Journal articles: 'Free French'

1

Bradley, Paul. "French free radio." French Cultural Studies 2, no. 4 (February 1991): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095715589100200403.

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Drott, Eric. "Free Jazz and the French Critic." Journal of the American Musicological Society 61, no. 3 (2008): 541–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2008.61.3.541.

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Abstract From the mid-1960s to the early 1970s, free jazz was the subject of considerable public interest in France. The present article examines the conditions that fueled enthusiasm for American avant-garde jazz, focusing on the politicization of discourse surrounding the ‘new thing.’ Critics hostile to the movement felt that it undermined jazz's claim to universality, a cornerstone of postwar attempts to valorize the genre in the French cultural sphere. Yet the tendency to identify free jazz with various forms of African American political radicalism presented no less of a challenge for the movement's advocates. By constructing an image of free jazz that stressed its irremediable difference from the norms and values of European culture, writers were compelled to find alternative ways of relating it to contemporary French concerns. A reading of Philippe Carles and Jean-Louis Comolli's text Free Jazz Black Power shows how the authors' attempt to reinscribe African American cultural nationalism as an expression of transnational anticolonial struggle not only helped bring free jazz closer to the French experience, but also served as a way of working through the unresolved legacies of colonialism.

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White, Eugene N. "Free banking during the French Revolution." Explorations in Economic History 27, no. 3 (July 1990): 251–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(90)90013-o.

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Dauncey, Hugh, and Geoff Hare. "French youth talk radio: the free market and free speech." Media, Culture & Society 21, no. 1 (January 1999): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016344399021001005.

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Bene, Krisztián. "A Szabad Francia Légierő tevékenysége Afrikában." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 12, no. 1-3. (October 30, 2018): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2018.12.1-3.7.

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The Free French Air Forces were the air branch of the Free French Forces during the Second World War from 1940 to 1943 when they finally became part of the new regular French Air Forces. This study aims to present the activity of this special and little-known air force over the territory of Africa during this period.After the French defeat in June 1940 General Charles de Gaulle went to England to continue the fight against the Axis Forces and created the Free French Forces. Several airmen of the French Air Forces rallied to General de Gaulle which allowed the creation of the Free French Forces on 1st July 1940 under the command of Admiral Émile Muselier. The Free French commandment wanted to deploy their units during the reconquest of the French African colonies, so they were sent to participate in the occupation of French Equatorial Africa in 1940. Other flying units struggled in East and North Africa together with British troops against the invading Italian armies. These forces were reorganized in 1941 and continued the fight in the frame of fighter and bombing squadrons (groupes in French). Most of them (five of seven) were created and deployed in Africa as the Lorraine, the Alsace, the Bretagne, the Artois and the Picardie squadrons.From 1940 to 1943 5,000 men served in the ranks of the Free French Air Forces, which is a modest number if we compare with the power of the air forces of the other allied countries. At the same time, the presence and the activity of these forces were an important aid to Great Britain during a hard period of its history, so this contribution was appreciated by the British government in the end of the war at the political scene.

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Bowker, Lynne, and Frédéric Blain. "When French becomes Canadian French." Journal of Internationalization and Localization 9, no. 1 (October 13, 2022): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jial.22007.bow.

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Abstract In late 2020, the free online translation tool Microsoft Translator began to offer the option of translating into “French (Canada)” as a target language, alongside the previously offered “French”. Using a list of ten COVID-19 terms previously identified by Bowker (2020) as having different equivalents in Canadian French and European French, we evaluate the ability of Microsoft Translator to localize these terms into the two varieties of French. The findings indicate that while this tool does a good job of localizing the terms into Canadian French, it also uses a high number of Canadian French terms when the target language is set to “French”. One potential reason for this may be that the corpus used to train the tool for “French” contains a disproportionate number of examples from Canadian sources, and so there may be a problem of bias where the tool is amplifying Canadian French in the machine translation output.

7

Thomas, Martin. "Imperial backwater or strategic outpost? The British takeover of Vicky Madagascar, 1942." Historical Journal 39, no. 4 (December 1996): 1049–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00024754.

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ABSTRACTBetween June 1940 and September 1942 the French colony of Madagascar was a part of the Vichy French empire and a life-line for supplies to French Indo-China. Governor Paul Annet's island administration assumed a critical importance to Britain and South Africa after the fall of Singapore in February 1942. Conscious of the precedent of Vichy's two-fold capitulation to Japanese demands upon Indo-China in August 1940 and July 1941, both the British and the American governments feared that Annet might follow suit, conceding to Japan the use of Madagascar's principal ports and air bases. This threat led to the invasion of Madagascar by British empire forces. The attack began in May 1942 and was completed by October. Much to General Charles de Gaulle's lasting annoyance, the Free French movement played no part in these operations, although the British installed a Free French administration at Tananarive in December. This article examines the Madagascar invasion in the light of this exclusion of the Free French. It measures the strategic importance of the island against the political damage caused to Anglo-Free French relations by the British rebuttal of de Gaulle. It is argued that the British government utilized the Madagascar takeover as a means to keep the French national committee in check, disregarding Free French proposals as a result. Albeit temporary, this generated political confusion within Madagascar itself.

8

Cole, Robert, and G. E. Maguire. "Anglo-American Policy towards the Free French." American Historical Review 102, no. 4 (October 1997): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170676.

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Zimmerman, Sarah J. "The Gendered Consequences of Abolition and Citizenship on Nineteenth-Century Gorée Island." Journal of Women's History 35, no. 3 (September 2023): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2023.a905188.

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Abstract: In the spring of 1848, the French Second Republic abolished slavery and made citizens of most adult male residents in its overseas territories. Gorée Island (Senegal) became a French exclave, where free and freed women experienced socioeconomic and political decline. The patriarchal French state that “liberated” enslaved women and “enfranchised” former female slave owners simultaneously limited Goréen women’s avenues to economic prosperity and political authority. French republicanism unsettled a significant sociopolitical distinction, the slave–nonslave divide, making gender a more salient factor mediating Goréens’ access to liberty and the public sphere. Goréen women experienced their formal integration into the Second French Republic—with the regime’s patriarchal republican laws and institutions—as colonialism. Goréens became members of a French Republic that championed universal equality, gendered difference, and patriarchy. French republican tenets excluded Goréen women from civic politics and the public sphere and created female colonial subjects on an island of citizens.

10

Gaspar Celaya, Diego. "Spanish exiles, transnational soldiers from the French internment camps to the Free French Forces." Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies 27, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14701847.2021.1898153.

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Lenoble-Pinson, Michèle. "The "Dictionary of the French Academy" digitized, open and free." XLinguae 14, no. 4 (October 2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2021.14.04.01.

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Few people are familiar with the Dictionary of the French Academy. However, it provides the official French spelling. Each edition introduces words and graphic modifications. Since 2020, a digital portal provides access to 9 editions, to the conjugation tables of 6,200 verbs and to 900 "Dire, ne pas dire" notices from the French Academy. The rectified forms in 1990 were incorporated at various stages. Hypertext links lead to external resources such as the France Terme database, which offers officially recommended scientific and technical terms, and the Base de données lexicographiques panfrancophone (B.D.L.P.), which brings together lexical varieties from twenty Francophone countries. The Dictionary of the Academy and its supplements, with direct and free access, can be consulted on any digital medium (tablet, mobile phone, computer). www.dictionnaire-academie.fr

12

Lamiroy, Béatrice. "Les notions linguistiques de figement et de contrainte." Grammaires et Lexiques Comparés 26, no. 1 (September 30, 2003): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.26.1.03lam.

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Summary The paper addresses the question of how the notion of fixed expression or idiom has to be defined. Usually idioms are defined as expressions which are characterized by semantic opacity, lack of lexical (paradigmatic) variation and morphosyntactic constraints. However, so-called ‘free’ (i.e. non idiomatic) expressions can be shown to bear similar lexical and morphosyntactic constraints, so that the limit between ‘fixed’ and ‘free’ expressions is much less clear-cut than one would expect. The only real difference which opposes idioms from ‘non-idioms’ is semantic opacity. This theoretical problem is illustrated in the paper by a case study of regional French expressions belonging either to Quebec French, Belgian French, Swiss French or French from France. The latter research is part of a large project (BFQS-project) which aims at the recollection and syntactic description of all French idiomatic expressions used in Europe and/or North-America.

