Journal articles on the topic 'Frass fertilizer'
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1
Cardarelli, Mariateresa, Antonio El Chami, Paola Iovieno, Youssef Rouphael, Paolo Bonini, and Giuseppe Colla. "Organic Fertilizer Sources Distinctively Modulate Productivity, Quality, Mineral Composition, and Soil Enzyme Activity of Greenhouse Lettuce Grown in Degraded Soil." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2023): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010194.
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Intensive greenhouse vegetable production is often associated with a decline of crop productivity due to the increase of soil salinity and/or a reduction of biological fertility. The aim of the current work was to assess the effects of three organic fertilizers on morpho-physiological and agronomic traits of greenhouse lettuce as well as soil enzyme activity under poor soil quality conditions. The tested organic fertilizers (poultry manure, vinasse-based fertilizer, and insect’s frass fertilizer) were applied pre-planting at the same equivalent nitrogen (N) rate (90 kg N ha−1). Laboratory incubation assay results showed that vinasse-based fertilizer was the most suitable fertilizer in supplying the mineral N in the short term. All fertilizers increased shoot fresh and dry weight compared to unfertilized control with a more pronounced effect (+75%) with vinasse-based fertilizer and insect’s frass. Insect frass reduced by 27% the leaf nitrate concentration in comparison with the other treatments. The toxic heavy metal Pb was 46% lower in all organically fertilized lettuce leaves. Soil enzymatic activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase (ArS), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase), dehydrogenase, and total hydrolase (THA) were enhanced by poultry manure and insect’s frass in comparison with unfertilized control while vinasse-based fertilizer increased ArS, NAGase, and THA. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the application of organic fertilizers especially vinasse-based fertilizer and insect’s frass during intensive crop production is a suitable approach for mitigating the negative impact of soil salinity, enhancing soil biological fertility, and improving agronomic performance of greenhouse lettuce.
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Gärttling, Daniel, and Hannes Schulz. "Compilation of Black Soldier Fly Frass Analyses." Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 22, no. 1 (November 29, 2021): 937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00703-w.
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AbstractIn the context of black soldier fly (BSF) rearing, often the residues from production — mainly faeces but also undigested substrate — are addressed as frass in a broader sense. As BSF production is expanding, the valorization of BSF frass as organic fertilizer is gaining importance. However, in contrast to established organic fertilizers, little is known on the properties and variation of this by-product, which is essential for assessing possible application purposes. To elaborate a first overview on this relatively new waste stream, BSF frass analyses from the literature and anonymized frass analyses enquired from BSF producers were compiled. For a possible agricultural use as a fertilizer, their nutrient patterns were assessed. With a balanced nitrogen:phosphorous pentoxide:potassium oxide (N:P2O5:K2O) ratio of 1:0.9:1.1, BSF frass can be characterized as a slightly alkaline (pH 7.5), nutrient-rich compound fertilizer, with the nutrient and especially the micronutrient contents showing high variation. The comparably high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and low shares of ammonium nitrogen indicate a limited immediate nutrient release and point to possible applications of frass as a long-term fertilizer. The use of frass as an organic fertilizer as one element in a fertilization strategy is promising. By improving nutrient cycling back to the field, BSF frass can represent an important element of sustainable circular agriculture. However, more information on BSF feed and production systems needs to be combined with the nutrient analyses to better understand the variation in frass nutrient contents.
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Klammsteiner, Thomas, Veysel Turan, Marina Fernández-Delgado Juárez, Simon Oberegger, and Heribert Insam. "Suitability of Black Soldier Fly Frass as Soil Amendment and Implication for Organic Waste Hygienization." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101578.
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Because of its nutritious properties, the black soldier fly has emerged as one of the most popular species in advancing circular economy through the re-valorization of anthropogenic organic wastes to insect biomass. Black soldier fly frass accumulates as a major by-product in artificial rearing set-ups and harbors great potential to complement or replace commercial fertilizers. We applied frass from larvae raised on different diets in nitrogen-equivalent amounts as soil amendment, comparing it to NH4NO3 fertilizer as a control. While the soil properties did not reveal any difference between mineral fertilizer and frass, principal component analysis showed significant differences that are mainly attributed to nitrate and dissolved nitrogen contents. We did not find significant differences in the growth of perennial ryegrass between the treatments, indicating that frass serves as a rapidly acting fertilizer comparable to NH4NO3. While the abundance of coliform bacteria increased during frass maturation, after application to the soil, they were outcompeted by gram-negatives. We thus conclude that frass may serve as a valuable fertilizer and does not impair the hygienic properties of soils.
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Reswita, Reswita, Zozy Aneloi Noli, and Resti Rahayu. "Effect of Giving Frass Hermetia Illucen L. on Soil Physical Chemical Properties, Chlorophyll Content and Yield of Upland Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) on Ultisol Soil." Eduvest - Journal Of Universal Studies 2, no. 2 (February 19, 2022): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/edv.v2i2.320.
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Ultisol soils i s a kind that experiences problems due to high acidity and Al saturation, low nutrient, and organic matter content, and are sensitive to erosion. Therefore, alternative efforts need to be made to overcome this, one of which is using Frass fertilizer from Black Soldier Fly fly larvae. Frass is the result of bioconversion as a by-product of rearing BSF larvae which contains a large number of nutrients that are useful for plants and also to overcome the problem of Ultisol soil. The purpose of this research knowing the effect of giving BSF Frass and the extent to which Frass fertilizer can replace the need for NPK fertilizer for upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) on Ultisol soil. The experiment was arranged in a factorial completely randomized design consisting of 2 factors and 3 replications Factor A as the total dose; control, 10% Frass, 20%, and 30% Frass, and Factor B as the dose of NPK fertilizer: 100% positive control (according to recommendations), 75%, 50%, and 25%. The results showed that the application of Frass can improve the physical and chemical properties of Ultisol soil, and increase the grain weight of 100 seeds. The combination of giving Frass 30% with 25% NPK had a significant effect on increasing the total chlorophyll content of upland rice leaves when compared to giving Frass with doses of 20% and 10% with all combinations of NPK. However, it was not significantly different when compared to the control combination which received treatment with NPK as much as 100% and 75%.It was concluded that the application of 30% Frass combined with 25% NPK fertilizer had a significant effect on the chlorophyll content of upland rice and had the potential to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers by 25%.
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Nogalska, Anna, Sebastian Wojciech Przemieniecki, Sławomir Józef Krzebietke, Dariusz Załuski, Agnieszka Kosewska, Małgorzata Skwierawska, and Stanisław Sienkiewicz. "The Effect of Mealworm Frass on the Chemical and Microbiological Properties of Horticultural Peat in an Incubation Experiment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010021.
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Insect farming is growing in popularity, and in addition to insect meal, it generates waste products such as exuviae and frass, which can be recycled in agriculture. The aim of this incubation experiment was to evaluate the effect of Tenebrio molitor L. frass on selected chemical and biological properties of deacidified peat, which is widely used in horticulture. The optimal rate of frass fertilizer in peat for growing vegetables and ornamental plants was determined, with special emphasis on mineral nitrogen levels. Peat was fertilized with five nitrogen rates, 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg dm−3, and supplied with frass or urea. The study demonstrated that frass can be used as organic fertilizer. An increase in the nitrogen rate significantly increased mineral nitrogen content and electrical conductivity and decreased Ca content in peat. Both frass and urea increased the ammonification rate at the beginning of incubation and the nitrification rate from the second week of the experiment. Higher frass rates (5 and 10 g dm−3) increased the content of plant-available nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and sodium) in peat as well as the abundance of microorganisms supporting organic matter mineralization. Unlike frass, urea increased the counts of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in peat.
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Sriraj, Pranee, Banyong Toomsan, and Somchai Butnan. "Effects of Neem Seed Extract on Nitrate and Oxalate Contents in Amaranth Fertilized with Mineral Fertilizer and Cricket Frass." Horticulturae 8, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100898.
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A vegetable’s high antinutrients, nitrate (NO3−) and oxalate, could be remediated by neem seed extract. The combined use of neem seed extract with mineral fertilizer and cricket frass was conducted to evaluate their effects on amaranth’s tissue NO3− and oxalic acid contents by inhibiting nitrification. The effects of five soil amendments were investigated: unamended, mineral fertilizer, and three rates of cricket frass (3.125 Mg ha−1, 6.25 Mg ha−1, and 12.5 Mg ha−1), combined with two rates of neem seed extract: without (−Nm) and with (+Nm) extract. Only the neem extract applied to soils receiving mineral fertilizers decreased soil tissue NO3−−N contents (0.82 g kg−1 for −Nm vs. 0.62 g kg−1 for +Nm). The oxalic acid content of amaranth decreased with mineral fertilizer (0.60 and 0.46 g kg−1 for −Nm and +Nm, respectively), yet increased with the higher rates of cricket frass (1.42–1.52 g kg−1 for −Nm, and 1.23–1.51 g kg−1 for +Nm) compared to the unamended soil (1.05 and 1.00 g kg−1 for −Nm and +Nm). Cations, including K, Ca, Mg, and Na derived from cricket frass, may enhance biosynthesis and the accumulation of oxalic acid. The neem seed extract decreased the tissue’s oxalic contents regardless of soil amendments.
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Radzikowska-Kujawska, Dominika, Zuzanna Sawinska, Monika Grzanka, Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski, Łukasz Sobiech, Stanisław Świtek, Grzegorz Skrzypczak, Agnieszka Drożdżyńska, Mariusz Ślachciński, and Marcin Nowicki. "Hermetia illucens frass improves the physiological state of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and its nutritional value under drought." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): e0280037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280037.
