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Shumakov, Andrey A. "Paul Cuffe: navigator, businessman, abolitionist." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 9, no. 2 (2023): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2023-9-2-69-86.
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This article is the first in Russian historiography to provide a detailed biography of the legendary African American abolitionist and entrepreneur, Paul Cuffe. He is often referred to as the pioneer of the “Back-to-Africa” movement and a founder of the black nationalism ideological and political trend. Cuffe’s success story and public activism have inspired generations of fighters for black rights in the United States, making him one of the most revered figures in African American history. Two centuries after his untimely death, interest in Cuffe continues to grow, as evidenced by the increasing number of publications on this subject. The purpose of this work is to review Paul Cuffe’s biography using reports, letters, works, and materials from periodicals, as well as research materials from leading Western experts. The study aims to consider the early period of Cuffe’s life and his entrepreneurial and social activities. Historical-descriptive and comparative-historical methods are used to draw parallels with similar historical figures like Prince Hall. The author concludes that Cuffe’s entrepreneurial activity was closely linked to his social work. He saw the repatriation project as a promising economic venture, as evidenced by his long and systematic fundraising efforts. Cuffe’s views were influenced by the development of free trade in the late 18th and early 19th c. Regarding Cuffe’s representation as a founder of black nationalism and Pan-Africanism, the author does not find direct confirmation of this point of view during their research.
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Hughes, Richard. "Gates, Jr And Higginbotham, Eds., Harlem Renaissance Lives - From African American National Biography." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 34, no. 2 (September 1, 2009): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.34.2.110-111.
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With hundreds of accessible entries on the lives of African Americans directly or indirectly associated with this period, Harlem Renaissance Lives is an ambitious effort to highlight, and sometimes uncover, the role of African Americans in shaping the United States in the twentieth century. While the entries are brief, the book's strength is its breadth with portraits of not only writers, artists, actors, and musicians but also educators, civil rights and labor activists, entrepreneurs, athletes, clergy, and aviators. Students of history will find familiar figures of the period such as Langston Hughes, Josephine Baker, Duke Ellington, Marcus Garvey, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. However, the real value of the work is in highlighting, however briefly, the lives of hundreds of lesser-known African Americans. Some figures, such as educator Roscoe Bruce, the son of a U.S. Senator, grew up relatively privileged, but many of the biographies involve African-Americans whose unlikely contributions begin with a background that included slavery and sharecropping. Regardless, each entry includes a valuable bibliography and information about relevant primary sources such as an obituary and archival collections.
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Carpenter, William H., Tekum Fonong, Michael J. Toth, Philip A. Ades, Jorge Calles-Escandon, Jeremy D. Walston, and Eric T. Poehlman. "Total daily energy expenditure in free-living older African-Americans and Caucasians." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 274, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): E96—E101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.1.e96.
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Low rates of daily energy expenditure, increased energy intake, or a combination of both contribute to obesity in African-Americans. We examined whether African-Americans have lower rates of free-living daily energy expenditure than Caucasians. One hundred sixty-four (>55 yr) volunteers (37 African-American women, 52 Caucasian women, 28 African-American men, and 47 Caucasian men) were characterized for total daily energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate, and physical activity energy expenditure from the doubly labeled water method and indirect calorimetry. Absolute total daily energy expenditure was lower in women than men but was not different between African-Americans and Caucasians. However, we found race and gender differences in total daily energy expenditure after controlling for differences in fat-free mass. Total daily energy expenditure was 10% lower ( P < 0.01) in African-Americans compared with Caucasians due to a 5% lower resting metabolic rate ( P < 0.01) and 19% lower physical activity energy expenditure ( P = 0.08). Moreover, total daily energy expenditure was 16% lower ( P < 0.01) in women compared with men due to a 6% lower resting metabolic rate ( P = 0.09) and a 37% lower physical activity energy expenditure ( P = 0.06). Low rates of energy expenditure may be a predisposing factor for obesity, particularly in African-American women.
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Eastman, Charmane I., Thomas A. Molina, Marissa E. Dziepak, and Mark R. Smith. "Blacks (African Americans) Have Shorter Free-Running Circadian Periods Than Whites (Caucasian Americans)." Chronobiology International 29, no. 8 (August 16, 2012): 1072–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2012.700670.
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Wierenga, Kelly L., Rebecca L. Dekker, Terry A. Lennie, Misook L. Chung, and Kathleen Dracup. "African American Race Is Associated With Poorer Outcomes in Heart Failure Patients." Western Journal of Nursing Research 39, no. 4 (July 28, 2016): 524–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945916661277.
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Health care disparities associated with African American race may influence event-free survival in patients with heart failure (HF). A secondary data analysis included 863 outpatients enrolled in a multicenter HF registry. Cox regression was used to determine whether African American race was associated with shorter HF event-free survival after controlling for covariates. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals [CI]) of older age (1.03, 95% CI = [1.01, 1.04]), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (1.73, 95% CI = [1.29, 2.31]), depressive symptoms (1.05, 95% CI = [1.02, 1.07]), and African American race (1.64, 95% CI = [1.01, 2.68]) were predictors of shorter event-free survival (all ps < .05). Comparisons showed that NYHA functional class was predictive of shorter event-free survival in Caucasians (1.81, 95% CI = [1.33, 2.46]) but not in African Americans (1.24, 95% CI = [.40, 3.81]). African Americans with HF experienced a disparate risk of shorter event-free survival not explained by a variety of risk factors.
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Underwood, Willie, John Wei, Mark A. Rubin, James E. Montie, Jennifer Resh, and Martin G. Sanda. "Postprostatectomy cancer-free survival of African Americans is similar to non-African Americans after adjustment for baseline cancer severity." Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations 22, no. 1 (January 2004): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1078-1439(03)00119-4.
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Mackey, T. C. ""That All Mankind Should Be Free": Lincoln and African Americans." OAH Magazine of History 21, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/maghis/21.4.24.
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Gibson, James L. "Being Free in Obama's America: Racial Differences in Perceptions of Constraints on Political Action." Daedalus 141, no. 4 (October 2012): 114–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00177.
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Many studies of interracial differences in rates of political participation pay too little attention to African Americans' perceptions of whether they can freely participate in politics. Survey evidence collected over the last several decades has consistently shown that black Americans perceive much less political freedom available to them than do white Americans. The gap in perceived freedom has narrowed somewhat in recent years but remains large. Following the empowerment hypothesis of Lawrence Bobo and Franklin Gilliam, black perceptions of freedom increased with the election of Barack Obama to the American presidency. But perhaps unexpectedly, the empowerment bonus has not persisted, especially among conservative and fundamentalist blacks. Because African Americans do not perceive that their government would permit various types of political action, it is likely that substantial interracial differences exist in non-voting types of political participation, especially political action directed against governmental authority.
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Armstrong, Thomas. "Wright, African Americans in the Colonial Era." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 16, no. 1 (April 1, 1991): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.16.1.50-51.
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Historians familiar with the Harlan Davidson American History Series have come to expect succinct summary statements and strong bibliographic essays. Donald Wright's book will thus be a welcome addition to the series. The series' editors identified a gap in the survey literature on African-American history. Colonial America has simply not been addressed in a meaningful fashion. The monographic literature is often too widely scattered to be of much value to the undergraduate reader, and when the subject of slavery is broached, it has all too often been the slavery of the cotton belt between 1830 and 1860. Wright ably summarizes the origins of slavery and the mechanics of slave trade; he looks sensitively at the issue of the origins of slavery as well as the origins of racism, carefully addressing both the presence of Anthony Johnson and other free blacks like him, but noting that patterns of discrimination toward blacks existed from the beginning of European and African colonization of the New World.
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Jones, Daniel W., Lloyd E. Chambless, Aaron R. Folsom, Richard G. Hutchinson, Richey A. Sharrett, H. A. Tyroler, and Herman A. Taylor. "CHD Risk Factors In African-Americans." Circulation 103, suppl_1 (March 2001): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.103.suppl_1.9999-17.