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Scheck, Raffael. "Les prémices de Thiaroye: L’influence de la captivité allemande sur les soldats noirs français à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale." French Colonial History 13 (May 1, 2012): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41938223.

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Abstract After repressing the mutiny of West African ex-prisoners in Thiaroye near Dakar on 1 December 1944, the French military authorities concluded that the German treatment of these prisoners had made them prone to revolting. Allegedly, the Germans had planned to destabilize French colonialism by treating the prisoners well (despite the German army massacres of black French soldiers in June 1940) and by allowing black prisoners to enter into intimate relationships with white French women. The article critically analyzes the explanations of the French authorities for the revolt of Thiaroye, tracing the motivations of the ex-prisoners to the way they interpreted Free French policies after liberation in the context of their captivity experience. It argues that the relatively correct German treatment of the African POWs after the summer of 1940 and the contacts of prisoners with French civilians were circumstantial and not part of a deliberate German policy to incite revolts in the French colonies. Ultimately, the unruliness of African ex-prisoners resulted much less from German measures than from the disillusioning experience of the soldiers with the Vichy and Free French authorities during and after captivity, which formed a powerful contrast to the mostly friendly and respectful treatment of the Africans by the French civilian population.

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Faucher, Charlotte. "Transnational Cultural Propaganda." French Politics, Culture & Society 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 48–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2019.370104.

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The Second World War challenged the well-established circulation of cultural practices between France and Britain. But it also gave individuals, communities, states, and aspiring governments opportunities to invent new forms of international cultural promotion that straddled the national boundaries that the war had disrupted. Although London became the capital city of the main external Resistance movement Free France, the latter struggled to establish its cultural agenda in Britain, owing, on the one hand, to the British Council’s control over French cultural policies and, on the other hand, to the activities of anti-Gaullist Resistance fighters based in London who ascribed different purposes to French arts. While the British Council and a few French individuals worked towards prolonging French cultural policies that had been in place since the interwar period, Free French promoted rather conservative and traditional images of France so as to reclaim French culture in the name of the Resistance.

15

Bordi, Peter L., Jennifer H. Stokols, Danielle M. Hack, Michele D. Rager, and S. William Hessert. "Sensory evaluation of salted trans fat-free french fries vs. salted trans fat french fries." Journal of Foodservice 18, no. 5 (October 28, 2007): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4506.2007.00066.x.

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Faucher, Charlotte. "From Gaullism to Anti-Gaullism: Denis Saurat and the French Cultural Institute in Wartime London." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 1 (July 21, 2017): 60–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009417699866.

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This article explores the case of the French cultural institute in London which found itself at the nexus of Gaullist as well as anti-Gaullist networks during the Second World War. By analysing the support that the institute’s director, Denis Saurat, brought to Charles de Gaulle in the early days of Free France, the article contributes to our understanding of the formation of Free French political thought. This study analyses Saurat’s shifting position in the movement, from being Gaullist to becoming an active partisan of anti-Gaullism. The examination of Saurat’s networks and politics helps to re-appraise further trends of anti-Gaullism caused by leftist views not least regarding the lack of democratic principles that characterized Free France in 1940–2. Finally, Saurat’s anti-Gaullism was also prompted by his refusal to put the French cultural institute in London at the service of de Gaulle and support Free French propagandist, cultural and academic ambitions in the world. Overall this article argues for a reassessment of London-based leftist anti-Gaullism understood not just through issues of personalities and democracy but also through the prism of cultural diplomacy and propaganda.

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Mickelson, Martin L. "Operation SUSAN: The Origins of the Free French Movement." Military Affairs 52, no. 4 (October 1988): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1988451.

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Chartier, C., C. Benoit, and M. P. Pellet. "Serum pepsinogen concentrations in strongyle-free French dairy goats." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 16, no. 4 (August 1993): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(93)90041-q.

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Mezaize, S., S. Chevallier, A. Le Bail, and M. de Lamballerie. "Optimization of Gluten-Free Formulations for French-Style Breads." Journal of Food Science 74, no. 3 (April 2009): E140—E146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01096.x.

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THOMAS, MARTIN. "Silent Partners: SOE's French Indo-China Section, 1943–1945." Modern Asian Studies 34, no. 4 (October 2000): 943–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00003796.

