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Journal articles on the topic 'Fraser'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Auckland, L. D., J. S. Johnston, H. J. Price, and F. E. Bridgwater. "Stability of nuclear DNA content among divergent and isolated populations of Fraser fir." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 1375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-104.

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Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) is an endemic species consisting of six major disjunct populations in the Appalachian Mountains, U.S.A. Nuclear DNA content was measured with laser flow cytometry to determine if genome size differences could be detected among the disjunct populations of Fraser fir and its close relatives, balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and Canaan fir (A. balsamea var. phanerolepsis Fern.). The mean DNA content for Fraser fir was 17.2 pg/C, which was similar to the two related fir species. There were no significant differences among disjunct Fraser-fir populations. Mean DNA content differences for fir species in the southern Appalachian Mountains were similar even with speciation events (7000 B.P.) and subsequent population isolation. In the absence of polyploidy or large chromosomal rearrangements, genome size changes in conifers occur on a broad evolutionary time scale.Key words: conifers, gymnosperm, C-values, nuclear genome, Abies fraseri.

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2

Hinesley, L. Eric, and Layne K. Snelling. "Postharvest Drying of Leyland Cypress, Eastern Red Cedar, and Fraser Fir Christmas Trees." HortScience 30, no. 7 (December 1995): 1427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.7.1427.

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Postharvest drying of Leyland cypress [× Cupressocyparis leylandii (A.B. Jacks. & Dallim.)] branches was intermediate between eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) and Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] in two laboratory experiments. Leyland cypress rehydrated without adverse effect until xylem pressure potential reached –4.0 to –5.0 MPa (shoot moisture content = 60% to 65%). For branches continuously maintained in water, Fraser fir and Leyland cypress kept equally well over 4 weeks of display, but Leyland cypress lasted longer than Fraser fir over 8 weeks. Postharvest keeping quality of Leyland cypress and Fraser fir was better than that of eastern red cedar.

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3

Ivors, Kelly L., Z. Gloria Abad, and D. Michael Benson. "Evaluating the Pathogenicity of Pythium vexans Isolates from Fraser Fir in North Carolina." Plant Health Progress 9, no. 1 (January 2008): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2008-1006-01-rs.

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The pathogenicity of Pythium vexans isolates collected from fir samples with typical root rot symptoms in North Carolina was evaluated on Fraser fir seedlings (Abies fraseri). Two replicated pathogenicity trials involving seven treatments were conducted in the lath house and greenhouse. Although the P. vexans isolates examined in these trials were able to colonize Fraser fir root systems, they did not cause mortality or incite root rot symptoms. In comparison, Phytophthora cinnamomi, a known aggressive pathogen of Fraser fir, caused severe root rot symptoms in all plants. These experiments provided no evidence that P. vexans is a pathogen of Fraser fir. Accepted for publication 12 July 2008. Published 6 October 2008.

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4

Chavez, Helen R. "The Frasers of Castle Fraser (1550-1976)." Northern Scotland 22 (First Serie, no. 1 (May 2002): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nor.2002.0009.

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5

Blazich, Frank A., and L. Eric Hinesley. "Propagation of Fraser Fir." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 12, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-12.2.112.

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Abstract Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.], the most important Christmas tree species in North Carolina, is rapidly gaining popularity nationwide. It is propagated by seed, but special needs such as genetic improvement will involve use of grafting, air layering, propagation by stem cuttings, and micropropagation (tissue culture). This paper summarizes research conducted to date on Fraser fir concerning these techniques in addition to information regarding seed production and sexual propagation.

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6

Kaylor, S. Douglas, M. Joseph Hughes, and Jennifer A. Franklin. "Recovery trends and predictions of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) dynamics in the Southern Appalachian Mountains." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 1 (January 2017): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0067.

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The endemic Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) is found in only seven montane regions in the southern Appalachians above ca. 1500 m elevation. Due to widespread insect-caused mortality from the invasive balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae Ratzeburg), as well as possible impacts from climate change and atmospheric pollution, the future of Fraser fir populations remains uncertain. Long-term monitoring programs have been in place since the 1980s, and here we present the first predictive population models for endemic Fraser fir populations using the inventory data from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which contains 74% of extant Fraser fir forests. Using two kinds of population data (understory density counts and overstory census data), we model Fraser fir population dynamics on five different mountaintops as a stage-structured matrix model with transition parameters estimated using hierarchical Bayesian inference. We predict robust recovery over the next several decades for some Fraser fir populations, particularly where mature overstory fir has persisted throughout the last two decades, and continued decline for populations at the lowest elevations. Fraser fir densities are already low at these lower elevations, suggesting that this population is vulnerable to local extirpation.

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7

Hinesley, L. E., and L. K. Snelling. "Vapor Pressure Deficit, Temperature, and Light Affect Postharvest Drying of Fraser Fir and Eastern White Pine." HortScience 26, no. 4 (April 1991): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.4.402.