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0017 Few studies have reported the incidence of coronary heart disease and its relationship to risk factors in African-Americans. As part of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, baseline risk factors were tested as predictors of incident coronary heart disease over 7-10 years of follow-up, 1987-1997, in four U.S. communities (Forsyth County, North Carolina; Jackson, Mississippi; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Washington County, Maryland). The sample included 14,026 men and women (2,298 black women [BW]; 5,686 white women [WW]; 1,396 black men [BM]; and 4,682 white men [WM] aged 45-64 who were free of clinical coronary heart disease at baseline. Age-adjusted incidence rates for the 7-10 year period (95% confidence interval) for coronary heart disease were BW 5.0(4.1-6.1), WW 4.0(3.5-4.6), BM 10.7(8.9-12.8), and WM 12.6(11.5-13.8). In multivariate analysis, traditional risk factors were generally predictive in blacks as in whites. Hypertension was a particularly strong risk factor in black women, with hazard rate ratios (HR) being: BW 4.12, WW 2.0, BM 1.85, and WM 1.59. Diabetes was predictive, but HRs were somewhat less in blacks than in whites: BW 1.88, WW 3.34, BM 1.70, and WW 2.14. LDL cholesterol was similarly predictive in all race/gender groups, HR 1.19-1.36 per S.D. LDL cholesterol increment. HDL cholesterol appeared somewhat more protective in whites than in blacks. Although black/white differences in risk factor associations exist, there were more similarities than differences in coronary heart disease risk factors and incidence. Findings from this study, along with clinical trial evidence showing efficacy, support aggressive management of traditional risk factors in blacks as in whites. Understanding of the intriguing racial differences in risk factor prediction may be an important part of further understanding the causes of coronary heart disease and may lead to better methods of prevention and treatment.
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Wu, Jia-Rong, Eun Kyeung Song, Debra K. Moser, and Terry A. Lennie. "Racial differences in dietary antioxidant intake and cardiac event-free survival in patients with heart failure." European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 17, no. 4 (January 31, 2018): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474515118755720.
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Background: Heart failure is a chronic, burdensome condition with higher re-hospitalization rates in African Americans than Whites. Higher dietary antioxidant intake is associated with lower oxidative stress and improved endothelial function. Lower dietary antioxidant intake in African Americans may play a role in the re-hospitalization disparity between African American and White patients with heart failure. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the associations among race, dietary antioxidant intake, and cardiac event-free survival in patients with heart failure. Methods: In a secondary analysis of 247 patients with heart failure who completed a four-day food diary, intake of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene, vitamins C and E, zinc, and selenium were assessed. Antioxidant deficiency was defined as intake below the estimated average requirement for antioxidants with an established estimated average requirement, or lower than the sample median for antioxidants without an established estimated average requirement. Patients were followed for a median of one year to determine time to first cardiac event (hospitalization or death). Survival analysis was used for data analysis. Results: African American patients had more dietary antioxidant deficiencies and a shorter cardiac event-free survival compared with Whites ( p = .007 and p = .028, respectively). In Cox regression, race and antioxidant deficiency were associated with cardiac event-free survival before and after adjusting for covariates. Conclusion: African Americans with heart failure had more dietary antioxidant deficiencies and shorter cardiac event-free survival than Whites. This suggests that encouraging African American patients with heart failure to consume an antioxidant-rich diet may be beneficial in lengthening cardiac event-free survival.
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Peters, T. Ralph. "Finklebine, Sources Of The African-American Past - Primary Sources In American History; Thomas, Ed., Plessy C. Ferguson - A Bried History With Documents." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 23, no. 2 (September 1, 1998): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.23.1.98-100.
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Two new works document the history of African-American struggle for equal rights in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Finklebine's work, Sources of the African-American Past: Primary Sources in American History, is a welcome addition to the primary source literature on the perpuity of, and challenges to, the social positions African Americans inhabited from the slave trade through recent times. Organized chronologically along topical lines, the book covers the slave trade, the colonial experience, the Revolution, free blacks, slavery, black abolitionism, emancipation, Reconstruction, segregation, progressivism, the New Deal, the two World Wars, migration, school segregation, the civil rights movement, black nationalism, and African Americans since 1968.
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Redmond, Lesa. "John Witherspoon and Slavery: Ideology versus Praxis." Theology Today 80, no. 4 (January 2024): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00405736231207552.
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This article reassesses the life and legacy of John Knox Witherspoon on the basis of his relationship to slavery. It argues that Witherspoon's ideological commitment to Presbyterianism came into constant tension with the realities of slavery both in his native Scotland and in the burgeoning American colony he eventually called home. Three snapshots in Witherspoon's life encapsulate this tension: his interaction with Jamie Montgomery, an enslaved man whom Witherspoon baptized in Scotland; his contributions to the scheme to train two free African Americans—John Quamine and Bristol Yamma—for their mission to Africa; and his tutoring of John Chavis, a free Black man from Virginia, at the same time he held property in slaves. Most accounts of Witherspoon's life fail to interrogate these snapshots and so fail to grasp a nuanced portrait of the imminent figure. This article parses through his unequal treatment of the African Americans he taught and the African Americans he enslaved to deliver a new reading of Witherspoon. This reading, in turn, maps onto a broader reconsideration of the founding principles of the early United States.
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Bodenhorn, Howard. "The Mulatto Advantage: The Biological Consequences of Complexion in Rural Antebellum Virginia." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 33, no. 1 (July 2002): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/00221950260029002.
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Although historians have long noted that African-Americans of mixed-race in the antebellum Lower South were given economic and social preference over those with darker skin, they have denied that people of mixed race received special treatment in the antebellum Upper South as well. Examination of data on the registrations of free African-Americans in antebellum Virginia, however, reveals that adolescents and adults with lighter complexions tended to have a height advantage, which suggests that they enjoyed better nutrition.
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Baaki, Brian. "Circulating the Black Rapist: Sketches of the Life of Joseph Mountain and Early American Networks of Print." New England Quarterly 90, no. 1 (March 2017): 36–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00584.
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This article examines texts produced in response to the criminal trial of Joseph Mountain to illuminate the early construction of the black rapist in American print. The central text in its analysis is Mountain's own “criminal confession,” Sketches of the Life of Joseph Mountain (1790). This article views Mountain's text as a response to a different set of concerns than later narratives of African Americans convicted of rape and positions Mountain's biography as a response not merely to concerns over black slave revolt alone, but to a related, if more immediate threat of cross-racial, proletarian revolution.
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Heideman, Paul M. "Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883–1918, Jeffrey B. Perry, New York: Columbia University Press, 2009." Historical Materialism 21, no. 3 (2013): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341315.
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AbstractJeffrey B. Perry’s biography of Hubert Harrison restores the legacy of a central figure in the history of Black radicalism. Though largely forgotten today, Harrison was acknowledged by his early-twentieth-century peers as ‘the father of Harlem radicalism’. Author of pioneering analyses of white supremacy’s role in American capitalism, proponent of armed self-defence among African-Americans, and anti-colonial intellectual, Harrison played a central role in the development of Black politics in the United States. This review traces Harrison’s journey from socialist organiser to Black nationalist, considering its implications for the history of American radicalism.
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Shrotriya, Shiva, Bipin Ghimire, Ujjwal Karki, Tara Rangarajan, Can Wang, Kadhim Al-Banaa, Hycienth Ahaneku, et al. "Evaluating disparities in pancreatic cancer outcomes in African Americans." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2023): e18657-e18657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e18657.