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Pursued over the last two years of the Pacific war, the Free French effort to organize and direct an effective resistance to the Japanese occupation of Indo-China ended in military failure. Characterized by administrative complexity, inadequate supplies and attenuated communications, Gaullist insurgency was marred by Free France's de facto reliance upon Admiral Louis Mountbatten's South East Asia Command (SEAC). While the re-conquest of Malaya and Burma remained incomplete, British backing for a resistance network in Indo-China was bound to be limited. And as British interest in the final re-conquest of their own territories climaxed in the spring and summer of 1945, so material provision for the French in Indo-China inevitably declined. Although Mountbatten consistently supported his Free French protégés, Churchill, in particular, was reluctant to take issue with his American allies. Neither the US government nor American commanders in China and the Pacific supported Free French methods and objectives. By 1945, the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS), dedicated to supporting guerrilla warfare and resistance organization, and the Office of War Information (OWI), which disseminated US propaganda, were developing independent contacts inside northern Indo-China. As a result, the OSS increasingly endorsed the one truly effective resistance movement: Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh coalition.

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Mo, Ce, Irene Cristofori, Guillaume Lio, Alice Gomez, Jean-René Duhamel, Chen Qu, and Angela Sirigu. "Culture-free perceptual invariant for trustworthiness." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): e0263348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263348.

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Humans beings decide to trust others selectively, often based on the appearance of a face. But how do observers deal with the wide variety of facial morphologies and, in particular, those outside their own familiar cultural group? Using reverse correlation, a data-driven approach to explore how individuals create internal representations without external biases, we studied the generation of trustworthy faces by French and Chinese participants (N = 160) within and outside their own cultural group. Participants selected the most trustworthy or attractive (control condition) face from two identical European or Asian descent faces that had been modified by different noise masks. A conjunction analysis to reveal facial features common to both cultures showed that Chinese and French participants unconsciously increased the contrast of the "pupil-iris area" to make the face appear more trustworthy. No significant effects common to both groups were found for the attraction condition suggesting that attraction judgements are dependent on cultural processes. These results suggest the presence of universal cross-cultural mechanisms for the construction of implicit first impressions of trust, and highlight the importance of the eyes area in this process.

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Kleiser, R. Grant. "An Empire of Free Ports: British Commercial Imperialism in the 1766 Free Port Act." Journal of British Studies 60, no. 2 (April 2021): 334–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2020.250.

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AbstractThe Free Port Act of 1766 was an important reform in British political economy during the so-called imperial crisis between the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) and the American Revolution (1775–1783). In an explicit break from the letter if not the spirit of the Navigation Acts, the act opened six British ports in the West Indies (two in Dominica and four in Jamaica) to foreign merchants trading in a highly regulated number of goods subject to various duties. Largely understudied, this legislation has been characterized in most previous work on the subject as a fundamental break from British mercantile policies and meant to benefit North American colonial merchants. This article proposes a different interpretation. Based on the wider context of other imperial free port models, the loss of conquests such as French Guadeloupe and Martinique and Spanish Havana in the 1763 Paris Peace Treaty, a postwar downturn in Anglo-Spanish trade, and convincing testimonies by merchants and colonial observers, policy makers in London conceived of free ports primarily as a means of extending Britain's commercial empire. The free port system was designed to ruin the rival Dutch trade economically and shackle Spanish and French colonists to Britain's mercantile, manufacturing, and slaving economies. The reform marks a key moment in the evolution of British free trade imperial designs that became prevalent in the nineteenth century and beyond.

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Wells, Paul. "FRENCH PROTESTANTISM AND ITS AMBIVALENT ATTITUDE TOWARD CULTURE." VERBUM CHRISTI: JURNAL TEOLOGI REFORMED INJILI 6, no. 2 (October 14, 2019): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51688/vc6.2.2019.art1.

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Protestantism in France has an ambiguous attitude to the surrounding culture, because of its position as a small minority. The other forces present are Roman Catholic authoritarianism and the liberal free-thinking of Enlightenment humanism, represented by the likes of Voltaire and Rousseau. The paradox is that since the Revolution in 1789, which was anti-royal and anti-religious, when Protestantism has sided with the majority Roman Church it has undermined its Reformed identity, and when it has sided with libertarian free-thinking it has undermined its Christian identity. This remains a feature of French Protestantism until the present day. As a result of this tension, the thought of one of France’s greatest thinkers, John Calvin, became virtually unknown, not only in French culture and society as a whole, but also within French Protestantism itself. KEYWORDS: Protestant, Reformed, French, Catholic

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Wardleworth, Nina. "The documentary as a site of commemoration: filming the Free French dissidents from the French Antilles." European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 25, no. 2 (February 27, 2018): 374–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2017.1415302.

