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Journal articles on the topic 'Free enterprise – History'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Surdam, David George. "Lawrence B. Glickman, Free Enterprise: An American History." History: Reviews of New Books 48, no. 2 (March 3, 2020): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2020.1720477.

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2

Oreskes, Naomi. "Science, Technology and Free Enterprise." Centaurus 52, no. 4 (October 21, 2010): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2010.00193.x.

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3

Hirsch, Jean-Pierre. "Revolutionary France, Cradle of Free Enterprise." American Historical Review 94, no. 5 (December 1989): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1906351.

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4

Clarke, Sally, and Stuart Bruchey. "Enterprise: The Dynamic Economy of a Free People." Journal of Southern History 57, no. 4 (November 1991): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2210656.

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5

Goldin, Claudia, and Stuart Bruchey. "Enterprise: The Dynamic Economy of a Free People." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22, no. 2 (1991): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205899.

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6

Kyung-Ran Lee. "America “Free Enterprise” Narratives and the Production of History: George Lamming’s The Pleasures of Exile and Michelle Cliff’s Free Enterprise." English & American Cultural Studies 12, no. 2 (August 2012): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15839/eacs.12.2.201208.181.

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7

Qiu, Rongguo, Yutong Wang, and Tingqiang Chen. "The Intertemporal Evolution Model of Enterprise R&D Cooperative Network." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2019 (December 15, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9241817.

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Cooperation plays an irreplaceable role in knowledge creation and innovation. Innovation cooperation among enterprises forms a complex network of enterprise R&D. Given the intertemporal R&D network evolution and the complex influence between stock knowledge, this study constructs a discrete indefinitely intertemporal evolution model of an enterprise R&D cooperation network. The model consists of two main parts, that is, first is how technological innovation depends on the structure of enterprise R&D cooperation network and the second is how the enterprise R&D cooperation network evolves according to the level of technological innovation. This work uses calculation experiment and simulation method to study the evolution characteristics of enterprise R&D network in different initial R&D network topology structures, such as Erdos–Renyi random graph, WS small-world network, and BA scale-free network, and determine how previous history, attractiveness, and reputation for enterprise influence the steady-state characteristics of R&D network evolution. Results show that (1) when the R&D network evolution reaches a stable state, the joint distribution of stock knowledge and the number of cooperative enterprises do not affect the initial R&D network topology. However, the evolution path of the enterprise R&D network is complicated by the initial R&D network topology. (2) Among the three factors through which enterprises make decisions, if the enterprise values previous history highly, then the stock knowledge in a steady state will dissipate; if the enterprise values reputation highly, then the stock knowledge in a steady state will decrease but always above a threshold; if the enterprise values attractiveness highly, then the stock knowledge in a steady state can rise to a high level. These conclusions have important theoretical values and practical significance for the promotion of enterprise scientific and technological innovation and cooperative research.
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8

Erickson, Charlotte, and Stuart Bruchey. "Enterprise: The Dynamic Economy of a Free People." Economic History Review 44, no. 4 (November 1991): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597841.

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9

Oldham, Sam. "“To think in enterprising ways”: enterprise education and enterprise culture in New Zealand." History of Education Review 47, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-10-2017-0017.