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e18657 Background: Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (PA) is a leading cause of cancer-related death across the world, with poorer outcomes observed in minority populations. The observed variation in outcomes has been attributed to delayed diagnosis, barriers to optimal treatment and health care related disparities. We sought to evaluate the impact of race on clinical presentation and outcomes in pancreatic cancer at a large academic teaching center. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma diagnosed between January 2016 to December 2021. The demographic characteristics (age, tobacco use, alcohol use, BMI); comorbidities (diabetes, acute/chronic pancreatitis); pathology, treatment (chemotherapy regimen, radiation, surgery) and progression free survival (PFS) based on race were analyzed. Results: The cohort (N = 983) consisted of 154 (16%) African Americans (AA) and 803 (82%) Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). The median age at diagnosis was 65 years (60, 70) among AA and 71 years (64, 78) in NHW. Thirty-seven (26%) of AA and 104 (14%) of NHW were current smokers; 46 (33%) of AA and 323 (45%) of NHW consumed alcohol regularly. Among AA, 32 (22%) were obese (BMI > 30), compared to 194 (25%) in NHW. Other comorbidities included diabetes (35% in AA vs. 32% in NHW) and acute/chronic pancreatitis (11% among AA vs. 9% among NHW). The treatment modality consisted of chemotherapy (57% in AA vs. 61% in NHW), surgery (26% in AA vs. 27% in NHW) and radiation (10% in AA vs. 12% in NHW). The median time to treatment initiation was 24 (16, 41) months for AA and 34 (20, 56) months for NHW. On univariate analysis, AA race was associated with younger age at diagnosis (p 0.043), higher current tobacco use (p 0.001), lower alcohol use (p 0.012), lower rates of obesity (p 0.024) and higher rate of acute pancreatitis (p 0.037) in pancreatic cancer. On multivariate analysis, race was not associated with difference in progression free survival (12 months in AA vs. 14 months in NHW; p 0.96) when adjusted for age, sex, alcohol use, tobacco use, cancer stage and chemotherapy. Conclusions: Our study revealed that pancreatic cancer in AA was diagnosed at a younger age, associated with active smoking and pancreatitis. Although there was a shorter time to treatment initiation among AA, there was no significant difference in progression free survival compared to NHW when adjusted for other variables. Future studies incorporating novel biomarkers are needed to determine impact of racial health disparities on outcomes in pancreatic cancer.
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Khaled, Yasser, Ginny Kamboj, Vijaya Donthireddy, Hazem Hnaide, Nancy Oja-Tebbe, George Divine, and Nalini Janakiraman. "Outcome of Upfront Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma in African American Versus Non Non-African American Patients." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 5481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.5481.5481.
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Abstract Introduction: Blacks in the United States are twice as likely to suffer from multiple myeloma as whites. Among African Americans, myeloma is one of the top 10 leading causes of cancer death. Although Multiple Myeloma seems to be more aggressive in African Americans, it is not known if they have worse outcome after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in comparison to Non African American. Method: We performed a retrospective analysis of 86 consecutive patients with Multiple Myeloma who underwent autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation between July 1991 and November 2004. Thirty two Patients were African American (37.21%) and fifty four patients were Non-African American (62.79%.). Conditioning regimen was Melphalan-200 in 57 patients and Melphalan140/TBI in 29 patients. No significant statistical differences were observed between African Americans and non African Americans prior to the transplant regarding gender, regimen used, immunoglobulin subtype, cytogenetics, stage, or disease status on univariate analysis. Results: There was no significant statistical difference in overall survival or event free survival between African American and non African American. However African American were observed to relapse significantly earlier than non African- American (p=0.0274). Despite the early relapse in African American, survival after relapse was longer for African American compared to non African American (p=0.060), however this result was only marginally significant. Conclusion: In this single institution experience, there was no difference in the OS or DFS after upfront autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for Multiple Myeloma in African American and non- African American patients. Although time to progression was significantly shorter in African American versus non African American, surprisingly this was not associated with shorter survival. Despite that these results are limited by the sample size; they are intriguing and need further testing in larger group of patients.
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Mangione, Kathleen Kline, Rebecca L. Craik, Alyson A. McCormick, Heather L. Blevins, Meaghan B. White, Eileen M. Sullivan-Marx, and James D. Tomlinson. "Detectable Changes in Physical Performance Measures in Elderly African Americans." Physical Therapy 90, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090363.
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Background African American older adults have higher rates of self-reported disability and lower physical performance scores compared with white older adults. Measures of physical performance are used to predict future morbidity and to determine the effect of exercise. Characteristics of performance measures are not known for African American older adults. Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate the standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC) for the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Timed “Up & Go” Test (TUG) time, free gait speed, fast gait speed, and Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) distance in frail African American adults. Design This observational measurement study used a test-retest design. Methods Individuals were tested 2 times over a 1-week period. Demographic data collected included height, weight, number of medications, assistive device use, and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scores. Participants then completed the 5 physical performance tests. Results Fifty-two participants (mean age=78 years) completed the study. The average MMSE score was 25 points, and the average body mass index was 29.4 kg/m2. On average, participants took 7 medications, and the majority used assistive devices. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC [2,1]) were greater than .90, except for the SPPB score (ICC=.81). The SEMs were 1.2 points for the SPPB, 1.7 seconds for the TUG, 0.08 m/s for free gait speed, 0.09 m/s for fast gait speed, and 28 m for 6MWT distance. The MDC values were 2.9 points for the SPPB, 4 seconds for the TUG, 0.19 m/s for free gait speed, 0.21 m/s for fast gait speed, and 65 m for 6MWT distance. Limitations The entire sample was from an urban area. Conclusions The SEMs were similar to previously reported values and can be used when working with African American and white older adults. Estimates of MDC were calculated to assist in clinical interpretation.
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Shrotriya, Shiva, Bipin Ghimire, Ujjwal Karki, Shyam K. Poudel, Can Wang, Kadhim Al-Banaa, Daniel Ezekwudo, Ishmael A. Jaiyesimi, and Dana Zakalik. "Assessing disparities in pancreatic cancer outcomes in African Americans." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 3_suppl (January 20, 2024): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.3_suppl.612.
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612 Background: Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (PA) is a leading cause of cancer-related death across the world, with poorer outcomes noted in minority populations. The observed variation in outcomes has been attributed to delayed diagnosis, barriers to optimal treatment and health care related disparities. We evaluated the impact of race on clinical presentation and outcomes in pancreatic cancer at a large academic teaching center. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma diagnosed between January 2016 to December 2021. The demographic characteristics (age, tobacco use, alcohol use, BMI); comorbidities (diabetes, acute/chronic pancreatitis); pathology, treatment (chemotherapy regimen, radiation, surgery) and recurrence free survival (RFS) and overall survival based on race were analyzed. Results: The cohort (N=947) consisted of 147 (16%) African Americans (AA) and 775 (82%) Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). The mean age at diagnosis was 68 years (±10) among AA and 70 years (±11) in NHW. Thirty-seven (26%) of AA and 104 (14%) of NHW were current smokers; 46 (33%) of AA and 323 (45%) of NHW consumed alcohol regularly. Among AA, 32 (22%) were obese (BMI>30), compared to 194 (25%) in NHW. Other comorbidities included diabetes (35% in AA vs. 32% in NHW) and acute/chronic pancreatitis (11% among AA vs. 9% among NHW). Eighteen percent (18%) of AA and 17% of NHW had stage II disease, 16% and 12% had stage III and 48% in both had stage IV disease respectively. The treatment modality consisted of chemotherapy (63% in AA vs. 66% in NHW), surgery (25% in AA vs. 26% in NHW) and radiation (10% in AA vs. 12% in NHW). The median time to treatment initiation was 30 (17, 41) months for AA and 26 (16, 40) months for NHW. On univariate analysis, AA race was associated with younger age at diagnosis (p 0.043), higher current tobacco use (p 0.001), lower alcohol use (p 0.012), lower rates of obesity (p 0.024) and higher rate of acute pancreatitis (p 0.037) in pancreatic cancer. On multivariate analysis, race was not associated with difference in recurrence free survival (12 months in AA vs. 14 months in NHW; p 0.96) when adjusted for age, sex, alcohol use, tobacco use, cancer stage and chemotherapy. High mean age, clinical stage II, III and IV, current alcohol use, underweight and BMI>30 and cerebrovascular accident as a comorbidity was associated with worse overall survival when adjusted for other variables. Conclusions: Our study revealed that pancreatic cancer in AA was diagnosed at a younger age, associated with active smoking and pancreatitis. We observe there was no difference in treatment initiation among AA and NHW. There was no significant difference in recurrence free survival and overall survival compared to NHW when adjusted for other variables. Future studies incorporating germline mutations, novel biomarkers are needed to determine impact of racial health disparities on outcomes in pancreatic cancer.
