHL were similar to the children with NH aged 24-36 months, the types of produced inflectional morphemes were restricted compared with the all groups of children with NH. Conclusion: The present study revealed that children with MSHL lag behind younger children with NH in grammatical aspects of Persian language. They used simpler clauses, limited numbers & types of inflectional morphemes, and clause & phrase structures, and mainly relied on one-word utterances. Continued monitoring of grammatical outcomes is warranted considering that children who are MSHL are at increased risk for language problems.
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Leonard, Laurence B. "Functional Categories in the Grammars of Children With Specific Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 38, no. 6 (December 1995): 1270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3806.1270.
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Children with specific language impairment often show a serious limitation in their use of grammatical morphemes such as verb inflections and free-standing closed-class forms. The purpose of this study was to determine whether such difficulty constitutes a problem with entire functional categories. Examination of the spontaneous speech of a group of 10 English-speaking children with specific language impairment revealed clear evidence of each of the functional categories examined: Determiner, Inflection, and Complementizer. However, relative to younger normally developing children with comparable mean utterance lengths, these children showed lower percentages of use of many of the grammatical elements associated with these functional categories. The utility of employing a functional category framework in the study of specific language impairment and the implications of the findings for other accounts of this disorder are discussed.
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Kruhlij, Olena, and Oksana Cherniak. "DISTRIBUTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINING." Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 831-832 (2021): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2021.831-832.156-166.
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The article is devoted to the study of distributive characteristics of combining forms in Modern English. The material of the study is words and terms taken from the Modern English dictionaries. A number of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, observation, classification, systematization), as well as purely linguistic methods (method of continuous sampling from lexicographic sources, lexico-semantic analysis, study of vocabulary definitions, contextual interpretation) is applied. The morpheme structure of derivatives with these formants is considered. The positions of the studied units in the morpheme structure of the word are analyzed, as well as the classes of morphemes that are in contact with them. The ways of word formation with the participation of combining forms in Modern English word formation and term formation are singled out. It is revealed that combining forms take an active part in terminological word formation in accordance with the existing patterns and models in the language. In derivation with the participation of the studied elements, depending on the formal means of word formation, affixation, composition and abbreviation are distinguished. The classification of distributive classes with a relatively free and fixed position in the word is given through a detailed study of the sum of all environments of combining forms, order and place, compatibility, properties of their use in relation to other elements are fixed. It was found that the studied elements are characterized by wide combinatorial possibilities, which are manifested in their ability to occupy different positions in the word, which can be relatively free or fixed. Three distributive classes are traced among combining forms the units with relatively free position in a word and fixed position. Bases and prefixes are found in the contact environment of a limited number of combining forms. The vast majority of these forms are combined with elements of the same status and suffixes. Only conditionally complex combining forms are characterized by an identical contact environment on the left and right. Combining forms are mainly characterized by the environment of units with the same status as them (right and left) and suffix environment. A characteristic feature of these elements’ compatibility is the absence of grammatical affixes among the morphemes adjacent to them, and the limited number of prefixes and root morphemes among their contact environment. It seems promising to expand the scope of the study by studying these derivational forms, which function in different terminological systems and in different styles of texts in Modern English. The comparison of combinatorial forms in different modern languages is of particular interest.
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Ratner, Nan Bernstein, and Brian MacWhinney. "Assessment and Therapy Goal Planning Using Free Computerized Language Analysis Software." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 8, no. 1 (February 8, 2023): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2022_persp-22-00156.
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Background: We discuss a free software system (Computerized Language Analysis [CLAN]) that can enable fast, thorough, and informative language sample analysis (LSA). Method: We describe methods for eliciting, transcribing, analyzing, and interpreting language samples. Using a hypothetical child speaker, we illustrate use KidEval to generate a diagnostic report. Results: Given LSA results suggestive of expressive language delay, we analyze further using CLAN's Developmental Sentence Score and Index of Productive Syntax routines, and outline the child's use of Brown's morphemes. Discussion: This tutorial provides an introduction to the use of free CLAN software. We discuss how LSA results can be used to structure therapy goals that address specific aspects of grammatical structure that the child may not yet demonstrate in their spoken language. Finally, we provide answers to common questions, including user support.
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Nasoichah, Churmatin, Dwi Widayati, and Mulyadi. "JEJAK BAHASA PROTO-AUSTRONESIA PADA PRASASTI GUNUNG TUA (LOKANĀTHA)." Naditira Widya 15, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/nw.v15i1.455.
