Relevant bibliographies by topics / Free gold

Academic literature on the topic 'Free gold'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Free gold"

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Andreescu, Daniel, Tapan Kumar Sau, and Dan V. Goia. "Stabilizer-free nanosized gold sols." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 298, no. 2 (June 2006): 742–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.01.011.

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Jin, Yongdong, and Xiaohu Gao. "Spectrally Tunable Leakage-Free Gold Nanocontainers." Journal of the American Chemical Society 131, no. 49 (December 16, 2009): 17774–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9076765.

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Appel, Peter Wiltje Uitterdijk, and Leoncio Degay Na-Oy. "Mercury-Free Gold Extraction Using Borax for Small-Scale Gold Miners." Journal of Environmental Protection 05, no. 06 (2014): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2014.56052.

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Toktar, G., A. K. Koizhanova, D. R. Magomedov, N. N. Abdyldaev, and A. N. Bakraeva. "Increased recovery of free fine gold in the leaching process." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 322, no. 3 (May 2, 2022): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2022/6445.28.

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The current state of world mineral resources is characterized by a decrease in the quality of minerals. An increase in production and processing volumes is possible only through the development of new deposits and the involvement of off-balance ores, dumps and tailings, slags and other industrial wastes in the integrated mining process. More increasing the need for involving raw materials of complex composition, refractory, low-grade, with small reserves, technogenic mineral waste. It becomes more and more relevant as the discovery and exploitation of new deposits, allowing to increase the gold reserve of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article presents the results of sorption leaching of ore in order to extract gold associated with sulfides, the processes of opening gold. A representative sample was taken and the phase composition of an additional explored ore body was studied at one of the deposits in Kazakhstan. The ore sample was prepared for research: three-time mixing by the ring-cone method, in general, three-stage quarting and mixing were performed. It should be noted that the methods for processing gold-bearing ore raw materials depend on many parameters, including the material composition and technological properties. Samples from the last quarting materials were selected for chemical, sieve and phase analyzes. It was found that the test sample contained 6.04 g / t Au and 7.9 g / t Ag, as well as fineness of gold within 0.01-0.25 mm phase analysis. Mineral gold formations can be easily soluble in cyanide solutions (native gold, electrum), partially soluble (maldonite, or practical are insoluble (tellurides). Gold in ores is present in the form of gold-colored sizes and shapes. Both physical (gravity, flotation) and chemical (cyanide, etc.) methods are used to extract it. Rational analysis also found that gold in the ore under study, crushed to a particle size of 90%, class 0.071 mm, gold is free and in intergrowths is 81.46%, gold associated with sulfides is 14.40%, in rock-forming minerals 1.66%. Based on the data obtained, it can be stated that when cyanidating ore, one should expect rather high rates of gold dissolution (80% or more). Gold extraction from ore with a content of 85% fraction -0.071mm-90.2%, with a content of 85% fraction- 0.071mm-98% with oxidative leaching. Full extraction of gold from ore is possible with sorption cyanide leaching with their preliminary oxidation. The paper considers economically feasible existing and promising technologies for gold extraction at the leading factories of Kazakhstan and abroad.
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Li, Cheng Chao, Li Bao Chen, Qiu Hong Li, and Tai Hong Wang. "Seed-free, aqueous synthesis of gold nanowires." CrystEngComm 14, no. 22 (2012): 7549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ce25726b.

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Lemasters, Robert, Cheng Zhang, Manoj Manjare, Wenqi Zhu, Junyeob Song, Sergei Urazhdin, Henri J. Lezec, Amit Agrawal, and Hayk Harutyunyan. "Ultrathin Wetting Layer-Free Plasmonic Gold Films." ACS Photonics 6, no. 11 (October 3, 2019): 2600–2606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00907.

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Wang, Xuelu, Chunyang Wang, Chunjin Chen, Huichao Duan, and Kui Du. "Free-standing Monatomic Thick Two-dimensional Gold." Nano Letters 19, no. 7 (June 24, 2019): 4560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01494.

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Reilly, Samantha M., Thomas Krick, and Amala Dass. "Surfactant-free Synthesis of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoclusters." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114, no. 2 (December 23, 2009): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9067944.

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Solorio-Alvarado, César R., and Antonio M. Echavarren. "Gold-Catalyzed Annulation/Fragmentation: Formation of Free Gold Carbenes by Retro-Cyclopropanation." Journal of the American Chemical Society 132, no. 34 (September 2010): 11881–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja104743k.