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Branches of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were subjected to various temperatures, vapor pressure deficits (VPD), and light regimes in controlled-environment chambers. Drying rates, based on measurements of needle water potential (ψ), were accelerated by increasing VPD, high temperature, and light. Fraser fir and white pine dried to – 4.0 MPa and – 3.0 MPa, respectively, in about the same time. The relationship of moisture content (MC) to ψ was linear for Fraser fir, quadratic for white pine. The MC of Fraser fir at – 4.0 MPa was also a linear function of VPD during drying. Water loss was greatest early in the drying cycle, and high temperature (25C) promoted rapid drying, even at low VPD.

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8

Bryan, James A., and John R. Seiler. "Accelerating Fraser Fir Seedling Growth with Benzylaminopurine Sprays." HortScience 26, no. 4 (April 1991): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.4.389.

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Foliar application of the synthetic growth regulator BA was evaluated for increasing the duration and extent of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poir.] seedling growth. Aqueous solutions of 0, 222, or 444 μm BA (0, 50, or 100 ppm) were sprayed on the shoots of Fraser fir seedlings biweekly from 18 until 38 weeks after planting. Foliar sprays of 444 μm BA increased seedling height 19%, increased shoot weight 57%, reduced root weight 22%, and increased total weight 27%. Apical meristem activity was stimulated and the long periods of dormancy typical of Fraser fir seedlings were avoided. Chemical name used: 6-benzylaminopurine (BA).

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9

Hoover, Benjamin K., and R. M. Bates. "Fungicide Efficacy in Prevention of Root Rot Incited by Phytophthora cactorum and Phytophthora drechsleri in Fraser Fir Seedlings." HortTechnology 22, no. 4 (August 2012): 470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.4.470.

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The most serious disease problem in fraser fir (Abies fraseri) Christmas tree production is phytophthora root rot (PRR). The efficacies of six fungicide treatments in preventing PRR incited by Phytophthora cactorum and P. drechsleri in 2-year-old fraser fir seedlings were evaluated in 2010 and 2011 in central Pennsylvania. The study examined five fungicide drench treatments [dimethomorph, fosetyl-aluminum (fosetyl-Al), hydrogen dioxide, mefenoxam, propamocarb hydrochloride] and one soil spray treatment (mefenoxam) in raised planting boxes. Dimethomorph applied on 14-day intervals prevented foliar disease symptoms and mortality in fraser fir seedlings exposed to either P. cactorum or P. drechsleri. One-time application of fosetyl-Al or mefenoxam were effective at times in preventing foliar disease symptoms and mortality in fraser fir seedlings exposed to P. drechsleri but were not as effective against P. cactorum.

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10

Li, De-Wei, Neil P. Schultes, James A. LaMondia, and Richard S. Cowles. "Phytophthora abietivora, A New Species Isolated from Diseased Christmas Trees in Connecticut, U.S.A." Plant Disease 103, no. 12 (December 2019): 3057–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-19-0583-re.

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A number of fir species (Abies) are produced as Christmas trees around the world. In particular, Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) is popular as it yields high-quality Christmas trees in temperate North America and Europe. A Phytophthora sp. causing root rot on Fraser fir was isolated from a Christmas tree farm in Connecticut, U.S.A., and found to be new to science according to morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis using multilocus DNA sequences from ITS, Cox1, β-Tub, Nadh1, and Hsp90 loci. Thus, it was described and illustrated as Phytophthora abietivora. An informative Koch’s postulates test revealed that P. abietivora was the pathogen causing root rot of Fraser fir.

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11

Hinesley, L. Eric, and Layne K. Snelling. "Gamma Radiation Unpromising as an Insect Quarantine Treatment for Fraser Fir Branches." HortScience 28, no. 11 (November 1993): 1109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.11.1109.

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Dormant branches of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] Christmas trees were subjected to single doses of gamma radiation at levels ranging from 0 to 5.0 kGy (0 to 500 kRad). Significant needle loss resulted at doses ≥0.10 kGy and increased with radiation intensity. Irradiation discolored foliage and accelerated drying. Irradiation does not appear to be a viable way to meet insect quarantine requirements on cut Fraser fir Christmas trees.

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12

Thomas, Austin, David C. Tilotta, John Frampton, and Robert M. Jetton. "Sesquiterpene Induction by the Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Adelges piceae) in Putatively Resistant Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri)." Forests 13, no. 5 (May 3, 2022): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050716.

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Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., is a tree endemic to the Southern Appalachians and is found only in a few isolated populations at high elevations. Fraser firs are also cultivated on a commercial scale as Christmas trees. The species is imperiled by an introduced insect, the balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae Ratzeburg (BWA). The insect severely damages Christmas tree crops and has caused substantial Fraser fir mortality in natural stands. Foliar terpenoids are one mechanism of host plant defense against invading insects and may be one focus of future Christmas tree breeding efforts. This study examines the correlation of foliar terpenoids with Fraser fir performance when infested with BWA. GC-MS and GC-FID analysis of artificially infested Fraser fir foliage reveals that increased concentrations of four terpenoid compounds are associated with BWA infestations. Foliar concentrations of two sesquiterpenes, camphene and humulene, are significantly higher in putatively resistant Fraser fir clones than in more susceptible clones after sustained adelgid feeding for a period of 20 weeks. Although it is unclear if the induction of these sesquiterpenes in the host fir is directly contributing to adelgid resistance, these compounds could serve as effective indicators while screening for BWA resistance in future Christmas tree breeding programs.