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To counterbalance the growing human population and its increasing demands from the ecosystem, and the impacts on it, new strategies are needed. Use of organic fertilizers boosted the agricultural production, but further increased the ecological burden posed by this indispensable activity. One possible solution to this conundrum is the development and application of more environmentally neutral biofertilizers. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two doses of Hermetia illucens frass (HI frass) with the commercial cattle manure in the cultivation of basil under drought. Soil without the addition of any organic fertilizer was used as a baseline control substrate for basil cultivation. Plants were grown with cattle manure (10 g/L of the pot volume) or HI frass at two doses (10 and 12.5 g/L). The health and physiological condition of plants were assessed based on the photosynthetic activity and the efficiency of photosystem II (chlorophyll fluorescence). Gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere were also assessed to verify the effect of fertilizer on soil condition. In addition, the mineral profile of basil and its antioxidant activity were assessed, along with the determination of the main polyphenolic compounds content. Biofertilizers improved the fresh mass yield and physiological condition of plants, both under optimal watering and drought, in comparison with the non-fertilized controls. Use of cattle manure in both water regimes resulted in a comparably lower yield and a stronger physiological response to drought. As a result, using HI frass is a superior strategy to boost output and reduce the effects of drought on basil production.
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Romano, Nicholas, Hayden Fischer, Austin Powell, Amit Kumar Sinha, Shahidul Islam, Uttam Deb, and Shaun Francis. "Applications of Black Solider Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Frass on Sweetpotato Slip Production, Mineral Content and Benefit-Cost Analysis." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040928.
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Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) production is increasing, which will leaves substantial amounts of leftover excrement, called ‘frass’ that may be a beneficial organic fertilizer. In this study, sweetpotato (SP) (Ipomoea batatas) cuttings (‘slips’), were grown with BSFL frass as a one-time top dressing at either 333.7g/m2 or 667.4g/m2, respectively, or daily applications of either BSFL frass tea (225g in 3.78 L) or an inorganic fertilizer (control). The nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium of the BSFL frass and inorganic fertilizer was 6.2-1.4-1.7 and 10-30-20, respectively. After three weeks, no significant difference in length, number of nodes and stem diameter were found in the 667 g/m2 frass treatment versus control, while these values were significantly lowest in the frass tea treatment. Slip manganese and copper were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in the control compared to the 333 and 667 g/m2 frass treatments. Iron, copper, manganese, zinc and magnesium were significantly lower in slips from the tea treatment and was excluded from economical analysis due to minimal growth. Benefit-cost analysis showed the highest benefit-cost ratio was for the 333 and 667 g/m2 frass treatments at 3.65 and 3.62, respectively, compared to the control at 3.48.
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Dulaurent, Anne-Maïmiti, Guillaume Daoulas, Michel-Pierre Faucon, and David Houben. "Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) Mediate the Fertilizing Effect of Frass." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2020): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060783.
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With the forecasted dramatic growth of insect rearing in the near future, frass (insect excreta) has been increasingly considered a sustainable resource for managing plant nutrition in cropping systems and a promising alternative to conventional fertilizer. However, the impact of soil fauna on its fertilizing effect has not been investigated so far. In this study, we investigated the effect of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) uptake and crop growth in the presence of frass from mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.). Using a pot experiment, we found that earthworms increased N, P, K and Ca concentration in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the presence of frass, suggesting that earthworm activity enhances the short-term recycling of nutrients from frass. Compared to treatments with and without frass and earthworms, the specific leaf area of barley was the highest in the presence of both earthworms and frass. This confirms that earthworms and frass have a synergistic effect on soil fertility. Overall, our study shows that earthworms may improve the efficiency of organic fertilizers and argues therefore for the importance of developing sustainable agricultural practices that promote earthworm populations.
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Wang, Xiaobo, Nan Wu, Ye Ma, Zhiqiang Wang, Ruijie Cai, and Xiaoyan Xu. "Migration and Transformation of Cd in Pig Manure–Insect Frass (Hermetia illucens)–Soil–Maize System." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010060.
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Little is known about the fate of heavy metals in the recycling system of animal manure–black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) transformation-larval frass application. In this work, BSFL-transformed pig manure with different concentrations of exogenous cadmium (Cd) (0, 3, 15, 30 mg kg−1), and the obtained BSFL frass fertilizer were further used in pot experiments of maize planting to explore Cd migration during the whole recycling system. Results showed that Cd addition to pig manure had no significant effects on BSFL growth or BSFL transformation performance. The Cd concentrations in BSFL frass were 10.9–19.8% lower than those in pig manure, while those in BSFL bodies were 2.3–4.0-times those of pig manure. For maize planting, only 30 mg kg−1 of Cd treatment significantly inhibited maize growth. The BSFL frass application (under exogenous Cd treatment) enhanced Cd contents in the aboveground and underground parts of maize (3.3–57.6-times) and those in soil (0.5–1.7-times) compared with CK (no Cd addition). Additionally, 61.2–73.5% of pig manure-sourced Cd was transformed into BSFL frass and the rest entered BSFL bodies. Only a small part (0.31–1.34%) of manure-sourced Cd entered maize plants. BSFL transformation decreased the proportions of weak acid-dissolved Cd from 44.2–53.0% (manure) to 37.3–46.0% (frass). After frass application, the proportions of weak acid-dissolved Cd in soil were further decreased to 17.8–42.5%, while the residual fractions of Cd increased to 27.2–67.7%. The findings provided a theoretical basis for the rational application of BSFL frass fertilizers sourced from heavy-metal-contaminated manure.
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Visvini, L., O. Latifah, O. H. Ahmed, and W. J. Kurk. "Frass Production From Black Soldier Fly Larvae Reared On Palm Oil Wastes." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 995, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/995/1/012012.
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Abstract The availability of decanter cake (DC) and palm kernel expeller (PKE) from palm oil processing remains high owing to the major revenue earned from palm oil industry. Rearing black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) using DC and PKE as substrate to produce frass could solve the indiscriminate disposal of these wastes. Rearing BSFL was carried out by hatching the black soldier fly eggs in the trays size of 65 cm length x 37 cm width x 15 cm depth laid with processed soybean as starter diet for a week. After seven days, the DC and PKE were fed to the BSFL as main substrates and continued for another 38 days until the BSFL reached to pupae stage. Temperatures of the ambient and rearing substrate were monitored daily for 45 days. The frass of BSFL was analyzed for some selected physico-chemical properties and germination test to ascertain the quality of the BSFL frass to be used as organic fertilizer. Colour of the BSFL frass, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), pH, total carbon (C), nitrogen (N), C/N ratio, ammonium, and nitrate contents were determined using standard procedures. Frass was produced at 45 days of rearing BSFL after which the larvae were turn to pupae. Frass consists of excretions, substrate residues, and shed exoskeletons of the BSFL. The pH of BSFL frass was 7.41, whereas the EC (1.21 mS/cm) was in the range of permissible level for its uses as organic fertilizer. The BSFL frass contain 1.68% total N, 8870.19 mg kg−1 ammonium, and 5453.20 mg kg−1 nitrate which were higher than those of initial mixture of the feeding substrate due to the decomposition process of the organic substrates which is related to the lower content of total OM (45.23%) and C (26.23%). Germination of white radish (test crop) on a distilled water and the different extractions of BSFL frass were not significantly different suggested that the frass produced from BSFL fed on DC and PKE had no toxic effects on plant. Decanter cake and PKE could be used as rearing substrate for BSFL to produce frass based on the appropriate values of pH, EC, total N, ammonium, nitrate, total organic matter and total organic C, and C/N ratio.
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Van Looveren, Noor, Dries Vandeweyer, and Leen Van Campenhout. "Impact of Heat Treatment on the Microbiological Quality of Frass Originating from Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens)." Insects 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13010022.
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Since black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) are being produced at substantial volumes, concomitantly large amounts of the resulting by-product, called frass, are generated. This frass can potentially be applied as valuable plant fertilizer or soil improver. Since frass carries high microbial counts, potentially including foodborne pathogens, safety problems for consumers should be prevented. A heat treatment of 70 °C for 60 min is proposed to reduce harmful organisms in insect frass, based on EU regulations ((EU) No. 2021/1925). This study evaluated for the first time the impact of the proposed heat treatment on BSFL frass. This was done by applying the treatment on uninoculated frass as well as on frass inoculated with Salmonella or Clostridium perfringens at 5.0 log cfu/g. The heat treatment resulted in a reduction (maximum one log-cycle) of total viable counts and did not noticeably reduce bacterial endospores. In contrast, Enterobacteriaceae counts were reduced to below the detection limit (10 cfu/g). Heat treatment of inoculated frass resulted in absence of Salmonella in 25 g of frass and reduction of vegetative C. perfringens to below the detection limit (1 cfu/g). The proposed heat treatment appears to be appropriate to meet the microbiological regulations for insect frass.
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Borkent, Sara, and Simon Hodge. "Glasshouse Evaluation of the Black Soldier Fly Waste Product HexaFrass™ as an Organic Fertilizer." Insects 12, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12110977.