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Alemayehu, Abraham B., and Abhik Ghosh. "Gold corroles." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 15, no. 02 (February 2011): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424611003045.

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Although a variety of conditions proved unsuccessful for gold insertion into β-unsubstituted meso-triarylcorroles, refluxing free-base β-octabromo-meso-triarylcorrole ligands, H3[Br8T (p- X-P)C] ( X = MeO , n- Bu , CH3 , H , and CF3 ), with chloroauric acid in dichloromethane containing a small amount of triethylamine for 30 min led to 54–65% yields of the corresponding gold complexes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Free gold"

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Bawaked, Salem Mohammed. "Solvent free alkene oxidation using supported nano-gold catalysts." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55088/.

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Oxidation is an important route for the activation of chemical feedstock for the synthesis of chemical intermediates. Alkene epoxidation by the electrophilic addition of oxygen to a carbon-carbon double bond is a major challenge in oxidation catalysis. In particular it is important to use molecular oxygen as the oxidant to avoid the formation of reagent by products. Although molecular oxygen is the most environmentally benign oxidant in many cases, far more reactive forms of oxygen are required to achieve reaction, and this can lead to by-products with a heavy environmental burden with respect to their disposal. Free solvent selective epoxidation of cw-cyclooctene with air and small catalytic amount of radical initiator using supported nano-gold catalysts has been conducted in the liquid phase. Optimization of reaction conditions has been attempted to improve the selectivity by minimizing the background reactions of the support and radical initiator in the absence of the catalyst. Five different radical initiators were tested namely: di-/-butyl peroxide (DTBP), /-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and dibenzoyl peroxide (DBP). TBHP was selected for more detailed study as it combine the best activity and selectivity in the presence of the catalyst and minimum background reactions in the absence of the catalyst. The influence of the metal nano-particle support was also studied using six different supports. Use of graphite as a support was found to give the best combination of selectivity and conversion. In general the selectivity to the epoxide increased with reaction temperature from 60-80 C and was highest at 80 C. Other carbon supports, e.g. activated carbon and silicon carbide were found to be less effective. Au supported on TiO2, SiO2 and AI2O3 catalysts were also selective for the epoxidation reaction and the general order of activity was: graphite > SiC > TiO2 > SiO2 AI2O3 Ac. Extensive studies concerning the reusability of the gold/graphite catalyst was conducted as catalyst reusability is a key feature of green chemistry. The catalyst is found to be inhibited by the epoxide product but we demonstrate the effect of this is negligible for reused catalysts over a long reaction time. The observation of an induction period may in part be due to the adsorption of the radical initiator blocking surface sites as well as the establishment of the reactive species. The use of bimetallic catalyst, to be exact Au-Pd supported on graphite, shows significant effect on c/s-cyclooctene reactivity. The Au-Pd ratio has a major effect on the conversion with very low activities being associated with Au:Pd weight ratios of ca. 4:1 and 1:4 which may be associated with structured alloys that can be formed at these compositions. The molar Pd surface percentage were found to have dramatic effect on the conversion as low Pd surface would produce low activity and contrariwise. The selectivity to the epoxide is not affected by the Au:Pd ratio. Catalyst preparation method was also studied and sol immobilization method was found to be the most effective for gold catalyst, however, DP method was the preferred one in the bimetallic catalysts. The Au-Pd/graphite catalyst series has been further evaluated using crotyl alcohol (trans- but-2-en-l-ol) as starting material and using the same reaction conditions that had adopted for the epoxidation of c/s-cyclooctene. With crotyl alcohol, /-butyl hydroperoxide was not required for activity. In the absence of Pd, crotonaldehyde was formed, but the introduction of Pd leads to an isomerisation pathway to 3-buten-l-ol being favored over epoxidation and crotonaldehyde was a minor product. Dimerisation of crotonaldehyde and carbon carbon bond cleavage was observed with Au catalyst. However, with Pd catalysts Wacker-like oxidation of the isomerisation pathway was the major by-product.
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Jansen, Wout A. T. "Gold free ohmic contacts for III-V MOSFET devices." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4100/.