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13

Cowles, Richard S. "Sulfur Amendment of Soil Improves Establishment and Growth of Firs in a Field Naturally Infested with Phytophthora1." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 38, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-38.1.15.

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Abstract Acidification of soil from pH 6 to 4 by incorporating elemental sulfur reduced mortality and improved color and initial growth of Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., and Canaan fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. phanerolepis Fernald, planted into a field that had previously experienced significant losses consistent with phytophthora root rot. Acidifying the soil improved tree color starting the year of planting and persisting through five years. During their second year after planting, extension of terminal growth was 12.5 vs. 5.6 cm (4.9 vs. 2.2 in) for plots with soil pH of 4 and 6, respectively, averaged across tree species. In subsequent years, the growth rate of trees was unaffected by having acidified the soil. Over the course of five years, the average annual mortality rate for the trees was 1.4, 4.0, 9.7, and 12.2% for Canaan fir (pH 4), Canaan fir (pH 6), Fraser fir (pH 4), and Fraser fir (pH 6), respectively. However, all tree mortality for Canaan fir planted into acidified soil occurred during the first two years. A root dip with potassium phosphite at the time of planting only benefitted Fraser fir. Minimizing losses of trees in this field would require planting species less susceptible or resistant to phytophthora root rot infection and soil acidification. Index words: soil acidification, phytophthora root rot, potassium phosphite, root dip Species used in this study: Fraser fir; Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.; Canaan fir; Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. phanerolepis Fernald Chemicals used in this study: acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard 50WDG); clothianidin (Arena 50WDG); imidacloprid (Xytect 2F); potassium phosphite (Helena Prophyt); sulfur

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14

Warren, Stuart L., Walter A. Skroch, Katharine B. Perry, and Thomas J. Monaco. "Vegetation Management: Its Influence on Survival and Early Growth of Fraser Fir and Norway Spruce." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, no. 6 (November 1987): 955–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.6.955.

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Abstract Seven vegetation management programs ranging from 100% cover of grass-dominated vegetation to bare soil were created on opposing north and south aspects. After 3 years, fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] survival had decreased when grown in bare soil, compared to survival in the other management programs. Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] survival was not affected by the management programs. Maximum stem diameter and root growth of Norway spruce were obtained with a bare row regardless of the interrow vegetation. Root growth in fraser fir was similar to spruce, but bare soil was required for maximum stem diameter growth. Height growth in both species was affected little by treatment. Stem diameter and root growth were negatively correlated with above-ground herbaceous biomass in the row. Forbs interfered less than grasses with fraser fir and Norway spruce diameter growth. Norway spruce growth was not affected by aspect, but fraser fir was larger (height and stem diameter) on the south aspect when grown in bare soil.

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15

Rothstein, David E., and Nicholas J. Lisuzzo. "Optimal Nutrition and Diagnosis for Abies fraseri Christmas Trees in Michigan." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/23.2.106.

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Abstract Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) is a species with a highly restricted native range that is now planted widely for Christmas tree production throughout the eastern US. The southeastern US has a long history of research on nutritional demands of Fraser fir, but growers in the Upper Midwest have limited locally based nutrition research on which to draw. A survey of foliar nutrition and soil properties in Fraser fir Christmas tree plantations throughout the state of Michigan was conducted to accomplish the following objectives: 1) identify relationships between tree nutrition and tree performance, 2) identify relationship between soil properties and tree nutrition, and 3) develop Diagnosis and Recommendation Integration System (DRIS) norms for Fraser fir Christmas trees in Michigan. Foliar N, P, and K levels were all positively associated with tree performance. In contrast, Ca, Mg, and Fe levels in foliage were negatively associated with tree quality. DRIS analysis indicated nutrient imbalances resulting from excess Ca, Mg, and Fe in comparison to N, P, K, and S. High pH and base saturation of young, calcareous soils of Michigan appear to be the most important site factor limiting the production of Fraser fir in Michigan.

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16

Witter, John A., and Iral R. Ragenovich. "Regeneration of Fraser Fir at Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina, After Depredations by the Balsam Woolly Adelgid." Forest Science 32, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/32.3.585.

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Abstract The long-term ecological consequences of balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae(Ratzeburg)) damage to Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) are considered. Study areas were established and vegetation sampled during 1966 in western North Carolina near and on Mt. Mitchell in each of three forest types: fir, spruce-fir, and spruce-fir-hardwood. Study areas were resampled in 1978. In 1966, mortality caused by the balsam woolly adelgid on Fraser fir stems over 244 cm tall averaged 82, 98, and 95 percent in the fir, spruce-fir, and spruce-fir-hardwood types, respectively. The average number of live Fraser fir seedlings per hectare for all study areas in 1966 and 1978 were 25,809 and 14,026, respectively. The height class distribution of Fraser fir seedlings changed dramatically with approximately 1 percent of the trees over 61-cm tall in 1966, and 75 percent over 61-cm tall in 1978. The fir, spruce-fir, and spruce-fir-hardwood types are well-stocked with Fraser fir regeneration and fir should be an important species in all three forest types in the future. Forest Sci. 32:585-594.