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The mass farming of the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens L.), to produce insect-based feed for livestock and fish, results in considerable amounts of insect frass, which contains substantial amounts of organic matter and bioavailable nutrients. Insect frass has shown good potential as a soil amendment and organic fertilizer. This study examined the effects of HexaFrass™ on the growth of common vegetables and herbs under glasshouse conditions. In an organically-rich potting mix, HexaFrass™ increased shoot dry weight by an average of 25%, although this effect was variable among test plants. In other trials, application of HexaFrass™ caused an increase in plant growth similar to that obtained by applying chicken manure and a commercial organic fertilizer. Increases in shoot and root dry weight showed quadratic relationships with HexaFrass™ dose, indicating that application of excessive quantities could lead to plant inhibition. Shoot:root dry matter ratio tended to increase with HexaFrass™ dose suggesting there was no specific stimulation or enhancement of root growth. Overall, these results provide further evidence of the potential of insect frass as an effective organic fertilizer for vegetables and herbs.
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Fischer, Hayden, Nicholas Romano, and Amit Kumar Sinha. "Conversion of Spent Coffee and Donuts by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae into Potential Resources for Animal and Plant Farming." Insects 12, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040332.
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Nutritionally unbalanced organic waste can be converted into potential resources for animal and plant farming by culturing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) and prepupae (BSFP). BSFL and BSFP are rich sources of protein and lipids, while the leftover excrement called “frass” can be used as an organic fertilizer. Using readily available resources, BSFL were cultured on spent coffee, donut dough or an equal blend for 35 days. Survival, productivity, daily pupation and biochemical composition of BSFL and BSFP were measured along with the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium values of the frass. Survival was highest in the blend compared (81%) to spent coffee (45%) or dough (24%); however, BSFL and BSFP were significantly longer and heavier from dough. Stage and food significantly influenced the protein, lipid and glycogen content of the BSFL and BSFP, which tended to be higher in the latter. While fatty acids were often significantly higher in BSFL fed spent coffee, the amino acid composition of BSFL was generally higher in dough. Frass from the blend had significantly highest nitrogen content, while potassium and phosphorus were significantly higher and lower from spent coffee, respectively. Although coffee and donut dough were suboptimal substrates for BSFL, a blend of these produced BSFL and frass that were nutritionally comparable to soybean meal and many organic fertilizers, respectively.
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Beesigamukama, Dennis, Benson Mochoge, Nicholas Korir, Martha W. Musyoka, Komi K. M. Fiaboe, Dorothy Nakimbugwe, Fathiya M. Khamis, et al. "Nitrogen Fertilizer Equivalence of Black Soldier Fly Frass Fertilizer and Synchrony of Nitrogen Mineralization for Maize Production." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091395.
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The use of black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF) is being promoted globally. However, information on nitrogen (N) fertilizer equivalence (NFE) value and synchrony of N mineralization for crop production remains largely unknown. Comparative studies between BSFFF and commercial organic fertilizer (SAFI) were undertaken under field conditions to determine synchrony of N release for maize uptake. The BSFFF, SAFI, and urea fertilizers were applied at the rates of 0, 30, 60, and 100 kg N ha−1. The yield data from urea treated plots were used to determine the NFE of both organic inputs. Results showed that maize from BSFFF treated plots had higher N uptake than that from SAFI treated plots. High N immobilization was observed throughout the active growth stages of maize grown in soil amended with BSFFF, whereas soil treated with SAFI achieved net N release at the silking stage. Up to three times higher negative N fluxes were observed in SAFI amended soils as compared with BSFFF treated plots at the tasseling stage. The BSFFF applied at 30 and 60 kg N ha−1 achieved significantly higher NFE than all SAFI treatments. Our findings revealed that BSFFF is a promising and sustainable alternative to SAFI or urea for enhanced maize production.
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Arabzadeh, Ghazaleh, Maxime Delisle-Houde, Russell J. Tweddell, Marie-Hélène Deschamps, Martine Dorais, Yolaine Lebeuf, Nicolas Derome, and Grant Vandenberg. "Diet Composition Influences Growth Performance, Bioconversion of Black Soldier Fly Larvae: Agronomic Value and In Vitro Biofungicidal Activity of Derived Frass." Agronomy 12, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 1765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081765.
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In recent years, the larval stage of Hermetia illucens, commonly known as the black soldier fly (BSFL), has been used to promote the circularity of the agri-food sector by bioconverting organic waste into larval biomass which has been used as a livestock feed. A secondary byproduct of this process is frass that can be used as an organic fertilizer. This study compared two different plant-based diets on frass characteristics as well as larval performance, nutritional composition, and waste reduction efficiency. A fruit/vegetable/bakery waste-based diet supplemented with brewery waste (FVBB) was compared to a control Gainesville (GV) reference diet and fed to BSFL under standard conditions. The results demonstrated that NPK and some of the macro and micronutrients in both frasses are comparable to commercially available organic fertilizers. It was shown that microorganisms present in frass from the two diets inhibit the mycelial growth of several plant pathogens through the production of antifungal and/or anti-oomycetes compound(s) (antibiosis). This diet also had a positive effect on individual larval mass (162.11 mg), bioconversion rate (13.32%), and larval crude lipid (35.99% of dry matter) content. The BSFL reared on this diet reduced feedstock dry matter by 67.76% in a very short time (10 days), which is a promising solution for food waste management.
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Hodge, Simon, and John Conway. "The Effects of Insect Frass Fertilizer and Biochar on the Shoot Growth of Chicory and Plantain, Two Forage Herbs Commonly Used in Multispecies Swards." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): 2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102459.
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Livestock farmers are seeking ways to lower their environmental footprints by reducing inputs, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancing carbon sequestration. To meet these objectives, farmers are investigating the value of diverse multispecies grazing swards and various organic by-products as alternative fertilizers and soil amendments. This study investigated the effects of HexaFrass™ [HexaFly, Meath, Ireland], an insect frass based organic fertilizer, and biochar, a form of charcoal, on the shoot dry matter accumulation of two forage plants, chicory and ribwort plantain. Under glasshouse conditions, HexaFrass™ generally increased the shoot growth of both chicory and plantain, although these positive effects were lost if an excessive amount of HexaFrass™ was applied, or the growing medium was already nutrient-rich. Importantly, it was found that HexaFrass™ also increased the re-growth of shoots after cutting, which is vital for plants that are destined to be successfully used in grazing or silage swards. Biochar had a less obvious effect on the shoot dry matter accumulation, although there was some evidence of a synergy between biochar and HexaFrass™, which caused an additional increase in the shoot growth. The results indicate that frass-based fertilizers could play a role in low-input mixed swards, whereas the potential of biochar as a soil amendment in these grazing systems requires further research.
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Menino, Regina, Fernando Felizes, Maria Amélia Castelo-Branco, Paula Fareleira, Olga Moreira, Rui Nunes, and Daniel Murta. "Agricultural value of Black Soldier Fly larvae frass as organic fertilizer on ryegrass." Heliyon 7, no. 1 (January 2021): e05855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05855.
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Abiya, Andrew Agrey, David Mfuti Kupesa, Dennis Beesigamukama, Menale Kassie, Dennis Mureithi, Daniel Thairu, John Wesonga, Chrysantus M. Tanga, and Saliou Niassy. "Agronomic Performance of Kale (Brassica oleracea) and Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris) Grown on Soil Amended with Black Soldier Fly Frass Fertilizer under Wonder Multistorey Gardening System." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 2211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092211.
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The wonder multistorey garden (WMSG) is an innovative vertical farming system tailored for urban settings that can be constrained by the irrigation regime, and by types and levels of fertilizer application. This study evaluated the effects of applying NPK fertilizer and black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF) under different irrigation regimes on the growth, yield, and pest infestation of kale (Brassica oleracea) and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris). The fertilizers were applied at rates equivalent to 371 kg N ha−1. For each crop, the BSFFF or NPK was applied to supply 100% of the N required (100% BSFFF), and then a combination of BSFFF and NPK was applied so that each fertilizer supplied 50% of the N required (50% BSFFF + 50% NPK). Crops’ water requirements were provided using three irrigation regimes: daily, every two days, and every three days. The control treatment was not amended with any fertilizer, while water was provided ad libitum. The results revealed that the irrigation regime significantly affected the leaf production of both vegetables. Irrigation regimes significantly influenced kale plant height, where plants provided with water daily achieved the highest average heights of 20 cm, 46 cm, and 54 cm at 14, 28, and 42 days after transplanting (DAT), respectively. Furthermore, the application of 100% BSFFF produced kale with significantly higher plant heights (55 cm) and number of leaves (9.9 leaves) at 42 DAT compared to other treatments. The interaction between irrigation regimes and fertilizer significantly influenced kale height at 14 DAT and 42 DAT. Use of daily irrigation regime and 100% BSFFF produced the tallest kale plants of 59 cm at 42 DAT. Application of 50% BSFFF + 50% NPK or 100% BSFFF with daily irrigation achieved the highest values of kale and Swiss chard leaf chlorophyll concentration, recorded at 42 DAT. Fertilizer application significantly affected pest population, with the lowest pest infestation being recorded from kale and Swiss chard grown in soil amended with BSFFF. The application of 100% BSFFF or NPK, together with daily irrigation, significantly increased the fresh shoot weight and leaf dry matter of kale and Swiss chard, as compared with the control. The fresh shoot yields of kale and Swiss chard achieved through using a combination of 100% BSFFF and daily irrigation were 14–69% and 13–56% higher than those of NPK, respectively. The same treatment combination also produced kales and Swiss chard with 8–73% and 16–81% higher leaf dry matter compared to NPK, respectively. It was noted that soil amendment with BSFFF maintained higher values of kale (41–50%) and Swiss chard (33–49%) leaf dry matter compared with NPK treatments, during periods of water stress. Our study has demonstrated the high potential of single (100% BSFFF) or combined applications of BSFFF (50% BSFFF + 50% NPK) with a daily irrigation regime to improve the growth, yield, and pest management in Swiss chard and kale under vertical farming. Our study advocates for the scaling of WMSG and BSFFF for sustainable food systems in urban settings.
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Zhang, Guangjie, Yeshan Xu, Shuai Zhang, Andong Xu, Zhuo Meng, Hao Ge, Jing Li, Yusheng Liu, and Deying Ma. "Transformation Capability Optimization and Product Application Potential of Proteatia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) Larvae on Cotton Stalks." Insects 13, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121083.
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Cotton stalks (CS) are a potential agricultural biomass resource. We investigated the use of CS as a feed for Proteatia brevitarsis Lewis larvae and the resulting frass (larvae dung-sand) as a fertilizer. Based on a three-factor experiment (decomposition inoculant, fermentation duration, and cattle manure ratio), the optimal parameters for the transformation of CS using P. brevitarsis larvae were determined as 40–50% of cattle manure, the use of VT inoculant and a fermentation duration of 25–30 days. Regarding the products of the transformation, the protein content of the larval body was as high as 52.49%, and the fat content was 11.7%, which is a suitable-quality insect protein source. The organic matter content of larvae dung-sand was 54.8%, and the content of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (TNPK) was 9.04%, which is twice more than that of the organic fertilizer standard (NY525-2021, Beijing, China, TNPK ≥ 4.0%), and larvae dung-sand has the potential of fertilizer application. Therefore, CS as a feed and fertilizer based on the transformation of P. brevitarsis larvae is feasible, and it is a highly efficient way to promote the utilization of both CS and cattle manure.
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Rismayanti, Fenny, Rohana Abdullah, and Agus Surya Mulya. "Pengaruh Takaran Kasgot Kotoran Ayam Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Selada Krop (Lactuca sativa L.) Varietas Great Alisan." Paspalum: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35138/paspalum.v10i1.375.
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Waste is exile generated from a production process that can have a negative effect onthe environment. Organic chicken manure that is produced naturally by utilizing Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae can produce BSF frass as organic fertilizer of good quality, environmentally friendly, which can support sustainable agriculture. Field experiments have been carried out in the Gardens of the Faculty of Agriculture, Winaya Mukti University, Tanjungsari District, Sumedang Regency. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the dose of chicken manure on the growth and yield of lettuce. The design used was a randomized block design consisting of 6 treatments, namely A = 0 tons ha-1, B= 3 tons ha-1 cow manure, C= 1.5 tons ha-1 BSF of chicken manure, D = 3 tons ha-1 , E = 4.5 ton ha -1 and F = 6 ton ha-1 and repeated 4 times. The results showed that the use of chicken manure BSF frass had a significant effect on growth in plant height, the number of leaves, and root volume, and lettuce yields had a significant effect on plant fresh weight, fresh weight per plot, root fresh weight, plant dry weight, root dry weight, and root loss ratio. At the dose of 6 tons ha-1 chicken manure cassava showed the best results on plant height, the number of leaves, fresh weight of each plant, fresh weight of each plot, plant dry weight, root dry weight, and root loss ratio.
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Tan, Jonathan Koon Ngee, Jonathan Tian En Lee, Zhongyu Chiam, Shuang Song, Srishti Arora, Yen Wah Tong, and Hugh Tiang Wah Tan. "Applications of food waste-derived black soldier fly larval frass as incorporated compost, side-dress fertilizer and frass-tea drench for soilless cultivation of leafy vegetables in biochar-based growing media." Waste Management 130 (July 2021): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.05.025.
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Beesigamukama, Dennis, Benson Mochoge, Nicholas K. Korir, Komi K. M. Fiaboe, Dorothy Nakimbugwe, Fathiya M. Khamis, Thomas Dubois, et al. "Biochar and gypsum amendment of agro-industrial waste for enhanced black soldier fly larval biomass and quality frass fertilizer." PLOS ONE 15, no. 8 (August 27, 2020): e0238154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238154.
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He, Lei, Ye Zhang, Meng-Qi Ding, Mei-Xi Li, Jie Ding, Shun-Wen Bai, Qing-Lian Wu, et al. "Sustainable strategy for lignocellulosic crop wastes reduction by Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (mealworm) and potential use of mealworm frass as a fertilizer." Journal of Cleaner Production 325 (November 2021): 129301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129301.
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Lee, Kyu-Shik, Eun-Young Yun, and Tae-Won Goo. "Optimization of Feed Components to Improve Hermetia illucens Growth and Development of Oil Extractor to Produce Biodiesel." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 2573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092573.
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HIL are useful in agriculture because they can be used as feed for livestock or fertilizer and can bioconvert organic wastes, such as food waste and human and animal manure to usable fertilizer. In addition, HIL are being studied as a source of biodiesel because of their high-fat content. However, their use for biodiesel production has not been fully adopted. Here, the results showed that survival, weight gains, and total dried weight were significantly enhanced when HIL were fed dried-food waste (DFW)/chicken manure (CM). Furthermore, increased weight gain was observed in HIL fed DFW containing 5 mL waste cooking oil (WCO) per 100 g and 1.2% (v/w) fermented effective microorganism (F-EM). Based on these results, we prepared experimental feeds containing DFW, CM, WCO, and F-EM to establish an optimal feed for biodiesel production. We found that FT-1-2, a feed prepared with 60 g DFW, 40 g CM, 2 mL WCO, and 0.8% F-EM (v/w), significantly enhanced fat content, weight gain, and total dried weight of HIL. Our results indicate FT-1-2 is a suitable feed to breed HIL for biodiesel production. We then developed an automatic oil extractor for biodiesel production. The yield of the oil extractor was higher than that of solvent extraction. The study shows FT-1-2 is an optimal HIL feed for biodiesel production and that the developed oil extractor is useful for the extraction of crude oil from HIL and for the harvesting of defatted HIL frass for livestock feed and fertilizer. Taken together, we established an optimized low-cost feed for HIL breeding and developed an automatic oil extractor for the production of biodiesel from HIL.
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Nedi Terfa, Gemechu. "Role of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetiaillucens) Larvae Frass Bio-fertilizer on Vegetable Growth and Sustainable Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa." Reviews in Agricultural Science 9 (2021): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7831/ras.9.0_92.
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Jiang, N., and F. Schulthess. "The effect of nitrogen fertilizer application to maize and sorghum on the bionomics of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and the performance of its larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 95, no. 6 (December 2005): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2005381.
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AbstractLaboratory and field trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of plant species (maize, sorghum), plant age (young, middle, old) and four different nitrogen fertilization levels (N0–N3) on the bionomics of the invasive crambid Chilo partellus and the performance of its braconid larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes. Plant N varied significantly between N0 and N1–N3, but the differences among the latter were not significant. Intrinsic rates of increase and net-reproductive rates of C. partellus followed the same trends: they were lowest with N0 and similar among the other treatments. On maize only, mortality of C. partellus and parasitism by C. flavipes tended to decrease with age of the plant while the percentage of borers reaching adulthood (i.e. pupation) increased. Borer mortality and parasitism was lower and pupation higher on sorghum than on maize. On both host plants, percent dry matter content of frass, which could affect ingress of the parasitoid into the borer tunnel, did not vary with nitrogen level but varied with age of the host plants: on maize, it was highest on young plants and on sorghum on old plants. Tunnels were shorter on young maize and sorghum plants; longer tunnels on older plants indicated compensatory feeding by the larva as a result of lower nutritive value of the food source. Consequently, larval weight was lower on older than younger plants. The level of nitrogen fertilization had no effect on food conversion efficiency of C. partellus. Nitrogen did not affect number of C. flavipes progeny while egg load of progeny increased significantly with nitrogen level, on both plant species. Differences in egg load between sorghum and maize were mostly not significant. It was concluded that on depleted soils only, an increase in nitrogen via mulching, rotation with a leguminous crop or fertilization would increase survival of C. partellus on both maize and sorghum and an increase in acreage of maize and in application of nitrogen fertilizer in an area would also increase the parasitism of C. flavipes.
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Chavez, M., and M. Uchanski. "Insect left-over substrate as plant fertiliser." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 7, no. 5 (August 13, 2021): 683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.0063.
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The production of insect protein as human food and livestock feed (entomophagy) may provide a more environmentally beneficial alternative to traditional animal agriculture. However, the resulting waste product from insect production has resulted in large accumulations of left-over substrate and frass. Due to its nutrient and microbial profile, this left-over product has the potential to be utilised as a biofertiliser for high value crop production. Studies have been conducted using the frass of various insects (e.g. black soldier flies, houseflies, and mealworms) to monitor its impact on crop productivity. Overall, frass tends to have similar or better results when compared to inorganic fertilisers, especially when combined with them. Aside from productivity and growth, frass may also preserve soil fertility by decreasing leaching and infiltration, and reducing the prevalence of disease and pathogens. In addition, chitin found in frass also has beneficial properties for plant/crop growth and disease resistance. Monitoring the dietary inputs of industrially reared insects may be the best way of mitigating the potential negative impacts of frass application, such as increased electrical conductivity and heavy metal toxicity. No single study confirms all of these benefits at once. Future studies should focus building onto these results by demonstrating systems levels benefits.
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Menino, Regina, Ivã Lopes, José N. Semedo, Paula Scotti- Campos, Daniel Murta, Amélia Castelo-Branco, Cecília Nestler, and Olga Moreira. "Cattle effluents, either composted or bio-digested by Black Soldier Fly larvae, in the fertilization of ryegrass in sandy soils." Open Access Journal of Science 5, no. 1 (August 5, 2022): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2022.05.00169.
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The relative agronomic performance of two organic fertilizers - effluents from intensive cattle farming, after composting either by traditional aerobic methods (compost) or by bio-digestion by larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, BSF) (frass) - in the growth of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) on a sandy soil was evaluated. For this purpose, a pot trial was conducted in a semi-controlled greenhouse. Eight treatments were defined, with four treatments using the compost and four treatments using frass (with a 10% nitroamoniacal nitrogen supplementation in all treatments), in addition to a negative control without fertilization, and a positive control with exclusively chemical nitroamoniacal fertilization. Regarding the biomass production, the BSF frass displayed a higher potential than the compost, with a significantly higher production from an N endowment equivalent to 280 kg ha-1 (252 kg organic N + 28 kg mineral N). While the yields obtained with compost were stable when 350 kg ha-1 (315 kg organic N + 35 kg mineral N) were provided, the yields obtained with BSF frass revealed a tendency to continue to progress with higher doses. This could be justified by the fact that the P2O5 and K2O content of BSF frass is significantly higher than that of the compost, and these nutrients continued to be mineralized over time. Furthermore, the obtained results confirm the potentiating effect of mineral fertilizers in the maximization of biomass production, when associated with organic fertilizers in adequate proportions. In addition, it was verified that the addition of frass enhanced the water use by plants, which was significantly higher than the treatments with compost, regardless of the N endowment. It was concluded that mixing chemical and organic fertilizers positively impacts soil fertility and the sustainability of the production as a whole, by increasing productivities in a sustainable way.
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Alèdi, Assih, Nenonene Yawo Amen, Tchabi Atti, Fiaboe Kokou Rodrigue, and Akantetou Komla Pikassalé. "Effets De La Fertilisation Sur Les Nématodes Parasites Et Le Rendement En Rhizomes Frais Du Gingembre, Zingiber officinale Rosc." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 24 (August 31, 2018): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n24p216.
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Ginger, Zingiber officinale is one of the most cultivated spices in the world. Therefore its production is often subject to high pest and disease pressures, particularly that of plant parasitic nematodes. For the sustainable management of parasitic nematodes of ginger, a trial was conducted at Agronomic Research Station of the Graduate School of Agronomy at the University of Lomé to assess the efficacy of some organo-mineral fertilizers on parasitic nematodes. An organic manure based on house waste valorization in three doses (0tha -1 ; 15tha-1 and 25tha-1 ) and five mineral fertilizer formulations from simple mineral fertilizers (Urea 46%, the chloride of potassium and the triple superphosphate): N0P0K0; N45P15K60; N70P50K50; N90P30K100 and N125P90K100) were used according to a split plot design. The inventory of the nematodes permitted to count five genders of nematodes: Meloidogyne; Xiphinema; Longidorus; Helicotylenchus and Pratylenchus. The results indicated that an input of 25 tons of organic manure associated with mineral fertilizer of N70P50K50 and N125P90K100 reduce nematode density by up to 58.62% in roots and 95.88% in soil compared to the treatment without manure and mineral fertilizer. The yield of fresh rhizomes vary from 2.9 to 7.7 t/ha with little statistically effects of the manures. This study reveals that nematodes constitute a serious phytosanitary problem for ginger and that the contribution of organo-mineral fertilization makes it possible to reduce the density of nematodes under ginger.
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Magee, Kieran, Joe Halstead, Richard Small, and Iain Young. "Valorisation of Organic Waste By-Products Using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as a Bio-Convertor." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 8345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158345.
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One third of food produced globally is wasted. Disposal of this waste is costly and is an example of poor resource management in the face of elevated environmental concerns and increasing food demand. Providing this waste as feedstock for black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) has the potential for bio-conversion and valorisation by production of useful feed materials and fertilisers. We raised BSFL under optimal conditions (28 °C and 70% relative humidity) on seven UK pre-consumer food waste-stream materials: fish trimmings, sugar-beet pulp, bakery waste, fruit and vegetable waste, cheese waste, fish feed waste and brewer’s grains and yeast. The nutritional quality of the resulting BSFL meals and frass fertiliser were then analysed. In all cases, the volume of waste was reduced (37–79%) and meals containing high quality protein and lipid sources (44.1 ± 4.57% and 35.4 ± 4.12%, respectively) and frass with an NPK of 4.9-2.6-1.7 were produced. This shows the potential value of BSFL as a bio-convertor for the effective management of food waste.
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Quilliam, R. S., C. Nuku-Adeku, P. Maquart, D. Little, R. Newton, and F. Murray. "Integrating insect frass biofertilisers into sustainable peri-urban agro-food systems." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 3 (June 9, 2020): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2019.0049.
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The larvae of black soldier fly (BSF) have shown great promise in transforming organic wastes into a more valuable larval biomass. Importantly, after insects have been harvested the remaining by-product, comprised of the spent substrate and frass (insect faeces), has the potential to be used as a biofertiliser. Three field-scale experiments to investigate whether frass biofertilisers (made from either poultry waste, brewery waste or green market waste) could be successfully incorporated into current small-holder farming practices were undertaken in Ghana, West Africa. In general, BSF frass biofertilisers performed as well as the local practice of amending Zaï planting pits with chicken manure, or incorporating uniformly broadcast fertilisers. For short-cycle cash crops such as chilli pepper and shallots, brewery waste biofertilisers performed better than poultry waste biofertilisers, particularly when added in combination with inorganic NPK fertilisers. For maize, green market waste biofertiliser did not significantly improve yield at applications of either 5 or 10 t/ha, even when combined with inorganic fertilisers. However, frass biofertiliser amendment did significantly reduce the loss of cowpea plants due to Fusarium wilt disease. We hypothesise that the fragments of chitin (originating from 4-5 larval moults) in frass biofertilisers can induce disease resistance in crop plants grown in biofertiliser-amended soil. The benefit of frass as a by-product of insect larvae production can increase the profitability of this burgeoning industry in developing countries, and provide employment opportunities and self-sufficiency in the nutrient supply chain by integrating organic waste management and insect farming into peri-urban agro-food systems.
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Dzepe, Daniel, Théclaire K. Mbenda, Gabrièle Ngassa, Hervé Mube, Shaphan Y. Chia, Yaouba Aoudou, and Rousseau Djouaka. "Application of Black Soldier Fly Frass, <i>Hermetia illucens</i> (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) as Sustainable Organic Fertilizer for Lettuce, <i>Lactuca sativa</i> Production." Open Journal of Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (2022): 1632–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2022.1210111.
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Gan, Samuel Ken-En, Ser-Xian Phua, Joshua Yi Yeo, Zealyn Shi-Lin Heng, and Zhenxiang Xing. "Method for Zero-Waste Circular Economy Using Worms for Plastic Agriculture: Augmenting Polystyrene Consumption and Plant Growth." Methods and Protocols 4, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps4020043.
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Polystyrene (PS) is one of the major plastics contributing to environmental pollution with its durability and resistance to natural biodegradation. Recent research showed that mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and superworms (Zophobas morio) are naturally able to consume PS as a carbon food source and degrade them without observable toxic effects. In this study, we explored the effects of possible food additives and use of worm frass as potential plant fertilizers. We found that small amounts of sucrose and bran increased PS consumption and that the worm frass alone could support dragon fruit cacti (Hylocereus undatus) growth, with superworm frass in particular, supporting better growth and rooting than mealworm frass and control media over a fortnight. As known fish and poultry feed, these findings present worms as a natural solution to simultaneously tackle both the global plastic problem and urban farming issue in a zero-waste sustainable bioremediation cycle.
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Fischer, H., and N. Romano. "Fruit, vegetable, and starch mixtures on the nutritional quality of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae and resulting frass." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 7, no. 3 (April 13, 2021): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.0100.
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The production of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) is rapidly becoming a new method to convert food waste into a sustainable ingredient in terrestrial and aquatic nutrition while the by-product, called ‘frass’, can be used as a soil amendment. The growth and nutritional quality of BSFL and their frass is greatly influenced by the provided substrates. In this study, fruits, vegetables, starches and in their combination (mixture) were provided to BSFL for two weeks and afterwards their final weight and nutritional composition of the BSFL and frass were measured. The starch treatment produced significantly heavier BSFL compared to those in the fruit treatment. However, BSFL produced from starch had the lowest amino acid levels. The BSFL produced from vegetables had significantly higher crude protein and essential amino acids compared to all substrates, with the exception of histidine. Frass produced from vegetables had significantly higher nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium values compared to all others, with the exception of nitrogen in the starch and mixture treatment. This study showed that the use of vegetables produced BSFL and frass comparable to soybean meal and many organic fertilisers, respectively, and these could be valuable and sustainable resources for the agricultural industry.
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Ntuka Luta, Jeancy, Alasca Ekuya Lombolu, and Paul Mafuka Mbe-Mpie. "The effects of physico-chemical characteristics of sandy soils amended with biochar, Ricinus and NPK (17-17-17) on the Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Kinshasa (DR Congo)." Journal of Applied Biosciences 156 (December 26, 2020): 16087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.156.3.
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Objectives: In order to improve the physico-chemical characteristics of sandy soils in Kinshasa, the biochar, leaves of Ricinus communis, NPK fertilizer and their combinations were used. Okra was grown as the test plant during two growing seasons. Methodology and Results: The experimentation was carried in polyethylene bags with seven treatments and 4 replications. Each sand bag filled with sandy soil was amended with 300gms 900gms and 15gms respectively for biochar, Ricinus leaves and NPK which were only applied during the first cropping season. The soil was analysed before the trial and after each harvest. Biochar combined with mineral fertilizer and leaves of Ricinus leaves improved both Okra yield and the physico-chemical characteristics the soil. The highest yield in the first growing season was 6 times more than that of the control. In the second season, only the biochar associated with mineral fertilizer had given a satisfying yield. Conclusion and application of results. For an integrated management of fertility of the sandy soil of Kinshasa, use of mineral fertilizers should be accompanied of rational application of organic matter. Biochar appears to be very useful to solve problems of water retention and nutrients brought to this type of soil. The price of fertilizer and biochar are not any time affordable by the smallholders; therefore the use of ricinus leaves, which are very accessible and easy to collect free of charge, appears to be economically profitable. By the way, yields obtained compared with these from fertilizer and biochar are the same. Keywords: Sandy soil, biochar, pH, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, phosphorus. RESUME Objectifs : Dans la recherche de l’amélioration des caractéristiques physico-chimiques de sol sableux de Kinshasa, le biochar, les feuilles de Ricinus communis, le NPK et leurs combinaisons ont été utilisé. Le Gombo a servi de plante texte pendant deux saisons culturales. Méthodologie et résultats : L’expérimentation comprenait quatre répétitions et sept traitements. Les poquets amendés par 300gr, 900gr, et 15gr respectivement pour biochar, feuilles de ricin et NPK (17-17-17), étaient appliqués seulement à la 1ère saison culturale. Le sol était analysé avant l’expérimentation et après chaque récolte. Le biochar combiné à l’engrais minéral et aux feuilles de ricin a amélioré à la fois le rendement de Ntuka et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 The effects of physico-chemical characteristics of sandy soils amended with biochar, Ricinus and NPK (17-17-17) on the Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Kinshasa (DR Congo) 16088 gombo et les caractéristiques physico-chimiques étudiées du sol. Le rendement le plus élevé à la première saison était 6 fois plus que celui du témoin. A la deuxième saison, seul le biochar associé à l’engrais minéral a donné un rendement satisfaisant. Conclusion et application des résultats : Pour une gestion intégrée de la fertilité de ce sol sableux de Kinshasa, l’utilisation des engrais minéraux devrait être accompagnée d’une application adéquate de la matière organique. Le biochar s’avère très important pour améliorer le problème de la rétention en eau et des éléments nutritifs à apporter à ce type de sol. Le prix des engrais et du biochar n’étant pas tout le temps abordable par les petits fermiers, l’utilisation des feuilles de ricin qui sont accessible et facile à ramasser sans frais s’avère économiquement rentable. En outre, le rendement obtenu, comparé à ceux de la combinaison des engrais et du biochar, il n’y a pas de différence. Mots clés: Sols sableux, biochar, pH, capacité d’échange cationique, matière organique, phosphore
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Mounirou, Moustapha Maman. "Effet comparé de la fertilisation à base de biochar, engrais organique et engrais chimique sur les éléments minéraux et la production de l’oignon (Allium cepa L.)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 24 (July 31, 2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n24p47.
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Au cours des dernières décennies, il y a de plus en plus des études universitaires sur l'importance du biochar. Ce dernier constitue un moyen efficace pour la valorisation des déchets agricoles et forestiers. Cette étude qui s’inscrit dans le même contexte a pour objectif principal de déterminer les effets combinés du fumier de chèvre (FC, 5 t ha-1) et de son biochar (BC 10 t ha-1) sur l'efficacité d'utilisation des engrais chimiques (EC) sous différents ratios (100%, 50% et 0%), avec la variété d’oignon Metan 88. Pour ce faire, des essais ont été conduits en plein champ, dans le Centre de Recherche Horticole (CRH Ayas) de l’Université d'Ankara. En effet, le dispositif expérimental est un bloc complet randomisé comportant douze (12) traitements en quatre (4) répétitions, soit quarante-huit (48) parcelles. Les différentes mesures et analyses effectuées ont permis la détermination des paramètres tels que ; le poids frais et sec, le rendement total, la chlorophylle relative, l’acide ascorbique, ainsi que les concentrations des N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu et Mn. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que le rendement total de l'oignon a augmenté de manière significative avec l'application du biochar, du fumier ainsi que leur combinaison. Tous les traitements d'engrais organiques et inorganiques ont considérablement augmenté les concentrations en N, P et K respectivement 38,8, 2,81 et 42,2 g Kg-1 par rapport aux témoins 33,8, 2,32 et 35,6 g Kg-1. Les concentrations en Ca et Mg respectivement 7,31 et 6,69 g kg-1 ont été augmentées avec l'engrais organique par rapport aux témoins 6,43 et 5,10 g kg-1. Le Biochar et le fumier ont donné la concentration la plus élevée de chlorophylle relative avec 297 et 294 respectivement. En conclusion , la combinaison du BC+FC a permis d’obtenir une croissance optimale de l’oignon.
In recent decades, numerous academic studies were carried out in order to determine the importance of biochar. The latter constitutes an effective means for valuing the agricultural and forestry waste. The main objective of the present study was to determine the combined effects of goat manure (GM, 5 t ha-1) and its biochar (BC 10 t ha-1) on use efficiency of chemical fertilizers (CF) in different ratios (100%, 50% and 0%), in the Metan 88 variety of onion. The , trials were carried out in the open field at the Horticultural Research Center at Ankara University. The experimental device is a complete randomized block comprising twelve (12) treatments in four (4) repetitions, forty-eight (48) plots. The various measurements and analyses carried out allowed the determination of parameters such as fresh and dry weight, total yield, relative chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn, as well . The obtained results showed that the total yield of onion increased significantly with biochar, manure as well as their combination. All organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments significantly increased N, P and K concentrations 38.8, 2.81 and 42.2 g Kg-1 respectively compared to controls 33.8, 2.32 and 35, 6g Kg-1. As for the concentrations of Ca and Mg 7.31 and 6.69 g kg-1 they were increased with the organic fertilizer compared to the controls 6.43 and 5.10 g kg-1 respectively.. Biochar and manure gave the highest concentration of relative chlorophyll with 297 and 294 respectively. Inconclusion , the combination of BC + CF resulted in optimal onion growth.
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Adelani, D. O. "Influence of Organic Fertilizers on the Early Growth of Tamarindus indica L." Journal of the Cameroon Academy of Sciences 18, no. 1 (August 16, 2022): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v18i1.2.
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Inadequacy of information on the early growth responses of T. indica seedlings to manure sources has limited its propagation. In an attempt to enhance the growth of T. indica, an investigation was conducted to assess the influence of organic fertilizers on the growth of T. indica. The experimental design adopted was a Completely Randomised Design with six treatments replicated five times. The treatment consisted of 10g of each manure (cowdung, goat droppings, rabbit droppings, poultry droppings, pig droppings and control) assessed on the early growth of T. indica seedlings. Six months old T. indica seedlings were transplanted into pots with and without manure and subjected to 200ml of water daily. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of significance. Results obtained showed that manure sources significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the growth of T. indica. Significant height (27.82cm), number of leaflets (67.00), total fresh weight (5.57g) and total dry weight (2.54g) were recorded from seedlings planted in the soil amended with goat droppings respectively at 12 weeks after transplanting. Highest girth (0.33cm) and significant leaflet area (9.98cm2) were recorded from seedlings planted in the soil improved with cowdung and poultry droppings respectively at 12 WAT. Goat droppings enhanced the growth of T. indica seedlings.
Le manque d’informations sur les premières réponses de croissance des semis de T. indica aux sources de fumier a limité sa propagation. Dans une tentative d’améliorer la croissance de T. indica, une enquête a été menée pour évaluer l’influence des engrais organiques sur la croissance de T. indica. Le plan expérimental adopté était un plan complètement randomisé avec six traitements répétés cinq fois. Le traitement consistait en 10 g de chaque fumier (bouse de vache, crottes de chèvre, crottes de lapin, crottes de volaille, crottes de porc et témoin) évalué sur la croissance précoce des plantules de T. indica. Des semis de T. indica âgés de six mois ont été transplantés dans des pots avec et sans fumier et soumis à 200 ml d’eau par jour. Les données recueillies ont été soumises à une analyse de la variance (ANOVA) à un niveau de signification de 5 %. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les sources de fumier augmentaient significativement (P<0,05) la croissance de T. indica. Une hauteur significative (27,82 cm), un nombre de folioles (67,00), un poids frais total (5,57 g) et un poids sec total (2,54 g) ont été enregistrés à partir de semis plantés dans le sol amendé avec des excréments de chèvre respectivement à 12 semaines après le repiquage. La circonférence la plus élevée (0,33 cm) et la surface foliaire significative (9,98 cm2) ont été enregistrées à partir de semis plantés dans le sol amélioré avec de la bouse de vache et des excréments de volaille respectivement à 12 WAT. Les excréments de chèvre ont amélioré la croissance des semis de T. indica.
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BEAUCHEMIN, SUZANNE, MARC R. LAVERDIÈRE, and ADRIEN N'DAYEGAMIYE. "EFFETS D'APPORT D'AMENDEMENTS LIGNEUX FRAIS ET HUMIFIES SUR LA PRODUCTION DE POMME DE TERRE ET SUR LA DISPONIBILITE DE L'AZOTE EN SOL SABLEUX." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 4 (November 1, 1990): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-058.