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The problem of this research is how the PAN traces at the phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels on the Gunung Tua Inscription (Lokanātha). The purpose of this study was to determine the PAN traces at the phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels of the inscription. The method used is descriptive qualitative method. Based on the analysis carried out on that inscription, it is known that at the phonological level there are two words, namely /juru/ 'clever person' and /pāṇḍai/ 'clever, skilled’. The word /juru/ 'clever person' is a loan word from Sanskrit while the word /pāṇḍai/ 'clever, skilled' has the form PAN */paṇḍai/ 'clever, skilled'. Based on the morphological level, there are two words, namely {barbwat} 'making' and {tatkāla} 'when'. The word {barbwat} is formed from the free morpheme {bwat} 'make' and the second {bar-} bound morpheme is a PAN derivative. Meanwhile {tatkāla} 'when' is not a derivative of PAN but a loan word from Sanskrit which consists of two morphemes, namely {tāt} 'so' and {kālá} 'time' so that it becomes {tātkālá}. Based on the syntactic level, it can be concluded that BMK has a grammatical structure consisting of FAdv as adverb of time, FN as subject and object, and FV as predicate that are transitive in form.
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Hedinger, Robert. "The verb in Akoose." Studies in African Linguistics 16, no. 1 (April 1, 1985): 1–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v16i1.107507.
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Akoose has a comparatively complex verb morphology for a Bantu language. Underlying forms for the different morphemes making up the verb are proposed, as well as a set of segmental and tonal rules necessary to account for the surface forms. The derivation of certain verb forms is discussed. Verbs have three different forms: and the "dependent non-subject form". The contexts in which these are used are described. This is followed by an overview of the grammatical categories (tense, aspect, mood, negation) present in the verb and the combination of these categories in individual verb forms. Finally, meanings and usages of all verb forms are presented. the "free form", the "dependent subject form",
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Abbi, Anvita. "Body divisions in Great Andamanese." Studies in Language 35, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 739–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.35.4.01abb.
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Great Andamanese has a dual semantic system for body part categorization: one that is expressed in various terms for concrete body parts and another more abstract one that is expressed in grammaticalized morphemes represented in seven body division possessive classes that classify body part terms based on the area of the body they occupy. These classes also classify other inalienables, with some semantic connection to the body part system. Further, body part semantics pervade the lexical and grammatical system of the language as this dual system is extended to other form classes, viz. verbs, adjectives and adverbs. The body division class markers occur as proclitics attached to all content word classes. Thus, all content words in Great Andamanese can easily be divided into bound and free, the former necessarily imbued with the semantics of “inherency” and “dependency”. I conclude by proposing that the Great Andamanese conceptualize their world through these interdependencies and hence the grammar of the language encodes this important phenomenon in every part of speech expressing referential, attributive and predicative meaning.
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Zingler, Tim. "Reduction without fusion: Grammaticalization and wordhood in Turkish." Folia Linguistica 52, no. 2 (October 25, 2018): 415–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2018-0011.
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Abstract Despite ample evidence that grammaticalization is accompanied by phonological reduction and ultimately morphological fusion, the latter process is remarkably less common in Turkish – hence its prototypically agglutinating morphology. Since vowel harmony is a means of articulatory reduction, Turkish, as a vowel-harmonic language, therefore shows reduction but (virtually) no fusion. One morphosyntactic consequence of agglutination is that Turkish “suffixes” in many ways continue to behave like free words. To compensate for the resulting lack of clear-cut suffixes, vowel harmony and stress are co-opted to perform affixal functions such as the demarcation of words and encoding of relationships among morphemes. Due to the grammatical function of suffix vowels, however, even grammaticalized items must then remain at least monosyllabic, which constrains the extent of fusion possible. This situation suggests that theories of grammaticalization that do not sufficiently distinguish between reduction and fusion need to be refined. In addition, it highlights the need for language-specific analyses on the diachronic dimension and restores the status of morphological typology as a predictor of certain linguistic variables.
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Nenonen, Marja, and Esa Penttilä. "Constructional continuity." Mental Lexicon 9, no. 2 (November 21, 2014): 316–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.9.2.07nen.
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This paper sketches a continuum between lexicon and syntax, with concrete examples from two typologically different languages, Finnish and English. While Finnish is a morphologically rich and relatively transparent synthetic language, full of inflectional and derivational morphology and compounding, English is clearly more analytical making use of particles, prepositions, and other free grammatical morphemes. The contrastive idiom analyses of these two languages offer us a glimpse into the multiplicity involved in idiomaticity and into the cooperation of the lexical and syntactic principles of language that takes place in the production of fixed, conventional, multiword utterances and through their ubiquity also in some phenomena that are involved in grammaticalization. On the basis of the discussion presented in this paper, it can be concluded that rather than forming a single continuum, the rich spectrum of lexical and syntactic constructions of these two languages can be thought of as forming a continuum of continua, where idioms reside at a culmination point, since they can be regarded as both lexical units and syntactic constructions at the same time.
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Salmani, Masoomeh, Mozhgan Asadi, Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast, Tayebeh Shekariyan, and Faeghe Shah Hoseyni. "A New Persian Version of Language Assessment, Remediation, and Screening Procedure (P-LARSP)." Iranian Rehabilitation Journal 20, no. 4 (March 6, 2023): 517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/irj.20.4.1470.1.