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Over the past forty years the development of CMOS has been able to follow Moore’s law using planar silicon technology. However, this technology is reaching its limits as the density of transistors has a significant impact on the power dissipation in an integrated circuit. Alternative channel materials and device architectures will then be required in the future to reduce the power consumption of transistors. The development of CMOS technology with high mobility channel materials, specifically Ge for pMOS and III-V materials for nMOS, was the aim of the European Union FP7 funded Duallogic consortium, of which this project was part. The experimental work at the University of Glasgow was the III-V compound semiconductor MOSFET, in particular the study of Si processing compatible source/drain contacts to III-V MOSFET devices with InxGa1-xAs channel materials, which was an important aspect of this thesis. Another area investigated in this thesis is the impact of current crowding effects on source/drain contact resistance by aggressive scaling of devices. During this thesis, optimisation of a PdGe-based ohmic contact to buried channel device material with a In0.75GaAs channel led to a contact resistance of 0.15Ohm.mm compared to 1Ohm.mm in previous work by R. Hill. The PdGe-based contact also proved to be scalable in both vertical and lateral dimensions. This scaled structure was then integrated in a surface channel MOSFET device with 1μm access regions and gate lengths varying from 100nm to 20μm. The performance of the devices with 20μm gate lengths was then compared to devices with a NiGeAu based ohmic contact. An increase in RC, 1.82Ohm.mm vs. 0.94Ohm.mm, and Ron, 11.1Ohm.mm vs. 8.55Ohm.mm, was observed in the PdGe-based contact, which resulted in a decrease in gm, 92.3mS/mm vs. 103mS/mm, and Id,sat, 103mA/mm vs. 122mA/mm. However, further optimisation of the PdGe-based ohmic contact showed promising results with a contact resistance of 0.45Ohm.mm. The novel test structure is the first test structure, which makes direct contact to III-V material, with critical dimensions below the transfer length. This structure is able to experimentally observe the current crowding effects and allows for the extraction of the sheet resistance underneath the contact and a more accurate extraction of the specific contact resistivity. This offers a significant insight into the impact of the sheet resistance underneath the contact and the role it plays.
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Snyder, Jeffrey G. "Venezuelan gold mining and the speculative nature of the free-standing company." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433294.

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Saiman, Mohd Izham Bin. "Heterogeneous gold and palladium based catalysts for solvent-free oxidation of toluene." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/35776/.

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Catalyzed oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular oxygen has been studied for several decades. For example, toluene can be converted into oxidation products such as benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid and benzyl benzoate. At present, the principal industrial production of benzoic acid via the oxidation of toluene involves the use of homogeneous cobalt catalysts in an air pressurized aqueous acetic acid mixture in the presence of Mn ions. However, the use of solvent causes difficulties in the separation of catalysts and products, equipment corrosion, and due to the environmental hazards associated with the use of liquid acids as solvent. Developing solvent free toluene oxidation having great activity has attracted special attention as a promising environmentally friendly reaction. Recently, gold based supported catalyst have been found to be highly effective oxidation catalyst where a number of important discoveries have been made such as in hydrogen peroxide synthesis and selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. As a proof of concept for the following studies, oxidation of toluene and other aromatic hydrocarbons were carried out in round bottom flask with TBHP as oxidant. At mild condition (80 ºC), it was evident that Au-Pd supported catalyst is capable of oxidising aromatics C-H bonds on toluene and derivatives and TBHP as oxidant also have been discovered well in this thesis. The catalyst preparation method was shown to be very important in the formation of active site catalysts. The sol-immobilisation catalyst with a narrow distribution of small particles, was more active than Au-Pd alloy having Au-core palladium shell with PdO dominance on the surface via impregnation catalyst. In addition to that, the choice of support is crucial and this study discovered carbon as a preferred support give enhance on performance activity of toluene. At the same time, the distribution of products can be altered with the choice of preparation methods and support. The synergistic effect of Au and Pd was confirmed by superior catalytic activity compared to monometallic catalyst. Investigations of reaction conditions such as reaction time, reusability, pre-treatment conditions, metal ratio, and mass of catalyst were fully investigated. It was found that the activity and selectivity of the catalyst was highly dependent on these variables. Reaction mechanism was proposed and it was based on catalytic evaluation data. Even though, the proposed mechanism was contradicted by the EPR data study, it was believed that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) was involved in the surface of catalyst and give effect of the catalytic activity. Overall, the oxidation of toluene was successfully studied by using Au-Pd supported catalyst and can not be denied that the importance of TBHP as oxidant involve in this process has been proven.
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Patrick, Scott R. "Synthesis and reactivity of novel (NHC)gold(I) complexes." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6302.