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Intensive potato cropping has been reported as a major cause of degradation of sandy soils. Wood residues from tree clipping applied to soils can substitute for crop residues to maintain adequate organic matter levels and crop productivity. However, this ligneous material presents a C:N ratio varying from 50 to 175 and, when applied in large quantities, may induce N immobilization at the expense of the crop. The objectives of this study were to quantify the importance of this N immobilization following addition of residues and its effect on yield and quality of potato crops. Fresh or humified residues (50 t ha−1) were applied to the soil and incorporated. The third treatment received no residue. Each treatment was subdivided into subtreatments which received either 0, 150, 200 or 250 kg N ha−1. P, K, Mg and S were applied at the same rate on all treatments. Following the application of wood residues in 1987, 46 kg N ha−1 were immobilized in amended plots. N recovery from fertilizer was 51%. To obtain comparable yields of similar quality to those measured on unamended plots, an additional 1.9 kg N t−1 residues added or 100 kg N ha−1 were required. In 1988, N immobilization was considerably reduced; yield and quality of potato tubers in plots that received wood residues the previous year were comparable to those of the unamended plots with appropriate fertilization. Water retention was significantly improved in plots that received wood residues. Partial decomposition of the residues for 1 yr prior to application on the soil did not significantly improve plant growth compared to fresh residues. Key words: Wood residues, tree clippings, potato yield, dry matter content, nitrogen immobilization, soil water content
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Knap, Renata, Janina Kaniuczak, Edmund Hajduk, and Adam Szewczyk. "Properties of degraded and reclaimed soils in the area of the abandoned “Jeziórko” sulfur mine (Poland)." Soil Science Annual 67, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssa-2016-0020.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine some physicochemical and chemical properties of post-mining soils reclaimed in different directions, after completed sulfur exploitation by means of the borehole (Frash) method. The study was conducted in 2013 in the former Sulfur Mine „Jeziórko” located on the Tarnobrzeg Plain between Tarnobrzeg and Stalowa Wola cities (Podkarpackie Voivodeship, south Poland). It covered an area of land reclaimed as the arable or forest land. The most important problems connected with sulfur exploitation was the occurrence of a layer of solid sulfur which was previously removed. During the reclamation process, embankments and excavations were leveled through replenishing large amounts of ground, post-flotation lime, mineral fertilizers, and sewage sludge. Moreover, studies upon degraded and non-reclaimed area (by 2013) were also carried out. Examined land was characterized by granulometric composition of sands, loamy sands, and sandy loams. Re-leveling of degraded land using post-flotation lime contributed to lower levels of acidification of reclaimed soil surface. The highest contents of organic carbon and total nitrogen were found in the surface layers of the soils studied. Content of available potassium ranged from very low to average. The soils were characterized by a high content of available magnesium in the surface layers of the profiles (maximum 71.8 mg·kg−1 in soil reclaimed as forest land), while below the Mg content was usually low. Contents of individual exchangeable cations could be lined up in a following decreasing sequence: Ca2+>Na+>K+>Mg2+ Referring to the topsoil, reclaimed soils were characterized by more favorable properties (pH close to neutral, lower acidity, higher sorption capacity, higher organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available forms of phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium concentrations) as compared to non-reclaimed soil.
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Hauverset, N’Guessan Assiénin, Gogoue Dessan Obed, Anougba Bossoma Danielle, Dembélé Inza, and Allou Kouassi. "Evaluation de Différents Types de Substrats sur Le Développement des Plantules de Palmiers À Huile (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) en Côte d’Ivoire." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 17, no. 37 (October 30, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2021.v17n37p1.
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Côte d'Ivoire is the main African exporter of palm oil in ECOWAS. In order to maintain its production, many practices such as the use of mineral and organic fertilizers are necessary. The general objective of this study was to compare the development of oil palm seedlings on five (5) different substrates consisting of potting soil, cow dung, and decomposing palm fibers. The results on the count of dead seedlings showed a low mortality rate on the 100 % potting soil substrate. Evaluation of some morphological parameters revealed better leaf growth in length, a large number of leaves, better fresh weight, larger diameter and better green color of the chlorophyll-rich leaves in the evolved seedlings on the substrates of 50 % potting soil, 25 % cow dung, and 25 % palm fiber, except for the 100 % potting soil. It would be advisable to use cow dung and palm fiber substrates for better development of the oil palm in the pre-nursery.
La Côte d’Ivoire, est le principal exportateur africain d’huile de palme au niveau de la CEDEAO. Pour maintenir sa production, de nombreuses pratiques telles que l’apport de fertilisants minéraux et organiques sont nécessaires. L’objectif général de cette étude était de comparer le développement des plantules de palmier à huile sur cinq (5) substrats différents constitués du terreau, de la bouse de vache et de fibres de palmier en décomposition. Les résultats sur le dénombrement de plantules mortes ont montré un faible taux de mortalité au niveau du substrat constitué uniquement du terreau 100 %. L’évaluation de certains paramètres morphologiques a révélé une meilleure croissance des feuilles en longueur, un nombre important de feuilles, un meilleur poids frais, un gros diamètre et une meilleure couleur verte des feuilles riches en chlorophylle chez les plantules évoluées sur les substrats de 50 % de terreau, 25 % de Bouse de vache et 25 % de fibre de palmier, à l’exception des 100 % de terreau. Il serait bon de constituer des substrats à base de bouse de vache et de fibre de palmier pour un meilleur développement du palmier à huile en pré-pépinière.
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Beesigamukama, Dennis, Sevgan Subramanian, and Chrysantus M. Tanga. "Nutrient quality and maturity status of frass fertilizer from nine edible insects." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (May 3, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11336-z.
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AbstractGlobally, there is growing interest to recycle organic waste using insect larvae into high-quality frass fertilizer through circular economy approach. This paper presents the first comparative report on the nutrient concentrations, fertilizing indices, nutrient supply potentials and compost maturity of nine edible insect frass fertilizers. Our results revealed that frass fertilizers from all the insect species had adequate concentrations and contents of macronutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)], secondary nutrients (calcium, magnesium, and sulphur) and micro-nutrients (manganese, copper, iron, zinc, boron, and sodium). The fertilizing indices of the frass fertilizers were above 3. However, black soldier fly (BSF) frass fertilizer had significantly higher N (20–130%) and K (17–193%) concentrations compared to others. The P concentration of Gryllus bimaculatus frass fertilizer was 3–800% higher compared to those of frass fertilizers from other insect species. The potential N and K supply capacities of BSF frass fertilizer was 19–78% and 16–190% higher, respectively. The P supply capacity of cricket frass fertilizer was 17–802% higher compared to others. The highest seed gemination rate (> 90%) and germination index (267%) were observed in seeds treated with BSF frass fertilizer. Frass fertilizer obtained from the other eight insect species showed medium to high phytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that insect frass fertilizers are promising alternatives to existing commercial fertilizers (i.e., mineral, and organic) for improved soil health and crop yield.
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Gärttling, Daniel, Sascha M. Kirchner, and Hannes Schulz. "Assessment of the N- and P-Fertilization Effect of Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) By-Products on Maize." Journal of Insect Science 20, no. 5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieaa089.
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Abstract To meet the growing demand for an alternative animal protein source, the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) industry is expanding. Thus, the valuation of its byproducts, foremost BSF frass, is getting more economic and ecological weight. Three different residues, BSF frass, larval skins, and dead adult flies, were compared with a mineral and an organic commercial fertilizer in a pot trial with maize (Zea mays L., [Poales: Poaceae]). byproducts were applied in three nutrient-based application rates (180; 215 kg N/ha; 75 kg P2O5/ha), and plant nutrients, physiological and yield parameters were measured at harvest date. Ground flies had the highest N-fertilizing effect of all byproducts, similar to commercial mineral and organic fertilizers used as controls, whereas its proportion of the BSF production systems’ output is low. Frass as the abundant byproduct showed comparably low N-fertilization effects. Its low N availability was attributed to volatilization losses, mainly driven by high pH and ammonium contents. BSF frass as the main byproduct output is more suited as a basic fertilizer or potting substrate amendment than as a short-term organic fertilizer. Postprocessing of frass seems reasonable. For a profound assessment of frass as fertilizer, several aspects (e.g., the overall impact of postprocessing, plant strengthening and plant protection potential, effects on microbial processes) must be clarified.
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Houben, David, Guillaume Daoulas, and Anne-Maïmiti Dulaurent. "Assessment of the Short-Term Fertilizer Potential of Mealworm Frass Using a Pot Experiment." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 (July 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.714596.
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The forecasted growth of insect production in the next few years will generate high quantities of frass (insect excreta). Although frass is increasingly considered a potential fertilizer, the dynamics of nutrient supply by frass is still poorly understood. Here, we aimed at gaining insight into the short-term fertilizer value of frass from mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) in order to optimize its sustainable use in agroecosystems. Using a short-term pot experiment, we showed that, even though frass has a great potential to be used as a substitute of mineral NPK fertilizer, its N fertilizer potential is mediated by its rate of application. At 10 t ha−1, due to its fast mineralization coupled with improvement in microbial activity (assessed using Biolog EcoPlate), frass was as effective as mineral fertilizer to supply N to plant. By contrast, at 5 t ha−1, the lower frass mineralization induced a reduced N uptake compared to its mineral control. Unlike N, frass was as effective as mineral fertilizer to supply P and K to plants irrespective of its application rate. This was attributed to the presence of P and K in a readily available form in frass. Taken together, our results indicate that mealworm frass supplies very rapidly N, P and K to plants but its effects on N dynamics should be better investigated to warrant its sustainable use as an alternative fertilizer for managing NPK nutrition in cropping systems.