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Purpose Enterprise education (EE) is a growing educational phenomenon. Despite its proliferation globally, there is little critical research on the field. In particular, the ideological potential of EE has been ignored by education scholars. This paper is the first to review the history of the Enterprise New Zealand Trust (ENZT) (known as the Young Enterprise Trust from 2009), as the largest and oldest organisation for the delivery of EE in New Zealand. It examines the activities of the ENZT and its networks in the context of the ascent of neoliberalism including its cultural manifestation in the form of a national “enterprise culture”. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the precise nature of the proximity between the ENZT and neoliberal ideology. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses document analysis, internet searches and interviews to reconstruct aspects of the history of the ENZT. Historical examination of the ENZT is in part obstructed by a lack of access to direct source material prior to the 1990s, as publications and materials of the ENZT are only available in archives from the early 1990s. The ENZT was, however, important to broader historical networks and actors, such as employer associations and think tanks, who left behind more robust records. Unlike the ENZT itself, these actors are given significant attention in literature which can be drawn upon to further enhance understandings of the ENZT and its relationship to neoliberalism. Findings This paper reveals that the ENZT has been a major conduit for enterprise culture and neoliberalism since its inception. It has been explicitly concerned with the development of enterprise culture through activities targeting both school students and the general public. Its educational activities, though presented in non-ideological terms, were designed to inculcate students in neoliberal or free market capitalist principles, including amenability towards private ownership of goods and services, private investment, private finance of public projects, free markets and free trade. These findings might serve to encourage critical attitudes among researchers and policy actors as to the broader ideological role of EE on a general scale. Research limitations/implications EE on the whole requires closer examination by critical education researchers. The overwhelmingly majority of existing research is concerned with enhancing the practices of EE, while deeper questions regarding its ideological implications are ignored. Perhaps as a result, EE as a conceptual category lacks definitional clarity, as researchers and policy actors grapple with its meaning. If it can be established that EE schemes are not merely “neutral” or non-ideological educational projects, but rather are serious purveyors of ideology, this should have implications for future research and particularly for policy actors involved in the field. A review of the history of the ENZT may be illuminative in this respect, as it reveals the organisation’s record of deliberate political or ideological messaging. Originality/value This paper is the first to review the history of the ENZT as the largest provider of EE in New Zealand. EE has become a global phenomenon in recent decades. Non-existent in New Zealand before the 1970s, it is now a staple of the school system, its principles enshrined in the national curriculum document. Within a decade of the ENZT’s inauguration in 1986, eight out of ten secondary schools were using its services. Despite this, the ENZT is all but absent from existing historical literature. Analysing the history of the ENZT allows for enhanced understanding of an important actor within New Zealand education, whose history has been overlooked, as well as provides insight into the broader ideological implications of EE.
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10

Walker, Juliet E. K. "Racism, Slavery, and Free Enterprise: Black Entrepreneurship in the United States before the Civil War." Business History Review 60, no. 3 (1986): 343–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115882.

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In reconstructing the early business history of black America, Professor Walker emphasizes the diversity and complexity of antebellum black entrepreneurship, both slave and free. With few exceptions, prevailing historical assessments have confined their analyses of pre-Civil War black business participation to marginal enterprises, concentrated primarily in craft and service industries. In America's preindustrial mercantile business community, however, blacks established a wide variety of enterprises, some of them remarkably successful. The business activities of antebellum blacks not only offer insights into the multiplicity of responses to the constraints of racism and slavery, but also highlight relatively unexplored areas in the historical development of the free enterprise system in the United States.
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11

Puette, William J., and Elizabeth A. Fones-Wolf. "Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-60." Journal of American History 82, no. 4 (March 1996): 1638. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2945426.

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12

Sheriff, Robert E. "History of geophysical technology through advertisements in GEOPHYSICS." GEOPHYSICS 50, no. 12 (December 1985): 2299–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1441872.

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Exploration geophysics has been largely a free‐enterprise venture and new developments have been “sold” through advertisements in the journal Geophysics. Thus, a review of advertisements provides an eclectic history of geophysics. The following is the view obtained from advertisements alone. The dates cited are usually when ads for innovations first appeared. New features often had been applied earlier, before they were advertised.
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13

Watts, Sarah Lyons, and Elizabeth A. Fones-Wolf. "Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-60." American Historical Review 101, no. 3 (June 1996): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169590.

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14

McDonough, Carol C. "U.S. Telco Industry History as a Prologue to its Future." Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 5, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v5n2.108.

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The United States telco industry has been shaped by the interplay of technological advance, free enterprise, politics, public pressure, and government regulation. The history of the industry reveals a continuing tension between the forces of competition and concentration. Having coursed through eras of monopoly, competition, and regulated monopoly, the telcos are now in a more competitive arena. There is regulatory uncertainty on the issue of net neutrality.
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McDonough, Carol C. "U.S. Telco Industry History as a Prologue to its Future." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 5, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v5n2.108.

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The United States telco industry has been shaped by the interplay of technological advance, free enterprise, politics, public pressure, and government regulation. The history of the industry reveals a continuing tension between the forces of competition and concentration. Having coursed through eras of monopoly, competition, and regulated monopoly, the telcos are now in a more competitive arena. There is regulatory uncertainty on the issue of net neutrality.
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16

Casson, Mark. "Institutional Diversity in Overseas Enterprise: Explaining the Free-Standing Company." Business History 36, no. 4 (October 1994): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076799400000126.