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17

CALDER, DALE R., and HENRY H. C. CHOONG. "Names of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) established by Charles McLean Fraser (1872–1946), excluding those from Allan Hancock Expeditions." Zootaxa 4487, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4487.1.1.

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An account is given of the names of families, genera, and species of hydroids established by C.M. Fraser of Canada, excluding those from Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions and the Allan Hancock Caribbean Sea Expedition. The names of four families, 11 genera, and 101 species are attributed to him in this work, complementing those of another two genera and 164 species described by Fraser in various Allan Hancock publications. Information is provided on type localities of his new species, on locations and kinds of type material in existence, where known, and on the current taxonomic status of families, genera, and species described by him in works reviewed herein. Two replacement names (Thuiaria geniculata Fraser, 1918a and Salacia fraseri Calder, 1991) exist for Thuiaria distans Fraser, 1914a (not Thuiaria distans Allman, 1877). The widely overlooked senior synonym, T. geniculata, is recognized as the valid name of the species. Diphasia alta nom. nov. is proposed as a new replacement name for the permanently invalid junior primary homonym Diphasia robusta Fraser, 1943a (not D. attenuata robusta Billard, 1924). In addition, Cryptolaria crassa nom. nov. is proposed as a new replacement name for the junior secondary homonym Cryptolaria rigida (Fraser, 1948) [not C. rigida (Fraser, 1940a)]. Lectotypes have been designated for 47 of the species to establish objective standards for application of their names. Corymorpha adventitia Fraser, 1941b, from the Pacific coast of Panama, is assigned to Ralpharia Watson, 1980, as R. adventitia. No type specimens are known to exist for seven of the species considered, including one holotype (of Hebella eximia Fraser, 1944a) missing from its bottle. Particular attention has been paid to dating and chronology of the 51 publications of Fraser covered in this work. Earlier bibliographic errors are corrected, most notably establishing that the book Distribution and relationship in American hydroids was published in early 1947 rather than 1946 as per the title page.

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18

Rathfon, R. A., and J. A. Burger. "Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) Nutrient Norms for Fraser Fir Christmas Trees." Forest Science 37, no. 4 (September 1, 1991): 998–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/37.4.998.

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Abstract Fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir.) is an important Christmas tree species in Virginia and North Carolina. Because it is responsive to fertilization, and because most Fraser fir growers fertilize their crop, a scientifically based nutrient diagnosis and fertilizer recommendation system is needed. The objective of this study was to develop and test Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms for Fraser fir Christmas trees for the ultimate purpose of establishing a nutrition diagnosis and fertilizer prescription system. A total of 107 Fraser fir plantations were sampled for foliage, soil, and diameter measurements. These plantations represented the range in site conditions and management practices for Fraser fir Christmas trees grown in Virginia. Foliage and soil were analyzed for macro- and micronutrients. DRIS norms were developed from these data using standard DRIS procedures. A total of 42 nutrient ratios were significant discriminators of tree performance as measured by variation in groundline diameter. The norms were tested using sixth-year data from a factorial fertilizer trial. Nutrient limitations due to both deficiencies and imbalance were detected and correctly diagnosed using the newly derived norms. A more thorough validation will be made with time, but this preliminary test showed that these norms are a reasonable first approximation. For. Sci. 37(4):998-1010.

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19

Arthur, F. H., and F. P. Hain. "DEVELOPMENT OF WOUND TISSUE IN THE BARK OF FRASER FIR AND ITS RELATION TO INJURY BY THE BALSAM WOOLLY ADELGID1." Journal of Entomological Science 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.1.129.

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A total of 89 Fraser fir, Abies fraseri Pursh. (Poir.), from seven locations in the southern Appalachians were tested for non-suberized impervious tissue (NIT) at artificial wound sites. All trees except one formed NIT in a time period that was considered normal (3 weeks), with no delays due to tree age, location or presence of balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). Although most Fraser fir react to adelgid attack by forming “rotholz” (red wood), a number of infested trees showed no visual signs of rotholz formation.

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20

Potter, Kevin M., John Frampton, Sedley A. Josserand, and C. Dana Nelson. "Genetic variation and population structure in Fraser fir (Abies fraseri): a microsatellite assessment of young trees." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 8 (August 2008): 2128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-064.