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Susanto, Markus, Setya Kurniawan, Ricardi DEP, Widya Rianne, and Devide Hersade. "Bio-Conversion and Decomposing With Black Soldier Fly to Promote Plant Growth." KnE Life Sciences, June 7, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v7i3.11172.
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Every country in the world, including Indonesia, is confronted with the problem of waste and is attempting to find viable solutions. The majority of recycled waste is inorganic waste, while there is also organic recycled waste, and the remaining 60-75%of waste is dumped in a landfill. By utilizing waste and by-products, bioconversion with black soldier fly (BSF) larvae could be a solution to help overcome the problem of organic waste; these larvae can also be used as a protein source in animal feed and in organic fertilizers rich in nutrients. The use of BSF as a decomposer of organic waste, specifically Black Soldier Fly Fertilizer (BSF Frass), and the liquid resulting from the bioconversion process, called micro biostimulant (MBS), can be used to promote plant growth. The goal of this study was to assess how BSF Frass affected plant growth when compared to Synthetic fertilizers. Corn and Pak Choi were the test plants that were planted in the field. The results showed that giving 50% BSF Frass to the tested plants resulted in better growth and development than the control.
Keywords: Bioconversion, Organic Fertilizer, Black Soldier Fly Compost, Frass.
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Watson, Conor, Timo Preißing, and Florian Wichern. "Plant Nitrogen Uptake From Insect Frass Is Affected by the Nitrification Rate as Revealed by Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 (October 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.721840.
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Insect protein production is considered a sustainable alternative to livestock protein which furthermore utilizes waste streams. Its production can have positive but also potentially negative environmental effects, which require evaluation. Frass, the byproduct of insect production, is regarded an efficient organic fertilizer or soil amendment. However, several studies report negative frass effects on plant growth and nitrogen (N) cycling. Therefore, a pot trial was carried out which sought to understand N release from frass and subsequent growth and nutrient uptake of Italian ryegrass. Mealworm frass (MWF) or buffalo worm frass (BFW) was applied at two rates (1.5 and 3% w/w) to a soil-sand mix. To evaluate N release processes, frass was applied alone, with a nitrification inhibitor (NI), a urease inhibitor (UI), or both (NI+UI). Plant N, nutrient uptake and soil inorganic N were measured at the experiment's end. To gauge whether altered N fluxes induced changes in the microbial community, soil microbial biomass, bacterial/archaeal abundances and ergosterol content as a fungal biomarker, were determined. Both frass types and application rates stimulated microbial growth and N mineralization. The 3% rate inhibited seed germination, possibly due to salinity or ammonia toxicity. At the 1.5% rate, both frass types were effective fertilizers. MWF led to higher biomass and nutrient uptake, owing to its higher extractable nutrient concentrations. The 3% rate caused nitrite accumulation in the absence of NI. NI improved plant biomass, nutrient uptake, stimulated archaeal and bacterial abundances and prevented nitrite accumulation. UI reduced N mineralization, showing that a substantial fraction of frass organic N is ureic. UI enhanced fungal contribution to the microbial biomass, revealing the importance of bacteria in frass N mineralization processes when UI is not applied. NI and UI combined, induced greater N release from frass than UI or NI alone. Our study demonstrated the usefulness of NI and UI in studying N release from frass. NI can improve plant N uptake and minimize N losses following frass application, reducing its potentially negative effects. UI can retard N release from frass, allowing its application as a slow-release fertilizer, but should not be used concurrently with NI.
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Rummel, Pauline Sophie, Lukas Beule, Michael Hemkemeyer, Sanja Annabell Schwalb, and Florian Wichern. "Black Soldier Fly Diet Impacts Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Frass Applied as Fertilizer." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 (August 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.709993.
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Increased global production of animal-based protein results in high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other adverse consequences for human and planetary health. Recently, commercial insect rearing has been claimed a more sustainable source of animal protein. However, this system also leaves residues called frass, which—depending on the insect diet—is rich in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), and could thus be used as fertilizer in agriculture. The impact of this kind of fertilizer on soil GHG emissions is yet unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) frass derived from a carbohydrate (Carb-) or a protein (Prot-) based diet applied at two different application rates to an arable soil on C and N fluxes and microbial properties in a 40-day incubation experiment. CO2, N2O, NO, N2, CH4, water extractable organic C (WEOC), and inorganic N were continuously measured quantitatively. At the end of the incubation, microbial biomass (MB), stoichiometry, community composition, and abundance of functional genes were assessed. Along with a strong increase in WEOC and CO2, Carb-frass caused strong initial N2O emissions associated with high N and C availability. In contrast, Prot-frass showed lower CO2 emissions and N2O release, although soil nitrate levels were higher. At the end of incubation, MB was significantly increased, which was more pronounced following Carb-frass as compared to Prot-frass application, and at higher amendment rates. Fungal abundance increased most from both frass types with an even stronger response at higher application rates, whereas bacterial abundance rose following Carb-frass as compared to Prot-application. Abundance of functional genes related to ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea were enhanced by high frass application but did not clearly differ between frass types. C use efficiency of microorganisms, as revealed by the metabolic quotient, was most strongly reduced in the high Prot-frass application rate. Overall, insect diet influenced available C and N in frass and thus affected mineralization dynamics, GHG emissions, and microbial growth. Overall, emissions were very high undermining the potential environmental benefit of insect based protein production and calling for more detailed analyses before frass is widely applied in agriculture.
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Houben, David, Guillaume Daoulas, Michel-Pierre Faucon, and Anne-Maïmiti Dulaurent. "Potential use of mealworm frass as a fertilizer: Impact on crop growth and soil properties." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (March 13, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61765-x.
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Beesigamukama, Dennis, Benson Mochoge, Nicholas Korir, Changeh J. Ghemoh, Sevgan Subramanian, and Chrysantus M. Tanga. "In situ nitrogen mineralization and nutrient release by soil amended with black soldier fly frass fertilizer." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (July 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94269-3.
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AbstractAlthough black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF) is effective on crop performance, information on nitrogen (N) mineralization and nutrient release capacity of soils amended with BSFFF is lacking. This study utilized field incubation experiments to investigate the ammonification, nitrification, microbial populations, and quantities of nutrients released by soils amended with BSFFF and commercial organic fertilizer (SAFI) for a period equivalent to two maize cropping seasons. For the control treatment, no BSFFF or SAFI was added. Results indicated that most of the N in BSFFF amended soils was available in the ammonium form, while soils treated with SAFI had higher nitrate concentration. The BSFFF amended soils experienced shorter net immobilization periods of N (30–60 days) compared to SAFI treated soils (60–95 days). Increased rates of mineralization (3–10 times) and nitrification (2–4 times) were observed in soils treated with BSFFF during the second season of application. The BSFFF treated soils showed significantly higher N, phosphorus, and magnesium release than the control. Repeated application of BSFFF led to increased N release by three-folds in the soil. Furthermore, soil amendment with BSFFF increased the populations of bacteria and fungi, reduced soil acidity, and increased phosphorus (two-folds) and magnesium (two–four-folds) release than SAFI treated soils. Our findings highlight the crucial role of BSFFF in improving soil health by addressing the challenges of soil acidity, phosphorus fixation and nutrient mining, which is characteristic of most tropical soils.
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Anyega, Abel O., Nicholas K. Korir, Dennis Beesigamukama, Ghemoh J. Changeh, Kiatoko Nkoba, Sevgan Subramanian, Joop J. A. van Loon, Marcel Dicke, and Chrysantus M. Tanga. "Black Soldier Fly-Composted Organic Fertilizer Enhances Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Quality of Three Key Vegetable Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (June 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.680312.
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Worldwide, French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and kales (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) are considered economically important food crops. There is a rapid decline in their yield due to severe soil degradation. Thus, high commercial fertilizer inputs are crucial, though they remain expensive and inaccessible to resource poor farmers. We investigated the comparative performance of composted black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF), conventionally composted brewer's spent grain (BSG), commercial organic fertilizer (Evergrow), and mineral [nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)] fertilizer on growth, yield, N use efficiency, and nutritional quality (crude protein, crude fiber, crude fats, ash, and carbohydrate concentrations) of tomatoes, kales, and French beans under greenhouse and open-field conditions for two seasons. The fertilizers were applied at rates equivalent to 371 kg of N ha−1. For each crop, the plots were treated with sole rates of BSFFF, BSG, Evergrow, and NPK to supply 100% of the N required. Additional treatments included a combination of BSFFF and NPK, and BSG and NPK so that each fertilizer supplies 50% of the N required. The control treatment consisted of unfertilized soil. Results show that vegetable yields achieved using a combination of BSFFF and NPK were 4.5, 2.4, and 5.4-folds higher than the yield from the control treatment for tomatoes, kales, and French beans, respectively. The combined application of BSFFF and NPK produced 22–135%, 20–27%, and 38–50% higher yields than sole NPK for tomatoes, kales, and French beans, respectively, under both greenhouse and open-field conditions. The highest agronomic N use efficiency was achieved in sole BSFFF-treated plots compared to sole BSG and Evergrow. The N taken up by the vegetables was significantly higher when BSFFF and NPK were integrated. Vegetables grown using a combination of BSFFF and NPK had the highest crude protein and ash concentrations. Our findings demonstrate that the integration of BSFFF and NPK in vegetable cropping systems at the recommended rate of 1.24 t ha−1 BSFFF and 322 kg ha−1 NPK would improve soil health, boost yield, and nutritional quality of vegetable crops.