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Yao, Tingting, Michael K. Ong, Wendy Max, Courtney Keeler, Yingning Wang, Valerie B. Yerger, and Hai-Yen Sung. "Responsiveness to cigarette prices by different racial/ethnic groups of US adults." Tobacco Control 27, no. 3 (July 26, 2017): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053434.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of cigarette prices on adult smoking for four US racial/ethnic groups: whites, African–Americans, Asians and Hispanics.MethodsWe analysed pooled cross-sectional data from the 2006/2007 and 2010/2011 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (n=339 921 adults aged 18+) and cigarette price data from the Tax Burden on Tobacco. Using a two-part econometric model of cigarette demand that controlled for sociodemographic characteristics, state-level antismoking sentiment, local-level smoke-free air laws and monthly indicator, we estimated for each racial/ethnic group the price elasticities of smoking participation, smoking intensity and total demand for cigarettes.ResultsSmoking prevalence for whites, African–Americans, Asians and Hispanics during the study period was 18.3%, 16.1%, 8.2% and 11.3%, respectively. The price elasticity of smoking participation was statistically significant for whites, African–Americans, Asians and Hispanics at −0.26, –0.10, −0.42 and −0.11, respectively. The price elasticity of smoking intensity was statistically significant among whites (−0.22) and African–Americans (−0.17). Overall, the total price elasticity of cigarette demand was statistically significant for all racial/ethnic groups: 0.48 for whites, −0.27 for African–Americans, −0.22 for Asians and −0.15 for Hispanics.ConclusionsOur results suggest that raising cigarette prices, such as via tobacco tax increases, would result in reduced cigarette consumption for all racial/ethnic groups. The magnitude of the effect and the impact on cessation and reduced smoking intensity differ across these groups.
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Ahmed, Sairah, Yvonne T. Dinh, Sofia Qureshi, Gabriela Rondon, Qaiser Bashir, Simrit Parmar, Tiffany Avery, et al. "Survival Disparities Between African-American and Caucasian Patients Treated with Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma Are Eliminated in the Era of Novel Therapeutics." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.2017.2017.
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Abstract Abstract 2017 Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease and is the most common hematologic malignancy among African-Americans. In the United States, MM and its precursor monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) are twice as common in African Americans (Hari et al 2010). Analysis of the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database from 1969 to 2003 demonstrated African-Americans have twice the mortality from MM compared to Caucasians. However this may be a function of the considerable difference in incidence of MM between Caucasian and African-American populations. Retrospective data from Southwest Oncology Group showed comparable outcomes between groups before the advent of autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-HCT). Recently Hari et al. determined that African-American and Caucasians have similar outcomes after auto-HCT for MM. In the age of novel therapy, Waxman et al addressed racial disparity in population based query of SEER and found disease specific survival was greater for African-Americans than Caucasians; and over time, survival improvement was much less pronounced among African-Americans than Caucasians. Nevertheless transplant specific data is sparse in the contemporary era with novel treatment options. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 196 African-American multiple myeloma patients (pts) and 806 Caucasian patients initially seen at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1/1/2002 to 12/31/2010 who underwent autologous transplantation after high dose chemotherapy. The year 2002 was used to incorporate patients who had been exposed to novel agents. Results: A total of 1002 patients were analyzed, 196 African American and 806 Caucasian pts with multiple myeloma who underwent an autologous transplant. Median age at diagnosis was 59 years for both cohorts. Initial response prior to transplant was fairly evenly matched between groups (TABLE 1) as well as final response after transplant. 25% of Caucasian pts and 21% of African-American pts achieved a very good partial response (VGPR) while 28% of Caucasian and 21% of African-American pts achieved a complete response (CR). For evaluable patients, the International Staging System (ISS) at diagnosis was determined. The percentage of stage I, II and III patients in the African-American group was 27%, 20% and 17% respectively. The percentage of stage I, II and III patients in the Caucasian group was 26%, 19% and 17% respectively. Importantly 133/806 of Caucasians and 33/196 of African Americans were diagnosed at ISS stage III (p value=0.91). There was no measurable difference in progression free survival (figure 1) or overall survival (figure 1figure 2) with a maximum follow-up of >100 months. Conclusion: In this retrospective single-center study we demonstrated no difference in progression free survival or overall survival between African-American and Caucasian patients with MM treated in the era of novel agents and autologous stem cell transplantation. These findings concur with previous studies showing no difference in response to treatment between racial groups. In light of older SEER data this may be an effect of novel agents, improved access of care for African Americans or a combination of both. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Aloia, John, Mageda Mikhail, Ruban Dhaliwal, Albert Shieh, Gianina Usera, Alexandra Stolberg, Louis Ragolia, and Shahidul Islam. "Free 25(OH)D and the Vitamin D Paradox in African Americans." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 3356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2066.
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Jin, Xi, Zhonghui Wang, and Mark Loftin. "Assessment and Prediction of Energy Expenditure: One-Mile Walks and Runs Among African American." European Journal of Sport Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsport.2024.3.1.114.
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Among ethnicities, African Americans exhibit the highest prevalence of obesity. A more comprehensive grasp of energy expenditure while walking and running can be instrumental in managing and averting obesity. Regrettably, there is a scarcity of research dedicated to scrutinizing energy expenditure in African Americans during walking and running. Consequently, the primary objective of this study was to contrast energy expenditure disparities during a one-mile walk and run between African Americans of normal-weight and those classified as overweight. Additionally, the secondary aim was to formulate and validate a predictive equation for energy expenditure tailored specifically to African Americans. A total of 68 African American participants were involved in this study, comprising 21 individuals classified as normal-weight walkers, 27 as overweight walkers, and 20 as runners. Energy expenditure was assessed using indirect calorimetry. To compare energy expenditure across these groups, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted, followed by a post hoc Scheffe test. Linear regression analysis was employed for predicting energy expenditure. Additionally, a dependent t-test and a Chow test were utilized for cross-validating the predictive equation. The findings revealed that runners exhibited significantly higher energy expenditure compared to normal-weight walkers. When energy expenditure was normalized to body weight, runners expended significantly more energy than both normal-weight and overweight walkers. However, when expressed relative to fat-free mass, normal-weight walkers expended less energy than runners and overweight walkers. A prediction equation tailored specifically for African Americans was formulated as follows: EE = 1.012 BW − 9.233 Gender (M = 1, F = 2) + 47.188. The results from cross-validation tests confirmed the validity of this equation. Consequently, we recommend the use of this energy expenditure prediction equation for calculating energy expenditure during one-mile walks or runs for African American adults, whether they fall within the normal-weight or overweight categories.
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Lujan, Heidi L., and Stephen E. DiCarlo. "First African-American to hold a medical degree: brief history of James McCune Smith, abolitionist, educator, and physician." Advances in Physiology Education 43, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00119.2018.
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Dr. James McCune Smith, the first African-American to obtain a medical degree, has a remarkable legacy of historical proportions, yet his immense impact on society remains relatively unknown. He may be most celebrated for his effectiveness in abolitionist politics, however, his pioneering influence in medicine is equally remarkable. As examples, McCune Smith pioneered the use of medically based statistics to challenge the notion of African-American racial inferiority. He scientifically challenged the racial theories promoted in Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson T., 1832), and he was a harsh critic of phrenology (study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities). Furthermore, notwithstanding being denied entry to America’s universities and medical societies because of his race, McCune Smith became a giving physician to orphans, an accomplished statistician, medical author, and social activist who worked to end slavery. His pioneering work debunked doubts about the ability of African-Americans to transition into free society. Specifically, he used his training in medicine and statistics to refute the arguments of slave owners and prominent thought leaders that African-Americans were inferior and that slaves were better off than free African-Americans or white urban laborers. Frederick Douglass, narrator of the Anti-Slavery Movement, cited Dr. James McCune Smith as the single most important influence on his life. Dr. McCune Smith, along with Frederick Douglass, Gerrit Smith, John Brown and other intellectual pioneers of the time, were instrumental in making the elimination of slavery possible.
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Harris, John Rogers. "White People Do Not Know How to Behave at Entertainments Designed for Ladies and Gentlemen of Colour: William Brown's African and African American Theater. By Marvin McAllister. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003; pp. 256. $18.95 paper." Theatre Survey 46, no. 1 (May 2005): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557405230090.