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The fields of N-heterocyclic carbenes and homogeneous gold catalysis have experienced tremendous growth within the last two decades. In addition, the combination of these fields to give NHC-gold complexes has delivered superior stability and reactivity, allowing the isolation of new reactive species and a better understanding of the fundamental chemistry. The work presented in this thesis attempts to synthesise novel NHC-gold complexes and document their reactivities. The main themes discussed in this work are: (a) the understanding and avoidance of silver additives in gold-mediated transformations; and (b) the study of different NHCs to provide optimal sterics and electronics for a given application. In Chapter 2, the reported “Gold(I)-Mediated C-H Activation of Arenes” is investigated. The role of each additive is assessed, and in particular the reliance on silver salts is considered. An NHC ligand was used to stabilise reactive intermediates, which provided new insights into the function of the silver additive. Gold(I) hydroxides are repeatedly shown to be invaluable synthetic equivalents, as well as key intermediates in silver-free protocols. Chapter 3 details numerous attempts to synthesise [Au(OH)(NHC)] complexes that are stable, pure and in high yields. Chapter 4 documents the synthesis of gold species featuring the ITent family of NHC ligands. Their highly flexible steric bulk is investigated by crystallographic studies, and is believed to contribute to their relatively high stabilities. Chapter 5 describes the use of the newly synthesised [Au(OH)(NHC)] complexes to generate mono- and bifluoride species. The reaction conditions were then optimised in order to maximise yields and regioselectivities. Finally, Chapter 6 examines the use of NHC selenium adducts to measure the π-accepting ability of these ligands. These are then coordinated to gold, whereupon different geometries are observed depending on the nature of the NHC.
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Xingwana, Lumkwana. "The impact of organisational culture on gold mining activities in the Free state." Thesis, Welkom Research Collection: CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, FREE STATE, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/216.

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Thesis (M. Comm.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2007
From the Stone Age, each nation or group of people has had a distrust of those different from themselves. This is evidenced in various ways, for example, social welfare given to local residents only, scornful names given to foreigners and other ethnic groups and rituals designed to keep themselves separate from others. These incidents of diversity resulted into an unplanned and emergent set of norms, values and beliefs that exert enormous influence on the way in which an organisation operates, how organisational structure is developed, the integration and adaptation of internal and external relationships, as well as the orientation of the underlying values of the organisation. The main aim of changing culture is to improve organisational performance. To achieve this aim, it requires an understanding of the underlying assumptions and values that determine what is important in an organisation as well as assessment of the impact of culture on operational efficiency. The impact of organisational culture is identified through the negative and positive outcomes of mining activities, and is illustrated by employee satisfaction, job commitment, organisational loyalty, turnover, absenteeism and productivity. The aim of this research study was to identify the characteristics of organisational culture and evaluate the impact of organisational culture on gold mining activities in the Free State. The methodology used in this study comprises of empirical as well as a literature study. Questionnaires and interviews were used to gather information for the empirical study. The empirical study revealed that firstly, organisational culture is created partially by leaders, and that one of the most critical functions of leadership is the creation and the management of culture. Lastly, organisational culture emerges when employees think, believe and act according to the pressures and priorities of their environment. Unfortunately, employees do not set aside their cultural values and lifestyle preferences when they come to work. It is the responsibility of the management to create an environment that is conducive to a healthy working environment. This study established that the necessity to control the workforce productivity need not be accompanied by ruthless or aggressive exploitation of cultural management, but by reliance on employees’ capability to exercise judgement to cope effectively with environmental uncertainty. Rules, norms and strategies developed cannot “fit” every circumstance but encourage conformity rather than creativity, and compliance rather than commitment.
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Xingwana, L. "The impact of organisational culture on gold mining activities in the Free State." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 6, Issue 2: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/411.

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The political and social transformation process in South Africa is forcing organisations to avoid the sensitive, unpleasant and potentially volatile behaviour at workplace that can arise when groups or individuals who differ work together or come into close contact with each other. Therefore, management developed a corporate culture which creates an environment that is conducive to performance improvement, shapes the way people act and interact, as a result, this culture influences how things get done. The corporate culture encompasses the organisation's goals, business ethics and dominant ideologies. Based on the results of this study, these cultural changes ought to be driven by the fact that employees respond to the way in which the organisation treats them. The research aims to investigate the impact of organisational culture on the gold mining activities. The impact of organisational culture is demonstrated through a sense of identity and unity of purpose by the members of the organisation, commitment of employees to their work and existence of strategies and programmes which provide guidance on what is expected. The premise is that organisational culture determines socialisation, power relationship, policies and procedures, reward systems, communication systems and ideology, all of which have a significant impact on the day to day experiences of all employees.
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McGrath, Teresa Diane Hayward. "A study of the behaviour of free gold in flash flotation and gravity recovery." Thesis, Curtin University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1772.