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17

Penfold, Steve. "Cyril Shelford, Gasoline, and the Politics of Free Enterprise in Postwar British Columbia." Canadian Historical Review 100, no. 2 (May 2019): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.2017-0034.

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18

Fones-Wolf, Elizabeth, and Ken Fones-Wolf. "Managers and Ministers: Instilling Christian Free Enterprise in the Postwar Workplace." Business History Review 89, no. 1 (2015): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680515000070.

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This article examines the early industrial chaplain movement. In the midst of a postwar religious revival, companies, primarily in the South, hired Protestant ministers to care for their workers' spiritual needs. Many were motivated by both religious convictions and the desire to build a productive, loyal workforce. The opposition of unions and liberal Protestantism slowed the movement's growth, although over the last three decades thousands of employers have rediscovered the benefits of faith-based workplace programs. This article illuminates important postwar trends such as the persistence of paternalism and the importance of religion in managerial strategies.
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19

HUNT, STEPHEN. "To Serve God and Wal-Mart: The Making of Christian Free Enterprise - By Bethany Moreton." Journal of Religious History 35, no. 2 (May 24, 2011): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.2010.00992.x.

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20

Scheinberg, Stephen, and Elizabeth A. Fones-Wolf. "Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-1960." Labour / Le Travail 39 (1997): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25144141.

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21

Delahaye, Agnès. "To serve God and Wal-Mart: the making of Christian free enterprise." Business History 52, no. 2 (April 2010): 348–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791003612325.

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22

Ross, Carl T. F., Simon Stothard, and Andrew Slaney. "Damage Stability Characteristics of Model RO/RO Ferries." Marine Technology and SNAME News 37, no. 01 (January 1, 2000): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2000.37.1.57.

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The paper reports on experimental investigations which have been made on four model RO/RO ferries. One of these was based on a 1/100th scale model of the Herald of Free Enterprise. Two of the other models were modified versions of the Herald of Free Enterprise, which were so modified that they did not decrease the efficient concept of the vehicle throughput of a conventional vessel. The tests revealed that the capsize times of these modified RO/RO vessels were increased by 350% for one vessel and 500% for the other vessel. The modified vessels should meet SOLAS 90 + 50 regulations. A fourth model was fitted with two equally spaced transverse bulkheads. This model also had good damage stability characteristics. The paper also summarizes the history of some of the past RO/RO ferry disasters.
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23

McCollom, Jason. "The Rise and Fall of United Grain Growers: Cooperatives, Market Regulation, and Free Enterprise." Agricultural History 96, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2022): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-9634713.

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24

Burgin, A. "Bethany Moreton. To Serve God and Wal-Mart: The Making of Christian Free Enterprise." Enterprise and Society 11, no. 1 (November 7, 2009): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khp082.

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25

Hansen, John Mark. "Choosing Sides: The Creation of an Agricultural Policy Network in Congress, 1919–1932." Studies in American Political Development 2 (1987): 183–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00000456.

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In 1930, Congress passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, the last of the major tariff bills that redistributed millions of dollars from consumers to domestic manufacturers. The Smoot-Hawley bill, E. E. Schattschneider observed, arose not from a process that was open and attentive to all but from “a free private enterprise in pressure politics which administered itself”, a process accessible only to protected industrialists and their congressional and bureaucratic allies. The outlines of public policy, he concluded, mirrored the membership of this “private enterprise”: “The nature of public policy is the result of ‘effective demands’ upon the government”.
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Hansen, John Mark. "Choosing Sides: The Creation of an Agricultural Policy Network in Congress, 1919–1932." Studies in American Political Development 2 (1987): 183–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00001759.

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In 1930, Congress passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, the last of the major tariff bills that redistributed millions of dollars from consumers to domestic manufacturers. The Smoot-Hawley bill, E. E. Schattschneider observed, arose not from a process that was open and attentive to all but from “a free private enterprise in pressure politics which administered itself”, a process accessible only to protected industrialists and their congressional and bureaucratic allies. The outlines of public policy, he concluded, mirrored the membership of this “private enterprise”: “The nature of public policy is the result of ‘effective demands’ upon the government”.
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27

Badgley, Kerry. "Paul D. Earl. The Rise and Fall of United Grain Growers: Cooperatives, Market Regulation, and Free Enterprise." American Historical Review 126, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 811–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhab296.

