Academic literature on the topic 'Frederick R. Koch Foundation'

In October 2011, the University of Toronto and the TorontoheadquarteredGairdner Foundation partnered to celebrate theninetieth anniversary of the discovery of insulin. In 1921, fourscientists worked to discover, isolate, and purify insulin at theUniversity of Toronto: Frederick Banting, John J. R. Macleod,James B. Collip, and Charles H. Best. The credit for this achievementhas been assigned in varying ways. Popular opinion, inToronto and worldwide, has bestowed the recognition for discoveryupon Banting and Best. Indeed, many noted diabetologistshave credited the achievement to this pair. However, theNobel Committee awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicineto Banting and Macleod in 1923. Michael Bliss, in his 1982history of the discovery of insulin, revisited the question ofwho really is responsible for this wonder drug. Our essay willexplore the pathway toward the discovery of insulin and seekto understand why the credit for this monumental achievementwas apportioned in such different ways.

Celem niniejszego artykułu była próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, kto i kiedy zainicjował fundację żeńskiego klasztoru cysterskiego w estońskiej diecezji dorpackiej. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że zakładanie klasztorów żeńskich nie było sprawą priorytetową w świeżo chrystianizowanych, słabo zaludnionych i peryferyjnych Inflantach. Pierwsze klasztory męskie na tych ziemiach powstały w pierwszej dekadzie XIII w., klasztory żeńskie – dopiero na początku drugiej połowy XIII w. Fundatorami wszystkich byli lokalni władcy terytorialni – król duński i inflanccy biskupi (ryski, dorpacki i ozylski). Należy więc uznać, że podobnie było w wypadku klasztoru cysterek dorpackich, i szukać jego fundatora wśród dorpackich hierarchów. Wydaje się, że inicjatorem tej fundacji, która po raz pierwszy była wzmiankowana źródłowo dopiero w 1345 r., mógł być biskup dorpacki Frederick von Haseldorf, sprawujący tę godność w latach 1268 – ok. 1289. Sprzyjały temu stosunkowo długi czas jego pontyfikatu, potwierdzone źródłowo wcześniejsze zainteresowanie biskupa monastycyzmem kobiecym (jego rodzinny Holsztyn, Meklemburgia, Pomorze Zachodnie) oraz wysoka pozycja społeczna i majątkowa. Wydaje się, że zamiar fundacji powstał dopiero w ostatnich latach życia biskupa Fredericka von Haseldorfa i po jego śmierci przeznaczono na ten cel pieniądze sprowadzone przez dorpacką kapitułę katedralną ze Stralsundu, a stanowiące spuściznę po zmarłym biskupie. Samo powstanie klasztoru zapewne było rozciągnięte w czasie, podobnie jak w wypadku nieco lepiej oświetlonych źródłowo i wcześniejszych fundacji żeńskich klasztorów cysterek w Rydze i Rewalu, ale być może zaczął on funkcjonować jeszcze w XIII w. – zamykając okres chrystianizacji Inflant – do którego przynależały wszystkie fundacje cysterskie na terenie Dawnych Inflant.

Context.— Frederick Banting, Charles Best, J. Bertrand Collip, and J. J. R. Macleod contributed to the discovery of insulin in 1921–1922. Recent advances in anatomic pathology, experimental pathology, and clinical pathology were necessary for the research in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to begin and to succeed. Objective.— To explore the role of pathology and laboratory medicine in laying the foundation for the discovery of insulin. Design.— Available primary and secondary historical sources were reviewed. Results.— During a 3-decade period, pathologists, through autopsy pathology and experimental animal studies, were able to provide solid evidence that the pancreatic islets were the source of the internal secretion responsible for proper carbohydrate metabolism. Banting, a surgeon with no previous research experience, read about these studies in a case report with an extensive literature review by pathologist Moses Barron; this piqued Banting's interest and caused him to approach Macleod, a Toronto physiology professor, with an idea that initiated the research. Advances in clinical laboratory medicine, which allowed them to measure blood glucose levels using small blood volumes, were critical to their success. Conclusions.— By 1921–1922, the pieces necessary to solve the puzzle were available. The primary reason that the time was ripe for the discovery was the contributions of pathologists and laboratory physicians in the preceding 3 decades. As the 100th anniversary approaches, our profession can take pride in its important contributions to the discovery of insulin, which is broadly recognized as one of the most important medical research advances of the 20th century.

Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, edited by Kevin A. Yelvington (reviewed by Aisha Khan)Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585-1660, by Linda M. Heywood & John K. Thornton (reviewed by James H. Sweet)An Eye for the Tropics: Tourism, Photography, and Framing the Caribbean Picturesque, by Krista A. Thompson (reviewed by Carl Thompson)Taíno Indian Myth and Practice: The Arrival of the Stranger King, by William F. Keegan (reviewed by Frederick H. Smith) Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, by David F. Marley (reviewed by Richard L. Kagan) Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age, edited by Christopher Leslie Brown & Philip D. Morgan (reviewed by James Sidbury)Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados, by Russell R. Menard (reviewed by Kenneth Morgan)Jamaica in 1850 or, The Effects of Sixteen Years of Freedom on a Slave Colony, by John Bigelow (reviewed by Jean Besson) Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism, by Christopher Leslie Brown (reviewed by Cassandra Pybus) Caribbean Journeys: An Ethnography of Migration and Home in Three Family Networks, by Karen Fog Olwig (reviewed by George Gmelch) Afro-Caribbean Immigrants and the Politics of Incorporation: Ethnicity, Exception, or Exit, by Reuel R. Rogers (reviewed by Kevin Birth) Puerto Rican Arrival in New York: Narratives of the Migration, 1920-1950, edited by Juan Flores (reviewed by Wilson A. Valentín-Escobar)The Conquest of History: Spanish Colonialism and National Histories in the Nineteenth Century, by Christopher Schmidt-Nowara (reviewed by Aline Helg)Gender and Slave Emancipation in the Atlantic World, edited by Pamela Scully & Diana Paton (reviewed by Bernard Moitt) Gender and Democracy in Cuba, by Ilja A. Luciak (reviewed by Florence E. Babb) The “New Man” in Cuba: Culture and Identity in the Revolution, by Ana Serra (reviewed by Jorge Duany) Lydia Cabrera and the Construction of an Afro-Cuban Cultural Identity, by Edna M. Rodríguez-Mangual (reviewed by Brian Brazeal) Worldview, the Orichas, and Santeria: Africa to Cuba and Beyond, by Mercedes Cros Sandoval (reviewed by Elizabeth Pérez)The 1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery, by Matt D. Childs (reviewed by Manuel Barcia) Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation, by Harvey R. Neptune (reviewed by Selwyn Ryan) Claims to Memory: Beyond Slavery and Emancipation in the French Caribbean, by Catherine A. Reinhardt (reviewed by Dominique Taffin) The Grand Slave Emporium, Cape Coast Castle and the British Slave Trade, by William St. Clair (reviewed by Ray A. Kea) History of the Caribbean, by Frank Moya Pons (reviewed by Olwyn M. Blouet) Out of the Crowded Vagueness: A History of the Islands of St Kitts, Nevis & Anguilla, by Brian Dyde (reviewed by Karen Fog Olwig) Scoping the Amazon: Image, Icon, Ethnography, by Stephen Nugent (reviewed by Neil L. Whitehead)

AbstractIn South Africa, acaricides are widely used for tick control but very few reports are available on resistance development of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus Koch to chemical control on commercial farming systems in Africa, south of the Sahara. Resistance to different acaricide classes reported over the years was mostly from localised communal farming systems. This report addresses the lack of available information on resistance development by reviewing results found during a National Tick Resistance Survey carried out from 1998 to 2001, laying the foundation for more recent research on resistance development, and the evolution of resistance over the years. One hundred and eighty R. decoloratus populations were randomly collected from commercial farming systems, covering most of the provinces of South Africa. Larval immersion tests were used to determine phenotypic resistance for each tick population and 6.6% of the populations tested were found to be resistant to amitraz, 35.5% to cypermethrin, and 36.1% to chlorfenvinphos. Multi-resistance to all three acaricides was found in 1.2% of populations and a further 25.8% of the populations were resistant to two acaricides. The detection of resistance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) species to currently used or new acaricides is an essential tool in resistance management. The acaricides tested for the resistance of R. decoloratus during the survey are currently still in use in South Africa and these historical results, never published before, can be valuable and can act as reference data to determine the evolution of resistance development to acaricides in more recent studies.