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Gravity and flash flotation are used to recover free gold within the milling circuit, however, this arrangement is poorly understood and consequently, it is difficult to predict circuit performance. Identifying the impact that changes in mineralogy, reagent use, operational factors, and physical variables (size, shape, surface area and elemental composition) will have upon the behaviour of free gold particles will lead to an improved understanding of the behaviour of free gold within the milling circuit.
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Blamey, Nigel John Frederick. "The geology and evaluation of the "A"-reef at No.3 shaft, Western Holdings Mine, Welkom goldfield." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005569.

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The "A" -Reef occurs within the Aandenk Formation of the Central Rand Group, Witwatersrand Supergroup, in the Welkom Goldfield. It comprises the Witpan and Uitsig Reefs which are both oligomictic conglomerates, and are exploited for their gold content by Anglo American Corporation. The main Witpan channel complex is orientated in a NW-SE direction and occurs close to No.3 Shaft of Western Holdings Mine where it is currently being mined. The Witpan Reef varies in thickness from 7-220cm, with lateral facies changes controlling the thickness. Within the reef, gold is associated with degradation surfaces, carbonaceous material, increase in pebble sphericity, and channel edges. Two channel edges have yielded the best gold values on No.3 Shaft although the potential for further payable gold lies in the recognition of sieve conditions. The potential also exists for extensions of the "carbon"-bearing Uitsig channel currently being mined on President Steyn Mine. The palaeo-environment proposed for formation of the Witpan Reef is a braidplain that was partly reworked by a brief transgression. Ore evaluation using geostatistics was considered a valid technique as the dataset is sufficiently well structured. Semi-variograms in the channel and across-channel directions differ markedly. It was found that variograms of gold in cmg/t lacked sufficient structure for modelling, however, log semi-variogram modelling followed by simple log-kriging and back-transformation, proved to be the most successful method. Owing to the morphology and distribution of gold within the reef, a geologically based geostatistical valuation method is proposed. The potential for further exploration of "A" -Reef depends on a substantially higher gold price. In this event, exploration of Uitsig Reef to the southwest of the current mining area is recommended as well as a new exploration strategy for Witpan Reef.
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Dwyer, Gordon Bransby. "The geology of the Welkom Goldfield with special reference to the "A", "B" and Beatrix Reefs." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005575.

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The first Witwatersrand gold deposits in the Orange Free State were discovered under younger cover rocks in the 1930's with the aid of drilling and geophysics. The Welkom gold deposits are found in the sedimentary rock sequences of the Central Rand Group, which represent unconformity bounded genetic packages. The structural configuration of the goldfield is one of a north to south trending synform that is split near it's axis by the De Bron and Homestead faults. The "B" Reef is a highly variable, erratically mineralised reef that lies on an unconformity at the base of the Spes Bona Formation. The "A" Reef Zone consists of several placers 1 including the "Reworked BPM" 1 the Witpan, the Uitsig, the Hanging Wall Grits and the Upper "A" Reef. The Beatrix Reef lies at the base of the Eldorado Formation on an unconformity surface overlying the Virginia Formation in the southern part of the Welkom Goldfield. The origin of gold in the Witwatersrand basin can be classified into the modified placer theory, the syngenetic theory and the epigenetic theory. From the distribution of basin edge unconformities it can be deduced that the Welkom fan depository was tectonically active on the western, southern and eastern margins during sedimentation. Palaeocurrent studies indicate that sediment was transported predominantly from the south and west. It is thought that the "B", "A" and Beatrix Reefs were all deposited in a braided stream environment. A multidisciplinary approach to ore evaluation of Witwatersrand deposits is considered to be the best method, where sedimentology, geostatistics and structural geology are used.
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Books on the topic "Free gold"

1

Koranteng, Kwasi. Free gold. Madina, Accra, Ghana: Royal Gold Publishers, 2000.

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Tawfik, Myra J. The secret of transforming art into gold: Intellectual property issues in Canada-U.S. relations. Orono, Me: Canadian-American Center, 1994.

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More than free gold: Mineral exploration in Canada since World War II. Renfrew, Ont: General Store Pub. House, 2008.