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28

Larsen, Laura. "The Rise and Fall of United Grain Growers: Cooperatives, Market Regulation, and Free Enterprise. Paul D. Earl." Canadian Historical Review 101, no. 4 (December 2020): 668–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr-101.4-br17.

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29

Hamilton, S. "The Populist Appeal of Deregulation: Independent Truckers and the Politics of Free Enterprise, 1935-1980." Enterprise and Society 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2009): 137–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khn042.

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30

Shanken, Andrew M. "Better Living: Toward a Cultural History of a Business Slogan." Enterprise & Society 7, no. 3 (September 2006): 485–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700004389.

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This article traces the migration of the slogan “better living” from its inception in 1935 as an attempt to clean up the corporate image of Du Pont, through its dissemination into the building trades and architecture during and after World War II, and finally into urban planning in the postwar decades. These fields borrowed the phrase back and forth in their promotional literature in order to serve their own, often clashing agendas—one strand of the larger contest between the forces of free enterprise and those of centralized planning and reform. The essay aims to bring together aspects of business, architecture, and planning in order to explore the fertile cultural milieu these different fields shared in the middle decades of the twentieth century.
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31

Coleman, Marie. "The Irish Hospitals Sweepstake in the United States of America, 1930–39." Irish Historical Studies 35, no. 138 (November 2006): 220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400004909.

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From its foundation in 1930 until the end of 1934 the Irish Hospitals Sweepstake sold the overwhelming majority of its tickets in Great Britain. Alarmed at the success of an enterprise that was illegal in its jurisdiction and that resulted in a considerable financial drain to the Irish Free State’s hospital service, the British government enacted a Betting and Lotteries Act in 1934 to curtail the sale of Irish sweepstake tickets there. The result was a substantial decline in British contributions to the sweepstake and in the overall income from ticket sales. The British action threatened the continued existence and success of the venture.
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32

Landes, David S. "Why Europe and the West? Why Not China?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 2 (May 1, 2006): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.2.3.

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In the history of technological development, why didn't other regions keep up with Europe? This is an important question, as one learns almost as much from failure as from success. The one civilization that was in a position to match and even anticipate the European achievement was China. China had two chances: first, to generate a continuing, self-sustaining process of scientific and technological advance on the basis of its indigenous traditions and achievements; and second, to learn from European science and technology once the foreign “barbarians” entered the Chinese domain in the sixteenth century. China failed both times. What explains the first failure? I stress the role of the market: the fact that enterprise was free in Europe while China lacked a free market and institutionalized property rights; that in Europe innovation worked and paid, while the Chinese state was always stepping in to interfere with private enterprise. As for the second failure, China's cultural triumphalism combined with petty downward tyranny made it a singularly bad learner.
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33

Gunning, J. Patrick. "Entrepreneurists and Firmists: Knight vs. The Modern Theory of the Firm." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 15, no. 1 (1993): 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200005253.

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Frank Knight was a “grand theorist.” Like other grand theorists from Adam Smith to Friedrich A. Hayek, his interests extended beyond economics. In economics, his major writings focused on the most general problems of the discipline, his goal being to show the merits and limitations of the free enterprise system. He took a special interest in intersubjective uncertainty and the accompanying problem of agency. To benefit from an economic transaction an individual must rely on others (agents, broadly speaking) to perform actions even though he or she cannot be certain that the others will decide to perform the actions. Agency, in the broadest sense, is present in all relationships that are properly defined as economic. Knight apparently recognized that both the classical liberal's trust in free enterprise and the interventionist's distrust stem from their different views of the agency problem and of how best to solve it. Accordingly, he made the problem a centerpiece of his investigation of free enterprise in his celebrated Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (1921). The agency problem also plays an important role in the modern, or new institutionalist, theory of the firm. The new institutionalists aim to show that some observable economic relationship, rule or procedure in an organization, most notably a Coasean firm, is a result of the efforts of individuals to deal with the agency problem.
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34

Smith, Lewis Charles. "Marketing modernity: Business and family in British Rail’s “Age of the Train” campaign, 1979–84." Journal of Transport History 40, no. 3 (May 17, 2019): 363–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526619848549.