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Robert Bosch Stiftung (Stuttgart, Germany) Region Stockholm (ALF project; Stockholm, Sweden) Introduction Chest pain is a common chief complaint in emergency departments (EDs). The Acute Cardiovascular Care Association recommends the use of History, ECG, Age, Risk factors, and Troponin (HEART) score for risk stratification. In hectic and overcrowded EDs computerized history taking (CHT) is one structured way for collecting the components of HEART score, which include medical history (H- and R-variables). Purpose To determine the proportion of acute chest pain patients where CHT can be used to calculate HEART score, and what interrater reliability the included variables have with physician acquired medical history. Methods Prospective cohort study with acute chest pain patients self-reporting medical histories using a CHT program (Clinical Expert Operating System, CLEOS) on a tablet. CLEOS, with >17,000 decision nodes, mimics a physician interview and tailors each interview continuously depending on previous answers. Clinically stable women and men aged >18 years with a chief complaint of chest pain and non-diagnostic ECG or serum markers for acute coronary syndrome were enrolled. Patients unable to carry out a CHT interview (e.g., severe impaired vision or confusion) were excluded. As recommended in regional guidelines a modified HEART score using the traditional classification of anginal symptoms, i.e. 1) central chest pain, 2) provoked by physical exertion and/or emotional stress, and 3) relieved by rest and/or nitrates, and traditional risk factors was used (see Table 1). Observations to each discrete H- and R-variable and medical history data were extracted from electronic health records (EHR) and the CHT database by the research staff. Cohen’s kappa statistics and interpretation according to Landis & Koch was used to describe the interrater reliability. Results A total of 1,000 consecutive patients were enrolled in one tertiary university hospital ED during 2017–2019 (mean age 55±17 years; 54% women), comparable to the general chest pain population (mean age 58±19 years; 50% women). A complete HEART score could be calculated in 60% of patients (H-variable 91%; R-variable 60%). Registered observations from EHR and CHT and interrater reliability data are presented in Table 1. Interrater reliability for the H-variable (classical anginal symptoms) was slight to moderate (kappa 0.19-0.44) and the R-variable (traditional risk factors) was moderate to almost perfect (kappa 0.56-0.88). Conclusions HEART score could be calculated in a majority of acute chest pain patients by the use of CHT. Interrater reliability was high for traditional risk factors but low to moderate for classical anginal symptoms. Our ongoing studies assess whether CHT combined with a risk score such as HEART score in an acute setting can be useful for improved risk stratification and, more important, to improve clinical outcomes.