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Objectives: In 1998, the Persian form of Language Assessment, Remediation, & Screening Procedure (P-LARSP) was introduced. However, this adapted version remained on library shelves and was not used by Iranian speech and language pathologists (SLPs). The present study aimed to explore the barriers to using P-LARSP, resolve the possible issues, and provide a preliminary grammatical sketch from typical children aged 2-5. Methods: The study started with two surveys in two different populations to find the possible barriers and then, continued with the cross-cultural adaptation of the LARSP through international guidelines (forward and backward translations, cognitive interviewing, and pretesting). Finally, by the new P-LARSP, 120 language samples obtained from children (aged 2-5) in a free-play context were analyzed and data were processed in SPSS software, version 21. Results: Our surveys showed that Iranian SLPs had little familiarity with the P-LARSP, and they found it unclear, and difficult to understand the framework. While most of the participants recognized the P-LARSP as a relevant framework to analyze language samples, few numbers of participants used the P-LARSP with clinical or research aims. Through cross-cultural adaptation, a simple, clear, relevant, comprehensive, and applicable Persian profile along with a published manual was obtained and introduced to the SLPs through social media, workshops, and national congresses. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of 120 language samples showed grammatical structures have significant changes by age in terms of numbers and varieties of clauses, phrases, inflectional morphemes, and general syntactic indices. Discussion: The present study revealed why the P-LARSP remained unknown. We removed the barriers by introducing a new version of P-LARSP fully in Persian and increasing its simplicity, clarity, and understandability with a proper manual. Introducing the new version through proper channels to the target population was another taken step to increase the familiarity of the Iranian SLPs. In addition, the preliminary data indicated that the new P-LARSP with its manual is applicable to the language samples taken from typically developing children.
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Agustia, Indra, Dindin Muhammad Zainal Muhyi, and Desti Fatin Fauziyyah. "ANALISIS WACANA TEKSTUAL DAN KONTEKSTUAL NASKAH DRAMA BERJUDUL SARAPAN TERAKHIR KARYA ANDRIAN EKA SAPUTRA." Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang 8, no. 2 (December 18, 2022): 1718–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36989/didaktik.v8i2.478.
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Discourse is a complete form of language unit arranged in its entirety so that it becomes a single language unit that contains a theme. There are two types of discourse in drama scripts, namely textual discourse and contextual discourse. This research is a descriptive qualitative research because in this research it tries to collect data based on the literature that is used as analysis material. In textual discourse in grammatical relationships, there are 105 reference data which include personal, demonstrative and comparison references, 20 duplication data including nominal, verbal, phrasal and clauseal references. 19 discharge data and 8 coupling data. Furthermore, in the textual discourse of lexical relations, there are 25 repetition data including epizeukis, tautotes, anasphora and episphora. 19 synonymy data includes free morphemes with bound, words with words, words with phrases and phrases with phrases. 21 collocation data, 6 hyponymy data and 2 equivalence data. The researcher found 14 data that included interpretation including the principle of personal interpretation, 3 locational interpretation data, 6 temporal interpretation data, 3 analogy data related to the interpretation of differences in meaning in an utterance, then the researcher found 12 interference data marked by the speaker not explaining explicitly the meaning of his utterance. In this study associated with the Basic Competence 3.19. Analyzing the content and linguistics of dramas that are read or watched at the XI grade high school level then alternatively as LKPD.
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Xiang-ling Dai, John. "Historical Morphologization of Syntactic Words." Diachronica 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 9–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.7.1.03xia.