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An unruly audience, comprising mostly working-class whites, attended a performance of William Shakespeare's Othello by the African Theatre on 10 August 1822. Instead of enjoying a thoughtful interpretation of Shakespeare, the crowd attacked the performers, stripping them of their clothing and dignity. The causes of riots included a growing presence of free blacks in public spaces, political debates surrounding franchise rights of propertied blacks, and the increasing social interactions between black and poor European Americans. The production of Othello was evidence of the African American contribution to evolving notions of national identities, while the Anglo-American's collective mob thinking reflected a consciousness that would become institutionalized by century's end. The riot marked another incident in the slow, painful demise of a theatre company, but the birth of theatre by African Americans.
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Alang, Sirry. "Contrasting depression among African Americans and major depressive disorder in the DSM-V." Journal of Public Mental Health 17, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmh-12-2016-0061.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify symptoms that constitute a shared cultural model of depression among African Americans and to compare these accounts with criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-V). Design/methodology/approach Data were collected in a disproportionately Black urban neighborhood in the USA and analyzed using cultural consensus analysis (CCA). In total, 34 African Americans participated in a free-listing exercise to elicit common indicators of depression in the same community. Another 40 key informants completed a survey to rate how common each indicator was in the same community. Factor analysis was performed, factor loadings were used to weight the responses of each informant in the survey and then aggregated to determine the most significant indicators or components of the shared model depression. Findings Indicators of depression included classic symptoms in the DSM-V such as sadness and lack of motivation. However, other indicators that are inconsistent with symptoms of MDD in the DSM-V such as paranoia and rage were common and constituted a shared model of depression in the sample. Research limitations/implications Some symptoms common among African Americans that are not in the DSM-V or on research instruments developed based on the DSM could be overlooked in epidemiological surveys and in clinical assessments of depression. Practical implications The provision of mental health care might benefit from a better understanding of how contextual factors shape expressions of distress among African Americans. Originality/value This study identify culturally salient symptoms of depression among African Americans independent of clinically defined criteria.
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Selassie I, W. Gabriel. "“The Walls Have Fallen”." California History 99, no. 1 (2022): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2022.99.1.73.
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In 2021, June 19 (Juneteenth) became a federal holiday commemorating the emancipation of enslaved people of African descent in the United States. Prior to Juneteenth gaining official status, January 1 (Emancipation Day) was the de facto national holiday on which African Americans celebrated the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation and the end of slavery. From 1863 until the late twentieth century, African Americans throughout the nation celebrated what the black-owned journal The Elevator called “the greatest event in the history of the Colored people of America.” While several scholarly works focus on Emancipation Day celebrations throughout the United States, these studies have largely ignored how black westerners celebrated what was essentially “independence day” for African Americans. This essay examines Emancipation Day celebrations in the African American communities of San Francisco, Sacramento, and Los Angeles. Emancipation Day celebrations illustrate how black Californians in the state’s largest African American communities used ritualized celebration and public dialogue to construct their new civic identities as free black men and women. Emancipation Day celebrations provided black Californians opportunities to testify to their aspirations as members of the American polity, and to their vision of themselves as upholders of liberty and beacons of freedom in post–Civil War America. Black Californians forthrightly used public commemorations of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation to illustrate black community consciousness through the spirit of public festivals and civic celebrations, otherwise known as “public festive culture.” These public rituals did more than celebrate liberty: they legitimated black freedom and citizenship, honored the memory of Abraham Lincoln as God’s servant, and elaborated a political ethos powerful enough to unify African Americans as members of the American polity.
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McNamara, Dennis M., Karen Hanley-Yanez, Jeffrey Alexis, Richard Sheppard, Daniel Pauly, and Indrani Halder. "PERCENT AFRICAN GENOMIC ANCESTRY AND TRANSPLANT-FREE SURVIVAL IN AFRICAN AMERICANS WITH RECENT ONSET NON-ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 71, no. 11 (March 2018): A880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(18)31421-9.
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Gray, LaVerne. "Naomi Willie Pollard Dobson: A Pioneering Black Librarian." Libraries: Culture, History, and Society 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/libraries.6.1.0001.
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ABSTRACT Naomi Willie Pollard Dobson (1883–1971) was an educator, librarian, clubwoman, civic leader, and the first Black woman to graduate from Northwestern University in 1905. Despite her achievements, Dobson is not represented in the literature in Black librarianship history, African American history, or women’s history. This article takes a closer look at an early twentieth-century life well lived. A chance reading of the 1915 Wilberforce University catalog revealed her as the head librarian at Wilberforce, an Ohio historically Black college founded in 1856 by the African Methodist Episcopal Church. This article documents the process of uncovering an unknown and unsung figure in African American woman’s biography and library history. The text makes the case for inclusion of an under-researched woman who contributed to the intellectual and liberatory conscious of African Americans. To situate the subject in time and space the article recounts her familial influences through genealogy, explores her movements through the society and women’s columns, and outlines her professional work through institutional reports. Recounting Dobson’s life involved embracing the relational through the significance of a remarkable family, communities centered on self-determination, and progressive racial uplift.
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Cornell, S. E. "Citizens of Nowhere: Fugitive Slaves and Free African Americans in Mexico, 1833-1857." Journal of American History 100, no. 2 (August 13, 2013): 351–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jat253.
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Lange-Maia, Brittney, Melissa Lamar, Sue Leurgans, Aron Buchman, and Lisa Barnes. "Discrimination and Risk of Incident Disability in Older African Americans." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.998.
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Abstract Discrimination is linked to poor health outcomes, but most studies examine young or midlife populations. We assessed associations between discrimination and disability in African Americans. The Detroit Areas Study Everyday Discrimination Scale quantified experiences of interpersonal mistreatment. Separate Cox-proportional hazards models tested the associations between baseline discrimination and incident mobility, activities of daily living (ADLs), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) disability, adjusting for age, sex, education, BMI, smoking, depressive symptoms, and vascular diseases. At baseline, 441, 674, and 469, participants were initially free of mobility, ADL, and IADL disability, respectively, and 257, 185, and 269 new cases of mobility, ADL, and IADL disability were observed over approximately 8.5 years. Discrimination was associated with higher risk of ADL disability (hazard ratio: 1.03 per 1-point higher discrimination score, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.06) but no other disability type. Everyday discrimination is associated with risk of ADL disability.
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Khocht, A., T. Rogers, M. N. Janal, and M. Brown. "Gingival Fluid Inflammatory Biomarkers and Hypertension in African Americans." JDR Clinical & Translational Research 2, no. 3 (February 1, 2017): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2380084417694335.
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Hypertension and periodontitis are highly prevalent among African Americans. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationships among inflammatory biomarkers in the gingival fluid, periodontitis, and blood pressure in these individuals. Twenty-one subjects who reported a diagnosis of hypertension and a comparison group of 26 nonhypertensive participants were enrolled. All were African Americans, non–cigarette smoking, and free from other systemic illness. Blood pressure and body mass index were assessed. A comprehensive periodontal examination was performed. Gingival fluid was collected from 3 healthy sites and 3 diseased sites when available. Samples were assessed for 8-isoprostane, interleukin 1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), C-reactive protein (CRP), and matrix metalloproteinase 8. Regardless of hypertension status, diseased sites were associated with increased levels of these biomarkers. CRP and TNFα levels were also significantly higher in hypertensive than nonhypertensive individuals without diseased sites. After adjusting for demographics and body mass index, periodontal attachment loss was higher among hypertensive than nonhypertensive subjects. TNFα and CRP levels and hypertension were in the same association pathway with attachment loss. Elevated blood pressure may increase the risk of periodontitis through a localized inflammatory mechanism. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this study can be used by clinicians to better understand the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontitis in hypertensive individuals in general and African Americans in particular. The information could lead to better management of periodontal disease.
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Margolis, David A., Mary Eapen, Jeanette Carreras, Julie-An Talano, Meghen Browning, and James Casper. "The Role of Race on Survival after Alternative Donor Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Transplant for Pediatric Acute Leukemia: Provocative Single Center Data." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 5323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.5323.5323.
