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Journal articles on the topic 'Franz Josef Glacier'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Anderson, Brian, Wendy Lawson, Ian Owens, and Becky Goodsell. "Past and future mass balance of ‘Ka Roimata o Hine Hukatere’ Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand." Journal of Glaciology 52, no. 179 (2006): 597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828449.

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AbstractDespite their relatively small total ice volume, mid-latitude valley glaciers are expected to make a significant contribution to global sea-level rise over the next century due to the sensitivity of their mass-balance systems to small changes in climate. Here we use a degree-day model to reconstruct the past century of mass-balance variation at ‘Ka Roimata o Hine Hukatere’ Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand, and to predict how mass balance may change over the next century. Analysis of the relationship between temperature, precipitation and mass balance indicates that temperature is a stronger control than precipitation on the mass balance of Franz Josef Glacier. The glacier’s mass balance, relative to its 1986 geometry, has decreased at a mean annual rate of 0.02m a–1w.e. between 1894 and 2005. We compare this reduction to observations of terminus advance and retreat, of which Franz Josef Glacier has the best record in the Southern Hemisphere. For the years 2000–05 the relative mass balance ranged from –0.75 to +1.50m a–1w.e., with 2000/01 the only year showing a negative mass balance. In a regionally downscaled Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change mean warming scenario, the annual relative mass balance will continue to decrease at 0.02m a–1w.e. through the next century.

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2

Dowdeswell, Julian A., and Meredith Williams. "Surge-type glaciers in the Russian High Arctic identified from digital satellite imagery." Journal of Glaciology 43, no. 145 (1997): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000035097.

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AbstractLandsat digital imagery was used to search the island archipelagos of Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya and Novaya Zemlya, Russian High Arctic, for the presence of looped moraines characteristic of past glacier surges. The imagery provides almost complete summer-time coverage of the 60 000 km2of ice in these islands. very few surge-type glaciers are identified: none in Franz Josef Land, three in Novaya Zemlya and two on Severnaya Zemlya. This contrasts greatly with Svalbard (ice-covered area 36 600 km2), to the west, where 36% of glaciers and ice-cap drainage basins are inferred to surge. The strong climatic gradient across the Eurasian High Arctic, with decreasing temperature and moisture eastward, may provide a gross control on this pattern through colder glacier thermal structure, limiting basal drainage on the thinner ice masses in particular.

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3

Dowdeswell, Julian A., and Meredith Williams. "Surge-type glaciers in the Russian High Arctic identified from digital satellite imagery." Journal of Glaciology 43, no. 145 (1997): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000035097.

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AbstractLandsat digital imagery was used to search the island archipelagos of Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya and Novaya Zemlya, Russian High Arctic, for the presence of looped moraines characteristic of past glacier surges. The imagery provides almost complete summer-time coverage of the 60 000 km2 of ice in these islands. very few surge-type glaciers are identified: none in Franz Josef Land, three in Novaya Zemlya and two on Severnaya Zemlya. This contrasts greatly with Svalbard (ice-covered area 36 600 km2), to the west, where 36% of glaciers and ice-cap drainage basins are inferred to surge. The strong climatic gradient across the Eurasian High Arctic, with decreasing temperature and moisture eastward, may provide a gross control on this pattern through colder glacier thermal structure, limiting basal drainage on the thinner ice masses in particular.

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4

Kehrl, Laura M., Huw J. Horgan, Brian M. Anderson, Ruzica Dadic, and Andrew N. Mackintosh. "Glacier velocity and water input variability in a maritime environment: Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 228 (2015): 663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j228.

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AbstractShort-term glacier velocity variations typically occur when a water input is accommodated by an increase in the subglacial water pressure. Although these velocity variations have been well documented on many glaciers, few studies have considered them on glaciers where heavy rain and glacier melt occur year-round. This study investigates the relationship between water inputs and glacier velocity on Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand. We installed six GNSS stations across the lower glacier during austral summer 2010/11 and one station during summer 2012/13. Glacier velocity remained elevated at all stations for ∼7 days following large rain events. During diurnal melt events, we find velocity variations in the early afternoon (12:00–16:00) at 600 m a.s.l. and in the late evening (20:00–01:00) at 400 m a.s.l. We hypothesize that the late-evening velocity variations occurred as an upstream region of high subglacial water pressures and accelerated ice motion propagated downstream. This mechanism may also explain the increased longitudinal compression and transverse extension across the lower glacier during speed-up events. Our results indicate that the subglacial drainage system likely decreases in efficiency upstream and that the water input variability can still cause short-term velocity variations despite the large year-round water inputs.

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5

Alexander, David, James Shulmeister, and Tim Davies. "High basal melting rates within high-precipitation temperate glaciers." Journal of Glaciology 57, no. 205 (2011): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311798043726.