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The island-like populations of Fraser fir ( Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) have been isolated since the end of the late-Wisconsinian glaciation on the highest peaks of the Southern Appalachian Mountains and therefore offer an opportunity to investigate the genetic dynamics of a long-fragmented forest tree species. An analysis of eight microsatellite markers isolated from Fraser fir found that the species was out of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, with a significant deficiency of heterozygosity and a high degree of inbreeding (FIS = 0.223) relative to other conifers, perhaps associated in part with the young life stage of the trees included in the analysis. The analysis detected a significant but small amount of genetic differentiation among Fraser fir populations (FST = 0.004) and revealed that the geographical and latitudinal distances between populations, but not population area, were significantly correlated with their pairwise genetic differences. Both gene flow and postglacial migration history may have influenced the genetic architecture of the species. The results will be useful in the genetic conservation of Fraser fir, a species experiencing severe mortality following infestation by an exotic insect.

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21

Hinesley, Eric, Buddy Deal, and Earl Deal. "Shearing Systems for Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri) Christmas Trees." Forests 9, no. 5 (May 4, 2018): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9050246.

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22

Hinesley, Eric, and John Frampton. "Grafting Fraser Fir onto Rootstocks of Selected Abies Species." HortScience 37, no. 5 (August 2002): 815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.5.815.

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Orthotropic shoots (tips of primary axes) from 3-year-old Fraser fir seedlings [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] were grafted onto rootstocks of Fraser fir, Korean fir (A. koreana Wils.), momi fir (A. firma Sieb. & Zucc.), Nordmann fir (A. nordmanniana (Steven) Spach.), Turkish fir (A. bornmuelleriana Mattf.), and West Virginia balsam fir from Canaan Valley (Canaan fir) [A. balsamea (L.) Mill. var. phanerolepis Fern.]. Firstyear survival in the greenhouse was 92% to 98% except for momi fir (83%). The percentage of grafted plants with orthotropic shoots was 92% to 98%, except for Korean (81%) and momi fir (86%). Plants were subsequently established in replicated field experiments on three sites in the piedmont and mountains of North Carolina. In general, leader elongation of grafted Fraser fir scions was greater than leader growth on nongrafted transplants, including Fraser fir. Differences in survival appear to reflect interspecific variation in resistance to phytophthora root rot and/or tolerance of warm environments. Grafting may offer the potential to grow Abies Christmas trees on previously unsuitable sites, or to reclaim or continue using sites already seriously impacted by root rot.

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23

Nzokou, Pascal, Bert M. Cregg, and Jill O'Donnell. "Field Note: Alternative Leader Growth Control for Fraser Fir and Korean Fir Christmas Trees." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/25.1.52.

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Abstract Excessive leader growth is a challenge for Christmas tree growers who are seeking about 30–35 cm (12–14 in.) shoot elongation for good balance between height and lateral growth. Current cultivation practices include manually pruning leaders to 30–35 cm. In this studywe investigated the use of a growth regulator Ethyl-naphthaleneacetate acid (NAA) and a girdling process using a five-bladed plier (Top-Stop Nipper, Monterey Lawn and Gardens Products, Inc., Fresno, CA) as alternative methods to slow leader growth in Fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh]Poir.), and Korean fir (Abies koreana Wils). NAA applications at rates of 40–160 ml/L reduced the height growth in both Fraser fir and Korean fir. However, in Fraser fir, other morphological parameters such as the leader straightness and bud density were generally adversely affected.The highest rates of 250 and 500 ml/l caused unacceptable reduction in growth and in many cases leader death. NAA applications on Korean fir resulted in significant reduction of leader growth and significantly increased the bud density without negative impact on leader straightness. Partialgirdling of stems was not effective at reducing the leader height in both Fraser fir and Korean fir.

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24

Williamson, R. Chris. "White Grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Population Density in Relation to Root Damage to Fraser Fir Seedlings in Transplant Beds." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-22.2.85.

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Abstract A field experiment was conducted in 2002 to evaluate the effect of five grub densities of second instar Phyllophaga anxia (LeCont) Glasgow larvae on feeding damage to roots of young seedlings of Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., Christmas trees in a transplant bed. Larval densities were equivalent to approximately 0, 31, 62, 93, and 124 larvae per m2 (≈ 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 larvae per ft2). Larval survival and variations in larval and seedling weight were also evaluated. Regardless of the larval density, when P. anxia grubs were present, all Fraser fir seedlings experienced significant root damage as well as subsequent plant injury (i.e., decline or mortality). Larval density as low as one grub per 0.11 m2 (≈ 3 larvae per ft2) caused heavy to severe root damage to young, two-year-old, P2-0 Fraser fir seedlings. An inverse relationship was observed between plant weight and root damage.

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25

Hinesley, L. Eric, K. C. Parker, and D. M. Benson. "Evaluation of Seedlings of Fraser, Momi, and Siberian Fir for Resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi." HortScience 35, no. 1 (February 2000): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.1.87.

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Containerized seedlings of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.], momi fir (A. Firma Sieb. & Zucc.), and Siberian fir (A. siberica Ledeb. var. argentea) were tested for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands (two experiments). Fraser fir was very susceptible, with many plants dead after 4 to 5 weeks. Symptoms developed more slowly in Siberian fir, but most plants were dead or dying after 10 weeks. Momi fir appeared somewhat resistant to the pathogen. Though undesirable as a Christmas tree, momi fir might be useful as a rootstock for grafting better quality species in areas affected by root rot.