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Roger, Baker. Clara: An ex-slave in gold rush Colorado. Central City, Colo: Black Hawk Publishing, 2003.

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1973: Garimpo do Tapajós, terra sem lei-- onde o passado não conta! Manaus: Valer Editora, 2007.

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Ganter, Barbara E. Thermokraft abschreckend kondensierter Legierungsschichten: Am Beispiel des amorphen Legierungssystems Zinn-Gold und binärer Edelmetall, 3d-Metall Spingläser. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre, 1986.

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Frank, Bognanno Mario, and Ready Kathryn J, eds. The North American Free Trade Agreement: Labor, industry, and government perspectives. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1993.

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Eubanks, Steve. Golf freek: One man's quest to play as may rounds of golf as possible for free. New York: Crown Publishers, 2007.

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Can God be free? Oxford: Clarendon, 2006.

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Augustine. On free choice of the will. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co., 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Free gold"

1

Tsionas, Efthymios G. "The Gold Standard and Free Banking." In Financial and Monetary Policy Studies, 119–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01171-4_19.

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Artur, Camille G., and Wei-Chuan Shih. "Nanoporous Gold Nanoparticles and Arrays for Label-Free Nanoplasmonic Biosensing." In Integrated Analytical Systems, 25–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64747-0_2.

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Mei, Zhong, Yanyan Wang, and Liang Tang. "Gold Nanorod Array Biochip for Label-Free, Multiplexed Biological Detection." In Biosensors and Biodetection, 129–41. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6848-0_9.

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Sun, Xin. "A Lithography-Free and Chemical-Free Route to Wafer-Scale Gold Nanoisland Arrays for SERS." In Reviews in Plasmonics, 55–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18834-4_3.

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Leikola, Maria, Lotta Rintala, Christian Sauer, Thomas Roth-Berghofer, and Mari Lundström. "Applicability of Case-Based Reasoning for Selection of Cyanide-Free Gold Leaching Methods." In Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development, 249–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47096-2_17.

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Macdonald, Paul A. "Free Will, the Fall, and Original Sin." In God, Evil, and Redeeming Good, 99–138. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003298847-4.

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Kim, Rina, Ahmad Ghahreman, and Michel Epiney. "Effect of DO, Free Cyanide and Mineralogy on Gold Cyanidation Mechanism: An Electrochemical and Surface Analysis Study." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 1697–708. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_140.

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Casas i Klett, Tomas, and Omar Ramon Serrano Oswald. "Free Trade Agreements as BRI’s Stepping-Stone to Multilateralism: Is the Sino–Swiss FTA the Gold Standard?" In China's Belt and Road Initiative, 75–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75435-2_5.

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Sterba, James P. "There Is No Free-Will Defense." In Is a Good God Logically Possible?, 11–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05469-4_2.

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Tegehall, P. E. "Impact of Black Pad and Intermetallic Layers on the Risk for Fractures in Solder Joints to Electroless Nickel/Immersion Gold." In The ELFNET Book on Failure Mechanisms, Testing Methods, and Quality Issues of Lead-Free Solder Interconnects, 179–95. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-236-0_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Free gold"

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Lai, Willetta, C. M. Chan, P. L. Li, and K. W. Yee. "High performance cyanide-free immersion gold." In 2016 11th International Microsystems, Packaging, Assembly and Circuits Technology Conference (IMPACT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/impact.2016.7799987.

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Ombinda-Lemboumba, Saturnin S., Sello L. Manoto, Charles Maphanga, Rudzani Malabi, Lebogang Thobakgale, Masixole Y. Lugongolo, and Patience T. Mthunzi-Kufa. "Raman spectroscopy and gold thin film for biosensing and detection." In Label-free Biomedical Imaging and Sensing (LBIS) 2020, edited by Natan T. Shaked and Oliver Hayden. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2546617.

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Hsu, Ching-Hsiang, Hsun-Jui Chang, Hung-Wei Yu, Hong-Quan Nguyen, Jer-Shen Ma, and Edward Yi Chang. "Gold-free Cu-metallized III-V solar cell." In 2014 IEEE 11th International Conference on Semiconductor Electronics (ICSE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smelec.2014.6920866.

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Chung, Pei-Yu, Tzung-Hua Lin, Gregory Schultz, Peng Jiang, and Christopher Batich. "Gold nanopyramidal plasmonic crystals for label-free biosensing." In SPIE NanoScience + Engineering, edited by Hooman Mohseni and Manijeh Razeghi. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.861087.

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Terver, E., M. Gauvin, T. Alnasser, I. Abid, A. Mlayah, S. Xie, J. Brugger, B. Viallet, L. Ressier, and J. Grisolia. "Plasmonic photoconductance in free-standing monolayered gold nanoparticle membranes." In 2016 IEEE Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference (NMDC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nmdc.2016.7777131.

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Xiong, S., Y. Yang, H. J. Huang, D. P. Tsai, and A. Q. Liu. "A gold nanoparticles dispersion waveguide for label-free detection." In TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 2009 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sensor.2009.5285799.

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Zhou, Bo, Xiao He, Yabing Zou, Xingxing Li, and Guanghui He. "Study on Influencing Factors of Gold Wire Bonding Performance of Nickel-free Soft Gold Microwave PCB." In 2020 21st International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology (ICEPT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icept50128.2020.9202955.

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Lin, Shih-Che, Nahla A. Hatab, Baohua Gu, Bo-Kai Chao, Jia-Han Li, and Chun-Hway Hsueh. "Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Free-standing Gold Ellipse Nanoantenna." In JSAP-OSA Joint Symposia. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jsap.2013.16p_d5_4.

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Jørs, Erik, and Florencia Harari. "1637 Mercury free gold mining: advancing the global minamata resolution." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.688.

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Maiti, Arpan, Achyut Maity, and Tapas Kumar Chini. "Plasmonic behavior of gold nanorod heterodimers with free-electron feed." In NANOFORUM 2014. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4917915.

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Reports on the topic "Free gold"

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Antweiler, Werner, Brian Copeland, and M. Scott Taylor. Is Free Trade Good for the Environment? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6707.

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Rodríguez Burgos, Ojel L. The Role of Government and the Free Market. Instituto de Libertad Económica, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/13582008.

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The free-market system allows the individual to interact freely for the satisfaction of his conception of the good life within the rule of law. The individual as an agent is the main actor within the market; however, private, or public businesses and the State itself also figure as actors in the free market. In this article, we present the three ways in which the State acts in the free market.
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Wiser, R., and S. Pickle. Green marketing, renewables, and free riders: increasing customer demand for a public good. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/645498.

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Striessnig, Erich, Claudia Reiter, and Anna Dimitrova. Global improvements in Years of Good Life since 1950. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res1.2.

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Human well-being at the national aggregate level is typically measured by GDP per capita, life expectancy or a composite index such as the HDI. A more recent alternative is the Years of Good Life (YoGL) indicator presented by Lutz et al. (2018; 2021). YoGL represents a refinement of life expectancy in which only those person-years in a life table are counted that are spent free from material (1), physical (2) or cognitive limitations (3), while being subjectively perceived as satisfying (4). In this article, we present the reconstruction of YoGL to 1950 for 140 countries. Since life expectancy – as reported by the UN World Population Prospects in fiveyearly steps – forms the basis of our reconstruction, the presented dataset is also available on a five-yearly basis. In addition, like life expectancy, YoGL can be flexibly calculated for different sub-populations. Hence, we present separate YoGL estimates for women and men. Due to a lack of data, only the material dimension can be reconstructed based directly on empirical inputs since 1950. The remaining dimensions are modelled based on information from the more recent past.
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Rodríguez Burgos, Ojel L. Freedom and the Rule of Law. Puerto Rico Institute for Economic Liberty, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/13582005.

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The word freedom is used constantly, but little understood; to understand it, it is important to see the State as a civil association of individuals, where different ways of living and purposes coexist. This coexistence depends on a rule of law, which allows individuals to pursue their conception of the good life consistent with the rules of the association. The freedom requires a rule of law, which allows free action and cooperation of individuals in the market and thus benefits the economy.
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Buathong, Thananon, Anna Dimitrova, Paolo Miguel M. Vicerra, and Montakarn Chimmamee. Years of Good Life: An illustration of a new well-being indicator using data for Thailand. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.dat.1.