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AbstractThe role of basal melting within high-precipitation temperate glaciers represents a significant gap in understanding glacier melting processes. We use a basal melt equation to calculate geothermal and frictional heat-induced basal melt and develop an equation to calculate the rainfall-induced basal melt for Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand, a high-precipitation, temperate glacier. Additionally, we calculate basal melt due to heat dissipation within water and ice. Data collated from published information on glacier dynamics and climate station readings show that total basal melt contributes on average ∼2.50 m a−1 over the lower to mid-ablation zone (300–1500 m a.s.l.), which is equivalent to >10% of the total ablation for the glacier. This indicates that basal melting is an important component of mass balance for high-precipitation, temperate glaciers.

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6

Oerlemans, J. "Holocene glacier fluctuations: is the current rate of retreat exceptional?" Annals of Glaciology 31 (2000): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756400781820246.

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AbstractMost glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere reached their postglacial maximum in recent times, that is, after the medieval period. During the last 100 or 150 years a significant retreat has taken place, and there is little sign that this is coming to an end. The current worldwide shrinkage of glaciers is considered to be a strong indication of global warming. However, glacier retreat should be judged against the natural variability of glacier systems. Numerical glacier models can be used to quantify this variability. I have studied the natural variability of three glaciers for which long historic records of glacier length exist: Nigardsbreen, Norway; Rhonegletscher, Switzerland; and Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand. Integrations for a 10 000 year period, driven by random forcing of a realistic strength, show that the current retreat cannot be explained from natural variability in glacier length and must be due to external forcing.

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7

Kotlyakov, V. M., and Yu Ya Macheret. "Fifty years of geophysical researches of glaciers in Institute of Geography, the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1966–2016." Ice and Snow 56, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2016-4-561-574.

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In 1967‑2015, Institute of Geography of the USSR/Russian Academy of Sciences together with other organizations carried out field expeditions in different areas of mountain and polar glaciations in many regions: the Polar Urals, Caucasus, Pamir, Zailiysky and Jungar Alatau, Tien‑Shan, Pamir‑Alai, the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Pyrenees, the Arctic – Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef and Severnaya Zemlya, and Antarctica – on the ice flow B, and in the sub‑Antarctic – Islands King George, Galindez, and Livingston. The gravimetric and ground and aerial radar observations were made in these expeditions. About 300 glaciers of different morphological types and sizes with cold, subpolar and temperate thermal regime were studied. Basic results of these studies are the following: (1) the new data on the ice thicknesses, ice volumes, subglacial relief, internal structure, and thermal state of the glaciers were obtained; (2) the two‑layered (polythermal) glaciers consisting of the upper layer of cold ice and the lower layer of temperate water‑filled ice had been revealed in Svalbard for the first time; spatial distribution of cold, polythermal and temperate glaciers had been determined; (3) the evidences were obtained that measured changes in thickness of the upper cold ice layer in polythermal glaciers can be used to estimate the long‑period variations of regional climates and serve as regional paleothermometers; (4) methods for estimating the water content in temperate and polythermal glaciers from the RES data were developed; and its space‑time variations in temperate ices of the Svaldbald glaciers were estimated since even small water content inside of them can noticeably change their dynamic behavior; (5) methods for estimating the ice volume within glaciers in large regions of mountain and polar glaciations had been created; the ice storages were estimated in Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Dzhungrsky Alatau, the Great Caucasus, and Mt. Elbrus; (6) detailed data on the ice thicknesses and the subglacial relief had been obtained for 40 glaciers in framework of different national and international programs and projects; the data can be used to solve a wide range of practical and theoretical problems, including numerical modeling. These studies demonstrated the following: (1) the use of monopulse radars VIRL‑6 and VIRL‑7 of decameter range (the central frequency is 20 MHz) with digital recording of the radar and GPS data is quite efficient for ground‑based and airborne (from helicopters) radio‑echo sounding of mountain and polar glaciers with their ice thicknesses up to 500–600 m; (2) it was found that thicknesses of glaciers in the Caucasus and Tien Shan can reach 330–430 m, while in regions of mountain, ice‑sheet and transitional glaciation on the Spitsbergen Archipelago – 300, 560 and 600 m, respectively, on the ice caps of the Franz‑Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya – 450 and 813 m, and on King George and Livingston Islands (Sub‑Antarctica) – 330 and 500 m; (3) large parts of ice caps and outlet glaciers in Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya which beds were located below the sea level were found. Precisely these parts can be undergone quick shortening due to climate warming, and, thus, cause formation of icebergs making threats for ships and gas‑oil marine platforms in the Barents and Kara seas; (4) data of the measurements made possible to calculate volumes of a number of investigated glaciers and ice caps and to estimate the ice storages in large areas of mountain and polar glaciations (the Jungar Alatau, Great Caucasus, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land); (5) decreasing of glacier volumes on the Franz Josef Land and some Spitsbergen glaciers for the last decades had been estimated. Analysis of the data obtained had shown that considerable part of polythermal glaciers in Spitsbergen belong to type of surging glaciers; they have the winter englacial runoff and form the near‑glacier icings. It allows considering such glaciers as dynamically unstable, predisposed to surges as well as possible sources of winter water supply and additional sources of paleoinformation about long‑period variations of regional climate.