The popularization of the body positivity movement on social media (Cohen et al., 2020) as well as the increased attention to positive body image development in psychology (e.g., Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015a) give reason for the potential inclusion of television messages that can potentially benefit viewers’ body image (i.e., positive body image messages). Yet, prior studies exploring appearance messages on television have predominantly paid attention to harmful messages, including stigmatizing remarks towards characters not adhering to beauty ideals (e.g., Northup & Liebler, 2010; Eisenberg et al., 2015). One can question whether the exclusive focus on identifying negative appearance messages provides an accurate representation of viewers’ true experiences with the television landscape. We therefore presented a tested new instrument to analyze the presence of positive body image (PBI) messages on television, aligning with theoretical conceptualizations of positive body image in the literature (e.g., Maes et al., 2021). Field of application/theoretical foundation: The PBI messages measurement instrument relies on theoretical conceptualizations of positive body image development, which include self-care (i.e., individuals’ attunement and appropriate responses to changing body characteristics and personal hygiene) (Maes et al., 2021), body appreciation (i.e., the acceptance of one’s own body and others’ bodies, typically expressed through self-love and respect for others’ uniqueness) (e.g., Maes et al., 2021; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015b; Tylka & Iannantuono, 2016), and resilience against body image threatening messages (i.e., negative appearance remarks, body ideals, and pubertal changes) (Maes et al., 2021). The final component is expressed through coping strategies, such as rationalization, ignoring, and distraction. The instrument more specifically allows to explore the presence of PBI messages in television series and movies and can be used at a scene level (i.e., presence of messages per scene) and character level (i.e., presence of PBI component in unique television character). References/combination with other methods of data collection: Prior research exists that has departed from a negative perspective when exploring the presence of appearance messages on television. For instance, research has coded the presence of characters adhering to beauty ideals (e.g., Northup & Liebler, 2010), of stigmatizing appearance-related comments and the targets of these comments (Eisenberg et al., 2015), and conversations surrounding appearance (Lauzen & Dozier, 2008). Yet, the presence of negative appearance messages is entirely different from the presence of positive body image messages, which departs from the theoretical conceptualization of developing a positive body image (e.g.,Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015a). Hence, these codes are not comparable. When it comes to the presence of positive body image messages, only the study of Maes and Vandenbosch (2021) have developed and tested the measurement instrument and its variables. They have used the instrument in their content analytical work on youth-oriented television series. Example study: Maes and Vandenbosch (2021) Information on Maes and Vandenbosch (2021) Authors: Chelly Maes & Laura Vandenbosch Research questions: RQ1: How frequently do youth-oriented television series convey PBI messages, reflected by the three positive body image components? RQ2: Do PBI and negative body image messages co-occur in scenes in youth-oriented television series? RQ3: Do PBI messages in youth-oriented television series vary by character gender? RQ4: Do PBI messages in youth-oriented television series vary by character body size? Object of analysis: The codes were applied to explore the presence of PBI messages in one season of six youth-oriented television series (Riverdale, 13 Reasons Why, Elite, Atypical, Sex Education, and Big Mouth). In total, 3,151 scenes and 126 characters were coded. Time frame of analysis: 2021 Info about variables Variables: Variables coded at a scene level: Body self-care was defined from a self-love perspective (verbal and visual cues), meaning that it is not motivated to meet narrowly defined appearance ideals. Presence was coded if the scenes shows practices which preserve or improve one’s health (e.g., taking a relaxing bath) or if characters talked about these practices. Body appreciation includes verbal and visual expressions of an individual’s acceptance of their own (changing) body and others’ bodies without references to narrowly defined appearance ideals in scenes. The following themes are part of body appreciation and body appreciation was thus present if one (or more) of these themes were depicted/discussed: 1) respecting one’s body, 2) accepting one’s body, 3) feelings satisfied about one’s body, 4) loving one’s unique appearance, 5) body pride, 6) complimenting others/receiving non-sexualizing and non-objectifying compliments. Resilience against body image-threatening messages includes verbal and visual manifestations of resilience against body image-threatening messages. In scenes resilience against (a) negative appearance remarks (e.g., those related to weight stigmatization); (b) body ideals; and (c) pubertal changes were coded separately. Specifically, the following reactions reflect resilience: rationalization, ignoring, and revolt. Variables coded at a character level: Character level data were coded separately per character and thus does not rely on aggregated data from the scene level data. Body self-care was defined from a