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Abstract Allogeneic blood or bone marrow transplant (BMT) can be a curative treatment for many children and adolescents with acute leukemia. With advances in unrelated donor transplant, others and we have shown that unrelated donor BMT can have similar survival to matched sibling BMT. There are several reports describing outcomes after matched related donor transplantation among various ethnic groups. Thus far, there are no published studies comparing outcomes among ethnic groups after alternative donor transplantation. Anecdotally, however, there have been concerns regarding outcomes among racial and ethnic groups, especially African-Americans. In order to address this question, we utilized our institutional database to analyze survival among children and adolescents receiving an alternative donor BMT at Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin from 1988-present. We compared survival in Caucasians and African-Americans undergoing unrelated donor and mismatched related donor transplantation (including haploidentical donors). One hundred and twenty four Caucasians underwent matched and mismatched unrelated donor transplantation compared to 11 African Americans. The 2-year probabilities of overall survival were significantly better for Caucasians at 53% (95% CI 44–62) than for African Americans, 18% (95% CI 2–45), p=0.01. Fifty-four Caucasians and 9 African Americans received mismatched family donor transplantation. Corresponding probabilities of overall 2-year survival were 38% (95% CI 25–51) and 30% (95% CI 5–64), respectively. Interestingly, our data show no statistically significant difference in survival after mismatched related donor transplantation between the Caucasian and African-American cohorts. Our data should be interpreted cautiously as the number of African Americans transplanted at our institution is few. Additionally, our analysis is limited by our inability to adjust for disease status at transplantation, HLA disparity and other known risk factors that may impact survival. Nevertheless these observations from a single institution cannot be ignored and warrant further analysis in a larger cohort such that outcomes after transplantation may be adjusted appropriately for relevant risk factors. We believe that a national database/registry study will have the numbers necessary to answer the questions that need to be asked regarding outcomes with alternative donor transplantation in the African-American population. We also believe that as cell processing and supportive care technologies improve mismatched family member transplantation outcomes, these advances could have a significant impact in improving leukemia-free survival for African-American children and adolescents.
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Carson, Scott Alan. "NET NUTRITION AND THE TRANSITION FROM 19TH CENTURY BOUND TO FREE-LABOR: ASSESSING DIETARY CHANGE WITH DIFFERENCES-IN-DECOMPOSITIONS." Journal of Demographic Economics 84, no. 4 (October 17, 2018): 447–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2018.15.
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Abstract:Average stature reflects cumulative net nutrition and health during economic development. This study introduces a difference-in-decompositions approach to show that although 19th century African-American cumulative net nutrition was comparable to working class whites, it was made worse-off with the transition to free-labor. Average stature reflects net nutrition over the life-course, and adult blacks born under bound-labor had greater age related statures loss than blacks under free-labor. Agricultural worker's net nutrition was better than workers in other occupations and was better-off under free-labor and industrialization. Within-group stature variation was greater than across-group variation, and white within-group stature variation associated with socioeconomic status was greater than African-Americans.
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Neupane, Khagendra. "African-American Cultural Expression: The Defiance of Black Aesthetics." Journal of Population and Development 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpd.v4i1.64239.
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This research delves into the transformative realm of Black Aesthetics as a profound and resilient cultural resistance strategy employed by African-Americans. In a historical context marked by the degradation of the genuine image of African-Americans through Western perspectives, Black Aesthetics emerges as a dynamic force challenging stereotypes and reclaiming agency over cultural narratives. The study explores the foundational influences of key socio-political movements, namely the Harlem Renaissance, the Black Power Movement, and the Civil Rights Movement, in shaping and catalyzing the development of Black Aesthetics. During the 1920s, the Harlem Renaissance served as a crucible for cultural revitalization amid the multifaceted struggles faced by African-Americans. Fueled by a desire to break free from racial stereotypes, this movement laid the groundwork for the emergence of Black Aesthetics as a tool for empowerment and self-expression. The subsequent impact of the Black Power Movement and the Civil Rights Movement on Black Aesthetics is examined, revealing how these movements contested prevailing Western perspectives and sought to redefine the narrative surrounding African-Americans. The Black Power Movement, emphasizing self-determination and autonomy, stood in stark contrast to the assimilations goals of the Civil Rights Movement, collectively contributing to the nuanced evolution of Black Aesthetics. Through an interdisciplinary lens, this research navigates the intersection of art, ideas, and socio-political dynamics, elucidating how Black Aesthetics serves as a cultural resistance mechanism. It explores the multifaceted dimensions of this resistance, including the creation of alternative narratives, the celebration of cultural identity, and the reclamation of dignity. Ultimately, this research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of Black Aesthetics as a transformative force in cultural resistance, shedding light on its historical roots, its evolution through significant movements, and its enduring impact on reshaping the narrative of African-American identity.
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Stave, Emma. "Freedom’s Journal." Leviathan: Interdisciplinary Journal in English, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/lev.v0i6.119255.
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This article examines the first newspaper operated, published, and distributed by free blacks in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century, Freedom’s Journal. Despite being active for merely two years, the New York-based periodical managed to unite African Americans across different states by becoming their mouthpiece. The first part of the article examines well-established historical facts including information about the editors, the readership, and the methods of distribution. The second part examines changes brought to the journalistic field by African Americans, while part three analyzes excerpts from a debate between proponents of the colonization movement, and their African American opponents. The final part discusses why the periodical ceased publishing, the importance of the method of distribution, and how the paper may have impacted subsequent black rights movements. Finally, an assessment is given as to how periodicals like Freedom’s Journal may influence the present and the future.
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Aristizabal, Carolina, Eduardo Ibarra, and Lourdes A. Baezconde-Garbanati. "Abstract 4840: Creating a culturally sensitive manual to increase clinical trial participation among African Americans and African Nationals." Cancer Research 84, no. 6_Supplement (March 22, 2024): 4840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-4840.
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Abstract Background: Racial and ethnic minorities are immensely underrepresented in clinical trial studies in the United States. Black/African Americans, Latinos/as, Asians, American Indians, and Pacific Islanders make up roughly 30% of all clinical trials (CT) participation across all race groups. Being inclusive of all populations in CT ensures that everyone has access to modern medicines and treatments, but also, that these latest treatments work and react well to all people. Methods: We developed a manual on clinical trials with a target focus to African Americans and African Nationals. We hosted two focus groups with Blacks/African Americans in which we found they are more comfortable getting cancer related information through trusted community services, such as coming from churches. We have connected with over 80 Pastors who agreed to collaborate in clinical trials education. Results: Through outreach and engagement to African American churches in Los Angeles County, we have distributed a copy of this clinical trials educational manual to 90 churches to be disseminated during their services. Our office of Community Outreach and Engagement (COE) regularly attend community health and resource events and provide hard copies of the clinical trials manual at tables/booths designated for our participation. We have attended 50 community events and have disseminated about 1,900 copies of the CT manual so far this year 2023. This manual is also available for free download on our cancer center’s website, in which over 100 toolkits have been downloaded within the last year. Conclusions: By creating a culturally sensitive and adapted educational manual and partnering with trusted services in the community such as faith-based organizations, we can begin to break down barriers to clinical trials participation among all race and ethnic minority groups. Citation Format: Carolina Aristizabal, Eduardo Ibarra, Lourdes A. Baezconde-Garbanati. Creating a culturally sensitive manual to increase clinical trial participation among African Americans and African Nationals [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4840.
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Rodriguez, Luis A., Yichen Jin, Sameera A. Talegawkar, Marcia C. de Oliveira Otto, Namratha R. Kandula, David M. Herrington, and Alka M. Kanaya. "Differences in Diet Quality among Multiple US Racial/Ethnic Groups from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 6 (March 4, 2020): 1509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa050.