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8

Gjermundsen, E. F., R. Mathieu, A. Kääb, T. Chinn, B. Fitzharris, and J. O. Hagen. "Assessment of multispectral glacier mapping methods and derivation of glacier area changes, 1978–2002, in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand, from ASTER satellite data, field survey and existing inventory data." Journal of Glaciology 57, no. 204 (2011): 667–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311797409749.

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AbstractWe have measured the glacier area changes in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand, between 1978 and 2002 and have compiled the 2002 glacier outlines using an image scene from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). Three automated classification methods were tested: (1) band ratio, (2) normalized-difference snow index and (3) supervised classification. The results were compared with the glacier outlines photo-interpreted from the ASTER data, and were further validated using GPS-aided field mapping of selected test glaciers. The ASTER 3/4 band ratio provided the best results. However, all the classification methods failed to extract extensive debris-covered parts of the glaciers. Therefore, the photo-interpreted 2002 outlines were used when comparing with the existing 1978 glacier inventory derived from aerial photographs. Our results show a ∼17% reduction of glacier area, mainly driven by the retreat of the large valley glaciers. Despite the large climatic gradient from west to east, glaciers on both sides of the Main Divide lost similar percentages of area, except Franz Josef and Fox Glaciers which advanced. Smaller glaciers were found to have changed very little in the study period.

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9

Oerlemans, J., and B. K. Reichert. "Relating glacier mass balance to meteorological data by using a seasonal sensitivity characteristic." Journal of Glaciology 46, no. 152 (2000): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833269.

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AbstractWe propose to quantify the climate sensitivity of the mean specific balance B of a glacier by a seasonal sensitivity characteristic (SSC). The SSC gives the dependence of B on monthly anomalies in temperature and precipitation. It is calculated from a mass-balance model. We show and discuss examples for Franz-Josef Glacier (New Zealand), Nigardsbreen (Norway), Hintereisferner (Austria), Peyto Glacier (Canadian Rockies), Abramov Glacier (Kirghizstan) and White Glacier (Canadian Arctic). With regard to the climate sensitivity of B, the SSCs clearly show that summer temperature is the most important factor for glaciers in a dry climate. For glaciers in a wetter climate, spring and fall temperatures also make a significant contribution to the overall sensitivity. The SSC is a 2 × 12 matrix. Multiplying it with monthly perturbations of temperature and precipitation for a particular year yields an estimate of the balance for that year. We show that, with this technique, mass-balance series can be (re)constructed from long meteorological records or from output of atmospheric models.

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10

Zheng, Whyjay, Matthew E. Pritchard, Michael J. Willis, Paul Tepes, Noel Gourmelen, Toby J. Benham, and Julian A. Dowdeswell. "Accelerating glacier mass loss on Franz Josef Land, Russian Arctic." Remote Sensing of Environment 211 (June 2018): 357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.04.004.

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11

Goodsell, B., B. Anderson, W. J. Lawson, and I. F. Owens. "Outburst flooding at Franz Josef Glacier, South Westland, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 48, no. 1 (March 2005): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2005.9515101.

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12

Grapes, Rodney, and Teruo Watanabe. "Paragenesis of titanite in metagreywackes of the Franz Josef-Fox Glacier area, Southern Alps, New Zealand." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 3 (June 11, 1992): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/3/0547.

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13

Davies, Timothy R. H., Chris C. Smart, and Jill M. Turnbull. "Water and sediment outbursts from advanced Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, no. 10 (2003): 1081–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.515.

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14

Herman, Frédéric, Brian Anderson, and Sébastien Leprince. "Mountain glacier velocity variation during a retreat/advance cycle quantified using sub-pixel analysis of ASTER images." Journal of Glaciology 57, no. 202 (2011): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311796405942.

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AbstractCoverage of ice velocities in the central part of the Southern Alps, New Zealand, is obtained from feature tracking using repeat optical imagery in 2002 and 2006. Precise orthorectification, co-registration and correlation is carried out using the freely available software COSI-Corr. This analysis, combined with short times between image acquisitions, has enabled velocities to be captured even in the accumulation areas, where velocities are lowest and surface features ephemeral. The results indicate large velocities for mountain glaciers (i.e. up to ∼5 m d−1) as well as dynamic changes in some glaciers that have occurred between 2002 and 2006. For the steep and more responsive Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers the speed increased at the glacier snout during the advance period, while the low-angled and debris-covered Tasman Glacier showed no measurable velocity change. Velocity increases on the steeper glaciers are the result of an observed thickening and steepening of the glacier tongues as they moved from a retreat phase in 2002 to an advance phase in 2006. This contrasting behaviour is consistent with historic terminus position changes. The steeper glaciers have undergone several advance/retreat cycles during the observation period (1894 to present), while the low-angled glacier showed little terminus response until retreat resulting from the accelerating growth of a proglacial lake commenced in 1983.