self-love perspective and means that the character practices self-care without being motivated to meet narrowly defined appearance ideals. Presence in the character was coded if the character engaged in any self-care practices throughout the season. Body appreciation was coded as part of a character when the character appeared to be appreciative of their own body. Resilience against body image-threatening messages was generally coded in characters if the character showed resilience in (one of) the three BI-threatening situations: (a) negative appearance remarks, (b) body ideals, and (c) pubertal changes. Level of analysis: Television scenes and characters Values: 0 = no occurrence in scenes/absent in characters/not resilient in characters, 1 = occurrence in scenes/present in characters/ resilient in characters Reliability: Four master’s students who received training and the first author of this study conducted content analysis by dividing the sample among themselves. Their training aimed to enhance the clarity of the coding instrument and the codebook, thereby reducing subjectivity. This training comprised both group and individual coding sessions. Before coding the entire sample, each coder coded one episode of each series to assess inter-coder reliability. Inter-coder reliability was evaluated using Krippendorff’s alpha (α), a measure that considers chance while assessing inter-rater reliability for categorical variables (Landis & Koch, 1977). Alpha values of .67 and .80 indicate substantial reliability, while values exceeding .80 indicate almost perfect reliability (Krippendorff, 1980). Krippendorff’s α ranged from .70 to .90 for all categorical variables at both character and scene levels, indicating high reliability for all coded variables. Codebook: can be found via OSF https://osf.io/kbej6/?view_only=4661f7a877e94271be064256a9172047 References Cohen, R., Fardouly, J., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2019). # BoPo on Instagram: An experimental investigation of the effects of viewing body positive content on young women’s mood and body image. New Media & Society, 21(7), 1546-1564. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819826530 Eisenberg, M. E., Carlson‐McGuire, A., Gollust, S. E., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2015). A content analysis of weight stigmatization in popular television programming for adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(6), 759-766. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22348 Krippendorff, K. (1980). Validity in content analysis. In E. Mochmann (Ed.), Computerstrategien für die kommunikationsanalyse (pp. 69–112). Frankfurt, Germany: Campus. Retrieved November 9, 2020, from http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/291 Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). An application of hierarchical kappa-type statistics in the assessment of majority agreement among multiple observers. Biometrics, 33(2), 363–374. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529786 Lauzen, M. M., Dozier, D. M., & Horan, N. (2008). Constructing gender stereotypes through social roles in prime-time television. Journal of broadcasting & electronic media, 52(2), 200-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150801991971 Maes, C., Trekels, J., Tylka, T. L., & Vandenbosch, L. (2021). The Positive Body Image among Adolescents Scale (PBIAS): Conceptualization, development, and psychometric evaluation among adolescents from Belgium. Body Image, 38, 270-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.05.004 Northup, T., & Liebler, C. M. (2010). The good, the bad, and the beautiful: Beauty ideals on the Disney and Nickelodeon channels. Journal of Children and Media, 4 (3), 265–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2010.496917 Tylka, T. L., & Iannantuono, A. C. (2016). Perceiving beauty in all women: Psychometric evaluation of the Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale. Body Image, 17, 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.005 Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015a). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001 Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015b). The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 12, 53–67. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.006

The Atlas of Early Printing is an online resource built with GIS tools to depict the spread and development of printing during the incunable period in Europe. It has been online since 2008 and continues to be developed. The site uses data from the Incunabula Short Title Catalog (ISTC) and other sources, providing a visualisation of the databases from which the data is retrieved. The data being visualised is the result of many decades of cataloguing, arranging, publishing, and migrating; the work that followed was informed by material constraints and has left material traces. For the ISTC, an important period in the development of data formats was the work Margaret Bingham Stillwell undertook from 1924 to 1940 for the bibliography Incunabula in American Libraries, a Second Census. The data she gathered were meticulously coordinated through mailing campaigns and organised on cards, and then translated into print according to the publisher’s requirements. The decisions underlying Stillwell’s descriptions were migrated to Frederick Goff’s Third Census and eventually directly into the first version of the ISTC. The structures she developed serve as the foundation for modern efforts to expand beyond the limitations of the short-title format, and to provide the data for geographic and other visualisations.