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Belavina, Ekaterina M. "On the Wreckage of the Bastille of Rhymes." Literature of the Americas, no. 14 (2023): 30–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2023-14-30-50.

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Two texts by A. Rimbaud, published in 1886, but written earlier, and not poems by G. Kahn, J. Laforgue or J. Moréas, are considered the first vers libre in French. The paper shows two approaches to the analysis of free verse rhythm: the rules for reading and counting silent [Ə]; free verse is considered as a derivative of verse or prose, respectively (K. Scott and M. Murat), which proves the fundamental ambiguity of this poetic form and the importance of the reader’s perception in the process of reading as co-creation. The arguments of opponents and supporters of free verse, the so-called “free verse controversy” (“querelle du vers libre”) prove that in the imagination of writers there exists the connection between the poetic system and the social order. The paper considers the opposition proposed by the French researcher M. Murat — that of the national French vers libre and the international free verse that goes back to the American, that is to say Whitman’s model of Whitman through Valerie Larbeau’s poetry. The creative act of Larbeau, who created a heteronym — the English-language poet Barnabooth, raises the question of erasing national prosody and switching the linguistic code.

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KONOLD, DIETER. "Farm Interests as Bargaining Chips: France in the EU-Mercosur Free Trade Negotiations." Journal of Public Policy 30, no. 3 (November 4, 2010): 321–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x10000139.

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AbstractIn trade policy France ranks as one of the most protectionist countries in the European Union. From an outside perspective, the French attitude is usually explained as a consequence of the strength and influence of the agrarian lobby. The article argues that farm groups in France have lost their formerly privileged position and the power to pursue their interests politically. A closer look at domestic politics shows that agricultural reforms were successfully implemented against the opposition of the farm lobby during the last ten years. But at the same time, French policy-makers were keen to create the impression that they were unable to make concessions in international trade talks due to the resistance of the agricultural sector. The EU-Mercosur negotiations demonstrate how the French government fended off demands for liberalization using farm interests as bargaining chips.

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Dawes, Simon. "Charlie Hebdo, Free Speech and Counter-Speech." Sociological Research Online 20, no. 3 (August 2015): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.3765.

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This brief rapid response article considers the French media framing of the Charlie Hebdo attack in terms of ‘Republican values’ such as free speech, and critiques the post-political and moralistic reduction of debate to ‘right and wrong’ arguments, as well as the fetishisation of the right to offend and the depoliticisation of the right to be offended.

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Horan, Joseph. "The Colonial Famine Plot: Slavery, Free Trade, and Empire in the French Atlantic, 1763–1791." International Review of Social History 55, S18 (December 2010): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000519.

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SummaryThis essay examines the use of famine-plot rhetoric in the course of disputes over free trade in the French Atlantic during the late eighteenth century. Seeking to discredit officially sanctioned trade monopolies, French plantation owners frequently suggested that the control exercised by metropolitan merchants over transatlantic commerce was responsible for food shortages among the enslaved population of the colonies. In reality, the planters themselves bore primary responsibility for malnutrition in the French Caribbean, thanks to their reliance on the slave trade and support for the expansion of plantation agriculture. While proponents of the colonial famine plot accepted that plantation slavery had made it impossible for the resources available in the colonies to sustain the growing enslaved population, they remained committed to the plantation system. In advocating expanded free trade as the best means to ensure the continued growth of the colonies, French planters anticipated a response to the environmental problems caused by colonial expansion that became increasingly prevalent among proponents of European imperialism during the nineteenth century.

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Olukoju, Ayodeji. "‘King of West Africa’? Bernard Bourdillon and the Politics of the West African Governors' Conference, 1940–1942." Itinerario 30, no. 1 (March 2006): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300012511.