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15

Ziaja, Wieslaw, and Krzysztof Ostafin. "Morphogenesis of New Straits and Islands Originated in the European Arctic Since the 1980s." Geosciences 9, no. 11 (November 12, 2019): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9110476.

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Several new islands and many islets have appeared in the European Arctic since the end of the 20th century due to glacial recession under climate warming. The specificity of the formation of each individual strait and island is shown in the paper (apart from its location and timing of its origin). Analysis of available maps and satellite images of all three European Arctic archipelagos, from different times since 1909–1910, was the main research method. There are three pathways of the morphogenesis of the new islands: (1) simultaneous recession of glaciers from both sides of a depression in bedrock being a potential strait (typical in Franz Josef Land), (2) uncovering a rocky hill (which protrudes from a depression in bedrock) from under a receding glacier, (3) recession of one glacier which had reached a rocky fragment of a coastline (e.g., headland or peninsula), being a potential new island, during a maximum extent of this glacier during the Little Ice Age (in the beginning of the 20th century). Additional straits and islands are currently at the stage of formation and will continue to form in the European Arctic in the case of further warming or stabilization of the current climate conditions.

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16

Mercer, J. H. "The age of the Waiho Loop terminal moraine, Franz Josef Glacier, Westland." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 31, no. 1 (January 1988): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1988.10417813.

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17

Currie, D. R. "The age of the Waiho Loop terminal moraine, Franz Josef Glacier, Westland." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 32, no. 2 (April 1989): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1989.10427592.

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18

Brook, MS, W. Hagg, and S. Winkler. "Debris cover and surface melt at a temperate maritime alpine glacier: Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 56, no. 1 (March 2013): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2012.736391.

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19

Goodsell, Becky, Brian Anderson, and Wendy Lawson. "Supraglacial routing of subglacial water at Franz Josef Glacier, South Westland, New Zealand." Journal of Glaciology 49, no. 166 (2003): 469–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830566.

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20

Lubinski, David J., Steven L. Forman, and Gifford H. Miller. "Holocene glacier and climate fluctuations on Franz Josef Land, Arctic Russia, 80°N." Quaternary Science Reviews 18, no. 1 (January 1999): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(97)00105-4.

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21

Oerlemans, J. "Climate Sensitivity of Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand, as Revealed by Numerical Modeling." Arctic and Alpine Research 29, no. 2 (May 1997): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1552052.

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22

Anderson, Brian, Wendy Lawson, and Ian Owens. "Response of Franz Josef Glacier Ka Roimata o Hine Hukatere to climate change." Global and Planetary Change 63, no. 1 (August 2008): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.04.003.

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23

Oerlemans, J. "A note on the water budget of temperate glaciers." Cryosphere 7, no. 5 (September 27, 2013): 1557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1557-2013.

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Abstract. In this note, the total dissipative melting in temperate glaciers is studied. The analysis is based on the notion that the dissipation is determined by the loss of potential energy due to the downward motion of mass (ice, snow, meltwater and rain). A mathematical formulation of the dissipation is developed and applied to a simple glacier geometry. In the next step, meltwater production resulting from enhanced ice motion during a glacier surge is calculated. The amount of melt energy available follows directly from the lowering of the centre of gravity of the glacier. To illustrate the concept, schematic calculations are presented for a number of glaciers with different geometric characteristics. Typical dissipative melt rates, expressed as water-layer depth averaged over the glacier, range from a few centimetres per year for smaller glaciers to half a metre per year for Franz Josef Glacier, one of the most active glaciers in the world (in terms of mass turnover). The total generation of meltwater during a surge is typically half a metre. For Variegated Glacier a value of 70 cm is found, for Kongsvegen 20 cm. These values refer to water layer depth averaged over the entire glacier. The melt \\textit{rate} depends on the duration of the surge. It is generally an order of magnitude greater than water production by `normal' dissipation. On the other hand, the additional basal melt rate during a surge is comparable in magnitude with the water input from meltwater and precipitation. This suggests that enhanced melting during a surge does not grossly change the total water budget of a glacier. Basal water generated by enhanced sliding is an important ingredient in many theories of glacier surges. It provides a positive feedback mechanism that actually makes the surge happen. The results found here suggest that this can only work if water generated by enhanced sliding accumulates in a part of the glacier base where surface meltwater and rain have no or very limited access. This finding seems compatible with the fact that, on many glaciers, surges are initiated in the lower accumulation zone.

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24

Oerlemans, J. "A note on the water budget of temperate glaciers." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 3 (June 14, 2013): 2679–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-2679-2013.