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British Rail’s “Age of the Train” campaign, running between 1979 and 1984, saw an effort by British Rail to align the organisation with prevailing political attitudes of enterprise, competition and family. Traditional historiographies of railway marketing have only engaged with interwar railway marketing, leaving a significant historiographical gap. British Rail in the 1980s was a public enterprise, grew out of consensus political thought, and made heavy losses, all which Thatcher made clear she disliked. Hence, the campaign aimed to present British Rail alongside Thatcher’s free market “enterprise culture”, drawing attention to the competitive and economic strengths of their operations. The campaign highlighted the social benefits of the railway by asserting that travelling by car would cause rifts in the traditional family dynamic and presenting the train as a modern and relevant form of transportation for the era.
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35

Mason, Carol. "To Serve God and Wal-Mart: The Making of a Christian Free Enterprise, by Bethany Moreton." Labor History 52, no. 2 (May 2011): 254–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2011.571512.

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36

Loayza, Matthew. "An ‘Aladdin's lamp’ for free enterprise: Eisenhower, fiscal conservatism, and Latin American nationalism, 1953–61." Diplomacy & Statecraft 14, no. 3 (September 2003): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592290312331295586.

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37

Moreton, B. "The Soul of the Service Economy: Wal-Mart and the Making of Christian Free Enterprise, 1929-1994." Enterprise and Society 8, no. 4 (December 12, 2007): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khm103.

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38

Moreton, Bethany. "The Soul of the Service Economy: Wal-Mart and the Making of Christian Free Enterprise, 1929–1994." Enterprise & Society 8, no. 4 (December 2007): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146722270000642x.

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39

Stirk, Nigel. "Manufacturing Reputations in Late Eighteenth-Century Birmingham." Historical Research 73, no. 181 (June 1, 2000): 142–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00100.

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Abstract This article examines the importance of local reputation and collaborative commercial politics for the business practices of individuals in industrializing Birmingham. It is suggested that shared ideas about quality standards, free trade and the national interest were instrumental in encouraging businessmen to work together to establish local representative institutions. Furthermore, these normative conceptions of how trade should be conducted reflected particular interpretations of the history of Birmingham and of individual enterprise. It is concluded that the particular geography of a provincial town was central to the application of principles and abstract ideas.
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40

Gundur, R. V. "Negotiating Violence and Protection in Prison and on the Outside: The Organizational Evolution of the Transnational Prison Gang Barrio Azteca." International Criminal Justice Review 30, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 30–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567719836466.

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Barrio Azteca is a criminal organization that has significantly evolved since its inception as a prison solidarity group—first into a true prison gang and then into an organized criminal enterprise operating in the free world. Today, Barrio Azteca has declined in power and effectiveness in carceral settings but continues to play an important role in the wholesale and retail drug trade in the Paso del Norte area. Its organizational life cycle appears to parallel that of a licit enterprise, except that it primarily competes in the criminal protection marketplace. Thus, to survive and compete in the market for criminal protection, Barrio Azteca adapted to shifts in control dynamics, demonstrating uncommon resilience, first specializing in protection in response to changes in carceral violence and, later, expanding into the drug-trafficking market in response to violence in the criminal underworld both inside and outside prison. This article traces that history of adaptation and persistence, situating it within a synthesis of currently accepted theoretical models of criminal organizational evolution, and in so doing, provides the first organizational history of a prison gang—Barrio Azteca—published in the academic literature.
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Ross, Carl T. F., Ioannis Mourtos, and George Papanikolaou. "Effect of Longitudinal Bulkheads on Damage Stability of Model RO/RO Ferries." Marine Technology and SNAME News 40, no. 01 (January 1, 2003): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2003.40.1.20.

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The paper reports on experimental investigations which have been made on three model RO/RO ferries. One of these was based on a 1/100th scale model of the Herald of Free Enterprise ferry. The other models were modified versions of the Herald of Free Enterprise which were so modified that they did not decrease the efficient concept of the throughput of a conventional vessel. One modified model had nine longitudinal compartments, while another had six longitudinal compartments; these vessels should meet SOLAS90+50 regulations. The RO/RO ferry models with nine and six compartments had considerably better damage stability characteristics than the conventional model. The experiments were carried out on all models without the consideration of waves and wind. Small weights were placed on the model ferries, to represent motor vehicles, and water was added on the car deck. Measurements of the resulting heel angles were taken. All results were plotted on graphs and they were compared and discussed. The effect of cargo shift on the transverse damage stability of these vessels was found to be significant. The paper also contains a brief history of a few very important RO/RO ferry accidents that have taken place since the end of the Second World War.
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Ross, Carl T. E., Hywel V. Roberts, and Richard Tighe. "Tests on Conventional and Novel Model Ro-Ro Ferries." Marine Technology and SNAME News 34, no. 04 (October 1, 1997): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1997.34.4.233.

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The paper presents a brief history of roll-on/roll-off ferries'and their problems, together with a novel design based on a perforated vehicle deck. Two I/woth scale models of the Herald of Free Enterprise were manufactured in glass reinforced plastic. These two models were tested dynamically in a tank, and the results showed that the modified novel design was considerably superior to the conventional design. The novel design does not affect the roll on/roll off concept of the ro-ro ferry. Additionally, it should be possible to retrofit it into existing vessels and thus meet SOLAS requirements.
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43

Fraden, Rena. "The Federal Theatre Project: A Case Study. By Barry B. Witham. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. 190. $70 cloth." Theatre Survey 46, no. 1 (May 2005): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557405250093.

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The Federal Theatre Project . . . was a unique and influential experiment in American theatre; not just for its outspoken politics, but because it reimagined the very way that theatre was produced in the United States. For the first time in the history of the country theatre was subsidized by the federal government, a practice with widespread precedents in Europe and Asia, but one that was totally out of step with free enterprise business practice and a culture which had banned plays in its Second Continental Congress. (1)So opens Barry Witham's case study of the Seattle Federal Theatre Project from 1935 to 1939.
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Manzalini, Fiorenza. "Turgot, the Fondations and the questionv of social needs." HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, no. 1 (March 2021): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2020-001004.

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This paper focuses on the entry Fondation, compiled by Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot and published in 1757 in the Encyclopédie. Turgot analyzes the phenome-non of fondations from the socio-economic point of view. In order to assess whether these ancient institutions were suitable for a society moving towards modernity, he uses public utility as the sole criterion of assessment. According to Turgot, the fondations were an obstacle to free enterprise and free market, as on the one hand they accumulated and immobilized capital by subtracting it from productive and profitable investments and, on the other hand, they provided assis-tance and charity without adequate labour promotion by encouraging idleness. Also for these reasons Turgot is in favour of the suppression of these ancient institutions and he prefers the figure of the individual, active and responsible, or free associations of individuals. However, Turgot's attack on fondations seems only one aspect of his broader criticism of all the institutions that were supporting the ancient social order.
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45

Schmidt, Leigh E. "Bethany Moreton . To Serve God and Wal‐Mart: The Making of Christian Free Enterprise . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . 2009 . Pp. 372. $27.95." American Historical Review 115, no. 3 (June 2010): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.115.3.870.

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Rolston, Jessica Smith. "Bethan Moreton, To Serve God and Wal-Mart: The Making of Christian Free Enterprise. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009." Comparative Studies in Society and History 53, no. 1 (January 2011): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417510000733.

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GOODALL, ALEX. "THE BATTLE OF DETROIT AND ANTI-COMMUNISM IN THE DEPRESSION ERA." Historical Journal 51, no. 2 (June 2008): 457–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0800678x.

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ABSTRACTThis article is an exploration of Diego Rivera's visit to Detroit in 1932–3. It seeks to use his experiences, and in particular the spectacular popular reaction to the Detroit Industry murals he painted, as a prism for analysing varieties of anti-communism in Detroit in the depression era. The article argues that close relationships between private capitalists, most notably Henry Ford and a Mexican communist, expose contradictions in big business's use of anti-communism in the interwar period, and suggest that anti-communism was a more complicated phenomenon than simply a tool for the promotion of ‘free enterprise’. Moreover, by comparing the public reaction to the artists' work with their original intent, it is possible to see how members of Detroit's society unconsciously used anti-communism to sublimate broader concerns over race and ethnicity, gender, politics, and religiosity in a region in the throes of profound social change. The article seeks to highlight elements of these latent anxieties and fears in order to show how anti-communism acted as a vessel for social debate.
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Sutton, Lenford C., Jane A. Beese, and Tiffany Puckett. "Special Need Students in the Struggle for the Character of Schooling in America." International Journal of Educational Reform 26, no. 4 (October 2017): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105678791702600402.

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One of the most contentious issues over American educational reform is government sponsorship of school vouchers and tax credits in elementary and secondary education. Voucher advocates have long believed that public schools have little interest in education reform which diminishes its monopolistic position in the public education enterprise which effectuates a system of escalating cost, inefficiencies, and unacceptable student performance. Also, they claim that in a nation historically devoted to free enterprise and equal education opportunity, the expansion of school choice opportunity is a natural progression. Conversely, voucher opponents posit that such programs are not only unconstitutional, but would also redirect valuable resources away from schools serving students with the greatest need. They view voucher policy as highly divisive in that it fosters government entanglement with churches and serves as a catalyst for the re-segregation of public schools, further amplifying educational inequality. High-profile public battles over school vouchers in the United States have mainly focused on poor and minority children served by public schools in large urban areas. On the other hand, school choice for special need students, though expanding significantly, has not received as much attention. This article reviews the legal history of private contracting for special education services, describes the current choice programs for students with disabilities, recounts the legal challenges, discusses policy implications, and considers its formulation in the context of the largest levels of inequality in American History.
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Mondom, Davor. "Compassionate Capitalism: Amway and the Role of Small-Business Conservatives in the New Right." Modern American History 1, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mah.2018.37.

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This article examines the Amway Corporation, one of the largest direct sales companies in the world, and its founders, Republican kingmakers Richard DeVos and Jay Van Andel. It argues that Amway and its cofounders embodied small-business conservatism, an ideology that simultaneously critiqued government largesse and corporate capitalism, viewing both as threats to individual freedom. Beginning in the 1970s, DeVos and Van Andel became involved in the conservative effort to promote free enterprise and roll back government. At the same time, Amway and its allies presented direct sales as a more rewarding and liberating alternative to traditional, nine-to-five employment. This history highlights the important role that small-business conservatives played in the Right's campaign against the New Deal state between the 1930s and the 1980s.
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Shegda, Anatoly, Ivanna Zapuhlyak, and Tetiana Onysenko. "Leadership through the lens of managerial qualities." THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ISSUES OF ECONOMICS, no. 38 (2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/tppe.2019.38.3.

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The existence of such phenomena and processes as production, enterprise, management, as well as their creators, or those who perform them, personifies, namely: staff, managers, owners cannot exist in reality outside of individual and social production. In this case, the production of not only material goods, but also material goods is understood. Accordingly, the need as such can also be met differently and to varying degrees, depending on the quality, the level of development of those factors of production that are used in the enterprise through effective management. Currently, the main trends of effective leadership phenomenon associated with the transition from command to sole leadership, leadership from the vertical to the virtual and latent, tight localization of its leader to free movement. In this case, the article examines the vision of scientists on the composition and peculiarities of formation of leadership qualities of a manager in modern conditions in order to ensure effective management of the enterprise. Also, the analysis of effective leadership initiatives at the organizational environment level in turbulent economic conditions is conducted. However, given the pace of development of modern society in general, and economic relations in particular, we consider it necessary to express the view that an effective leader does not necessarily have stable qualities that differentiate him from other people. After all, what is required of a leader can very often depend on the circumstances. It's corny, but it's true. History knows many leaders who have found their time and place, whose qualities have lost their appeal as the situation has changed. Yes, some uncompromising managers who have been able to overcome managerial crises are not capable of being effective leaders in other circumstances. And their more flexible counterparts adapt to changing priorities and lead their people. Currently, the main trends in the development of the phenomenon of effective leadership are related to the transition from single to team leadership, from vertical leadership to virtual and latent, from rigid localization of the leader to his free movement
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