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The outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 and the collapse of French resistance to the German onslaught a year later were momentous events which had far-reaching implications for France, Britain, and their colonies. In West Africa, the war affected existing patterns of inter-state relations within and across the French/British imperial divides, which were further complicated for the British by the emergence of two blocs in the French colonial empire – Vichy and Free French. It was in this context that the West African Governors' Conference was created in 1940 to coordinate the war effort and to manage relations with the French colonies.

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Jouirou, Meriem, and Faten Lakhal. "Voluntary disclosure and free cash flow in family French firms." Corporate Ownership and Control 17, no. 4, Special Issue (2020): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv17i4siart15.

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This research investigates the governance role of voluntary disclosures especially in reducing agency problems measured by the level of free cash flow (FCF). In addition, it also shows the moderating effect of family ownership and governance mechanisms on this relation. Our research was conducted on a sample of 138 listed French firms between 2009 and 2013. To avoid the endogeneity problem caused by the voluntary disclosure variable we used the 2SLS regression method. The results show, on the one hand, that transparency provided by voluntary disclosures reduces the level of FCF and by the way agency problems. But family owners tend to accumulate FCF. On the other hand, the governance role of voluntary disclosure turns to be ineffective in family firms. This suggests a high risk of expropriation of minority shareholders by family ones. In addition, we demonstrate that governance mechanisms, especially board independence, gender diversity and audit committee independence, contribute to the strengthening of the governance role of voluntary disclosure.

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Bahaman Tuan Rifaaz et al.,, Bahaman Tuan Rifaaz et al ,. "French Green Purchase Intention of Palm Oil Free Nut Butter." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 10, no. 3 (2020): 4341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdjun2020414.

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Lee, Jin-Gyu, Jae-Deuk Yun, and Yoong-Ho Jung. "Interference-free French door design using four-bar linkage mechanism." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 12, no. 5 (May 31, 2011): 2031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2011.12.5.2031.

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O'Dowd, A. "French women to have PIP breast implants removed for free." BMJ 343, dec28 2 (December 28, 2011): d8329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d8329.

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John, Kesewa. "To be Free and French: Citizenship in France’s Atlantic Empire." French History 32, no. 3 (July 28, 2018): 452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/cry063.

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Drake, Helen. "France in Free Fall? French Perspectives on the Astérix Complex." French Politics 2, no. 2 (July 27, 2004): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200059.

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Allgeyer, S., H. Hébert, and R. Madariaga. "Modelling the tsunami free oscillations in the Marquesas (French Polynesia)." Geophysical Journal International 193, no. 3 (March 9, 2013): 1447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt064.

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Scheck, Raffael. "Free French Africa in World War II. The African Resistance." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 50, no. 3 (September 2016): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2016.1228780.

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Rossignol, Marie-Jeanne. "To be free and French: citizenship in France's atlantic empire." Slavery & Abolition 40, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 629–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039x.2019.1640411.

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de Thoisy, Benoît, Ingrun Vogel, Jean-Marc Reynes, Jean-François Pouliquen, Bernard Carme, Mirdad Kazanji, and Jean-Christophe Vié. "Health evaluation of translocated free-ranging primates in French Guiana." American Journal of Primatology 54, no. 1 (April 19, 2001): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1008.

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Dziadzio, Andrzej. "Vertragstypenzwang im Code civil? Die Gültigkeit gegenseitiger Verträge in der Judikatur der Freien Stadt Krakau (1815–1846)." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 139, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgg-2022-0011.

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Abstract Contract-nominalism in the Code civil? The validity of bilateral agreements in the judicature of the courts of the Free City of Krakow (1815–1846). The courts of the Free City of Kraków, when applying Article 1325 of the Code civil, adopted a different direction from the courts in Baden or the French judiciary, both of which modified its strict content. In addition to the differences between the Polish, German and French judicatures, there were inconsistencies between individual judgements relating to the form of bilateral agreements in all three cases. As a result, the citizens of the Free City of Kraków, the Grand Duchy of Baden, or France, had no sufficient certainty as to whether their contracts would be adequately protected in the event of a dispute between the parties. The analyzed cases show a convergence of the jurisprudence of the Baden and French courts, which presented a bolder approach to the issue of the validity of bilateral agreements, thereby protecting the Code Civil principle of the freedom of contracts. Kraków courts refrained from such a creative interpretation of the article 1325 and based their rulings on its literal wording. This was partly due to the fact that Polish scholars and judges did not have easy access to the achievements of French jurisprudence at that time. The courts of Baden adjudicated in more favourable conditions, because French and German legal thoughts on the implementation of Code Civil intertwined and complemented each other.

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Starets, Moshé. "The complementizer C with the WH-word quo in a Franco-Ontarian vernacular of south-western Ontario." Journal of French Language Studies 12, no. 1 (March 2002): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269502000145.

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In this article, we will examine the Complementizer Phrase (CP) involving the element quo in the oral expression of a small French community in the south-western tip of the province of Ontario in Canada, in an area historically known as La Petite-Côte (LPC) where French has been spoken for three centuries now. We will examine the various types of sentences in LPC that feature a CP: free relatives, partial direct questions, indirect questions and full relatives. The Complementizer in LPC can be simple or composite; it is more complex than its standard French (SF) counterpart. We will examine the various allomorphs of each one of these Complementizers. Contrary to Standard French, LPC French, like colloquial French and other French Canadian vernaculars, allows doubly filled CP. The aim of this article is to contribute to the descriptive information available about French Canadian varieties.

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Baranowski, Marcin. ""Gotowi do zemsty...” – projekt sformowania polskiego „wolnego korpusu” w okresie kampanii francuskiej 1814 roku." Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy 24, no. 1 (2023): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32089/wbh.phw.2023.1(283).0003.

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During the campaign of 1814 the French army was supported by the „free corps”, a unit that carried out irregular operations. A proposal to form a similar unit to supplement the Polish army was presented to the chief of staff of the Great Army by Stanisław Żarski, the chef de battalion from the Duchy of Warsaw’s army. The Polish „free corps” was to include soldiers of Polish descent that were currently held in prisoner of war camps in France. The details of Żarski’s proposal combined elements characteristic of both the Polish and French military.

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Urbański, Stanisław. "Wpływ opóźnionych zmiennych warunkowych na zmiany stóp zwrotu akcji notowanych na GPW w Warszawie." Przegląd Statystyczny. Statistical Review 2009, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.59139/ps.2009.01.7.

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The paper presents the testing of Fama and French three-factor model and the two- and three-factor aggregated model proposed earlier by the author. The conducted test concerns the impact of condition variables on changes to the rates of return on the shares quoted on the Warsaw Stock Exchange main market for 1995-2005. The analysis is based on the procedure proposed by Ferson and Harvey (1999). Fama and French lagged factors act as condition variables, the lagged rate of return on free-from-risk shares and lagged factor HMLF of the proposed aggregated model. The results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that the lagged rate of return on free-from-risk shares contributes additional information both to Fama and French model and the aggregated model. It implies that the two procedures may not be regarded as the examples of condition models. Lagged factor HMLF also has an impact on Fama and French model. On the other hand, no impact is recorded of Fama and French lagged factors on the description of the rates of return by means of the aggregated model. On the basis of the obtained results one should noute that the aggregated 2-factor and 3-factor models explain the cross section of average returns of shares listed on the Polish market better than Fama and French 3-factor model.

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Scott, Clive. "French and English Rhymes Compared." Empirical Studies of the Arts 10, no. 2 (July 1992): 121–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ufek-yh99-erm5-7jab.

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The richness and complexity of rhyme has to a great extent been ignored. This article first examines the structural role of rhymes within metrics, illuminating its contrasted role in French and English verse. Linguistic differences and their consequences for the exploitation of various rhyme schemes in French and English are also examined—for example through a discussion of the role of rhyme in French classical drama as compared to English Restoration drama. The semantic and pragmatic consequences of rhyme are also addressed, with special emphasis on the comparative anatomy of rhyme words (morphemes, suffixes, endings) and the changed significance of rhyme with the advent of free verse.

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Yuliati, Ria, and Charlotte Simonutti. "PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BAHASA PRANCIS LISAN MAHASISWA PRODI BAHASA DAN SASTRA PRANCIS MELALUI TUGAS PEMBUATAN VIDEO VISITE GUIDÉE." Puitika 13, no. 1 (August 29, 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/puitika.13.1.49--61.2017.

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MEA (ASEAN Economics Society) is defined as an agreement among ASEAN leaders in the last decade to make integrated ASEAN economy, namely free trade: goods, services, investation and workers. One important thing to get ready for MEA is foreign language proficiency including French. However, spoken French proficiency of university students is still low. That is why this research intends to solve this problem: what is the strategy to improvestudents speaking ability on French and how to make video visite guidée (tourisme guide using French). This research was Classroom Action Research (CAR) as an action conducted in the class to solve a problem. It used Kurt Lewin cycle: planning, acting, observing, reflecting. The result of the research: an effort to improve students speaking ability on French is by developing a video visite guidée using French. The result of the research has given significances cognitively (knowledge on French), affectively (interest and confidence using French) and psychomotoric (video development). There are some steps to develop video visite guidée.

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Boussoualim, Malika. "Translingual Practice and Transcultural Connections in Assia Djebar’s La Femme sans sépulture." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 10, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2018-0017.

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AbstractLa Femme sans sépulture is one of Djebar’s recent publications which carries on with the author’s self-proclaimed project of recreating an Arabo-Berber past in a French text. The recreation process is achieved through writing in French, which is invaded by Algerian women’s oral voices. In this article, I will argue that French and Algerian oral languages – Arabic and Berber – mutually influence each other, allowing the emergence of new linguistic structures. This is evidenced in the text by the use of free indirect discourse which allows the oral to modify French while being modified by it. Relying on Suresh Canagarajah’s studies on cross-language relations, the mutual relations between Algerian orality and French are interpreted as translingual practices aimed to promote transcultural communication.

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Gabriell, João. "“Free Our Brothers!”." South Atlantic Quarterly 118, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 686–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-7616260.

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Why does a given oppressed group sometimes revolt and take to the streets, while other times it does not? This is a question that is never easy to answer. It requires a detailed examination of its history in a given context (here, France), the conditions and means for self-organization, the forms resistance takes, the struggles for hegemony within this social group to impose a group definition, what should comprise its struggle for emancipation. This article is an attempt to question how the revolt against slavery in Libya, after its presentation in a CNN video, was politicized by black people in the French context. We pay attention to the fact that the outrage exceeded frontiers of political organization and took the form of a mass revolt, under the “black” banner. But it has also shown limits in terms of translating this indignation into a political project of emancipation. To our understanding, those limits take root in the weakness of materialist analysis of race and migration as historical processes within a capitalist system, which cannot be understood solely in terms of ideology.

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Heilenman, L. Kathy, and Janet L. McDonald. "Dislocated sequences and word order in French: a processing approach." Journal of French Language Studies 3, no. 2 (September 1993): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500001733.

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AbstractThis article reports the results of three studies dealing with dislocated sequences in French. A text count of written and spoken French reveals that word order is not entirely free in these sequences but instead obeys certain constraints. Two studies then investigate the use of cues (word order, clitic pronoun type, clitic pronoun agreement and animacy) in the interpretation of dislocated sequences by native speakers of French. Results indicate that the constraints found in the text count, with minor modifications, are also operative in processing.

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Pack, Daniel, and Louis Pons. "Correlation between Two Indices of Commonality and of Repetition in Free Word-Association Responses." Psychological Reports 56, no. 3 (June 1985): 931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.3.931.

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Two samples of subjects, one French ( n = 50) and one American ( n = 29), were given free word-association tests consisting of two successive presentations of the same list of stimulus words separated by a 15-min. interval. Both the frequency of “most common responses” (as defined by Palermo and Jenkins' word association norms for the Americans and a reference sample for the French) and the frequency of repeated responses (responses repeated on successive presentations) remained consistent for individual subjects tested on separate occasions with two different lists of 20 words. There was also a significant correlation between these two parameters for individual subjects.

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Safarova, U. "Lexical Contamination in French: Morphological Aspect." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/49/64.

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The author studies the complex of contaminated formations of various levels in the linguistic system taking into consideration principles, revealing their pragmatic peculiarities on the level of speech realization. The author notes that morphological base of contaminated words is provided by joining of morphemes with partial pushing of one into another. With this, one common starting morpheme is formed of two root morphemes of starting material. In order to form joint words free syntactic construction is used, its stereotype character and frequent reiteration in various spheres of linguistic communication.

Journal articles on the topic 'Free French'

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