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Abstract. In this note the total dissipative melting in temperate glaciers is studied. The analysis is based on the notion that the dissipation is determined by the loss of potential energy, due to the downward motion of mass (ice, snow, meltwater and rain). A mathematical formulation of the dissipation is developed and applied to a simple glacier geometry. In a next step, meltwater production resulting from enhanced ice motion during a glacier surge is calculated. The amount of melt energy available follows directly from the lowering of the centre of gravity of the glacier. To illustrate the concept, schematic calculations are presented for a number of glaciers with different geometric characteristics. Typical dissipative melt rates, expressed as water-layer depth averaged over the glacier, range from a few cm per year for smaller glaciers to half a meter per year for Franz-Josef Glacier, one of the most active glaciers in the world (in terms of mass turnover). The total generation of meltwater during a surge is typically half a meter. For Variegated Glacier a value of 70 cm is found, for Kongsvegen 20 cm. These values refer to water layer depth averaged over the entire glacier. The melt rate depends on the duration of the surge. It is generally an order of magnitude larger than the water production by "normal" dissipation. On the other hand, the additional basal melt rate during a surge is comparable in magnitude to the water input from meltwater and precipitation. This suggests that enhanced melting during a surge does not grossly change the total water budget of a glacier. Basal water generated by enhanced sliding is an important ingredient of many theories of glacier surges. It provides a positive feedback mechanism that actually makes the surge happen. The results found here suggest that this can only work if water generated by enhanced sliding is accumulating in a part of the glacier base where surface meltwater and rain has no or very limited access. This finding seems compatible with the fact that on many glaciers surges are initiated in the lower accumulation zone.

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25

Woo, Ming-ko, and B. B. Fitzharris. "Reconstruction of Mass Balance Variations for Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand, 1913 to 1989." Arctic and Alpine Research 24, no. 4 (November 1992): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551283.

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26

McKinzey, Krista M., Wendy Lawson, Dave Kelly, and Alun Hubbard. "A revised Little Ice Age chronology of the Franz Josef Glacier, Westland, New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 34, no. 4 (December 2004): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2004.9517774.

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27

Carrivick, Jonathan L., and E. Lucy Rushmer. "Inter- and Intra-Catchment Variations in Proglacial Geomorphology: An Example From Franz Josef Glacier and Fox Glacier, New Zealand." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 41, no. 1 (February 2009): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430-41.1.18.

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28

Carrivick, Jonathan L., and E. Lucy Rushmer. "Inter- and Intra-Catchment Variations in Proglacial Geomorphology: An Example From Franz Josef Glacier and Fox Glacier, New Zealand." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 41, no. 1 (February 2009): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246(07-099)[carrivick]2.0.co;2.

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29

Carr, J. Rachel, Chris R. Stokes, and Andreas Vieli. "Threefold increase in marine-terminating outlet glacier retreat rates across the Atlantic Arctic: 1992–2010." Annals of Glaciology 58, no. 74 (April 2017): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.3.

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ABSTRACTAccelerated discharge through marine-terminating outlet glaciers has been a key component of the rapid mass loss from Arctic glaciers since the 1990s. However, glacier retreat and its climatic controls have not been assessed at the pan-Arctic scale. Consequently, the spatial and temporal variability in the magnitude of retreat, and the possible drivers are uncertain. Here we use remotely sensed data acquired over 273 outlet glaciers, located across the entire Atlantic Arctic (i.e. areas potentially influenced by North Atlantic climate and/or ocean conditions, specifically: Greenland, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land and Svalbard), to demonstrate high-magnitude, accelerating and near-ubiquitous retreat between 1992 and 2010. Overall, mean retreat rates increased by a factor of 3.5 between 1992 and 2000 (−30.5 m a−1) and 2000–10 (−105.8 m a−1), with 97% of the study glaciers retreating during the latter period. The Retreat was greatest in northern, western and south-eastern Greenland and also increased substantially on the Barents Sea coast of Novaya Zemlya. Glacier retreat showed no significant or consistent relationship with summer air temperatures at decadal timescales. The rate of frontal position change showed a significant, but weak, correlation with changes in sea-ice concentrations. We highlight large variations in retreat rates within regions and suggest that fjord topography plays an important role. We conclude that marine-terminating Arctic outlet glaciers show a common response of rapid and accelerating retreat at decadal timescales.

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30

Purdie, Heather, Nancy Bertler, Andrew Mackintosh, Joel Baker, and Rachael Rhodes. "Isotopic and Elemental Changes in Winter Snow Accumulation on Glaciers in the Southern Alps of New Zealand." Journal of Climate 23, no. 18 (September 15, 2010): 4737–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3701.1.