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While Thailand has achieved high levels of economic growth in recent decades, poverty at the local level has been increasing. Indicators of human development at the national level often mask the differences in well-being across communities. When responding to the need for sustainable development research, the heterogeneity of a population should be emphasised to ensure that no one is left behind. The Years of Good Life (YoGL) is a well-being indicator that demonstrates the similarities and differences between subpopulations in a given sociocultural context over time. The data used in this analysis were collected from Chiang Rai and Kalasin, which are provinces located in regions of Thailand with high poverty rates. Our main results indicate that the remaining years of good life (free from physical and cognitive limitations, out of poverty and satisfied with life) at age 20 among the sample population were 26 years for women and 28 years for men. The results varied depending on the indicators applied in each dimension of YoGL. Our analysis of the YoGL constituents indicated that cognitive functioning was the dimension that decreased the years of good life the most in the main specification. This study demonstrates the applicability of the YoGL methodology in investigating the wellbeing of subpopulations.
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Tyson, Paul. Orchestrated Irrationality: Why It Exists and How It Might Be Resisted. Mέta | Centre for Postcapitalist Civilisation, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/mwp13en.

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Orchestrated irrationality in our public discourse is produced by technologically enhanced and commercially purposed atomization and tribalism. Public discourse now leans away from a humane, free, and reasoned political rationality and towards self-interested, calculative, herd conformism. The bulls and bears of consumer society have largely displaced the civic logic of the liberal democratic pursuit of the common good. The power interests that govern global consumerism are enhanced by subordinating the common good ends of genuinely political life to the self-interested and profit driven dynamics of the market. Orchestrated irrationality in our public discourse makes politics into a meaningless theatre of incommensurate tribal interest narratives, which is a convenient distraction from the collaborative consolidation of market power and state control. This orchestrated irrationality can only be combatted by seeking to de-atomize citizens and de-tribalize the public square in order to recover the priority of political life over market and authoritarian power in our public discourse. That is, a postcapitalist civilization that is oriented to a genuinely political and universally moral rationality must replace the present global order. Once we can identify the problem and the direction of cure for orchestrated irrationality, we can then take steps towards a different civilizational life-world.
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Martin, Noémie, and Pierre-Olivier Pineau. Choosing to Pay More for Electricity: an experiment on the level of residential consumer cooperation. CIRANO, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/xdvi6385.

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Reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions are two cornerstones of the fight against climate change. Signaling negative externalities of individual consumption on the environment is at the heart of public policies, and usually materializes through an increase in the price of polluting good and services. However, social resistance typically arises when such policies are implemented. In this experiment, we are interested in testing the context in which individuals would be willing to pay more for electricity. We use the situation of Québec (Canada), where low-cost hydropower sold below market value, akin to a consumption subsidy, leads to high residential consumption. Increasing regulated prices closer to their market value would result in a direct welfare gain and free some green energy, reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) in other sectors. The choice to pay more is a prisoner’s dilemma, and we find in this framework that giving clear and transparent information on the consequences of the price increase induces a majority of people to choose to pay more. In addition to the economic benefit of the public good, the presence of the environmental benefit increases contributions. Participants with a more severe budget constraint tend to contribute less. These results are encouraging for the development of efficient energy policies reducing GHG emissions.
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Dalay, Satinder, Kathleen Ferguson, Sally El-Ghazali, Katy Miller, Felicity Corcoran, Matthew Tuck, Jessica Wiggins, Hannah Theobald, and Elizabeth H. Shewry. Trainee Handbook 2021. Association of Anaesthetists, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21466/g.th2.2021.

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I am delighted to welcome you to the 13th edition of the Association of Anaesthetists’ Trainee Handbook. The main objective of the handbook is to offer trainees a comprehensive resource as you navigate your way through your career. A vast array of high-quality authors have been commissioned to write about their specialist field or area of knowledge. Whatever path you choose to take, I believe you will find useful sections within this handbook. Training within anaesthesia is constantly evolving. As I write this foreword, a new training curriculum is being implemented. To reflect the changes ahead, this handbook is not only fully interactive but also a live document. Thus, it will be updated at regular intervals to ensure information remains accurate and relevant. Although this handbook is designed for you to dip in and out of, I strongly encourage you to read the chapters about taking care of yourself. Training is a challenging time, but here at the Association of Anaesthetists we are dedicated to supporting our trainee members. I would like to personally thank all the authors who contributed to this handbook. A special mention of thanks to my fellow Trainee Committee members, Sally El-Ghazali and Rhys Clyburn, as well as the countless Association staff who have made this publication possible. I welcome any feedback you may have, therefore please feel free to contact the Trainee Committee via email trainees@anaesthetists.org or Twitter @Anaes_Trainees Finally, good luck in your career – I hope this handbook helps you along the way! Satinder Dalay Elected Member, Association of Anaesthetists Trainee Co
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