Relevant bibliographies by topics / Free energy

Academic literature on the topic 'Free energy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 June 2024

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Contents

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Free energy.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Free energy"

1

Seo, Jun-Hyung, Chul-Seoung Baek, Young-Jin Kim, Moon-Kwan Choi, Kye-Hong Cho, and Ji-Whan Ahn. "Study on the Free CaO Analysis of Coal Ash in the Domestic Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion using ethylene glycol method." Journal of Energy Engineering 26, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2017.26.1.001.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Logan, S. R. "Free Energy." Journal of Chemical Education 74, no. 1 (January 1997): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed074p22.2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Alekseenko, Sergey, Artur Bilsky, Vladimir Dulin, Boris Ilyushin, and Dmitriy Markovich. "TURBULENT ENERGY BALANCE IN FREE AND CONFINED JET FLOWS(Free and Confined Jet)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Jets, Wakes and Separated Flows (ICJWSF) 2005 (2005): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicjwsf.2005.281.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Ghodke, Jogendra, Siddharth Kadam, Mayur Kolhe, and Yogita More. "Free Energy Bike." International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Science 6, no. 10 (August 17, 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.46335/ijies.2021.6.10.21.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Pàmies, Pep. "Firmer free-energy." Nature Materials 14, no. 8 (July 23, 2015): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat4383.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

MEZEI, M., and D. L. BEVERIDGE. "Free Energy Simulations." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 482, no. 1 Computer Simu (December 1986): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb20933.x.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Pfister, Charles. "Interface free energy." Scholarpedia 5, no. 2 (2010): 9218. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.9218.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Schaefer, Alexander M., and Walter E. Block. "Free-Market Energy." Energy & Environment 23, no. 4 (June 2012): 647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958-305x.23.4.647.

Full text
Abstract:
There should be no governmental energy policy, nor any department of energy, for that matter. All decisions concerning fuel, up to and including nuclear power, should be based on private property rights and the tenets of laissez faire capitalism. This would assure the proper assumption of risk and ideal resource allocation.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Brézin, E., and C. De Dominicis. "Twist free energy." European Physical Journal B 24, no. 3 (December 2001): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10051-001-8684-3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Wales, David J., and Tetyana V. Bogdan. "Potential Energy and Free Energy Landscapes." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110, no. 42 (October 2006): 20765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0680544.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Free energy"

1

Papchenko, O. "Free energy." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33782.

Full text
Abstract:
At school we were thought that if we include bulb in electrical circuit our battery will be discharging. The energy of battery will be spent to the lighting of bulb, however this theory gives us not correct imagination. This explanation implies that battery has some amount of energy and spend it on the bulb. Interesting but at the same time teacher shows us correct model of these process. Pay you attention that amperage in all circuit is the same. So the question is how much energy our bulb is spending during its work? The answer is zero. The energy is not spent it just converted from one form to another. So why battery cannot just maintain the work of bulb forever? When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33782
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Cave-Ayland, Christopher. "Quantum free energy techniques." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/375028/.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Essex, Jonathan Wynne. "Free-energy calculations in molecular biology." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314884.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Yildirim, Ismail. "Surface Free Energy Characterization of Powders." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27525.