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Abstract The authors present stable water isotope and trace element data for fresh winter snow from two temperate maritime glaciers located on opposite sides of the New Zealand Southern Alps. The isotopes δ18O and δD were more depleted at the eastern Tasman Glacier site because of prevailing westerly flow and preferential rainout of heavy isotopes as air masses crossed the Alps. The deuterium excess provided some indication of moisture provenance, with the Tasman Sea contributing ∼70% of the moisture received at Franz Josef and Tasman Glaciers. This source signal was also evident in trace elements, with a stronger marine signal (Na, Mg, and Sr) associated with snow from the Tasman Sea and larger concentrations of terrestrial species (Pb, V, and Zr) in air masses from the Southern and Pacific Oceans. Although postdepositional modification of signals was detected, the results indicate that there is exciting potential to learn more about climate trends and moisture source pathways and to learn from geochemical signals contained in snow and ice in the New Zealand region.

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31

Denton, G. H., and C. H. Hendy. "Younger Dryas Age Advance of Franz Josef Glacier in the Southern Alps of New Zealand." Science 264, no. 5164 (June 3, 1994): 1434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5164.1434.

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32

Gagaev, S. Y., S. D. Grebelny, B. I. Sirenko, V. V. Potin, and O. V. Savinkin. "Benthic habitats in the Tikhaya Bight (the Hooker Island, Franz Josef Land)." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 323, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2019.323.1.3.

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Benthic habitats of Tikhaya Bight (Hooker Island, Franz Josef Land, High Arctic) were studied by using SCUBA equipment (diving quantitative method) and Van Veen grabs. Three main communities have been described. A Gammarus setosus-macroalgae community, probably seasonal, developed above 5 meters depth, had a relatively low diversity with biomass 7.6±0.9 g/m2 and abundance 135±40 ind/m2; a mixed bivalves-amphipods-bryozoan community (Serripes groenlandicus, Mya truncata, Haploops laevis, Alcyonidium disciforme) occured in muddy bottoms with some interspersed boulders between 7 and 30 m depth; it included 101 taxons, had a relatively high biomass 152.3±114.2 g/m2 and abundance 1600±940 ind/m2. A bivalve-dominated community with Musculus niger and Yoldia hyperborean inhabited depth of 67–72 m, included 38 taxons and was characterized by high density of abundance and biomass – 670±295 ind/m2 and 356.1±57.1 g/m2, respectively. Comparison with the previous data obtained 20 years ago at the depth 7–30 m, showed that, possibly, the retreat of the glacier under the influence of increasing temperature in the environment and increased runoff of melt water, washes away clay deposits which led to siltation of the bottom in the bay and caused degradation of kelp, which was partially replaced by invertebrate communities inherent in silted soils.

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Hooker, B. L., and B. B. Fitzharris. "The correlation between climatic parameters and the retreat and advance of Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand." Global and Planetary Change 22, no. 1-4 (October 1999): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(99)00023-5.

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Doblas-Miranda, Enrique, David A. Wardle, Duane A. Peltzer, and Gregor W. Yeates. "Changes in the community structure and diversity of soil invertebrates across the Franz Josef Glacier chronosequence." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40, no. 5 (May 2008): 1069–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.11.026.

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35

Alexander, David J., Tim R. Davies, and James Shulmeister. "A steady‐state mass‐balance model for the franz josef glacier, new zealand: testing and application." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 93, no. 1 (March 2011): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2011.00003.x.

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36

Gao, Jay. "Modelling the Spatial Extent of Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand from Environmental Variables Using Remote Sensing and GIS." Geocarto International 19, no. 1 (March 2004): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106040408542295.

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37

GRAPES, R., and T. WATANABE. "Metamorphism and uplift of Alpine schist in the Franz Josef?Fox Glacier area of the Southern Alps, New Zealand." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 10, no. 2 (March 1992): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1992.tb00077.x.

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38

Turney, C. S. M., R. G. Roberts, N. de Jonge, C. Prior, J. M. Wilmshurst, M. S. McGlone, and J. Cooper. "Redating the advance of the New Zealand Franz Josef Glacier during the Last Termination: evidence for asynchronous climate change." Quaternary Science Reviews 26, no. 25-28 (December 2007): 3037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.09.014.

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39

Ishikawa, N., I. F. Owens, and A. P. Sturman. "Heat balance characteristics during fine periods on the lower parts of the Franz Josef Glacier, South Westland, New Zealand." International Journal of Climatology 12, no. 4 (May 1992): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370120407.

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40

Marcus, M. G., R. D. Moore, and I. F. Owens. "Short-term estimates of surface energy transfers and ablation on the lower Franz Josef Glacier, South Westland, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 28, no. 3 (July 1985): 559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1985.10421208.

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Anderson, Brian, Ian Willis, Becky Goodsell, Alison Banwell, Ian Owens, Andrew Mackintosh, and Wendy Lawson. "Annual to Daily Ice Velocity and Water Pressure Variations on Ka Roimata o Hine Hukatere (Franz Josef Glacier), New Zealand." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 46, no. 4 (November 2014): 919–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-46.4.919.

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42

Dowdeswell, Julian A., and Evelyn K. Dowdeswell. "Chapter 22 Modern glaciers and climate change." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 17, no. 1 (1997): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.1997.017.01.22.

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By the start of the Holocene, the decay of the large ice sheet over Svalbard and the Barents Sea region was nearing completion, and glacier ice was approaching its present distribution (Elverhøi et al. 1993; Siegert & Dowdeswell 1995). Throughout most of the last 10 000 years, the extent of glaciers and ice caps over the archipelago has been no greater than that observed today, with the exception of minor readvances in the relatively cold 'Little Ice Age', which terminated at the beginning of the twentieth century. Nonetheless, ice today covers about 62% of the 62 000 km2 Svalbard archipelago (Fig. 22.1).Svalbard is one of four heavily ice-covered archipelagos in the Eurasian High Arctic; those to the east are Russian Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya and Novaya Zemlya. The ice cover on each archipelago is a function of topography and the location of each along the strong west-east gradient in climate across the Eurasian Arctic. Svalbard, as the most westerly of the four, is the warmest and receives the highest precipitation. This is due to its proximity to the relatively warm oceanic North Atlantic Drift and to the depression tracks transferring relatively temperate, moist air masses northward through the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. This position at the northernmost limit of both warm water and air masses makes the archipelago and its glaciers very sensitive to changes in atmospheric and ocean circulation. In addition, General Circulation Models (GCMs) predict that any future C02-induced warming will be most significant at high northern latitudes

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Burrows, Colin J., David Bell, and Helen Grant. "Two new radiocarbon ages for mid‐ and late‐Aranui age valley‐train deposits of the Franz Josef Glacier, Westland, New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 32, no. 3 (September 2002): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2002.9517701.

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44

Matveyeva, N. V. "Vegetation of the southern part of Bolshevik Island (Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago)." Vegetation of Russia, no. 8 (2006): 3–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2006.08.3.

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Bolshevik Isl. is the one of the largest islands within the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. It is situated in the southern part of the polar desert zone. In the course of three field work trips in 1997, 1998 and 2000 years 252 relevees were made in its southern part on three geomorphologic surfaces: coastal plain, inner upland close to glacier and ancient high river terraces. As the result 27 syntaxonomical units of different rank (15 associations, 2 subassociations, 2 variants, and 8 community types) were described using Braun-Blanquet approach. All syntaxa, except one, are new and mostly similar to communities described on Franz Josef Land. The problems were to put new syntaxa into the higher level units (including class) within the syntaxonomical hierarchy. The main bulk of syntaxa, both zonal and intrazonal ones, has to be preliminary placed into Salicetea herbaceae class although there is a lot of reasons to consider zonal syntaxa as a new class that is specific for the polar desert zone. In any case, there are no one syntaxon that can be referred to Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea class that combines zonal vegetation in the tundra zone. The wide ecological range of great majority of species as well as the changes of their intralandscape distribution compare to the tundra zone made additional difficulties in finding character and differential species. 340 species (vascular plants — 52, mosses — 97, liverworts — 41, lichens — 150), that compiles 73 % of the whole island flora and 84 % of its southern part, were recorded within the all relevees. Almost half of these (182) are very rare on the island and 127 species were met 1—2 times. There are 70 species with wide ecological range throughout all landscape types with such commonly distributed herbs as Saxifraga cernua, S. hyperborea and Stellaria edwardsii, mosses Polytrichastrum alpinum and Sanionia uncinata and lichen Stereocaulon rivulorum among these. Phippsia algida, the character species for snow bed communities, occurs in about 70 % of syntaxa. Useful for differentiation of syntaxa have been appeared 87 species. Few species with wide distribution within a landscape demonstrate their preference to a certain syntaxon by higher abundance (preferential character species). These are mostly bryophytes: mosses Bryum cryophilum and Grimmia torquata, and liverworts Gymnomitrion corallioides, Marsupella arctica and Scapania crassiretis. Cryptogam species predominate in the whole flora as well as in each syntaxon. The number of species varies from 12 to 70 per sample plots 5÷5 m and from 20 to 195 in different syntaxa. The richest in species (70 per community and about 190 for association) are zonal plant communities on the accumulative coastal plain in the region of Solnechnaya Bay, the poorest one, with 10 and 20 species consequently, is ass. Hygrohypno polari—Saxifragetosum hyperboreae that was described on the upland, close to glacier in the inner part of island.

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45

Solomina, O., G. Wiles, T. Shiraiwa, and R. D'Arrigo. "Multiproxy records of climate variability for Kamchatka for the past 400 years." Climate of the Past 3, no. 1 (February 22, 2007): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-119-2007.