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Creed, I. F., D. L. Morrison, and N. S. Nicholas. "Is coarse woody debris a net sink or source of nitrogen in the red spruce Fraser fir forest of the southern Appalachians, U.S.A.?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 716–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-211.

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The red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) forest of the southern Appalachians contains a significant amount of coarse woody debris (CWD) that may affect the nitrogen (N) export signal in streams originating from this N-saturated system. Interpretation of the N sink versus source status of CWD of red spruce and Fraser fir was dependent on the method used. Over a chronosequence of decay, (1) N concentrations suggested a N sink (i.e., a net gain of N of 923% in red spruce and 563% in Fraser fir relative to N in live trees); (2) N contents that reflected changes in density suggested a smaller N sink (i.e., a net gain of N of 218% in red spruce and 125% in Fraser fir relative to N in live trees), but the stoichiometry of N and C suggested a N source in early stages of decay and a N source in the most advanced stage of decay only; and (3) N contents that reflected changes in volume suggested a N source (i.e., a net N loss of 172% in red spruce and 122% in Fraser fir). The C/N ratios in CWD suggested that the shift from a N source to a N sink represented a shift from the mobilization of dissolved organic N to the immobilization of ammonium N and (or) nitrate N. The magnitude of the net change in N contents in both red spruce and Fraser fir was amongst the highest reported in literature, suggesting that CWD plays a particularly important role in N dynamics in N saturated forests.

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27

Frampton, John, and D. M. Benson. "Phytophthora Root Rot Mortality in Fraser Fir Seedlings." HortScience 39, no. 5 (August 2004): 1025–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.5.1025.

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Seventeen-month-old seedlings from three fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir.) seed sources (Mount Mitchell, Richland Balsam and Roan Mountain) were inoculated in an outdoor lath house with five genotypes of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. After 122 days, overall mortality was 90.5% with significant (p ≤ 0.07) differences among seed sources. The Mount Mitchell source had lower mortality (83.2%) than the Roan Mountain source (95.8%), while the Richland Balsam source (92.5%) was intermediate. Mortality curves were developed using nonlinear regression (Richards' function). Due to a significant seed source × inoculum genotype interaction (p ≤ 0.0001), equations were developed for each combination of seed source and inoculum genotype. Results suggest that while the overall frequency of resistance in fraser fir is low, seed sources differ in their frequency of resistance and that more than one resistance gene may be present. Survivors from this or similar inoculations could be cloned via grafting or rooted cuttings for further resistance testing and/or grafted into a Phytophthora-resistant fraser fir seed orchard.

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28

Chastagner, Gary, L. Eric Hinesley, and Jeff Owen. "Effect of Two Fire Retardants on Postharvest Drying and Flammability of Douglas Fir and Fraser Fir Christmas Trees." HortScience 43, no. 1 (February 2008): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.1.203.

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SafeTree Christmas Tree Fire Retardant was applied to freshly harvested Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] boughs, and RapidCool FRX Christmas Tree Retardant was applied to freshly cut Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] boughs. The flame retardants were sprayed onto the foliage. Fire retardant accelerated the drying rate of Douglas fir boughs, which increased flammability. RapidCool fire retardant did not slow the drying rate of Fraser fir boughs, and had no effect on moisture content (MC) at ignition, flame time, total burn time, or total foliage consumed. For both species, initial ignition and spread of flame occurred at 60% to 70% MC. Fresh boughs did not ignite in burn tests and were not a fire hazard. Twig MC of nontreated Fraser fir increased 20% during display in water, further decreasing the possibility of ignition when exposed to a flame. Neither product was effective as a fire retardant on boughs of Christmas trees.

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29

Hawley, Gary J., and Donald H. DeHayes. "Hybridization among several North American firs. II. Hybrid verification." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-010.

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Seedlings resulting from 1980 controlled pollinations involving Vermont and Minnesota balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.), bracted balsam fir (A. balsamea var. phanerolepis Fern.), Fraser fir (A. fraseri (Pursh) Poir.), and white fir (A. concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl.) were evaluated to verify hybridity and to describe the expression of parental characteristics in the hybrids. Putative hybrid and parental seedlings were grown indoors in replicated tests for 7 months and subsequently transplanted into an outdoor nursery. Hybrids from all combinations were verified using growth, morphological, and phenological characteristics. Hybrid seedlings were not characteristically intermediate between parents. Most hybrid combinations resembled their paternal parent in a majority of the characteristics that distinguished them from parental seedlings. The tendency for paternal or maternal resemblance in certain characteristics was responsible for considerable differences among reciprocal crosses. After 2 years in the nursery, Fraser × white fir and Fraser × balsam (Vermont) fir were fastest growing and exhibited a desirable combination of morphological and phenological characteristics.

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30

Kobliha, J., J. Stejskal, P. Škorpík, and J. Frampton. "Recent results of Czech-American fir hybridization research." Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 2 (February 12, 2013): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/55/2012-jfs.

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Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) Christmas tree plantations in North Carolina are infested by root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. This disease kills almost 100% of Fraser fir material and leaves the soil permanently infested. Control crossings of Mediterranean fir hybrids Abies cilicica × Abies cephalonica with Abies fraseri were performed to ensure possibly resistant hybrid material of desired Christmas tree parameters. Pollen of various clones of A. fraseri was shipped to the Czech Republic by NCSU. Control pollinations were performed in April/May 2010 and 2011 in our hybridization seed orchards. Female strobili were isolated in the period of their highest receptibility. Cones were collected during September. Cones were dried and completely disintegrated. Basic parameters of cones and seeds were assessed for each seed lot. Seed samples of the individual seed lots were X-rayed for assessment of the final share of full seeds. In 2010, the most successful combination CZ2 × NC81 brought 7% of viable seeds. In 2011 the most successful combination was CZ2 × NC26 with 18% of viable seeds.

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31

Eric Hinesley, L., and Robert D. Wright. "Biomass and Nutrient Accumulation in Fraser-fir Christmas Trees." HortScience 24, no. 2 (April 1989): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.2.280.

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Abstract Accumulation of biomass and nutrients was examined in a chronosequence of fraser-fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] Christmas trees. Estimated above-ground biomass of fraser-fir (2.4 to 2.7 m tall, 4444 trees/ha) after 7 years in the field was 40 t·ha-1, including foliage at 17 t·ha-1. At harvest, trees of this size removed 499 kg N, 33 kg P, 156 kg K, 160 kg Ca, and 26 kg Mg/ha. Foliage made up 46% and 42% of the total dry weight for 1.5- and 2.6-m trees, respectively. Forty-three percent to 63% of the above-ground nutrient content, depending on the element, was in foliage.

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32

Hibbert-Frey, Haley, John Frampton, Frank A. Blazich, Doug Hundley, and L. Eric Hinesley. "Grafting Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri): Effect of Scion Origin (Crown Position and Branch Order)." HortScience 46, no. 1 (January 2011): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.1.91.

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Success and subsequent growth of fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] cleft grafts were studied in relation to origin and type of scion material in the tree crown. First- and second-order shoots (current-year) were collected from five zones in the crown, ranging from top to bottom, and grafted to 5-year-old fraser fir transplants in April. Success rates were similar for first- and second-order scions, whereas budbreak and subsequent growth were best for first-order scions. In general, results were best for first-order scions taken from the upper crown. Plagiotropism of grafts was similar for all crown zones and shoot types.

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33

Kalpana Kumari, MK, Sulata Kamath, VijayaV Mysorekar, and G. Nandini. "Fraser syndrome." Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology 51, no. 2 (2008): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0377-4929.41664.

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34

Downs, Laura Lee, and Jacqueline Laufer. "Nancy Fraser." Travail, genre et sociétés 43, no. 3 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/tgs.000.0009.

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35

Avabratha, KShreedhara, Amitha D′Souza, and Divya Krishnan. "Fraser syndrome." Muller Journal of Medical Sciences and Research 5, no. 1 (2014): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-9727.128965.

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36

Chhachhi, Amrita. "Nancy Fraser." Development and Change 42, no. 1 (January 2011): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01691.x.

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37

Kumarasingham, Harshan. "Peter Fraser." Political Science 60, no. 2 (December 2008): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003231870806000205.

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38

Parish, Alan A. "Roz Fraser." Nurse Education Today 18, no. 2 (February 1998): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0260-6917(98)80023-3.

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39

Özgünen, T., C. Evrüke, O. Kadayifçi, C. Demir, N. Aridoǧan, and M. A. Vardar. "Fraser syndrome." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 49, no. 2 (May 1995): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(94)02335-v.

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40

Opitz, John M. "FRASER SYNDROME." Fetal and Pediatric Pathology 27, no. 6 (January 2008): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15513810802448472.

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41

Smart, Judy. "Grace Fraser." Peninsula Field Naturalists' Club Newsletter (2012:Nov) (November 2012): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.381260.

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42

Evans, Ben J., Marie-Theres Gansauge, Edward L. Stanley, Benjamin L. S. Furman, Caroline M. S. Cauret, Caleb Ofori-Boateng, Václav Gvoždík, et al. "Xenopus fraseri: Mr. Fraser, where did your frog come from?" PLOS ONE 14, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): e0220892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220892.

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43

Balakshin, Mikhail Yu, Ewellyn A. Capanema, Barry Goldfarb, John Frampton, and John F. Kadla. "NMR studies on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. lignins." Holzforschung 59, no. 5 (September 1, 2005): 488–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.081.