Full text
Abstract:
Microcalorimetric measurements and contact angle measurements were conducted to study the surface chemistry of powdered minerals. The contact angle measurements were conducted on both flat and powdered talc samples, and the results were used to determine the surface free energy components using Van Oss-Chaudhury-Good (OCG) equation. It was found that the surface hydrophobicity of talc increases with decreasing particle size. At the same time, both the Lifshitz-van der Waals (gSLW) and the Lewis acid-base (gSAB) components (and, hence, the total surface free energy (gS)) decrease with decreasing particle size. The increase in the surface hydrophobicity and the decrease in surface free energy (gS) can be attributed to preferential breakage of the mineral along the basal plane, resulting in the exposure of more basal plane surfaces to the aqueous phase. Heats of immersion measurements were conducted using a flow microcalorimeter on a number of powdered talc samples. The results were then used to calculate the contact angles using a rigorous thermodynamic relation. The measured heat of immersion values in water and calculated contact angles showed that the surface hydrophobicity of talc samples increase with decreasing particle size, which agrees with the direct contact angle measurements. A relationship between advancing water contact angle qa, and the heat of immersion (-DHi) and surface free energies was established. It was found that the value of -DHi decrease as qa increases. The microcalorimetric and direct contact angle measurements showed that acid-base interactions play a crucial role in the interaction between talc and liquid. Using the Van Oss-Chaudhury-Goodâ s surface free energy components model, various talc powders were characterized in terms of their acidic and basic properties. It was found that the magnitude of the Lewis electron donor, gS-, and the Lewis electron acceptor, gS+, components of surface free energy is directly related to the particle size. The gS- of talc surface increased with decreasing particle size, while the gS+ slightly decreased. It was also found that the Lewis electron-donor component on talc surface is much higher than the Lewis electron-acceptor component, suggesting that the basal surface of talc is basic. The heats of adsorption of butanol on various talc samples from n-heptane solution were also determined using a flow microcalorimeter. The heats of adsorption values were used to estimate % hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity and the areal ratios of the various talc samples. In addition, contact angle and heat of butanol adsorption measurements were conducted on a run-of-mine talc sample that has been ground to two different particle size fractions, i.e., d50=12.5 mm and d50=3.0 mm, respectively. The results were used to estimate the surface free energy components at the basal and edge surfaces of talc. It was found that the total surface free energy (gS) at the basal plane surface of talc is much lower than the total surface free energy at the edge surface. The results suggest also that the basal surface of talc is monopolar basic, while the edge surface is monopolar acidic. The results explain why the basicity of talc surface increases with decreasing particle size as shown in the contact angle and microcalorimetric measurements. Furthermore, the effects of the surface free energies of solids during separation from each other by flotation and selective flocculation were studied. In the present work, a kaolin clay sample from east Georgia was used for the beneficiation tests. First, the crude kaolin was subjected to flotation and selective flocculation experiments to remove discoloring impurities (i.e., anatase (TiO2) and iron oxides) and produce high-brightness clay with GE brightness higher than 90%. The results showed that a clay product with +90% brightness could be obtained with recoveries (or yields) higher than 80% using selective flocculation technique. It was also found that a proper control of surface hydrophobicity of anatase is crucially important for a successful flotation and selective flocculation process. Heats of immersion, heats of adsorption and contact angle measurements were conducted on pure anatase surface to determine the changes in the surface free energies as a function of the surfactant dosage (e.g. hydroxamate) used for the surface treatment. The results showed that the magnitude of the contact angle and, hence, the surface free energy and its components on anatase surface varies significantly with the amount of surfactant used for the surface treatment.
Ph. D.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Ignace, Richard. "Long-Wavelength, Free–Free Spectral Energy Distributions from Porous Stellar Winds." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2685.

Full text
Abstract:
The influence of macroclumps for free–free spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of ionized winds is considered. The goal is to emphasize distinctions between microclumping and macroclumping effects. Microclumping can alter SED slopes and flux levels if the volume filling factor of the clumps varies with radius; however, the modifications are independent of the clump geometry. To what extent does macroclumping alter SED slopes and flux levels? In addressing the question, two specific types of macroclump geometries are explored: shell fragments (pancake-shaped) and spherical clumps. Analytic and semi-analytic results are derived in the limiting case that clumps never obscure one another. Numerical calculations based on a porosity formalism is used when clumps do overlap. Under the assumptions of a constant expansion, isothermal, and fixed ionization wind, the fragment model leads to results that are essentially identical to the microclumping result. Mass-loss rate determinations are not affected by porosity effects for shell fragments. By contrast, spherical clumps can lead to a reduction in long-wavelength fluxes, but the reductions are only significant for extreme volume filling factors.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

McGinnis, Roger D. "Free Electron Laser development for directed energy." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA387898.

Full text
Abstract:
Dissertation (Ph.D. in Physics) Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 2000.
Dissertation advisor, Colson, William B. "December 2000." Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-133). Also available in print.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Liu, Yang, and 刘洋. "Free energy simulations of important biochemical processes." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196036.