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Abstract. Tree ring, ice core and glacial geologic histories for the past several centuries offer an opportunity to characterize climate variability and to identify the key climate parameters forcing glacier expansion in Kamchatka over the past 400 years. A newly developed larch ring-width chronology (AD 1632–2004) is presented that is sensitive to past summer temperature variability. Individual low growth years in the larch record are associated with several known and proposed volcanic events from the Northern Hemisphere. The comparison of ring width minima and those of Melt Feature Index of Ushkovsky ice core helps confirm a 1–3 year dating accuracy~for this ice core series over the late 18th to 20th centuries. Decadal variations of low summer temperatures (tree-ring record) and high annual precipitation (ice core record) are broadly consistent with intervals of positive mass balances measured and estimated at several glaciers in 20th century, and with moraine building. According to the tree-ring data the 1860s–1880s were the longest coldest interval in the last 350 years. The latest part of this period (1880s) coincided with the positive anomaly in accumulation. This coincidence led to a positive mass balance, which is most likely responsible for glacier advances and moraine deposition of the end of 19th-early 20th centuries. As well as in some other high latitude regions (Spitsbergen, Polar Urals, Franz Jozef Land etc.) in Kamchatka these advances marked the last millennium glacial maximum. In full agreement with subsequent summer warming trend, inferred both from instrumental and tree ring data, glacier advances since 1880s have been less extensive. The late 18th century glacier expansion coincides with the inferred summer temperature decrease recorded by the ring width chronology. However, both the advance and the summer temperature decrease were less prominent that in the end of 19th century. Comparisons of the glacier history in Kamchatka with records from Alaska and the Canadian Rockies suggests broadly consistent intervals of glacier expansion and inferred summer cooling during solar irradiance minima.

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Purdie, Heather, Brian Anderson, Trevor Chinn, Ian Owens, Andrew Mackintosh, and Wendy Lawson. "Franz Josef and Fox Glaciers, New Zealand: Historic length records." Global and Planetary Change 121 (October 2014): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.06.008.

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Nikiforov, S. L., R. A. Ananiev, N. V. Libina, N. N. Dmitrevskiy, and L. I. Lobkovskii. "Ice gouging on the arctic shelf of Russia." Океанология 59, no. 3 (June 26, 2019): 466–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0030-1574593466-468.

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The results of recent geological and geophysical expeditions indicate the activation of hazardous natural phenomena associated with ice gouging and represent geohazard for almost all activities, including operation of the Northern Sea Route. Within the Barents Sea and the western part of the Kara Sea, the modern ice gouging is mainly associated with icebergs which are formed as a result of the destruction of the glaciers of Novaya Zemlya, the Spitsbergen archipelago and Franz Josef Land, while on the eastern shelf it is caused by the destruction of seasonal or perennial ice fields. Fixed furrows can be divided into modern coastal gouges or deep water ploughmarks. All deep water gouges within the periglacial and glacial shelf are of paleogeographical origin, but with different mechanisms of action on the seabed. These furrows were formed by floating ice on the periglacial shelf. On the glacial shelf deep water ploughmarks were formed by large icebergs, which could carry out the gouging even on the continental slope and deep-sea ridges of the Arctic Ocean.

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Brook, Martin, Wilfried Hagg, and Stefan Winkler. "Contrasting medial moraine development at adjacent temperate, maritime glaciers: Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers, South Westland, New Zealand." Geomorphology 290 (August 2017): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.04.015.

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49

Hanson, Carl R., Richard J. Norris, and Alan F. Cooper. "Regional fracture patterns east of the Alpine Fault between the Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers, Westland, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 33, no. 4 (October 1990): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1990.10421379.

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50

Ruikka, Mattiina, and Kari Strand. "Clay minerals in response to the Pleistocene climate change on the Yermak Plateau, Arctic Ocean (ODP, Site 911)." Polar Record 38, no. 206 (July 2002): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400017770.

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AbstractThe Arctic plays an important role in controlling the Earth's climate and ocean circulation. Studies of past climate conditions in high latitudes are important to understand this role more precisely. Clay mineralogy of sediments was detected to be comparative with cyclic changes in climatic conditions during the past 0.8 Ma in the northernmost Atlantic-Arctic gateway (Ocean Drilling Program, Site 911). Clay minerals are transported by sea ice, icebergs, glaciofluvially, or by ocean currents. Smectite is assumed to be transported predominantly during interglacial periods. Its content decreases from about 0.4 Ma to the present, which may indicate lesser eroded smectite in the provenance area, assumed to be mostly in the Laptev Sea. Illite is due to erosion from Svalbard during glacial periods, and shows a negative correlation with smectite. Chlorite is not a good climate indicator because of its high frequency in the northern regions. Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa (Franz Josef Land) is the most likely source area of kaolinite and the output seems to have slightly increased from 0.5 to 0.4 Ma. The correlation of kaolinite and chlorite means coincidental sedimentation. Kaolinite and chlorite are negatively correlated with illite, which indicates transportation during the more open ocean conditions that prevailed between repeated Pleistocene glaciations.

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