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SUMMARY Syntactic and morphological tests demonstrate that bound forms in some disyllabic verbs in Modern Chinese have been diachronically morphologized from independent verbs in Ancient Chinese. The morphologization results not only from sound change, but also from meaning loss or generalization of the targets. Some of the bound forms can be analyzed as derivational affixes, according to their grammatical properties shared with those standard affixes in the language. Thus the diachronic morphologization process can be viewed as starting from a disyllabic coordinate phrase, developing through compounding, where both morphemes are still free, and aiming at affixation of one or both of them to give a derived word in Modern Chinese. Synchronically, a distinction can thus be made between compounds and derived words, with a subsequently broader role imputed to the affix as a category, and more generally, to morphology, in the grammar of Modern Chinese. RÉSUMÉ Des tests syntactiques et morphologiques ont demontré que les formes liées de certains verbes disyllabiques du chinois moderne ont été diachroniquement morphologisées des verbes indépendents de l'ancien chinois. La morpholo-gisation résulte non seulement des changements de sons, mais aussi d'une perte de signification ou d'une généralisation des 'cibles' de ces évolutions. Certaines des formes liées peuvent être analysées comme des affixes dériva-tionnels, selon les caractéristiques grammaticales qu'elles partagent avec les affixes standard dans la langue. Ainsi, le processus de la morphologisation diachronique commencerait à partir d'une phrase disyllabique coordonnée qui se développerait au moyen d'une composition où les deux morphèmes restent libres, et se viserait à l'affixation de l'un des deux pour produire un mot derivé dans le chinois moderne. Synchroniquement, une distinction peut donc se faire entre mots composés et mots derivés, et un rôle plus large peut s'accorder à l'affixe comme catégorie, et, plus généralement, à la morphologie dans l'étude de la grammaire du chinois moderne. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Syntaktische und morphologische Tests zeigen, daB 'gebundene' Formen in einigen zweisilbigen, neuchinesischen Verben diachronisch von altchinesi-schen 'freien' Verben abgeleitet werden können. Die Ableitung ergibt sich nicht nur aufgrund von Lautwandel, sondern auch aufgrund von Bedeu-tungsverlust oder Generalisierungen der Zielobjekte dieser Veränderungen. Einige der gebundenen Formen können als Derivationsaffixe analysiert werden, und zwar aufgrund ihrer grammatikalischen Eigenschaften, die sie mit Standardaffixen teilen. Es kann folglich angenommen werden, daB der diachronische MorphologisierungsprozeB mit zweisilbigen Koordinationsmorphe-men begann, die sich über zusammengesetzte Wörter weiterentwickelten, wo-bei beide Morpheme noch ungebunden sind, und schlieBlich zur Affixierung eines der beiden führte und auf diese Weise zu einem abgeleiteten Wort im Neuchinesischen. Synchronisch gesehen, kann daher eine Unterscheidung zwischen zusammengesetzten und abgeleiteten Wörtern getroffen werden. Dies führt dazu, daB in der Grammatik des Neuchinesischen dem Affix als Kate-gorie, und der Morphologie im allgemeinen, eine gröBere Rolle zugeschrieben werden kann.
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Carlier, Anne. "Sur les premiers stades de développement de l’article partitif." Scolia 18, no. 1 (2004): 117–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/scoli.2004.1061.
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Abstract - This paper deals with the development of the partitive article in French during the XIVth to XVIth century, a period that was crucial for shaping the partitive article as we know it today. My study is based on a comparison of four consecutive translations of a same Latin text, which date from different moments along this period. My data suggest that the partitive structure in Old French conveys the meaning that a contextually determined referent is not globally affected by the verbal action, but only in part. This results in a number of constraints in the use of this structure, that have already been observed by other researchers : the partitive constituent is in a direct object position, the verb has a ‘fragmentative meaning, the head noun is concrete, and the definite article with specific interpretation is used almost obligatorily. Middle French represents an important stage in the shift in the constituent order, from OV to VO. For the NP this evolution corresponds to the migration of lexical modifiers, which to that date could be found at both sides of the head noun, to postnominal positions. As a corollary, the grammatical markers that were still attached as suffixes behind the noun (e.g. die plural marker -s) weaken and are replaced by free morphemes put in front of the noun. In the context of this evolution, the partitive construction as it existed in Old French is recuperated to mark grammatically, in prénommai position, the opposition between singular and plural for indefinite uncount nouns. It thus acquires the function of an article. This stage in the grammaticalization process is reflected in the loosening of some distributional constraints and in a semantic reorientation. The new article, called ‘partitive’ , once created and extensively used, reduces considerably zero determination. In this way it permits to generalize the tripartite NP structure consisting of “determinant -noun -modifier”, in which the determinant placed upfront assures the syntactic cohesion of the NP. On the basis of a quantitative corpus analysis, it is possible to affirm that this evolution shows up plainly in the XVth century, in particular in a register close to the spoken language.
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AIKHENVALD, ALEXANDRA Y. "Mechanisms of change in areal diffusion: new morphology and language contact." Journal of Linguistics 39, no. 1 (March 2003): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226702001937.
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Borrowing, or diffusion, of grammatical categories in language contact is not a unitary process. In the linguistic area of the Vaupés in northwest Amazonia, several different mechanisms help create new contact-induced morphology. Languages which are in continuous contact belong to the genetically unrelated East-Tucanoan and Arawak families. There is a strong cultural inhibition against borrowing forms of any sort (grammatical or lexical). Language contact in the multilingual Vaupés linguistic area has resulted in the development of similar – though far from identical – grammatical structures. In Tariana, an Arawak language spoken in the area, reanalysis and reinterpretation of existing categories takes place when diffusion involves restructuring a pre-existing category for which there is a slot in the structure, such as case. A new grammatical category with no pre-existing slots may evolve via grammaticalization of a free morpheme – this is how aspect and aktionsart marking was developed. The development of a five-term tense-evidentiality paradigm involves a combination of strategies: reanalysis with reinterpretation accounts for the obligatory tense marking, and the history of visual, inferred and reported evidentials. The nonvisual evidential evolved via grammaticalization of a lexical verb while the most recent, assumed, evidential involves reanalysis and reinterpretation of an aspect marker and grammatical accommodation.
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Kuhberg, Heinz. "Longitudinal L2-attrition versus L2-acquisition, in three Turkish children- empirical findings." Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 8, no. 2 (June 1992): 138–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839200800203.
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The attrition of German in two Turkish girls (seven and nine years old), previously resident in Germany, was observed in Turkey. The attrition was compared to the L2-acquisition of German of a Turkish boy aged 11. Attrition did not set in immediately. In the second stage, after six months, slower speech, hesitation and free morpheme code-switching to Turkish due to lexical attrition, particularly in verbs, indicated its onset. Basic grammatic al categories were involved in the third stage. Bound morpheme code- switching became the predominant pattern. Basic syntactic patterns of German were retained longest. Attrition was largely a mirror-image of acquisition. Simplification, overgeneralization and over-regularization were strikingly similar in both sets of data. Code-switching turned out to be developmentally systematic, and even 'grammaticalized' in the final stages.
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Kusumastuti, Dyah. "THE ANALYSIS OF A SHORT STORY "UNTUK IBU": MICROSTRUCTURAL APPROACH AND PRACTICE OF DISCOURSE." Journal of Languages and Language Teaching 7, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v7i1.1437.
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This paper aims to describe any cohesion to achieve coherence and the intrinsic elements of a short story titled "Untuk Ibu" (For Mother) by Kusuma Wijayanti on Annida magazine. Discourse analysis is done through the micro structural and the practice of discourse approach. The results of the discourse analysis of the short story titled "Untuk Ibu" meet all the other good grammatical aspects of cohesion as well as lexical aspect. The presences of grammatical and lexical cohesion build up the short story into a cohesive and coherent. From grammatical aspect, the short story has person references, comparative and demonstrative reference, substitution of clausal, ellipsis, causal conjunction, and conjunctions of time addition/additives. While from the lexical aspect, it has reps anaphora and reps tautotes, synonyms of words and phrases with free morpheme synonym bound, antonyms type compound and opposition relations, collocation, hyponymy, and equivalency. The results of the analysis of the practice of discourse show that short story "Untuk Ibu" has the main theme of patience and compassion of a mother on her daughter. The main character is the mother and Ayu, some others characters are Mas Danu, Yu Yu, Supi, Mar, Parto Sopa and Lik Darmi. Plot is a mix that began with the exposure of problems in the form of regret the “I” (aku) figure against the behavior of naughty in opposition to the mother and then continued with the depiction of a cause of regret, and then ends with a meeting among the figures I (Ayu) and mother (advanced/progressive grooves). The background of the story majority happened at home (Madiun). In addition, this story has the first-person perspective I or Ayu and occurs in Javanese.
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Dom, Sebastian. "Reflexive Morphology in the Kikongo Language Cluster: Variation and Diachrony." Languages 9, no. 3 (March 20, 2024): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9030113.
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This paper provides a comparative and diachronic account of reflexive morphology in the Kikongo language cluster, a genealogically closely related group of 40+ West Coastal Bantu languages. This study is based on data from 34 grammatical descriptions from 1659 to 2017 and fieldwork data collected in 2012 and 2015. Previous studies have shown that Kikongo languages, despite being closely related to each other, demonstrate extensive phonological and morphological variation. This is also the case for reflexive morphology. First, six different reflexive prefixes are attested in the database. These are, in alphabetical order, di- (with cognate li-), ké-, ki-, ku-, lu- and a vocalic morpheme variably written as i-, ii- or yi-. Second, while most Kikongo languages have one reflexive prefix, some descriptions report the use of two or more different prefix forms in a single language. Languages with multiple reflexive prefixes fall into two groups: one group has different prefixes in free alternation, while the overall verbal construction is claimed to determine which prefix is used in the other group. Following an overview of the formal variation, I discuss the possible origins of the various reflexive prefixes. One hypothesis assumes that the vocalic prefix is inherited from Proto-Kikongo, the most recent common ancestor of the Kikongo languages. A second hypothesis relates the origin of some reflexive prefixes to object indexes of various noun classes, in particular, noun classes 5, 7 and 11. A third hypothesis suggests that in some Kikongo languages, the vocalic reflexive prefix became fused with other pre-stem verbal morphology and developed into ku- and ki-. A fourth hypothesis proposes the development of the reflexive prefix ké- from an auxiliary. These four hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and I discuss how multiple diachronic scenarios are necessary to account for the full range of variation of reflexive morphology in the Kikongo language cluster. It is proposed that the distribution of di-/li- and ki- is contact-induced through borrowing, both between different Kikongo languages and between Kikongo and non-Kikongo languages. I tentatively reconstruct the vocalic reflexive prefix *i- to Proto-Kikongo.
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Bilousova, Tetiana. "Ways of phraseological units’ transformation in the light of Ivan Ohiienko's works." IVAN OHIIENKO AND CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE AND EDUCATION 20 (December 25, 2023): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-7086.2023-20.24-32.
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In the article Ivan Ohiienko’s views on changes in phraseological units in speech have been analyzed and the scientist’s practical approaches to their recording in sci-entifi c works and dictionaries have been studied. The signifi cance of the linguist’s works for further research into non-derivative and derivational transformations of phraseological units has been emphasized. The relevance of the study is due to its appeal to the problem of phraseological units’ transformation, popular in linguistics, and the need to highlight the role of Ivan Ohiienko’s works in the formation of this area of linguistics, and to confi rm the thoroughness of his approach to the linguistic phenomena under consideration.On the basis of a «broad» view on phraseology, we consider fusion, unity, phrase-ological connection and phraseological expression (proverb, saying, aphorism, catch-phrase, etc.) to be a phraseological unit. Phraseologisms – non-uniform, relatively stable linguistic signs – can change and transform in speech. Among the transforma-tions we distinguish non-derivative and derivative ones.Non-derivative ones concern only the formal side of a phraseological unit or lead to such a modifi cation of the meaning in which the unit remains recognizable and understandable. These are grammatical transformations of one or all components, determined by its (their) morphological properties; rearrangement of components; freedom to use prepositions; replacing a component with a synonym word or replac-ing an obsolete word with a literary one; playing with the morphemic structure of the component in a wide semantic range; expansion of the component composition due to words that clarify the phraseological meaning is emphasized by its elements.As a result of derivational transformations, either a new phraseological unit or a new word is formed from it, or the phraseological unit is lost and transformed into a free combination of words. Ivan Ohiienko was perhaps the fi rst to draw attention to the possibility of «collapsing» a phraseological unit into a word while preserving phraseological semantics through affi x word formation; described the phenomenon of semantic condensation of the idiom content in one component without its affi xation; recorded compound words formed from phraseological units; described the replace-ment of a component resulting in a new unit; negatively assessed the mechanical tracing of foreign language units, which makes the language incomprehensible to the people due to the loss of phraseological image (dephraseologicalization of units).So it can be stated that long before the appearance of special works on phraseo-logical transformation, Ivan Ohiienko outlined the main approaches to fi xing and as-sessing speech changes in Ukrainian phraseological units, and laid the foundation for further research on their nature and range.
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Yakub, Mohammed. "A Linguistic Analysis of ‘Pet Names’ in Nzema: A Morphosyntactic Description." Indian Journal of Language and Linguistics, September 26, 2020, 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijll2011.
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In the field of Onomastics, many researchers have delved into the study of personal names, place names, church names and school names, among others. This paper gathers another exciting data, (i.e. names that are ascribed to pets in Nzema society) and seeks to examine the morpho-syntactic features of the ‘pet names’. The paper employs the qualitative research approach in providing a descriptive analysis of the linguistic properties that feature in pet names among the people of Nzema. In this paper, ninety (90) pet names are discussed. Relying on Haspelmath’s notion of Framework-free Theory of Grammatical Analysis, the paper demonstrates that the morphological structures of Nzema pet names include single root morphemes, lexical compounding, derivational and inflectional processes, lexical borrowing, and reduplication. These word formation processes are accompanied by some phonological processes such as vowel elision and harmony. At the syntactic/sentential level, the pet names function as simple declarative sentences, imperatives and interrogatives. Compound and complex-embedded clauses were also prevalent in the structure of the pet names. It is ascertained that these pet names are grammatically insightful and can provide a window to understanding the morphosyntactic features of the Nzema language.
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Partanen, Niko, and Alexandra Kellner. "On the interplay between tense marking, aspect and temporal continuity in Udora Komi." Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen, no. 66 (December 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.33339/fuf.97371.
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The Udora dialect of Zyrian Komi lacks the morphological opposition between the present and future tenses that is found in other Komi dialects and the written standard. The morphemes corresponding to these tenses are, however, found in this dialect, with individual verbs showing a strong tendency to choose one of the two. This study shows that the two morphemes are not in free variation but rather carry various grammatical meanings, and that the variants are strongly connected to the lexical aspect of individual verbs. Due to the rigidity of the system, the authors refer to the variants here as conjugation types. The -as- conjugation type, which corresponds to the Standard Komi future marker, occurs with all transitive verbs and a majority of intransitive verbs. However, the study also identifies a group of intransitive verbs occurring with the conjugation type -e̮-. The verbs in the latter group can be analysed as temporally continuous. Additionally, there are other subgroupings that can be postulated, including verbs that describe involuntary actions. The system interacts in a predictable manner with Komi derivational morphology. The study also corroborates the previously proposed historical connection between this characteristic of verbal morphology in the Udora dialect and Old Komi. The authors suggest that the verbal morphology seen in these Komi varieties must predate the contemporary tense system. The study provides a new direction for analysing the development of the tense system in the Permic languages, as it is shown that the factors underlying the variation extend beyond transitivity. As a previously undescribed phenomenon, the study describes the use of the Udora conjugation types in narrative tense structuring and demonstrate parallels with Standard Komi.
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Leyew, Zelealem. "What is in a Name? Personal Names in Hadiyya." Oslo Studies in Language 8, no. 1 (February 10, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/osla.4427.
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The aim of this paper is to describe the system behind personal names in Hadiyya. The bulk of the paper analyses the semantics of personal names. Hadiyya personal names express social, economic and political circumstances accompanying the birth of a child. Name givers express their wishes, desires and emotions through personal names. The close examination of names over generations indicates a gradual shift from typical Had-iyya names to modified Amharic-based names. Since the advent of Christianity in the region, Biblical names have also become common. The historical underpinnings for the shift to Amharic-based and Biblical names are language and cultural contact. All Hadiyya personal names display vowel endings that mark case and gender. Like other nouns in the language, per-sonal names can have simple, derived or compound form. Interestingly, most Hadiyya personal names can be translated freely with relative or agentive readings. Personal names can have a perfective reading describing past experience or an imperfective reading expressing wishes for the future. Though Hadiyya is a morphologically complex language and hence all the above grammatical notions are overtly marked, they are omitted in the morphology of personal names. The use of inflectional and derivational morphemes is minimal. Hadiyya personal names are therefore special word classes that tend to display a simplified morphosyntactic structure and free translation.
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Ибатова, Г. Б., and А. Қ. Сатова. "ПУТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ НАВЫКОВ СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЯ У ДОШКОЛЬНИКОВ С ОБЩИМ НЕДОРАЗВИТИЕМ РЕЧИ." BULLETIN Series of Pedagogical Sciences 73, no. 1(2022) (September 21, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2022-1.1728-5496.26.
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Мақалада жалпы сөйлеу тілі дамымаған мектеп жасына дейінгі балалардың сөзжасам дағдыларын эксперименталды қалыптастыру жолдары ұсынылған. Мектеп жасына дейінгі балалардың сөзжасам дағдыларын қалыптастыру мәселесі маңызды. Біздің зерттеуіміз бойынша қазіргі уақытқа дейін жалпы сөйлеу тілі дамымаған мектеп жасына дейінгі балалардың сөзжасам дағдыларының ерекшеліктері және дамыту жолдарын анықтау мәселесіне жеткілікті түрде назар аударылмағаны айқындалып отыр. Жалпы сөйлеу тілінің дамымауы соңғы жылдары тіл кемшіліктерінің ішінен жиі кездесетін және күрделі бұзылыс болып есептеледі. Онда балалардың есту қабілеті және зиятының дамуы қалыпты, алайда сөйлеу тілінің барлық құрама компоненттері қалыптаспаған болып келеді, атап айтқанда сөз қоры, дыбыстық жағы, грамматикалық құрылымы. Ал грамматикалық құрылымы түсінігіне балалар тілінің сөзжасам, сөзөзгерту, сөйлем құрау дағдылары кіреді. Баланың тіл дамуында ерекше рөлге сөзжасам мен сөзөзгерту ие. Сөзжасам бір жағынан сөздік қорды молайтудың ерекше жолы, яғни тілдің сөздік құрамын толықтыру құралы болса, екінші жағынан тілдің морфологиялық жүйесінің құрама бөлігі болып табылады, себебі сөзжасам морфемалардың түрлі тәсілдермен қосылуы арқылы жасалады. Аталған балаларда сөзжасам дағдылары жетілмеген болып келеді. Ол өз кезегінде балалардың байланыстырып сөйлеуіне, еркін түрде сөз арқылы қарым-қатынасқа түсуіне, әлеуметтенуіне кедергі жасайды. Ол дағдыларды арнайы логопедиялық жұмыста дамытып, жетілдірумен айналысу аса маңызды. Сондықтан, біз мақаламызда ғылыми зерттеуіміздің бір бөлігі – жалпы сөйлеу тілі дамымаған мектеп жасына дейінгі балалардың сөзжасам білік, дағдыларын қалыптастыру жолдарын ұсынып отырмыз. Түйін сөздер: жалпы сөйлеу тілінің дамымауы, логопедиялық педагогикалық жұмыс, сөзжасам білік пен дағдылары, сөз түбірі, туынды сөз. В статье рассматриваются данные экспериментальных исследований эффективности путей формирования навыков словообразования у дошкольников с общим недоразвитием речи. Проблема формирования у дошкольников с общим недоразвитием речи навыков словообразования является очень важной. По нашим наблюдениям, до настоящего времени недостаточно исследований, касающихся особенностей и путей формирования навыков словообразования у дошкольников с общим недоразвитием речи. В целом общее недоразвитие речи является одной из самых распространенных и серьезных нарушений речи в последние годы. При нормальном развитии слуха и интеллекта у детей не сформированы все компоненты речи, в частности словарный запас, звуковой, грамматический строй. Понятие грамматического строя включает в себя языковые навыки детей словообразования, словоизменения, построения предложений. У этих детей несовершенные навыки словообразования. Это, в свою очередь, мешает детям свободному речевому общению и социализации. Особую роль в развитии речи детей играет словообразование или словотворчество. Словообразование представляет собой, особый путь обогащения словаря, одно из основных средств пополнения словарного состава языка, а также оно является составной частью морфологической системы языка, так как словообразование происходит путём соединения, комбинирования морфем. Важно развивать и совершенствовать эти навыки в специальной логопедической работе. Поэтому, в нашей статье мы представляем часть нашего исследования – пути формирования словообразовательных