Full text
Abstract:
Free energy simulations have been widely employed to compute the thermodynamic properties of many important biochemical processes. In the first part of this dissertation, two important biochemical processes, protonation/deprotonation of acid in solution and solvation of small organic molecules, are investigated using free energy simulations. Accurate computation of the pKa value of a compound in solution is important and challenging. To efficiently simulate the free energy change associated with the protonation/deprotonation processes in solution, a new method of mixing Hamiltonian, implemented as an approach using a fractional protonin the hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) scheme, is developed. This method is a combination of a large class of λ-coupled free-energy simulation methods and the linear combination of atomic potential approach. Theoretical and technical details of this method, along with the calculation results of the pKa value of methanol and methanethiol molecules in aqueous solution, are discussed. The simulation results show satisfactory agreement with experimental data. Though the QM/MM method is one of the most useful methods in the modeling of biochemical processes, little attention has been paid to the accuracy of QM/MM methods as an integrated unit. Therefore, the solvation free energies of a set of small organic molecules are simulated as an assessment of ab initio QM/MM methods. It shows that the solvation free energy from QM/MM simulations can vary over a broad range depending on the level of QM theory / basis sets employed. Diffuse functions tend to over-stabilize the solute molecules in aqueous solution. The deviations pose a pressing challenge to the future development of new generation of MM force fields and QM/MM methods if consistency with QM methods becomes a natural requirement. In the second part of the dissertation, the dynamic and energetic properties of two molten globule (MG) protein molecules, α-lactalbumin(α-LA) and monomeric chorismate mutase (mCM) are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The exploring of the molecular mechanism of protein folding is a never-settled battle while the properties of MG states and their roles in protein folding become an important question. The MGs show increased side chain flexibility while maintain comparable side-chain coupling compared to the native state, which partially explains the preserving of native-like overall conformation. The enhanced sampling method, temperature-accelerated molecular dynamics (TAMD), is used for the study of the hydrophobic interactions inside both biomolecules. The results suggest that these hydrophobic cores could overcome energy barriers and repack into new conformation states with even lower energies. The repacking of the hydrophobic cores in MGs might be served as a criterion for recognizing the MGs in large class of biomolecules.
published_or_final_version
Chemistry
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Tyka, Michael. "Absolute free energy calculations for biomolecular systems." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439666.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Schopf, Patrick. "Development and application of free energy methods." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366938/.

Full text
Abstract:
The development of free energy simulation protocols for calculating relative binding free energies of ligands is presented in this thesis. To this end, the protein Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (DHODH), complexed to a highly congeneric series of compounds that show ambiguities in their binding modes, was studied in detail. To estimate the systematic error in force fields, relative free energies of hydration have been calculated using Replica-exchange Thermodynamic Integration (RETI) for sets of force field parameters and atomic partial charges in a classical molecular mechanics environment as well as a novel hybrid molecular mechanics/quantum mechanics model. The results demonstrated that all force fields and methods employed yield similar estimates of the relative free energies, while GAFF and OPLS-AA in conjunction with AM1BCC and AM1CM1A charges, respectively, performed best. To balance accuracy and ease of generating parameters, GAFF in conjunction with AM1BCC charges was selected to be the most valuable for describing the inhibitors in DHODH. To rigorously assess the thermodynamic end states for the ligands, crystal hydrates present in the binding site of DHODH have been investigated using the Just-Add-Water-molecules (JAWS) algorithm, Grand-canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations and the double-decoupling approach (DDM). These findings clearly suggested a change in hydration networks for both the inhibitors and their different binding modes, while all three approaches essentially yield identical results. This allowed us to construct free energy cycles using the single and dual topology approach in order to calculate the free energies of binding of the ligands as well as the stability of their binding modes. The results obtained were precise within the error of the methods, but not accurate, and allowed to complement the crystallographic findings.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Rogers, David M. "Using Bayes' theorem for free energy calculations." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1251832030.

Full text
Abstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Advisor: Thomas L. Beck. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Jan. 21, 2010). Keywords: Bayes; probability; statistical mechanics; free energy. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Free energy"

1

Chipot, Christophe, and Andrew Pohorille, eds. Free Energy Calculations. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-38448-9.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

1954-, Jeffrey Kevin, ed. Free energy afloat. Newport, R.I: Seven Seas Press, 1985.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Canada, Dept of Energy Mines and Resources. Free Trade and Energy. S.l: s.n, 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Canada. Energy, Mines and Resources Canada., ed. Free trade and energy. [Ottawa]: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Johanna, Henkel-Waidhofer Brigitte, ed. Free Energy: Energiewende-verblüffend einfach. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 2012.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Schauberger, Viktor. The energy evolution: Harnessing free energy from nature. Bath: Gateway, 2000.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Pipe, Jim. Gas: The clean fossil fuel? London: Franklin Watts, 2010.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Antontsev, S. N., J. I. Díaz, and S. Shmarev. Energy Methods for Free Boundary Problems. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0091-8.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Suzuki, Takashi, ed. Free Energy and Self-Interacting Particles. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-8176-4436-9.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Gabriel, Stoltz, and Rousset Mathias, eds. Free energy computations: A mathematical perspective. New Jersey: Imperial College Press, 2010.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Free energy"