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ABSTRACT Background Diet quality is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Little is known about the diet quality of South Asians in the United States, a group with higher rates of T2D and CVD compared with other racial/ethnic groups. Objective This study determined whether diet quality differs between South Asian adults in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study and whites, Chinese Americans, African Americans, and Hispanics in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Methods Cross-sectional data from 3926 participants free of CVD from MESA visit 5 (2010–2011) and 889 South Asian participants from MASALA visit 1 (2010–2013) were pooled. Diet quality was assessed using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI-2010) derived using FFQs. Multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and total energy intake were used to compare mean differences in diet quality between the racial/ethnic groups. Results MESA participants were, on average, 14 y older than MASALA participants. The adjusted mean (95% CI) scores for the AHEI-2010 were 70.2 (69.5, 70.9) among South Asians, 66.2 (66.3, 68.2) among Chinese Americans, 61.1 (60.7, 61.6) among whites, 59.0 (58.4, 59.7) among Hispanics, and 57.5 (56.9, 58.1) among African Americans. The mean AHEI scores among South Asians were 3.1 (1.8, 4.3), 9.2 (8.3, 10.1), 11.2 (10.2, 12.3), and 12.8 (11.8, 13.7) points higher compared with Chinese Americans, whites, Hispanics, and African Americans, respectively. Conclusions South Asian adults in the United States have a higher diet quality compared with other racial/ethnic groups. This paradoxical finding is not consistent with the observed higher rates of T2D and CVD compared with other groups. This is further evidence of the importance of studying the South Asian population to better understand the causes of chronic disease not explained by diet quality.
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Stulov, Yuri V. "Contemporary African American Historical Novel." Literature of the Americas, no. 14 (2023): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2023-14-75-99.
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The paper discusses the works of African American writers of the end of the 1960s — the end of the 2010s that address the historical past of African Americans and explores the traumatic experience of slavery and its consequences. The tragedy of people subjected to slavery as well as their masters who challenged the moral and ethical norms has remained the topical issue of contemporary African American historical novel. Pivotal for the development of the genre of African American historical novel were Jubilee by the outstanding writer and poet Margaret Walker and the non-fiction novel Roots by Alex Haley. African American authors reconsider the past from today’s perspective making use of both the newly discovered documents and the peculiarities of contemporary literary techniques and showing a versatility of genre experiments, paying attention to the ambiguity of American consciousness in relation to the past. Toni Morrison combines the sacred and the profane, reality and magic while Ishmael Reed conjugates thematic topicality and a bright literary experiment connecting history with the problems of contemporary consumer society; Charles Johnson problematizes history in a philosophic tragicomedy. Edward P. Jones reconsiders the history of slavery in a broad context as his novel’s setting is across the whole country on a broad span of time. The younger generation of African American writers represented by C. Baker, A. Randall, C. Whitehead, J. Ward and other authors touches on the issues of African American history in order to understand whether the tragic past has finally been done with. Contemporary African American historical novel relies on documents, new facts, elements of fictional biography, traditions of slave narratives and in its range makes use of peculiarities of family saga, bildungsroman, political novel, popular novel enriching it with various elements of magic realism, parodying existing canons and sharp satire.
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MADDISON, CATHERINE. "“In Chains 400 Years … And Still in Chains in DC!” The 1966 Free DC Movement and the Challenges of Organizing in the City." Journal of American Studies 41, no. 1 (March 8, 2007): 169–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875806002799.
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In the summer of 1965 the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) toured possible locations for a campaign that would highlight the problems African Americans faced in Northern cities.1 Chicago was chosen, primarily due to the presence of an effective local movement.
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Schmella, Mandy J., Robert E. Ferrell, Marcia J. Gallaher, David L. Lykins, Andrew D. Althouse, James M. Roberts, and Carl A. Hubel. "The -93T/GLPLPromoter Polymorphism Is Associated With Lower Third-Trimester Triglycerides in Pregnant African American Women." Biological Research For Nursing 17, no. 4 (January 7, 2015): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800414561475.
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Background:Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and several pregnancy complications. Lipoprotein lipase ( LPL) genetic variation modulates nonpregnancy plasma triglycerides, but its effects during pregnancy are unknown. The G allele of the LPL -93T/G promoter polymorphism is 16–23 times more prevalent in Blacks than in Whites, contributing to lower triglycerides in nonpregnant African Americans by increasing LPL expression.Purpose:This study investigated whether the triglyceride-lowering effect of -93G is observed in African Americans during pregnancy.Methods:Genotyping was performed on 124 African American women with uncomplicated pregnancies for common functional LPL polymorphisms/mutations (-93T/G, D9N, N291S, and S447X). Third-trimester plasma triglyceride, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and free fatty acid concentrations were measured with colorimetric assays. Clinical characteristics and lipid values were compared across the -93T/G genotypes.Results:Triglycerides were significantly lower in women with the -93GG compared to the -93TT genotype, both with ( n = 124, p = .02) and without ( n = 108, p = .03) inclusion of participants with other LPL variant alleles. Triglyceride differences persisted after adjustment for prepregnancy body mass index, gestational age at delivery, and smoking. There were no significant differences in the other lipids or apolipoprotein B by -93T/G genotype.Conclusions:Despite the considerable metabolic changes accompanying pregnancy, the triglyceride-lowering effect associated with the -93GG LPL genotype in African Americans persists during late pregnancy. The -93GG genotype might protect against pregnancy complications stemming from hypertriglyceridemia, but the overall increased risk of pregnancy complications in African American women points to complex, multifactorial relationships among risk factors, race, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Brassell, S. A., E. Raymundo, Y. Chen, and J. Zhao. "Impact of Asian American race on prostate cancer outcomes." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 5165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.5165.
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5165 Background: The global increased incidence of prostate cancer (CaP) is of growing concern, notably in Asia where a 118% rise has been documented. Recent publications report that Asian Americans are more likely to have advanced clinical stage, higher tumor grades, and worse survival rates compared to other racial groups. It remains unclear if these adverse outcomes are attributable to intrinsic biologic differences of CaP in Asians or socioeconomic and cultural differences. Methods: Men registered into the Center for Prostate Disease Research multi-center military national database from 1989–2007 with biopsy-proven CaP and categorized as Asian American, Caucasian, or African American descent were included. Demographic and clinical characteristics were examined. Frequencies were reported for categorical features. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were reported for continuous features. Chi-square, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to examine association between race and clinico-pathologic features. Differences of PSA recurrence and overall survival rates were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier. The multi-variate Cox proportional hazard model was used to examine predictive value of clinico-pathologic features. Results: Included patients were 10,964: 583 (5.3%) Asian Americans, 2,046 (18.7%) African Americans, and 8,335 (76.0%) Caucasians. At diagnosis, Asian Americans had lower clinical stage (p<0.0001) but worse biopsy grade (p = 0.0006) than other groups. They had a higher percentage of organ confined disease (p < 0.0001) and were more likely to choose radical prostatectomy (RP) (p < 0.0001). Asian Americans had improved biochemical recurrence free (p<0.01) and overall survival (p < 0.001) compared to African Americans or Caucasians treated with RP or external beam radiation. Conclusions: Asian Americans with CaP treated in an equal access military health care system have improved pathologic outcomes and survival characteristics compared with other races. Asian ethnicity's negative impact on survival noted by others appears to be from factors other than the tumor's intrinsic behavior such as language barriers, socioeconomic status, and cultural norms. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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McGill, Jenny. "The Legacy of Anna E. Hall, African American Missionary to Liberia." International Bulletin of Mission Research 46, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23969393211061193.
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This article, which tells the life story of Anna E. Hall, highlights the significant role that this African American missionary played in Liberia for the US Methodist Episcopal Church in the early twentieth century. The latter half of the nineteenth century saw increased migration of free African Americans as ministers . . . and missionaries overseas, especially to Africa. Standing as a paragon in missionary ventures, Anna E. Hall represents one of many who were responsible for the resurgence of Christianity in Africa and provides an exemplar for missionary service.
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Mitchell, Jamie, Tam Perry, Vanessa Rorai, Joan Ilardo, Peter Lichtenberg, and James Jackson. "Building and Sustaining a Community Advisory Board of African American Older Adults as the Foundation for Volunteer Research Recruitment and Retention in Health Sciences." Ethnicity & Disease 30, Suppl (November 19, 2020): 755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.30.s2.755.