навыков у дошкольников с общим недоразвитием речи. Ключевые слова: общее недоразвитие речи, логопедическая педагогическая работа, словообразовательные навыки, корень слова, производное слово. The article discusses the data of experimental studies of the effectiveness of ways to form word formation skills in preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment. The problem of the formation of word formation skills in preschoolers with general underdevelopment of speech is very important. According to our observations, there is still insufficient research concerning the features and ways of forming word formation skills in preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment. In general, the general underdevelopment of speech is one of the most common and serious speech disorders in recent years. With the normal development of hearing and intelligence, children do not have all the components of speech, in particular vocabulary, sound, grammatical structure. The concept of grammatical structure includes the language skills of children of word formation, inflection, sentence construction. These children have imperfect word formation skills. This, in turn, prevents children from free speech communication and socialization. Word formation or word-making plays a special role in the development of children's speech. Word formation is a special way of enriching the dictionary, one of the main means of replenishing the vocabulary of the language, and it is also an integral part of the morphological system of the language, since word formation occurs by combining morphemes. It is important to develop and improve these skills in special speech therapy work. Therefore, in our article we present a part of our research - ways of forming the word-formation skills of preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment. Keywords: general underdevelopment of speech, speech therapy pedagogical work, word-building skills, word root, derived word.
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Samsiyah, Nur, Apri Kartika Sari, and Chrisna Emilia. "KONSTRUKSI TES KEBAHASAAN UAS SD DI KABUPATEN MADIUN." Premiere Educandum : Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar dan Pembelajaran 5, no. 01 (November 15, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/pe.v5i01.323.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Language learning is aimed to achieve proficiency properly. To achieve objectives of language learning cannot be separated from aspects of grammar. One way to achieve the grammatical aspect is by using a test. The purpose of language test is ability and skill in language not knowledge about language. Range of aspects are measured based on the types of tests used in the test questions at the end of the learning/ formative. This research aimed to determine language aspects tested at the end of each semester. This study used a qualitative approach and data sources in the form of the exam end of semester 1 and 2 grade 1 to grade 6. Techniques of data collection is done by collecting data source in the field and read the data source. Data analysis phase consists of three stages: data reduction, classification, presentation of data and drawing conclusions. The results showed there were aspects of language such as phonology, morphology aspect which consists of free and bound morpheme, the process of reduplication or repetition, syntactic aspects that form phrases and sentences as well as aspects such as semantic meaning.</p><p> </p><p> </p>
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Ngullie, Yantsubeni. "Pronouns in Lotha." Indian Journal of Language and Linguistics, September 30, 2020, 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijll2016.
Full textAbstract:
The paper gives an account of pronouns in Lotha, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Nagaland, India. Lotha is a generic name and refers to both the linguistic group and the ethno-cultural entity. Lothas are racially Mongoloid and linguistically, it has been classified under the Central Naga group of the Naga sub-branch of the Tibeto-Burman languages. Pronouns in Lotha are free forms which can function solely to fill the position of a noun phrase in a clause. Personal pronouns are typically deixis to the speech participants for each of the three grammatical person i.e. first person, second person and third person. In annex to person, numbers i.e. singular, dual and plural are also distinguished on pronouns. Personal pronouns in Lotha are independent and free-standing and for that matter it takes case-markers and postposition in similar ways as full noun phrase. The first, second and third personal pronouns take case marking only when it serves as a subject and does not take any case markers when it serves as an object. Demonstrative pronouns function in several ways based on proximity and distance in time. Lotha has three-way distinction of identifying demonstrative pronoun i.e. proximate, distance and remote marked by ʃi ‘this’ (near the speaker), ci ‘that’(near the hearer) and o-ci ‘over there’( far away from both the speaker and hearer). The interrogative pronouns kvə, ndo and otʃɔ are attached to the bound nominal suffixes. Indefinite pronouns can be formed from the question words which can change to affirmative by attaching the indefinite suffix -sana and its negative particle counterpart mek. Reflexive pronoun in Lotha is expressed by the reflexive lexeme bɔbɔ ‘self’ which is a free morpheme.