1

Moses, Carl O. "Free Energy." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_41-1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Moses, Carl O. "Free Energy." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 518–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_41.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Reisse, Jacques. "Free Energy." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_601-2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Reisse, Jacques. "Free Energy." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 894. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_601.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Starzak, Michael E. "Free Energy." In Energy and Entropy, 89–104. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77823-5_6.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Reisse, Jacques. "Free Energy." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 613. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_601.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Bergethon, Peter R., and Elizabeth R. Simons. "Free Energy." In Biophysical Chemistry, 51–58. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3270-4_5.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Pugh, Gilbert. "Free Energy." In Psychotherapy Meets Emotional Neuroscience, 149–54. Title: Psychotherapy meets emotional neuroscience : the two minds of cognition and feeling / Gilbert Pugh.Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429319303-11.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Gooch, Jan W. "Free Energy." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 325. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5278.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Gooch, Jan W. "Free Energy." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 325. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5280.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Free energy"

1

Theodorou, Evangelos A., Jiri Najemnik, and Emo Todorov. "Free energy based policy gradients." In 2013 IEEE Symposium on Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning (ADPRL). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/adprl.2013.6614998.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Singh, Rita, and Kenichi Kumatani. "Free energy for speech recognition." In ICASSP 2015 - 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2015.7178825.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Haponenko, Kseniia, and Alexander Sokolovsky. "Free energy of a magnetic." In 2016 II International Young Scientists Forum on Applied Physics and Engineering (YSF). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ysf.2016.7753826.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Shoffstall, Donald R. "High energy free-electron lasers." In International Laser Science Conference. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ils.1986.tug4.

Full text
Abstract:
Several free-electron laser experiments have been designed to address wavelength scaling, energy scaling, and operational efficiency. Two modes of FEL operation are being examined: amplifier and oscillator. Major program participants include Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and an industrial team led by the Boeing Aerospace Company.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Ning, Weihua, Xingang Zhao, Lijun Zhang, and Feng Gao. "Thermochromic Lead-free Halide Double Perovskites." In Photonics for Energy. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pfe.2019.ptu3e.6.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Freund, H. P., R. H. Jackson, B. G. Danly, and B. Levush. "W-band free-electron masers." In High energy density microwaves. AIP, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.59029.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Thul, Daniel J., Robert Bernath, Nathan Bodnar, Haley Kerrigan, Danielle Reyes, Jessica Peña, Patrick Roumayah, Shermineh Rostami Fairchild, and Martin C. Richardson. "Initial high-intensity laser propagation experiments at the mobile ultrafast high-energy laser facility (MU-HELF)." In Free-Space Laser Communications XXXI, edited by Hamid Hemmati and Don M. Boroson. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2513441.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Kirby, Ray, and Brain Freeman. "A Free Standing, One Kilowatt Free Pistion Stirling Engine Charging System." In 3rd International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-5518.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Jiang, Shibin. "High Pulse Energy Single Frequency Fiber Lasers." In Applications of Lasers for Sensing and Free Space Communications. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lsc.2015.lt4d.1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Katz, Evan J., Benjamin Child, Ian R. Nemitz, Brian E. Vyhnalek, Tony D. Roberts, Andrew Hohne, Bertram M. Floyd, Jonathan Dietz, and John D. Lekki. "Studies on a time-energy entangled photon pair source and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors for increased quantum system efficiency." In Free-Space Laser Communications XXXI, edited by Hamid Hemmati and Don M. Boroson. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2508736.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Free energy"

1

Williams, Timothy J., Ramesh Balakrishnan, Brian K. Radak, James C. Phillips, Wei Jiang, Sunhwan Jo, Laxmikant V. Kale, Klaus Schulten, and Benoit Roux. Free Energy Landscapes of Membrane Transport Proteins. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1483996.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Plodinec, M. J. Free energy of hydration of niobium oxide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/525049.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Morrison, P., and D. Pfirsch. The free energy of Maxwell-Vlasov equilibria. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5328136.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Sergi, Brian, Greg Brinkman, Michael Emmanuel, Omar J. Guerra, Dan Steinberg, and Bri-Mathias Hodge. Duke Energy Carbon-Free Resource Integration Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1882190.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Tracy, Gene V., and Eugene Song. High Energy, Lead-Free Ignition Formulation for Thermate. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada400193.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Fisch, N. J., and J. M. Rax. Free energy in plasmas under wave-induced diffusion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10160209.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Grol, Eric, Alexander Zoelle, and Howard McIlvried. Enthalpy and Free Energy of CO2 Utilization Pathways. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1608105.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Litvinenko V. and Y. Derbenev. Free Electron Lasers and High-Energy Electron Cooling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1061881.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Fisch, N. J., and J. M. Rax. Free energy in plasmas under wave-induced diffusion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7368750.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Goetsch, Arthur L., Yoav Aharoni, Arieh Brosh, Ryszard (Richard) Puchala, Terry A. Gipson, Zalman Henkin, Eugene D. Ungar, and Amit Dolev. Energy Expenditure for Activity in Free Ranging Ruminants: A Nutritional Frontier. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696529.bard.