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Older African Americans’ participation in health-related research is severely limited; they are not involved in sufficient numbers to ensure the applicability of advancements in medical and behavioral health. This research participation gap exacerbates older African Americans’ vulnerability to poor health outcomes and disparities. The Michigan Center for Urban African American Aging Research employs a progressive community-based participatory model that utilizes a structured community advisory board (CAB) of African American older adults in metro Detroit, Michigan to oversee the research recruitment and retention of fellow minority older adult research participants. CAB members develop and support community health programming that provides free resources to older adults and also serves as fertile ground for recruiting participants in a volunteer research registry. CAB members are also provided ongoing training on social and behavioral health research and are supported in acting as a consultancy to outside researchers where they can be compensated for their expertise and engagement. This community-engaged model of sustaining a CAB of African American older adults offers key lessons learned on building relationships and trust, valuing and leveraging community members’ expertise and time, sharing decision-making, and fostering genuine community all while promoting research recruitment and retention among underserved populations.Ethn Dis. 2020;30(Suppl 2):755-764; doi:10.18865/ed.30.S2.755
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Bonnette, Lakeyta M., Sarah M. Gershon, and Precious D. Hall. "Free Your Mind: Contemporary Racial Attitudes and Post Racial Theory." Ethnic Studies Review 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2012.35.1.71.
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The inauguration of the United States first Black President has prompted mass discussions of race relations in America. It is often articulated that America is now in a post-racial society. However, the question still remains: does the election of a Black president demonstrate that America is now a “color-blind” society? To answer this question, we rely on data collected by PEW (2007). Our results suggest that white and African Americans differ significantly in the extent to which they express post-racial attitudes. Specifically, we find that whites more commonly express post-racial attitudes, claiming that racism and discrimination are rare, in opposition to African American views. On the other hand, blacks are more likely to believe that discrimination still occurs. We further find that whites' post-racial beliefs are significant determinants of their attitudes towards race-related policies, such as affirmative action.
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Ludwig, Bernadette. "A Black Republic: Citizenship and naturalisation requirements in Liberia." Migration Letters 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v13i1.265.
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In 1822 Liberia was founded as a place where free(d) enslaved African Americans could find freedom and liberty. While many of them did, the indigenous African population was, for a long time, excluded from citizenry despite fulfilling one of the essential criteria to be eligible for Liberians citizenship: Being Black. This prerequisite remains part of Liberian law today, rendering non-Blacks ineligible for Liberian citizenship. Today, this mostly affects the Lebanese community who originally came as traders and entrepreneurs to Liberia. This article analyses why Liberians defend race-based exclusionary citizenship practices.
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Baibakova, Larisa Vilorovna. "Peculiarities of perception by former slaves of their social status in the era of slavery (based on the collection of their memoirs in the Library of US Congress)." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 4 (April 2020): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.4.33626.
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Slavery has always been condemned across the world; however in the end of the XX century, such canonical concept was rectified based on the extensive examination by American scholars of compilation of narratives of the former slaves collected in 1930s in the United States. At that time, 2,300 former slaves from 17 states were interviewed about their life in the era of slavery. Later, these interviews were placed in open access on the website of the Library of US Congress, reconstructing a contradictory picture of everyday life of African-Americans in the conditions of plantation economy: some reminiscences convey almost a nostalgic feeling of the past, while others criticizes it severely. The author in his attempt explain the historical accuracy of the results of mass interviewing of African-Americans, tries to make sense why 70 years later, the eyewitnesses of the same event have polar viewpoints. Forming the new comparative-historical approaches towards examination of collective consciousness under the influence of anthropologization of historical knowledge, the interview materials allow reconstructing the period, demonstrating the value system of the entire population group, unlike biography that structures the chain of events in chronological order. Analysis of the archive “Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938” has not been previously conducted within the Russian historiography, just briefly mentioned as one of the documentary aspects of the institution of slavery. The contained material is important for scientific comprehension of the bygone era of slavery, reflected in the collective memory of long-suffering African-American sub-ethnos. The problem of slavery in the United States, which synthesizes heritage of the past with practices of everyday life in various manifestations, seems optimal from the perspective of historiographical interest.
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Rivell, Guillermo L., Jenny H. Petkova, Karim Tazi, Milos Budisavljevic, Luciano J. Costa, and Robert K. Stuart. "The Influence of Race and ADAMTS13 Status On Outcomes in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 4638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.4638.4638.
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Abstract Abstract 4638 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), a syndrome characterized by thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia due to deficiency of the von Willebrand factor cleaving protease ADAMTS13, was once a highly fatal condition, but therapeutic plasma exchange (PEX) has dramatically improved outcomes. We report the results of a retrospective chart review of TTP patients treated with PEX at our institution from September 2006 through December 2011. Complete demographic, clinical, laboratory, treatment, and response data were collected to examine the influence of race on clinical outcomes. A total of 49 patients were treated for TTP. This cohort was predominantly female (71%) and African American (61%). Three patients were of Hispanic ethnicity. The median age was 50 years (14–81), and the median number of comorbidities at presentation was 4 (range 0–14). Assays for ADAMTS13 activity with reflex to ADAMTS13 inhibitor were performed by the Blood Center of Wisconsin. All patients were treated with PEX (1–1.5 plasma volume using fresh frozen plasma as replacement fluid) once daily until plateau in the platelet count, and then PEX frequency was tapered over 2 weeks in remitting patients. The median number of PEX procedures for the first episode was 8 (1–22). The median total PEX for all episodes was 9 (1–56). The majority of patients, 37 (75.5%), received corticosteroids, and rituximab was administered to 19 (38.8%) of patients at some point during their treatment, usually for slow response or relapse. An initial response to PEX, defined by normalization of platelet count (above 140×109/L) and resolution of signs of hemolysis, was achieved in 36/49 (73.5%) patients. The response rate was not significantly different between African Americans (73.3%) and Caucasians (68.8%, p=0.742), and all 3 Hispanic patients responded to initial treatment. Pre-treatment ADAMTS13 activity was severely deficient (<10% of normal) in 20/39 (51.3%) patients. An inhibitor of ADAMTS 13 was detected (>0.4 Inhibitor Units) in 19/23 (82.6%) patients tested. African Americans were more likely to have severely deficient ADAMTS13 activity (16/25, 64%) than Caucasians (2/13, 15.4%; p=0.004). The initial response rate was higher in patients with severely deficient ADAMTS 13 activity (90.0%) in comparison to those with >10% activity (68.4%), however the difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.067). Of the patients with severely deficient ADAMTS 13 activity and detectable inhibitor levels, 89.5% had an initial response to PEX. All four patients with severely deficient ADAMTS 13 activity but undetectable inhibitor levels also responded to PEX. The total number of relapse events was 16 (32.7%), and the median time to relapse was 19.4 months. All three Hispanic patients, 4 (25%) Caucasians, and 9 (30%) African Americans relapsed. One-year relapse free survival was similar among Caucasians and African Americans at 72% and 75% respectively (p=0.852). All three Hispanic patients relapsed within the first year. One-year overall survival was similar for Caucasians and African Americans at 81.3% and 83.3% respectively (p=0.968). A total of 10 deaths were documented. The causes of death were relapse of TTP (3/10), sepsis (4/10), GI bleeding (2/10), and unknown etiology (1/10). In this unusual TTP cohort with 61% African Americans, we found that African Americans were more likely to have severely deficient ADAMTS13 activity than Caucasians, but response to PEX, relapse, and survival for Caucasian and African Americans were very similar. This study also supports pre-treatment assays for ADAMTS13 activity and its inhibitor, not only for the diagnosis of TTP, but also for predicting response to PEX therapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Carson, Scott Alan. "Changing Institutions, Changing Net Nutrition: A Difference-in-Decompositions Approach to Understanding the U.S. Transition to Free-Labor." Review of Black Political Economy 46, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034644618820928.
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The body mass index (BMI) reflects current net nutrition and health during economic development. This study introduces a difference-in-decompositions approach to show that although 19th century African American current net nutrition was comparable to working-class Whites, it was made worse-off with the transition to free-labor. BMI reflects net nutrition over the life-course, and like stature, slave children’s BMIs increased more than Whites as they approached entry into the adult slave labor force. Agricultural worker’s net nutrition was better than workers in other occupations but was worse-off under free-labor and industrialization. Within-group BMI variation was greater than across-group variation, and White within-group variation associated with socioeconomic status was greater than African Americans.