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Abstract The composition of mature, juvenile uninfested and juvenile infested Fraser fir wood (Rotholz) and the structures of lignins isolated from these woods were elucidated to verify differences between juvenile and mature wood and the effect of balsam woolly adelgid (BWA) infestation. Milled wood lignin (MWL) isolated from mature, juvenile and Rotholz wood were comprehensively characterized using heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) and quantitative 13C NMR techniques. The Rotholz wood was found to have ∼13% higher lignin content and more than five-fold the amount of galactans than that of the uninfested wood. Rotholz lignin possesses higher amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl units and aliphatic OH groups and a lower amount of alkyl-O-alkyl linkages and dibenzodioxocin moieties. The degree of condensation of the Rotholz lignin was rather similar to that of normal wood. Only small differences in the structure of mature and juvenile wood components were found.

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44

Balakshin, Mikhail Yu, Ewellyn A. Capanema, Barry Goldfarb, John Frampton, John F. Kadla, and John F. Kadla. "NMR studies on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Lignins." Holzforschung 59, no. 6 (November 1, 2005): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.112.

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45

Rajbhandari, Nirmala, and Anne-Marie Stomp. "Embryogenic Callus Induction in Fraser Fir." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 737–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.737.

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Mass propagation of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir], a valuable Christmas tree species in the United States, is problematic because methods currently used are inadequate. According to our results with somatic embryogenesis, the culturing methods used with other Abies species are applicable to Fraser fir. Stage 1 somatic embryogenic callus, characterized by suspensor cells and embryo heads, was obtained at low frequency using Schenk and Hildebrandt medium supplemented with 5 mm glutamine, 0.05% casein hydrolysate, 0.01% myoinositol, 2% sucrose, 5 μM benzyladenine, and 0.6% agar. The developmental stage of the embryo was important; embryogenic callus was obtained only with immature, precotyledonary embryos, not with fully formed embryos. Cold storage of cones containing immature embryos inhibited callus proliferation. Genotype was significant in that 35 of 44 families tested proliferated callus; however, only one embryo within one family continued proliferation to produce stage 1 embryogenic callus. Fully formed somatic embryos were not produced because the callus did not continue to proliferate. Although these experiments met with only limited success, they demonstrate the potential for somatic embryogenesis in Fraser fir and the general applicability of methods used with other Abies species.

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46

Hawley, Gary J., and Donald H. DeHayes. "Hybridization among several North American firs. I. Crossability." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-009.

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Controlled pollinations were conducted in spring of 1980, 1981, and 1982 to determine crossability among five species and varieties of Abies in the Balsameae section and white fir (A. concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl.) from section Grandes. Trees representing eastern balsam fir populations (A. balsamea (L.) Mill.), Fraser fir (A. fraseri (Pursh) Poir.), bracted balsam fir (A. balsamea var. phanerolepis Fern.), and white fir were used as female parents and were control pollinated with pollen from two populations each of balsam fir. Fraser fir, and subalpine fir (A. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), and one population each of bracted balsam and white firs. Based on viable seed production, eastern balsam × Fraser fir and reciprocals, Fraser × bracted balsam fir and reciprocals, and bracted balsam × subalpine fir were fully crossable. The complete crossability of these taxa suggest that geographic rather than genetic isolation is responsible for their taxonomic separation. Although bracted balsam × balsam fir (Vermont) was fully crossable, the reciprocal cross exhibited partial incompatibility which may be sufficient to maintain the integrity of these two sympatric taxa. Crosses involving white fir and balsam fir from a Minnesota population as male parents yielded a relatively low percentage of viable seed. Those involving white fir probably reflect low intersectional crossability, whereas those with the Minnesota balsam fir population may have been the result of either low pollen viability or low crossability.

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47

Hinesley, L. E., and Sylvia M. Blankenship. "Effect of Water Additives on Fraser Fir Needle Retention." HortTechnology 1, no. 1 (October 1991): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.1.1.90.

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Several floral and tree preservatives were evaluated to determine their effect on postharvest needle retention of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.], an important Christmas tree species. Clorox (sodium hypochlorite) and aspirin (salicylic acid) caused massive needle loss, and three of the six commercial additives increased needle loss significantly, No treatment was better than water alone.

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48

Hinesley, L. Eric, and Layne K. Snelling. "Basal Pruning Fraser Fir Christmas Trees." HortScience 32, no. 2 (April 1997): 324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.2.324.

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Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] Christmas trees were basal pruned (branches were removed from the lower 15 to 25 cm of the stem, i.e., handle) at heights ranging from 0.6 to 0.9 m up to 1.5 to 1.8 m tall, and were harvested 2 to 4 years later. Basal pruning reduced cutting time ≈25%, and baling time ≈10%. Commercial height and stem diameter were unaffected, but the average harvest weight of pruned trees 2.1 to 2.4 m tall (2 to 4 years after basal pruning) was reduced ≈1.4 kg.

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49

JOSSERAND, S. A., K. M. POTTER, G. JOHNSON, J. A. BOWEN, J. FRAMPTON, and C. D. NELSON. "Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in Fraser fir (Abies fraseri)." Molecular Ecology Notes 6, no. 1 (March 2006): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01138.x.

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50

Williamson, David. "William Fraser Ross." South African Medical Journal 103, no. 2 (January 17, 2013): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.6480.

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