Full text
Abstract:
Heat production (HP) or energy expenditure for activity (EEa) is of fundamental nutritional importance for livestock because it determines the proportion of ingested nutrients available for productive functions. Previous estimates of EEa are unreliable and vary widely with different indirect methodologies. This leads to erroneous nutritional strategies, especially when intake on pasture does not meet nutritional requirements and supplementation is necessary for acceptable production. Therefore, the objective of this project was to measure EEa in different classes of livestock (beef cattle and goats) over a wide range of ecological and management conditions to develop and evaluate simple means of prediction. In the first study in Israel, small frame (SF) and large frame (LF) cows (268 and 581 kg) were monitored during spring, summer, and autumn. Feed intake by SF cows per unit of metabolic weight was greater (P < 0.001) than that by LF cows in both spring and summer and their apparent selection of higher quality herbage in spring was greater (P < 0.10) than that of LF cows. SF cows grazed more hours per day and walked longer distances than the LF cows during all seasons. The coefficient of specific costs of activities (kJ•kg BW-0.75•d-1) and of locomotion (J•kg BW-0.75•m-1) were smaller for the SF cows. In the second study, cows were monitored in March, May, and September when they grazed relatively large plots, 135 and 78 ha. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and horizontal locomotion derived were similar to those of the previous study based on data from smaller plots. However, the energy costs of walking idle and of vertical locomotion were greater than those found by Brosh et al. (2006) but similar to those found by Aharoni et al. (2009). In the third study, cows were monitored in February and May in a 78-ha plot with an average slope of 15.5°, whereas average plot slopes of the former studies ranged between 4.3 and 6.9°. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and walking idle were greater than those calculated in the previous studies. However, the estimated energy costs of locomotion were lower in the steeper plot. A comparison on a similar HP basis, i.e., similar metabolizable energy (ME) intake, shows that the daily energy spent on activities in relation to daily HP increased by 27% as the average plot slope increased from 5.8 and 6.02 to 15.5°. In the fourth study, cows grazing in a woodland habitat were monitored as in previous studies in December, March, and July. Data analysis is in progress. In the first US experiment, Boer and Spanish does with two kids were used in an experiment beginning in late spring at an average of 24 days after kidding. Two does of each breed resided in eight 0.5-ha grass/forb pastures. Periods of 56, 60, 63, 64, and 73 days in length corresponded to mid-lactation, early post-weaning, the late dry period, early gestation, and mid-gestation. EEa expressed as a percentage of the ME requirement for maintenance plus activity in confinement (EEa%) was not influenced by stocking rate, breed, or period, averaging 49%. Behavioral activities (e.g., time spent grazing, walking, and idle, distance traveled) were not highly related to EEa%, although no-intercept regressions against time spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking indicated an increase in EEa% of 5.8 and 5.1%/h, respectively. In the second study, animal types were yearling Angora doeling goats, yearling Boer wether goats, yearling Spanish wether goats, and Rambouilletwether sheep slightly more than 2 yr of age. Two animals of each type were randomly allocated to one of four pastures 9.3, 12.3, 4.6, and 1.2 ha in area. The experiment was conducted in the summer with three periods, 30, 26, and 26 days in length. EEa% was affected by an interaction between animal type and period (Angora: 16, 17, and 15; Boer: 60, 67, and 34; Spanish: 46, 62, and 42; sheep: 22, 12, and 22% in periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively (SE = 6.1)). EEa% of goats was predicted with moderate accuracy (R2 = 0.40-0.41) and without bias from estimates of 5.8 and 5.1%/h spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking, respectively, determined in the first experiment; however, these methods were not suitable for sheep. These methods of prediction are simpler and more accurate than currently recommended for goats by the National Research Council.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Free energy' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography