Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Franco’s regime'

La prolifération des œuvres de fiction qui ont pour contexte la Guerre Civile espagnole et le Franquisme dans les années 2000, nous a amené à nous interroger sur l’intérêt qui pouvait pousser des autrices et auteurs à écrire sur ces périodes plus de 70 ans après les premiers événements. Nous avons constitué un corpus assez ample et varié qui regroupe dix romans, quatre romans graphiques, deux films de cinéma et deux séries télévisuelles. Toutes ces œuvres ont été publiées ou diffusées entre 2006 et 2019. Nous abordons dans ce travail les lieux communs qui apparaissent quels que soient les genres utilisés et les générations des autrices et auteurs. Nous constatons que la narration sur la Guerre Civile espagnole et le Franquisme est fortement marquée par, premièrement, l’histoire traumatique et violente que furent ces deux périodes. Puis, nous observons que leur mise en fiction des souvenirs historiques peut être délicate mais permet de faire ressortir une amertume, un ressentiment longtemps tu envers l’Espagne mais aussi les pays étrangers intervenants durant le conflit ou après. Enfin, nous voyons que la fiction des années 2000 personnifie davantage l’histoire que durant les décennies précédentes. Le “méchant” est maintenant incarné au risque de trop l’humaniser
The proliferation of works of fiction set against the backdrop of the Spanish Civil War and Franco’s regime in the 2000s led us to question the interest that might motivate authors to write about these periods more than 70 years after the initial events. We have put together a wide-ranging and varied corpus that includes ten novels, four graphic novels, two feature films and two television series. All these works were published or broadcast between 2006 and 2019. In this work, we look at the common places that appear regardless of the genres used or the generations of the authors. We note that the narration of the Spanish Civil War and Francoism is strongly marked by,firstly, the traumatic and violent history of these two periods. Then we see that the fictionalisation of historical memories can be tricky, but it does bring out a bitterness, a long-held resentment towards Spain, but also towards foreign countries that intervened during the conflict or afterwards. Finally, we see that the fiction of the 2000s personifies history to a greater extent than in previous decades. The 'villain' is now embodied, at the risk of humanising him too much

Les parties au contrat d'assurance maritime sont soumises a certaines obligations. Il s'agit entre autres pour l'assure de payer la prime, de sauvegarder les objets assures, et de conserver les droits de l'assureur. . . L'assureur quant a lui, doit indemniser l'assure en cas de sinistre. Les operations de l'assurance maritime se deroulent dans des marches plus ou moins structures. Le marche francais offre plus de garanties que son homologue marocain. L'assurance maritime a pris de nos jours une importance considerable. En effet, un navire peut etre assure pendant sa construction par une police d'assurance maritime sur corps de navire en construction. Des qu'il est acheve, il est assure par une police d'assurance sur corps de navire. Les marchandises qu'il transportera pourront etre assurees par une police d'assurance sur facultes, tandis que le transporteur maritime pourra garantir sa responsabilite par une autre police. Que le navire entre dans un chantier pour reparation, et le chantier pourra souscrire une police d'assurance de responsabilite des chantiers de reparations de navires. Qu'une guerre survienne, et le navire et la cargaison pourront etre assures contre les risques de guerre. Les plates-formes des sondages installees sur les mers sont aussi garanties par les assureurs maritimes. L'assurance maritime est donc entierement melee a tous les actes de l'exploitation maritime, et derriere toutes les parties interessees a l'aventure maritime
Insurers and insured have certain obligations towards the shipping insurance. The insured has to pay a premium, safeguard the insured goods and keep the insurer's rights. As for the insurer he must indemnify the insured in case of sinister. Transactions take place in more or less structured markets. French market offers more guarantees than its moroccan homologue. Nowadays, shipping insurance has taken a great importance. In fact a ship can already be insured while it is still under construction. It is then covered by a policy on the hull of the ship. When the ship has been built, it is covered by an insurance on the hull of the ship. The goods which it will carry will be covered by an insurance policy on the cargo while the shipping company will guarantee her responsibility with another policy. If the ship has to be repaired, then the shipyard will be able to subscribe a responsibility insurance policy for repairs to ships. If a war breaks out and the cargo will then be insured against war risks. Off-shore installations placed on the seas are also covered by shipping insurances. Shipping insurance is therefore involved in all acts of shipping operations

This thesis examines the writings on music during the earlier phase of the Francisco Franco regime in Spain (1939-1951) in three groups of periodical publications: the daily press, music periodicals and magazines, and cultural and humanities periodicals with relevant music sections. Through the analysis of this material, the study attempts to assess the expression in musical criticism of ideological elements germane to early Francoism, thus exploring the connection between music and politics in an era to which Anglo-American musicologists have paid little attention so far. The study opens with an assessment of the journalistic and legal framework in which music critics developed their activity, as well as of the doctrinal role they were expected to conform to, and then moves on to explore three topics of particular relevance for the ideology of the regime: the problematic relationship of Francoist critics with modernism and modernity, the devotion to traditional (folk) music, and the revival of Spain's musical past. Each of these topics is contextualized by establishing parallels with certain aspects of the cultural outlook pursued by contemporary fascist regimes (Germany and Italy) and by pointing out lines of continuity with trends active in Spanish musicology and musical criticism before 1936. Finally, the last two chapters explore the application in musical criticism of these three topics to two particular processes: the appropriation of composer Manuel de Falla as a composer-laureate of the regime, and the discourses surrounding musical exchanges with foreign countries (the Axis until 1945, the Western Block afterwards) throughout the decade. The study is complemented by appendices which offer individual descriptions of the most relevant publications and biographical profiles of the critics studied in this thesis.

There exists a certain consensus among scholars and French diplomats that the golden era of the exceptionally close and amicable relations between France and its former sub-Saharan colonies is over. Nevertheless, the conclusions that these researchers arrive at regarding the current state of France’s African policy are rather different. The aim of the thesis is to determine which of the three paradigms concerning France’s African policy – the incremental adaptation, normalisation or confusion – best describes the French response to the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire under the Gbagbo regime. The contribution of the thesis is the analysis of continuities and changes of this specific Franco-African relationship, also known as Françafrique, within the framework of international relations regime theory. The thesis argues that France’s diplomacy towards the Ivorian crisis and her role in the multilateral conflict resolution strategy, reveal her growing inability to defend the constitutive principle of the Françafrique regime: grandeur. Her pursuit of middle power status through maintaining hegemonic relations to her favourite former colony was considerably challenged by various domestic and systemic factors, among which the Ivorian power struggles and Gbagbo’s duplicitous politics played a considerable part. Moreover, the thesis also points to the persistence of some old rules and decision-making procedures of the Françafrique regime, especially the resilience of informal networks. These old practices collide with France’s growing desire to make her African policy more transparent, coherent and efficient. It is therefore concluded that the coexistence of these opposite tendencies in France’s response to the Ivorian crisis under Gbagbo, as well as the inconsistent resort to the Françafrique principle, rules and decision-making procedures are best explained by the confusion paradigm of France’s African policy.

In the 1930s and 1940s, different social welfare models were at the disposal of policy-makers of non-democratic countries. However, although social security models were being debated and advocated by experts and policy-makers, the non-democratic regimes of Latin America and Southern Europe only set up limited social insurance schemes aimed at protecting particular groups of people, resulting in very fragmented management systems. Neither the welfare state literature, nor the research on non-democratic regimes, have attempted to explain why non-democratic regimes failed to set up comprehensive social security systems. Drawing on so-far unknown primary sources, this thesis examines the development of Social Insurance Schemes in Franco's Spain between 1936 and 1950. It studies the policy processes that led to the passing of each social insurance scheme and the evolution of the institution in charge of the social insurance system, the Instituto Nacional de Prevision (INP). By using a framework for the analysis of the policy-making process in non-democratic regimes, this thesis will show how political institutions of the Francoist regime shaped the resources of those actors (mainly Falangists and Social Catholics) involved in the power struggle for the control of the social insurance system. These institutions were: 1) the ministerial decrees and orders as the methods of passing legislation, 2) the bypassing of the Council of Ministers, 3) the absence of regulations within the Ministry of Labour, 4) the marginalisation of the Council of State and 5) the lack of formal procedures to resolve jurisdictional conflicts, and 6) the possibility ministers had to pass regulations. These permitted Falangist Labour Minister Girón de Velasco to manoeuvre to achieve Falange's goals at the time the party was being put at the service of the state. The National Office of Syndicates competed with the INP for control of the social insurance system. The result was a highly complex and fragmented system of overlapping schemes provided by several organisations rather than a comprehensive social insurance scheme.

La tesis que se presenta a continuación es una aproximación histórica al proceso de acceso de las mujeres a la universidad en época franquista, especialmente en la segunda etapa de dicho régimen político. El sujeto de estudio son las mujeres universitarias, aquellas que nacieron entre la década de los treinta y los cincuenta, y que fueron estudiantes o profesoras universitarias en los años cincuenta, sesenta y setenta del siglo pasado. La elección del Distrito Universitario de Barcelona como unidad territorial debe entenderse como un estudio de caso. Así, aunque las hipótesis e interpretaciones históricas a resultas de esta tesis tienen un origen local, se pueden hacer comparaciones y extrapolaciones a nivel estatal. Con el propósito de hacer una historia social del periodo, se analiza el proceso de entrada de las mujeres en la universidad integrando distintas temáticas complementarias y enfoques interconectados. Esquemáticamente, este planteamiento global se puede desgranar en tres grandes ámbitos de estudio, que se corresponden a las distintas fuentes históricas utilizadas y analizadas en esta investigación. En primer lugar, la cuestión de la legislación franquista para con las mujeres (documentación oficial del régimen franquista). Por un lado, los textos educativos permiten reconstruir la ideología y la estructura de todo el sistema educativo franquista. Por el otro, la legislación de carácter más general -civil, penal o laboral- permite acercarse al marco teórico y discursivo en el cual ubicar nuestro sujeto histórico. En segundo lugar, la cuestión de la recuperación y elaboración de series estadísticas sobre la población universitaria que nos permite cuantificar el fenómeno analizado (información proveniente de los archivos universitarios). En ambos casos, no sólo disponemos de datos que permiten reseguir el ritmo de crecimiento y la evolución de la proporción hombres y mujeres a lo largo del período analizado en el estamento estudiantil y en el estamento docente, sino que además también tenemos esos datos desglosados según las distintas facultades universitarias. Asimismo, para el caso del personal docente esta información se complementa con la distribución del profesorado entre las distintas categorías profesionales. Esta distribución jerárquica permite ver las dinámicas de promoción interna. Finalmente, el tercer ámbito corresponde a la reconstrucción y análisis de las trayectorias vitales, educativas y profesionales de aquellas mujeres que optaron por dedicarse profesionalmente al mundo académico e iniciaron su carrera en esos años (fuentes orales). El análisis y la comparación de estas trayectorias individuales permiten evaluar e interpretar el fenómeno de forma colectiva: qué mujeres estudiaron, en qué entornos familiares, educativos y socioculturales vivían y se socializaron; cómo, cuándo y porqué accedieron a la universidad y en qué momento optaron por iniciar su carrera académica. Todos estos elementos permiten identificar los cambios y, también, las continuidades que experimentaron esas universitarias en un periodo histórico en el cual se las relegaba al espacio doméstico, al cuidado del hogar y la familia. En síntesis, este proyecto de investigación no solo llena un vacío documental existente sobre la presencia de las mujeres en la universidad durante el régimen franquista, sino que las interpretaciones y aportaciones históricas trascienden el ámbito estrictamente universitario: es también el análisis de una generación de mujeres que rechazaron el modelo de mujer impuesto y experimentaron nuevas formas de ser y pensarse mujeres.
This research project aims to offer an historical analysis about the progressive access of women at university during the General Franco’s Regime, specifically the latter period of its political regime (1957-1977). The subject of the study is academic women, those who were born between 1936/1939 and 1950. They studied or started their academic career in the decades of the Fifties, Sixties and Seventies of the last century. The decision to use Barcelona University District as a territorial unit should be understood as a study case. So, all the hypothesis and historical interpretations can be applied both local and national scale. From the perspective of social history, it is examined the progressive access of women at university from different point of views and complementary approaches. Schematically, this global approach can be separated in three spheres of study (each one corresponds to the historical sources used in this research). Firstly, we take into account the General Franco’s legislation regarding female population. The educative legal texts allow us to reconstruct the ideology and the structure of the education system. Additionally, other legal documents (civil, penal and labour regulations) complement the general and official framework where we examine our historical subject. Secondly, it has to be mentioned the elaboration and the analysis of the statistics on university population. Due to this statistic information (it comes from university archives), it can be quantified the student population and the faculty members all along the period. On the one hand, it has been quantified how many women there were, when the proportion and the growth of female population increased and how they were distributed among the different faculties. On the other, regarding female faculty members, these statistics also show which categories women occupied in the professional structure of the academic world once they managed to get into. Finally, the third aspect is about life stories and academic careers of some of the women who chose university as a professional option and started their academic careers during these years (oral history). The study and comparison of their life stories allow us to study the importance of this historical process as a collective one. Such as: who were these academic women, which family atmosphere and school environment these women had or in which sociocultural context they were socialized. Also, how and when they got into university as students and as teacher assistants, and why they considered academic world as a professional choice. In those plural and interactive spheres, the changes as well as the setbacks can be identified and analysed. It was there where women could try new forms of being women and questioning the official feminine model. All in all, not only does this research fill an informative gap about the quantity and the distribution of academic women (as students and as teaching assistants) in the university under General Franco’s Regime, but it is also an historical contribution about a generation of academic women in transition. An academic women’s generation who refused to accept the traditional woman’s role imposed by the Regime. And, in spite of living in an adverse historical context, they created a new profile of woman. Unintentionally, they claimed to have a professional career and lived as a full citizen.

En choisissant les arrhes comme objet de comparaison entre le droit français et le droit chinois, la présente étude entend montrer le lien entre la technique juridique et la fonction juridique d'une part, la relation entre la fonction d'une institution et son régime juridique d'autre part.Le mécanisme et la fonction sont deux composantes distinctes de la convention d'arrhes. Les deux systèmes juridiques (la France et la Chine) connaissent le même mécanisme, les fonctions juridiques des arrhes s'éloignent cependant considérablement. Il y a en même temps une interdépendance entre ces deux éléments. D'une part, la fonction des arrhes détermine le rôle joue par le mécanisme. De l'autre côté, l'efficacité de la fonction juridique dépend largement du mécanisme sur lequel elle s'appuie. La divergence fonctionnelle des arrhes se répercute nécessairement sur le régime de cette convention. En premier lieu, le problème du contrôle juridique se pose dans des termes différents. En second lieu, les effets juridiques du jeu des arrhes ne sont pas les mêmes en présence de différentes fonctions. La présente étude montre la nécessité d'assurer une adéquation entre la fonction poursuivie et le régime adopté. A travers l'étude des arrhes, nous entendons survoler les deux systèmes juridiques dans leur ensemble, afin d'une part de permettre aux lecteurs français de mieux connaître le droit chinois, et d'autre part de mettre en lumière les divergences qui séparent les deux pays. L'exploitation de la jurisprudence chinoise constitue d'ailleurs une originalité marquée de la présente étude
By choosing the earnest money as the subject of comparison, the present study tries to illustrate the relationship between the legal technique and the legal function on the one hand, between the function of a legal institution and its legal regime on the other.The technique and the function are two distinct components of the deposit. The technique of deposit is the same in the two contrary, where as its functions differs a lot. At the same time, there is an interdependance between those two elements. The function of the deposit determines the role played by the technique. In return, the efficiency of the function depends on the legal technique used. The functional difference also has an impact on the legal regime of the earnest money. Firstly, the problem of judicial control of the clause are not solved in the same way. Secondly, the legal effets produised by the contract of deposit varies according to the its different functions. The present study shows the necessity to assure the adequacy between the function of a institution and its legal regime.Through this research, we intend to provide an over view of the two legal systems, in order not only to give the french readers a complete picture about Chinese law, but also to bring to light the divergences which seperate French law and Chinese law. The massive use of the chinese courts' decisions constitute a remarquable feature of present work

La publicite des decisions administratives individuelles presente l'attrait de la diversite : diversite de modes de publicite (notification et publication), diversite de situations des administres par rapport a l'acte (interesses directs et tiers). L'articulation de ces deux alternatives est etudiee a travers l'examen des conditions extrinseques (acteurs et moment) et intrinseques (forme et contenu de l'instrument) de validite de la publicite. Cette recherche conduit a confirmer l'absence de formalisme en la matiere et le caractere erratique de la jurisprudence, l'une et l'autre servant l'imperatif de securite juridique
Publicity of individual administrative decisions presents a diversity attraction : way of publicity diversity (notification and publication) and interested persons's situation diversity (directly interested or third persons). The articulation of those two alternatives is studied through an extrinsic (actors and moment) and intrinsic (form and contents) validity conditions survey. This survey drives to confirm the formalism missing and the jurisprudence erratic way of being, the first and the second serving the juridic security imperative

Esta investigación se origina con el interés de demostrar el papel relevante que tuvo la conflictividad laboral en la vida sociopolítica y económica en el marco catalán y estatal convirtiendo al movimiento obrero en el movimiento social más fuerte de la época, a través de las huelgas y otras modalidades de protesta, que aunque de carácter ilegal, fueron una realidad habitual en las relaciones laborales, y a su vez un elemento de tensión política continuada dada las actitudes represivas de empresarios y de las autoridades gubernamentales. La ubicación espacio-temporal está localizada en el área metropolitana de Barcelona entre los años 1961-1975. Comprende toda la etapa del desarrollismo franquista, en un periodo de importante transformación social que trajo el crecimiento económico de los sesenta junto con la forma cambiante de Barcelona y su área metropolitana, y los años posteriores de crisis económica derivada de crisis del petróleo, en los que hubo una extraordinaria agitación obrera manifestada en numerosos conflictos laborales. Esta zona, a nivel estatal, fue de los lugares donde el movimiento obrero alcanzó una mayor relevancia y tuvo una gran trasformación, a partir de la experiencia de la clase obrera local combinada con una nueva clase trabajadora procedente de la inmigración que contribuyó a rejuvenecer la clase obrera catalana. La investigación se inicia con una introducción al contexto socio-histórico de la época que antecede a un análisis del sindicato vertical y especialmente hacia la figura de los Jurados de empresa, basado en los ejemplos prácticos de la empresa Soler Almirall y del Banco Central que representan dos modelos muy dispares en cuanto a sus características. También ocupa un lugar destacado la relación del movimiento obrero con otros movimientos sociales: apostólicos cristianos, autónomos obreros y militancia femenina. Se trata de demostrar de cómo los repertorios de acción colectiva obrera consiguieron extrapolarse en el conjunto de los movimientos sociales y de las aportaciones realizadas por éstos hacia el movimiento obrero. La temática principal de la tesis versa sobre las características de la conflictividad laboral. A modo introductorio, el octavo capítulo discurre sobre la legislación de huelgas laborales, en el que se indaga y compara la legislación de la II República, la franquista y la constitucional. El estudio sobre las características de la conflictividad laboral está reforzado por una extensa base de datos de elaboración propia que abarca las características, con un orden cronológico, de cada uno de los conflictos: periodización, empresas, causas, sectores de producción, localización geográfica, tamaño, duración, resolución e incidencias (formas de lucha). En la base de datos que aparece como parte propia de la investigación, se incluyen primordialmente los conflictos de cierta magnitud y duración que afectaban al normal desarrollo de la producción: paro total o parcial, bajo rendimiento y huelga de horas extra, así como las movilizaciones políticas-sindicales. Asimismo se agregan cuadros cuantitativos sobre cada uno de los capítulos y sus consiguientes subcapítulos, en los que surge una relación numérica y porcentual de carácter anual y a partir de 1969, trimestral que nos ayuda a comprender la dinámica y la tendencia de la conflictividad en cada uno de los años e incluso dentro de los periodos de un mismo año. Las principales fuentes utilizadas para la elaboración de la base de datos son la prensa legal y la clandestina.
This research emerge on the interest of demonstrating the important role played by labor unrest in the socio-political and economic life in the Catalan and Spanish state framework making the labor movement one of the strongest social movement of the time, through strikes and other forms of protest, which although illegal, were a common reality in labor relations, and it turns to be an element of continued political tension that came from the repressive attitudes of businessmen and government authorities. The spatiotemporal location is placed on the Barcelona metropolitan area in between the years 1961-1975. It includes the entire stage of the Francoist economical develop, a period of significant social transformation that brought economic growth in the sixties along with the changing shape of Barcelona and its Metropolitan area, and subsequent years of economic crisis stemming from oil crisis which caused an extraordinary labor unrest assumed in numerous labor disputes. This geographical area, statewide, was one of the places where the labor movement reached greater relevance and triggered a great transformation, that arise of the experience of the combined local working class with a new working class that comes from immigration who helped to renovate Catalan working class. The investigation begins with an introduction to the socio-historical context of the subjects exposed above and goes along an analysis of the Sindicato Vertical Spanish Vertical Union and especially related to the figure of the Jurados de Empresa, Company Juries, based on practical examples of the company Soler Almirall and the Banco Central who represent two very different models in their features. Also figures in this work prominently labor movement's relationship with other social movements: Apostolic Christians, autonomous workers and female militancy. It tries to prove how the events of collective action extrapolated in all the social movements and the contributions made by them towards the labor movement. The main theme of the thesis deals with the characteristics of the labor unrest. By way of introduction, the eighth chapter runs on labor strikes legislation, which investigates and compares the legislation of the Second Republic era, the Francoist and Constitutional periods. The study on the characteristics of the labor unrest is reinforced by an extensive database covering the characteristics, with a chronological order, each of the conflicts: periodization, businesses, causes, production sectors, geographical location, size, duration, resolution and incidents (forms of struggle). In the database it appears as itself part of the investigation, and are included primarily conflicts of a certain magnitude and duration, affecting the normal development of production: total or partial unemployment, poor performance and strike overtime and mobilizations political-union. Quantitative tables are also added on each of the chapters and subchapters resulting, in which numerical and percentage ratio of every year and from 1969 it’s made on a quarterly basis, which helps to understand the dynamics and the tendency of how conflict arises in every year and even in shorter periods. The main sources used for the preparation of the database are the legal and clandestine press.

La figure du torero a été érigée en mythe par le régime franquiste à des fins de propagande et pour mieux détourner le peuple espagnol des revendications qu’il aurait pu légitimement avoir sur des questions politiques, économiques et sociales. Entre 1939 et 1975, la longue période de dictature peut être scindée en trois étapes historiques : le premier franquisme (1939-1945), le moyen franquisme (1945-1957) et le second franquisme (1957-1975). Chacune de ces plages historiques se trouve illustrée par une figure de torero d’exception, respectivement Manolete (1917-1947), Luis Miguel Domingu’n (1926-1996) et El cordobés (1936-). La recherche s’efforcera de montrer en quoi précisément chacun d’eux incarne chaque période et dans quelle mesure chacun d’eux est au service du régime, entretenant des relations plus ou moins proches avec le pouvoir, ou s’en écarte dans et hors les arènes
The figure of the torero was given a mythical status by the Franco regime for propaganda purposes and to help divert the Spanish people from claims that they might legitimately have made on political, economic and social issues. Between 1939 and 1975, the long period of dictatorship may be divided into three historical stages: First Stage Francoism (1939-1945), Transitional Francoism (1945-1957) and Second Stage Francoism (1957-1975). Each of these historical phases is represented by a torero of exceptional renown, respectively Manolete (1917-1947), Luis Miguel Domingu’n (1926-1996) and El CordobŽs (1936-). The research endeavours to show precisely how each of them embodies his period and the extent to which each of them was at the service of the regime, how closely he related to it, and how far he distanced himself from it within and outside the arena

Les contínues reformes legislatives imposades han tingut l’objectiu d’adaptar l’ensenyament a un context social i cultural postmodern. Tanmateix, aquests canvis aparentment no han reeixit i la comunitat educativa té una impressió general negativa. Aquesta tesi doctoral ha reflexionat globalment entorn de la situació a l’àmbit educatiu, també m’he centrat en els diversos elements imbricats i especialment en la figura del docent. Als mitjans de comunicació apareixen constantment informacions explicant situacions conflictives i difícils que el docent ha de tractar dia a dia dins les aules. Públicament, s’interroga si el professor ha perdut l’autoritat que tenia anteriorment davant la societat, les famílies i els alumnes. Molts responen d’una forma contundent i radical afirmativament. Aquesta recerca doctoral pretén investigar el concepte d’autoritat en el professorat durant el Franquisme a Catalunya i contraposar-lo al context postmodern actual; també s’han fet aportacions d’altres contrades per tal d’ampliar la perspectiva. Per abordar la complexitat d’aquest objecte d’estudi s’han utilitzat eines de diverses disciplines, principalment la sociologia, també l’antropologia, la pedagogia, la filosofia i la psicologia. La metodologia utilitzada ha estat principalment qualitativa, mitjançant entrevistes en profunditat, grups triangulars..., i també s’han introduït dades quantitatives. L’anàlisi del concepte autoritat exigeix tenir en compte el marc social i cultural. Aquest determina els tipus de relacions socials en un espai concret entre els diversos actors socials. A més a més, s’ha de tenir en compte la definició del terme auctoritas i diferenciar-lo d’un altre que històricament ha portat equívocs, la potestas. Aquesta investigació ha situat la figura del docent en dos contextos socials i culturals específics. Primer el marc franquista, el qual tenia una estructura on dominaven unes interaccions socials caracteritzades per l’obediència, la disciplina, la jerarquia, les relacions unidireccionals i verticals. Aquestes poden definir-se a partir de la potestas. Aquest tipus de relacions socials no estaven reduïdes a l’espai educatiu, sinó que tota l’estructura social tenia aquestes característiques. Tanmateix, en un context social i cultural postmodern, hi ha més equilibri i equitat entre els diversos actors socials, també a l’àmbit educatiu. No existeix una estructura social sòlida que consolidi a priori unes determinades formes de fer i d’actuar, sinó que el docent, amb la seva habilitat, intel·ligència, esforç, empatia i implicació ha de guanyar-se l’auctoritas dia a dia. Aquest tipus d’interaccions socials no s’han de situar únicament a l’espai educatiu, sinó que van més enllà, són qüestions socials i culturals d’aquest període. Les conclusions d’aquesta recerca són les següents: s’ha relacionat el context social i cultural franquista amb l’escola d’aquell període. Aquest marc comportava unes determinades metodologies a l’interior dels centres i unes interaccions socials específiques entre docents i alumnes. Les relacions entre els agents socials a l’aula eren fonamentalment verticals, rígides, disciplinàries i sense dret a rèplica. Això comportava interaccions dominades fonamentalment per la potestas. A l’actualitat, s’ha relacionat el context social i cultural postmodern a l’escola. Aquest marc comporta unes determinades metodologies als centres i unes interaccions socials específiques entre docents i alumnes. Les relacions entre els actors socials a l’aula són més igualitàries, horitzontals, dialogants i democràtiques. Per tal que pugui aparèixer l’auctoritas hi ha d’haver lliure acceptació de l’educat. Això comporta que en aquest model pugui aparèixer l’autoritat del docent, per la seva vàlua i carisma, i que aquest sigui considerat especial.
Las continuas reformas legislativas impuestas han tenido el objetivo de adaptar la enseñanza a un contexto social y educativo posmoderno. Aparentemente, estos cambios no han tenido éxito y la comunidad educativa tiene una impresión general negativa de los mismos. Esta tesis doctoral ha abordado globalmente la situación de la educación, también se ha centrado en los diversos elementos implicados y especialmente en la figura del docente. En los medios de comunicación aparecen informaciones explicando situaciones conflictivas y difíciles que el profesor tiene que gestionar día a día en las aulas. Existe un debate público en el que se interroga si el docente ha perdido la autoridad que tenía en la sociedad, en las familias y en los alumnos. Muchos responden afirmativamente de forma contundente y radical. Esta tesis doctoral quiere investigar el concepto de autoridad del profesor durante el Franquismo en Cataluña y compararlo con el contexto posmoderno actual; también se han hecho aportaciones de otros lugares para ampliar la perspectiva. Para abordar la complejidad de este objeto de estudio se han utilizado recursos de diversas disciplinas, principalmente la sociología, también la antropología, la pedagogía, la filosofía y la psicología. La metodología utilizada ha sido principalmente cualitativa, a partir de entrevistas en profundidad, grupos triangulares…, y también con datos cuantitativos. El análisis del concepto autoridad exige tener en cuenta el marco social y cultural. Este determina el tipo de relaciones sociales en un espacio concreto entre los diversos actores sociales. También he tenido en cuenta la definición del concepto auctoritas y lo he diferenciado de otro que históricamente ha llevado a equívocos, la potestas. Esta investigación ha situado la figura del docente en dos contextos sociales y culturales específicos. Primero el marco franquista, el cual tenía una estructura social en la que dominaban unas interacciones sociales caracterizadas por la obediencia, la disciplina, la jerarquía, las relaciones unidireccionales y verticales. Estas pueden definirse a partir de la potestas. Este tipo de relaciones sociales no aparecían solamente en el ámbito educativo, sino que toda la estructura social estaba integrada por estas características. En un contexto social y cultural posmoderno hay más equilibro y equidad entre los diversos actores sociales, también en los centros escolares. No existe una estructura social sólida que consolide a priori unas determinadas formas de hacer y actuar; el docente, con su habilidad, inteligencia, esfuerzo, empatía e implicación tiene que ganarse la auctoritas día a día. Estas interacciones sociales no tienen que situarse únicamente en el ámbito educativo, van más allá, son cuestiones sociales y culturales de este período. Las conclusiones de esta investigación son las siguientes: se ha relacionado el contexto social y cultural franquista con la escuela de aquel tiempo. El marco determinaba metodologías específicas a los centros educativos y unas interacciones sociales concretas entre docentes y alumnos. Las relaciones entre los agentes sociales en las aulas eran principalmente verticales, rígidas, disciplinarias y sin posible réplica. Estas interacciones pueden definirse a partir de la potestas. En la actualidad, se ha relacionado el contexto social y cultural posmoderno en la escuela. Este marco conlleva unas determinadas metodologías en los centros y unas interacciones sociales específicas entre profesores y alumnos. Las relaciones entre los actores sociales en las aulas son más igualitarias, horizontales, dialogantes y democráticas. Para que aparezca la auctoritas tiene que haber libre aceptación del educado. En este modelo puede aparecer la autoridad del docente, por su valía y carisma, y que este sea considerado especial.
Ongoing legal reforms that have been introduced have sought to adapt the educational system to a postmodern social and cultural context. However, it appears that these changes have not been particularly successful and have generally been regarded as rather negative by the educational community. This doctoral thesis offers a global reflection on the present situation in the world of education and also focuses on several of the key elements involved in it and, in particular, on the figure of the teacher. The mass media constantly present reports on the difficult and conflictive situations that teaching staff must confront in the classroom on a day-to-day basis. It is publically asked whether the teacher has lost the authority that he/she used to have before society, families and students. Many people respond both forcefully and radically that this is indeed the case. This doctoral research seeks to investigate the concept of the teacher’s authority in Catalonia during the Francoist and to compare this with the current post-modern context; contributions relating to other areas have also been included in order to offer a rather wider perspective. Tools from various different disciplines have been used in order to address the complexity of the subject studied. These have mainly been borrowed from sociology, but also from anthropology, pedagogy, philosophy and psychology. The methodology used has mainly been qualitative and derived from in-depth interviews and triangular groups, though some quantitative data have also been included. An analysis of the concept of authority requires us to consider both the social and cultural context. This determines the types of social relations that take place within a specific area between the different social actors. It is also important to consider the definition of the term auctoritas and to distinguish it from another concept that has historically been responsible for numerous misunderstandings, potestas. This research has placed the figure of the teacher in two specific social and cultural contexts. First, within the Francoist framework, which had a structure dominated by social interactions which were characterized by obedience, discipline, hierarchy, and vertical, unidirectional relationships. These can be defined on the basis of potestas. This type of social relationships were not just limited to the educational area; the whole social structure had these characteristics. However, in a postmodern social and cultural context, there is also more balance and equity between the different social agents in the world of education. There is no solid social structure to consolidate a priori certain ways of being and acting; instead, the teacher, through his/her ability, intelligence, effort, empathy and involvement, must earn auctoritas on a day-to-day basis. This type of social interaction should not only be located in the world of educational, but goes much further, and involves the social and cultural issues of this period. The conclusions drawn from this research are the following: the Francoist social and cultural context has been associated with the school of the same period. This framework entailed the use of certain specific approaches within the educational centres and some of the specific social interactions between teachers and students. The relationships between social agents in the classroom were essentially vertical, rigid and disciplinary, with no right of reply. This resulted in interactions that were essentially dominated by the potestas. Nowadays, the postmodern cultural and social context is associated with the school. This framework entails certain specific methodologies in schools and a certain specific social interactions between teachers and students. The relationships between social actors in the classroom are more egalitarian, horizontal, dialogue-orientated and democratic. For the auctoritas to appear, it is necessary for the educated to be freely accepted. This means that in this model the authority of the teacher can appear based on his/her value, charisma and consideration as a special type of person.

Dès le début du XXe siècle, le cinéma devient un des médias privilégiés pour diffuser l’information et mettre en scène la fiction. Comme d’autres régimes autoritaires, l’Espagne franquiste (1939-1975) prend conscience de la nécessité de contrôler ce mode de communication et se dote d’un puissant appareil censorial. Parallèlement à leurs interventions sur les scénarios et les pellicules, les censeurs franquistes s’assurent que les spectateurs ont correctement interprété les œuvres qu’ils ont censurées. Tous les mois, entre 1946 et 1960, les délégués provinciaux leurs envoient des rapports détaillant l’accueil des films par le public de leur province. A travers l’étude de ces sources originales, cette thèse ambitionne ainsi de renouveler l’approche traditionnelle de la censure franquiste. Elle repose sur l’hypothèse que les pratiques censoriales obéissent aux perceptions que les acteurs ont des attentes tant du public que des ambitions idéologiques, artistiques et commerciales du régime. L’analyse de ces enquêtes permet d’appréhender les modalités à travers lesquelles les publics sont approchés par les autorités censoriales et d’évaluer leurs effets sur la pratique des censeurs. En étudiant les différents points de vue d’acteurs qui sont constamment en interaction, ce travail s’intéresse à la circularité des discours censoriaux et réceptifs et à leurs capacités d’influence mutuelle. Les relations entre la censure et la réception cinématographique sont interrogées autour de trois axes : la réception rapportée aux censeurs par les informateurs du régime, à travers l’analyse des discours présents dans les rapports provinciaux ; la réception imaginée par les censeurs, grâce à l’étude de leurs discours sur les publics au sein des sources administratives ; et enfin, l'expérience réceptive des spectateurs, en étudiant l’environnement cinématographique en contexte autoritaire, qui influe sur leur réception du cinéma national
From the beginning of the 20th century, cinema became one of the privileged media for disseminating information and staging fiction. Like other authoritarian regimes, Franco's Spain (1939-1975) became aware of the need to control this mode of communication and equipped itself with a powerful censorial apparatus. In parallel to their interventions on scripts and films, Franco's censors made sure that spectators correctly interpreted the films they censored. Every month, between 1946 and 1960, the provincial delegates sent them reports detailing how the films were received by the public in their province. Through the study of these original sources, this thesis aims to renew the traditional approach to Franco's censorship. It is based on the hypothesis that censorial practices obey the actors' perceptions of the public's expectations as well as the regime's ideological, artistic and commercial ambitions. The analysis of these surveys enables us to apprehend the modalities through which audiences are approached by the censorial authorities and to evaluate their effects on the censors' practices. By studying the different points of view of actors who are constantly interacting, this work is interested in the circularity of censorial and receptive discourses and in their capacities of mutual influence. The relations between censorship and cinematographic reception are questioned around three axes: the reception reported to the censors by the regime's informers, through the analysis of the discourses present in the provincial reports; the reception imagined by the censors, through the study of their discourses on audiences within the administrative sources; and finally, the receptive experience of the spectators, by studying the cinematographic environment in an authoritarian context, which influences their reception of national cinema

La tesis doctoral titulada, Vida cotidiana en la industria textil algodonera catalana bajo el franquismo: El caso de Roca Umbert S.A. en Granollers, 1956-1966, pretende contribuir a la salvaguarda de una de las principales piezas del patrimonio industrial catalán, la centenaria fábrica textil algodonera de la familia Roca Umbert en Granollers, Barcelona. Para ello se recupera el patrimonio inmaterial, constituido por los testimonios orales de una muestra representativa de sus empleados de diferentes géneros, generaciones, orígenes y categorías profesionales. Posteriormente esta documentación se contrasta con documentos escritos, buena parte de los cuales proceden del archivo empresarial, pero también de la prensa de la época y de la historiografía. La factoría ocupó una media de 1.000 personas en el decenio estudiado. Estas personas bajo el liderazgo de los empresarios produjeron metros de tela con los cuales más tarde se confeccionarían uniformes, ropa de mujer, de hombre y para el hogar. Como la empresa era de las pocas que realizaba el proceso integral del algodón estuvo en el grupo de cabeza del sector. A la vez que junto a otras factorías textiles de la localidad alimentaba un amplio tejido industrial. El análisis riguroso de la documentación recopilada permite la reconstrucción de las condiciones laborales y de vida de los trabajadores; además de sus mentalidades en el contexto de unos años llenos de cambios socio-económicos bajo el régimen franquista. Una dictadura que a partir de 1959 deja el capitalismo corporativista y adopta el liberalismo económico. Dicho cambio favoreció la modernización de España y favoreció su convergencia con el resto de Europa Occidental. En ese proceso los Estados Unidos jugaron un papel clave. A cambio de obtener otro aliado para la Guerra Fría aportaron al régimen la ayuda necesaria para estabilizar su balanza comercial. A la vez que los técnicos estadounidenses asesoraron a las empresas españolas para que se adaptaran a la economía de mercado. Les pareció imprescindible aumentar la capacidad productiva mediante la aplicación del taylorismo y de Convenios Colectivos. El incremento de la productividad implicó una mejora en las condiciones de vida de los empleados de Roca Umbert. Sin embargo la empresa pasó de ser el lugar donde aprender un oficio y conseguir un empleo para toda la vida a ser la puerta de acceso a un empleo precario. La empresa continuó siendo competitiva porque era capaz de producir más con empleados no cualificados y por tanto más baratos. El régimen garantizaba a la Compañía una parte del mercado español en exclusiva. Al caer la dictadura en 1977 la empresa se reestructuraría pero estaba carente del capital humano necesario para evitar la decadencia y el cierre. Roca Umbert como otras grandes firmas catalanas del sector tuvo la capacidad suficiente para asegurarse el reclutamiento de mano de obra femenina a cambio de un salario bajo y su fidelización mediante una serie de dispositivos paternalistas: una guardería, un aula de costura, un economato y el uso del favor como moneda de cambio. El pacto fue aceptado por las mujeres, que constituían la mayor parte de la plantilla, porqué su salario era necesario para mantener a sus familias y el trabajo en el sector textil era uno de los pocos que la legislación laboral les permitía hacer tras el matrimonio. La investigación hace evidente como la jerarquía empresarial y el estado favorecieron la discriminación de la mujer para aumentar al máximo el margen de beneficios. En las páginas siguientes podrán comprobar cómo el día a día en Roca Umbert SA no es un caso aislado, sino una muestra de la vida cotidiana condicionada por trabajar en el sector textil catalán durante el franquismo.
Roca Umbert Co. was for many years the leading industrial company in Granollers. Today the former industrial complex is reused by Roca Umbert Arts Factory as a space for artistic creation open to the city. This important historical, but still is largely unknown. This thesis is a journey through the history of the company, the production processes and technological changes and labor and social occurred depending on economic dynamics; from the research with the business archive other historical studies and the interviews with former employees, a group of people very diverse. The first objective is preserving the intangible heritage of this emblematic company in Granollers, Barcelona, Spain.

La théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté est une théorie philosophique et juridique ancienne qui intéresse toutes les matières du droit. Elle est comparée par Gounot à « la pierre angulaire de tout l’édifice juridique ».Notre étude porte sur sur le principe d’autonomie de la volonté, ses effets et ses limites en droit patrimonial de la famille. Le droit patrimonial de la famille, qui se trouve à l’intersection du droit des contrats, du droit des biens et du droit de la famille, est concerné de près par cette théorie. Si le mouvement actuel du droit tend vers l’octroiement, aux familles et aux individus, de plus de liberté dans la gestion de leurs biens, se pose alors les questions de savoir quelles sont les limites actuelles a cette théorie après les dernières réformes en France, notamment celle du 23 juin 2006 ? Quels sont les composants actuels de l’ordre public familial ? Et que reste-t-il des anciennes limites et prohibitions ?La comparaison, sous l’angle de l’autonomie de la volonté, de deux systèmes juridiques parents mais différents nous offre une vue plus objective des besoins des familles au Liban et en France.Il s’agit à notre sens de ne plus penser et baser les réformes nécessaires dans chacun de ces deux pays sur la théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté ou sur celle de l’utile et du juste, mais plutôt de penser et baser les réformes nécessaires sur les vrais besoins des familles et des individus selon chaque société
Autonomy of the will – French-Lebanese comparative law – Autonomy of the will in the patrimonial family law – Autonomy of the will's reach – French patrimonial family law – Lebanese patrimonial family law – Donations in Lebanese law – Donations in French law – Estate law – French estate law – Lebanese estate law – estate law for the non-Muslims in Lebanon – estate law for Muslims in Lebanon – Matrimonial regimes law – French matrimonial regimes law – Lebanese matrimonial regimes law – Change of matrimonial regimes – Marriage – Marriage in France – PACS – Concubinage – Marriage in Lebanon – Religious marriage in Lebanon – Civil marriage in Lebanon – Lebanese personal status – the limits of the autonomy of the will – French estate public order – French matrimonial public order – Lebanese estate public order – Lebanese matrimonial public order – Inheritance reserved portion in French law – Inheritance reserved portion in Lebanese law – Prohibition of pacts on future succession in French law - Prohibition of pacts on future succession in Lebanese law – Gradual end residual donations – Banking secrecy in Lebanon – TRUST – Disguise – Life-insurance – Matrimonial benefits – Irrevocable mandate in Lebanese law – Posthumous mandate – Civil real estate company

Trois evenements d'intensite, d'importance et d'interet metallogenique differents sont reconnus: 1) l'ensemble des series viseennes est affecte d'abord par une alteration a chlorite-albite-anatase. 2) les rejeux tardifs de la zone de cisaillement marche-combrailles provoquent d'intenses fracturations auxquelles sont associees d'importantes circulations de fluides hydrothermaux. Plusieurs episodes successifs d'alteration et de mineralisation sont enregistres dans la zone des farges. 3) des reouvertures tardives du systeme permettent des circulations de fluides responsables de la cristallisation de calcite, de quartz microcristallin et de pyrite

Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2012
Bibliografia: f.132-140
Introdução: A educação Médica está passando por transformações significativas nos últimos anos, em especial desde a década de 2000, quando foram elaboradas as novas diretrizes para o curso de Medicina, pautadas em competências (28 competências em sua tota
Introduction: Medical education is undergoing significant transformation in recent years, particularly since the 2000s, when new guidelines were developed for th Medical school, grounded in competences (28 competences in total). This guideline aims at tra

Après les évolutions qu'a connues le théâtre jeune public dans les années 1920-1936, l'instauration de la dictature franquiste a signifié la mise sous contrôle des activités culturelles. Devenu l'instrument d'une pédagogie au service du régime, le théâtre jeune public a fait l'objet, dans l'Espagne des années 1960, de l'attention toute particulière du Ministère de l'Information et du Tourisme, alors en charge de la culture, et de la Sección Femenina (troupe Los Títeres, 1959 ; Asociación Española para el Teatro Infantil y Juvenil, 1966). Dans le cadre délimité par ces politiques et pratiques culturelles, ce travail vise à mettre en évidence le rôle joué par certains dramaturges (issus du réalisme social, du Teatro Independiente et du Nuevo Teatro) dans la promotion d'un nouveau théâtre jeune public. Sans prétendre à une entreprise commune, ils se sont tous tournés sporadiquement et au même moment vers le jeune public et ont témoigné d’un engagement indissociable de la prise de risque inhérente à toute transgression esthétique et politique, mais aussi à la volonté de faire émerger une posture auctoriale nouvelle, marquée par un effort de fusionner conscientisation du jeune spectateur et dimension ludique. Cette thèse, qui s’inscrit dans une perspective interdisciplinaire (études théâtrales, études littéraires, sociologie du spectacle, histoire culturelle, anthropologie…), associe l’analyse littéraire à l’examen d’archives historicoculturelles afin de rendre compte des enjeux esthétiques, éthiques et politiques propres au corpus dans son contexte de création
After the progress seen in spanish children’s theatre between 1920 and 1936, the arrival of the Franco dictatorship resulted in cultural activity being taken into state control. Children’s theatre became an educational tool to serve the interests of the regime, and during the 1960’s was the object of particular attention from the Ministry of Tourism and Information, which at the time was responsible of cultural affairs, and from the Sección Femenina (troupe Los Títeres , 1959 ; Asociación Española para el Teatro Infantil y Juvenil, 1966). Within the general context set by these political policies and cultural practices, this work aims to demonstrate the role played by certain dramatists, whose origins were in social realism, the Teatro Independiente and the Nuevo Teatro, in promoting a new kind of theatre for young audience. Although they did not work together in any organised way, at the similar time they all sporadically turned their attention towards a young audience. They gave witness to the element of risk inherent in any attempt to transgress aesthetic and cultural norms, and also to desire to create a new kind of theatre writing which aimed to combine awareness raising with an element of play. This thesis is written from an interdisciplinary perspective (theatre studies, literature, sociology of entertainment, cultural history, anthropology…). It brings together literary analysis and the study of historic and cultural records in order to give an account of the aesthetic, ethical an practical issues which influenced the dramatic work

La thèse de doctorat s'intéresse à la figure du comte Ségur et à sa mission diplomatique à la cour de Catherine II de Russie (1785-1789). La recherche explore différents aspects, notamment les relations commerciales et diplomatiques entre la France et la Russie, le rôle de Ségur en tant que diplomate et ses interactions avec des personnages clés, tels que Catherine la Grande et Potemkine. Elle analyse également l'identité et la personnalité de Ségur, en tenant compte du contexte social et culturel de l'époque. L'objectif principal de la recherche est de fournir une nouvelle perspective sur l'histoire française de la période pré-révolutionnaire, en cherchant à mieux comprendre les dynamiques diplomatiques et politiques de l'époque
This doctoral thesis focuses on the figure of Count Ségur and his diplomatic mission at the court of Catherine II of Russia (1785-1789). The research explores various aspects, including the commercial and diplomatic relations between France and Russia, Ségur's role as a diplomat and his interactions with key figures such as Catherine the Great and Potëmkin. It also analyses Ségur's identity and personality, considering the social and cultural context of the time. The main objective of the research is to provide a new perspective on French history of the pre-revolutionary period, seeking to better understand the diplomatic and political dynamics of the time

La frontière franco-brésilienne de l’Oyapock est un symbole des contacts politiques entre l’Europe et l’Amérique Latine, représentant aussi une forte dynamique sociale et environnementale. Soumise à des contraintes et opportunités variées, cette frontière révèle la tension entre forces régionales et globales en plusieurs échelles. Cela implique dans une crise vers la reconfiguration de la « région oyapockoise » et le réajustement de l’organisation de l’espace bilatéral. Cette thèse s’intéresse particulièrement à l’existence et à la transformation des relations régionales entre les territoires du bassin de l’Oyapock. On discute les opportunités et les défis pour penser la Géographie Régionale dans les contextes de fortes pressions globales et d’influence de plusieurs échelles. La recherche intègre des données sur géographie physique, télédétection, des données quantitatives socio-économiques, des données qualitatives sur la perception des habitants locaux, l’analyse institutionnelle des règles autour de la dynamique régionale, les réseaux d’usage du territoire et les gouvernances locales. Les résultats montrent que la dynamique régionale dans la frontière franco-brésilienne se présente en tant qu’un complexe géographique qui articule la tension entre les intérêts de différents acteurs, groupes sociaux et échelles. Ils sont aussi révélateurs sur la puissance de la Géographie Régionale pour établir des dialogues contemporains entre l’épistémologie de la science géographique et l’expérience de terrain, mettant en rapport les dimensions physiques, humaines, historiques, politiques et quotidiennes qui sont présentes dans les multiples relations hommes-milieux
The Franco-Brazilian border of Oyapock is a symbol of political contact between Europe and Latin America, also representing strong social and environmental dynamics. Subject to various challenges and opportunities, this border reveals the tension between regional and global forces in different scales. This implies a crisis that leads to the reconfiguration of the "Oyapockoise Region" and the reorganization of bilateral space. This thesis is interested, particularly, in the existence and transformation of regional relations between the territories of the Oyapock Basin, discussing the opportunities and challenges in thinking about Regional Geography in the context of strong global pressure and the influence of different scales. The research presents data of physical geography, landscape analysis by remote sensing, quantitative socio-economic data, qualitative data based on the perceptions of local populations, institutional analysis of the regional dynamic flow rules, and the use of network planning and local governances. The results show that regional relations in the Franco-Brazilian border are present like a "geographical complex" that articulates the interests of different players, social groups and scales. They also reveal the power appointed by the Regional Geography to establish contemporary dialogues between the epistemology of geographical science and fieldwork, putting into relation the physical, human, historical, political and everyday dimensions that are present in the multiplicity of socio-spatial relations

En raison de l’existence d’une coopération transfrontalière institutionnalisée, la région transfrontalière duRhin supérieur semble proposer les conditions idéales pour un enseignement/apprentissage optimal de lalangue du voisin. Pourtant, l’apprentissage systématique de la langue parlée de l’autre côté du Rhin nesemble pas tenir compte des spécificités régionales de ce contexte géographique particulier (Faucompré etPutsche, 2015), ni de l’influence non négligeable de la proximité avec la langue-culture voisine sur lesreprésentations des élèves et de leurs enseignants (Putsche, 2011 ; Raasch, 2002). Notre travail de thèsepropose donc de répondre à cette problématique grâce à la mise en place d’une recherche-action à la foiscollaborative et participative (Gonzalez-Laporte, 2014 ; Macaire, 2007) avec quatre enseignantes de lalangue du voisin exerçant dans des établissements scolaires d’enseignement secondaire à Strasbourg etFribourg-en-Brisgau. Ce travail de recherche propose de développer dans un premier moment, puisd’expérimenter dans un second, une approche didactique se voulant transfrontalière (Raasch, 2005 et2008), en tenant compte des représentations des apprenants et de leurs enseignantes ainsi que desparticularités de l’espace du Rhin supérieur.Nos résultats, principalement qualitatifs, ont su mettre en avant la nécessité d’avoir systématiquementrecours à une approche didactique transfrontalière dans l’enseignement de la langue du voisin dans cecontexte, afin de le rendre cohérent par rapport aux besoins des apprenants en leur permettant d’acquérirce que nous appelons dans notre travail « une compétence de communication transfrontalière ».La mise en place d’une recherche-action aura permis aux actrices du projet de prendre position par rapportà leur rôle en tant qu’enseignantes de la langue du voisin en contexte frontalier, donnant ainsi à notreconception de l’approche didactique transfrontalière une dimension pérenne en lui attribuant un caractèrede laboratoire transfrontalier permanent, en adéquation avec la dynamique de la région du Rhin supérieur
Due to its institutionalised cross-border cooperation, the Upper Rhine cross-border region seems to offer theideal conditions for the optimal teaching/learning of the neighbour’s language. However, systematic learningof the language spoken on the other side of the Rhine does not seem to take into account either the regionalspecificities of this particular geographical context (Faucompré & Putsche, 2015) or the significant influenceof proximity to the neighbour’s language and culture on the pupils’ and their teachers’ representations(Putsche, 2011; Raasch, 2002). This doctoral study proposes to respond to this problem through theimplementation of a collaborative and participatory action research approach (Gonzalez-Laporte, 2014;Macaire, 2007) with four teachers of the neighbour’s language working in secondary schools in Strasbourgand Freiburg im Breisgau. The aim is to develop and test out an educational approach that is designed tobe cross-border (Raasch, 2005 and 2008) and to take into account the learners’ and their teachers’representations and the particularities of the Upper Rhine space.The results, which are mainly qualitative, highlight the need to systematically use a cross-border educationalapproach when teaching the neighbour's language in this context in order to make it consistent with theneeds of learners by enabling them to acquire what I call ‘cross-border communicative competence’.The implementation of this action research approach enabled the teachers to take a position on their role asteachers of the neighbour’s language in a border context. This gave my cross-border educational approachidea a lasting dimension by turning it into a kind of permanent cross-border laboratory, which is in keepingwith the dynamics of the Upper Rhine region
Aufgrund einer institutionalisierten grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit scheint die GrenzregionOberrhein ideale Voraussetzungen für ein optimales Lehren und Lernen der Sprache des Nachbarn zubieten. Das systematische Unterrichten der auf der anderen Seite des Rheins gesprochenen Sprachescheint jedoch weder die regionalen Besonderheiten dieses besonderen Kontextes (Faucompré undPutsche, 2015), noch den bedeutsamen Einfluss der geographischen Nähe zur Sprache und Kultur desNachbarn auf die Spracheinstellungen der Schüler_innen und ihrer Lehrer_innen zu berücksichtigen (vgl.Putsche, 2011; Raasch, 2002). Die vorliegende Dissertationsarbeit reagiert auf diese Problemstellung miteiner kooperativen Aktionsforschung (vgl. Gonzalez-Laporte, 2014; Macaire, 2007), die in engerZusammenarbeit mit vier Fremdsprachenlehrerinnen durchgeführt wurde, die die Sprache des Nachbarn anweiterführenden Schulen in Straßburg, Frankreich und in Freiburg im Breisgau, Deutschland unterrichten.Im Zuge dieser Aktionsforschung wurde ein möglicher grenzüberschreitender didaktischer Ansatz entwickelt und erprobt (vgl. Raasch, 2005 und 2008), der sowohl die Spracheinstellungen der Lernenden und ihrerLehrenden als auch die Besonderheiten der Oberrheinregion berücksichtigt.Die qualitativen Ergebnisse dieser Studie heben die Notwendigkeit hervor, einen grenzüberschreitendendidaktischen Ansatz in den Nachbarsprachenunterricht am Oberrhein zu integrieren. Auf diese Weise kannder Nachbarsprachenunterricht mit den Bedürfnissen der Lernenden in Einklang gebracht werden und sozum Erwerb einer grenzüberschreitenden kommunikativen Kompetenz beitragen.Dieses Aktionsforschungsprojekt bot den Lehrkräften die Möglichkeit, Stellung zu ihrer besonderen Rolleals Lehrerinnen der Sprache des Nachbarn im Grenzkontext zu nehmen. Zudem verlieh dieAktionsforschung dem grenzüberschreitenden Ansatz eine nachhaltige Dimension, indem eine permanentegrenzüberschreitende Laborsituation im Nachbarsprachenunterricht angeboten wurde, die demdynamischen Aspekt der Oberrheinregion entspricht

Cette thèse porte sur l’extension des aires de recrutement des conjoint·e·s au-delà des frontières et vise à mettre en lumière les transformations importantes qui touchent les unions transnationales depuis les années 1990. D’une part, il s’agit de comprendre les conditions sociologiques et historiques de l’augmentation de ces unions et, d’autre part, d’interroger leur caractère éminemment genré. Pour ce faire, la thèse se consacre à l’analyse des conjugalités franco-postsoviétiques et se déploie de manière kaléidoscopique : alliant méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives et naviguant entre différents sites d’enquête (Russie, Ukraine, Belarus, France), elle fait varier les échelles d’observation pour accéder aux logiques de la globalisation du marché matrimonial. La thèse restitue aussi un cheminement de recherche : elle passe ainsi par une analyse sociohistorique de régimes de genre situés produisant des masculinités et féminités (in)désirables, à une exploration ethnographique multisituée de l’entremise matrimoniale globalisée où ces projets de genre sont centraux, en passant par une étude quantitative des capitaux qui circulent et s’échangent sur le marché matrimonial globalisé. De là, la thèse plonge dans la complexité et l’épaisseur des parcours de vie en restituant en miroir les parcours de femmes postsoviétiques et d’hommes français engagé·e·s dans un mariage transnational. Si les premières donnent à voir des projets où s’entremêlent le matrimonial et le migratoire, les seconds sont avant tout dans une quête d’ascension sociale où le professionnel prime. De ces parcours parallèles surgissent néanmoins des points de rencontre : au cœur des interactions intimes, comprenant leur lot d’ajustements et de désajustements, émergent des réflexivités sur le genre produites à la fois dans l’expérience migratoire et par la conjugalité transnationale
This thesis focuses on the extension of spouses' recruitment areas beyond borders and aims to shed light on the important transformations that have affected transnational unions since the 1990s. On the one hand, it intends to understand the sociological and historical conditions of the increase of these unions and, on the other hand, to question their eminently gendered character. To do this, the thesis is devoted to the analysis of French-Post-Soviet conjugality and unfolds in a kaleidoscopic way: combining qualitative and quantitative methods and navigating between different fieldworks (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, France), it varies the scales of observation in order to access the dynamics of the globalization of the marriage market. The thesis also presents a research path: it moves from a socio-historical analysis of situated gender regimes producing (in)desirable masculinities and femininities, to a multi-sited ethnography of global matrimonial matchmaking where these gender projects are central, through a quantitative study of the capitals that circulate and are exchanged on the globalized matrimonial market. From there, the thesis dives into the complexity and thickness of life-courses by mirroring the paths of post-Soviet women and French men engaged in a transnational marriage. If the first ones testify to projects where matrimonial and migratory aspects are intertwined, the second ones are above all in a quest for social ascension where the professional aspect prevails. From these parallel life-courses, however, points of encounter emerge: at the heart of intimate interactions, with their share of adjustments and maladjustment, emerge reflexivities on gender produced both by the migratory experience and by transnational conjugality

La tesis doctoral que a continuación presentamos plantea uno de los problemas actualmente desconocidos para la historiografia sobre el Franquismo: la presencia y la proyección del Movimiento Obrero Católico español en los organismos eclesiales de ámbito internacional, desde la inmediata postguerra hasta la transición democrática. En este quehacer internacional destacan de una manera especial y permanente la JOC (Juventud Obrera Cristiana) y la HOAC (Hermandad Obrera de Acción Católica); la primera por su vinculación desde 1956 a la JOC Internacional, la segunda por su presencia activa en la FIMOC (Federación Internacional de Movimientos Obreros Cristianos) y en el MMTC (Movimiento Mundial de Trabajadores Cristianos). Este trabajo, ampliamente reconocido en Europa, fue duramente reprimido por el régimen de Franco y por la propia Iglesia en España.
The present doctoral thesis raises one of the problems currently unknown for the historiographyon the regime of Franco: the presence and the projection of the Spanish Christian Workers movement in the ecclesial organisms of international scope, from the irnmediate postwar period to the democratic transition. There are two movements that stand out very especially and permanently doing this international task: the JOC (Young Christian Workers), because of its connections with the International JOC since 1956, and the HOAC (Workers Christian Action), due to its active presence in the FIMOC (International Federation of Christian Workers Movements) as well as in the MMTC (World Movement of Christian Workers). This work, which was widely recognized in Europe, was however harshly repressed by the regime of Franco and by the own Church in Spain.

L’objet de cette étude est d’offrir une vision à la fois d’ensemble et particulière sur les revues satiriques publiées durant les dernières années du franquisme et pendant Transition démocratique. En effet, de nombreux bouleversements politiques et sociaux s’opèrent entre 1970 et 1982, ce qui représente objectivement une période relativement courte mais très riche en événements dans l’histoire de l’Espagne et de la Catalogne. En ce qui concerne la presse, l’entrée en vigueur de la Ley de Prensa e Imprenta en mars 1966 marque un point d’inflexion car elle supprime la censure préalable et permet le développement de publications beaucoup plus critiques et irrévérencieuses au début des années 1970, tels que Mata Ratos, Barrabás ou Por Favor. Très imprégnées par la tradition satirique catalane (comme Xut!, El Be Negre ou ¡Cu-Cut!), les revues de cette époque sont aussi influencées par la presse française, américaine et anglaise (Hara Kiri, Charlie Hebdo, National Lampoon, Punch, etc.). Peu à peu, elles réussirent à fissurer le carcan de la censure au prix de nombreuses mises sous séquestre, jugements, suspensions et condamnations. Après deux années troublées entre 1976 et 1978 où les menaces d’attentats contre les rédactions sont de plus en plus oppressantes, l’avènement de la démocratie est le point de départ d’un nouveau type d’humour plus général et incarné par El Jueves, et basé sur des faits de société ou d’actualité. De par leur style particulier et les thèmes qu’elles abordent, ces revues satiriques marquent profondément la société et le moment politique dans lequel elles évoluent. Leur impact est toujours perceptible aujourd’hui puisqu’El Jueves continue d’être publiée en 2017
The purpose of this thesis is to provide both an overview and an analysis of the satirical journals published during the last years of Francoism and the Democratic Transition. Indeed, the country underwent many dramatic political and social changes between 1970 and 1982, which objectively represents a relatively short, extremely eventful period in the history of Spain and Catalonia. As concerns the press, the coming into effect of the Ley de Prensa e Imprenta in March 1966 marked an inflection point by suppressing prior censorship and paving the way for much more critical and irreverent publications, such as Mata Ratos, Barrabás or Por Favor, at the beginning of the 1970’s. Very much in debt to Catalan satirical tradition (e.g. Xut!, El Be Negre or ¡Cu-Cut!), the publications of the time were also influenced by the French, American, and English press (Hara Kiri, Charlie Hebdo, National Lampoon, Punch, etc.). Gradually, they succeeded in breaking the straitjacket of censorship at the cost of numerous confiscations, trials, suspensions and condemnations. Following two troubled years between 1976 and 1978, when editorial offices were subject to increasingly oppressive threats of attack, the advent of democracy was the starting point of a new, more general type of humor embodied by El Jueves and based on societal and current events. Due to their specific style and to the themes they dealt with, these satirical journals made a deep mark on society and on the political period. Their impact has endured, since El Jueves is still published in 2017

Le sud-ouest de l’océan Indien se présente comme une des zones d’influences traditionnelles françaises. Le maintien du leadership régional français passe par l’établissement de relations stables et amicales avec les États francophones riverains. L’ambition de la France est, de demeurer le principal partenaire de tous les États insulaires de l’océan Indien occidental. Considérée comme la porte de l’océan Indien, Madagascar figure parmi ces derniers. L’instabilité politique malgache fragilise la relation franco-malgache. Opérant des calculs coûts/avantages qui répondent aux impératifs nationaux, les officiels malgaches réorientent la politique étrangère à chaque nouvelle présidence .A ce titre, l’instabilité est l’une des spécificités de la relation franco-malgache. Remettant en cause la pérennisation de l’influence française à Madagascar, elle peut par conséquent, irradier la zone dite du « lac francophone ». Pour l’Etat français, il est impératif de maintenir Madagascar sous influence française. Cette ambition française répond aux objectifs en matière de politique étrangère post-bipolaire : à savoir la pérennisation de la puissance (moyenne) française dans certaines régions dans un monde oligopolaire. Endiguer, l’influence des nouvelles puissances telles que la Chine ou l’Afrique du sud à Madagascar et dans la région est impossible. Il s’agit pour la France de consolider les relations établies en vue de maintenir le statu quo post-guerre froide
The south western region of the Indian Ocean appears as one of the traditional French influence zones. Upholding the leadership of France in the area requires a solid and amicable relationship with the countries bordering the Indian Ocean. France’s goal is to remain the first main partner of all the French speaking countries in the area. Often described as “the gate to the Indian Ocean”, Madagascar is one of them. The Malagasy political instability jeopardizes the island’s relationship with France. With national imperatives in mind, Malagasy government officials try for a shift in foreign policy with each new presidency. In this regard, instability is one of the main features of French- Malagasy relationship. Putting at risk the perpetuation of the French influence in Madagascar, its consequences can spread all over the “French speaking Lake”. For France, keeping Madagascar under French influence is critical as it meets with France’s post-cold war foreign policy’s objectives such as: the perpetuation of French power (average) over several regions in an oligopolar world. Preventing the influence of other powers like China or South Africa in Madagascar is impossible. Therefore, for France, the challenge consists of strengthening existing relationships for the purpose of upholding post-cold-war status quo

La tesis estudia la evolución del parque de generación de energía eléctrica durante el franquismo (1940-1975). En este período comenzó la formación de un sistema unificado de explotación, y durante su desarrollo se pasó de 1.731Mw a 25.467Mw. El sistema que se denominó “autorregulación”, permitió la coexistencia de las empresas eléctricas privadas, agrupadas alrededor de UNESA y el INI en su vertiente eléctrica. Sin embargo, las decisiones y la política eléctrica, y más tarde energética, estuvo directamente influida por el gobierno. Se analiza la importancia de las fuentes (hidráulica, carbón, fuel oil, gas natura, nuclear) de energía primaria en la generación de energía eléctrica. Asimismo, se estudia, aunque no de manera exhaustiva el impacto del medio ambiente y sus consecuencias y efectos a largo plazo. Todo ello se desarrolla en el contexto histórico pertinente bajo una vertiente técnico-económica.
The thesis studies the evolution of the power generation system of electricity, during the Franco’s Regime (1940-1975). In this period, it began the construction of a unified system of exploitation, where the power installed was moved from 1.731Mw to 25.467Mw. The system was called "self regulation", allowing the coexistence of private electric companies, grouped around UNESA and the INI in its electrical aspect. However, the decisions and the power policy, and later on the energy, was directly influenced by the government. It discusses the importance of the primary energy sources (hydro, coal, fuel oil, natural gas, nuclear) in electric power generation. However, it is not intended to illustrate a comprenhensive explanation of the environmental impact and its consequences and effects long term. To sum up, all this takes place in the relevant historical context in a technical and economical perspective.

Superati «novant’anni d’impazienza» e dopo un lungo periodo votato all’autocommento e all’esplorazione delle proprie intenzioni, Raffaele La Capria ha raccolto le sue opere in due Meridiani curati da Silvio Perrella. La Capria ne ha celebrato l’uscita nella prolusione inaugurale di Salerno Letteratura, poi confluita nel breve autoritratto narrativo "Introduzione a me stesso" (2014). In questa sede, l’autore è tornato su alcuni punti essenziali della sua riflessione sulla scrittura, come la relazione, reciproca e ineludibile, fra tradizione e contemporaneità. All’epilogo del «romanzo involontario» di una vita, La Capria guarda retrospettivamente alla propria esperienza come ad un’autentica educazione intellettuale. Perciò, muovendo da un’intervista inedita del 2015, riportata integralmente in appendice, la tesi ha l’obiettivo di ricostruire l’apprendistato letterario di La Capria dai primi anni Trenta, quando l’autore ancora frequentava il ginnasio, fino all’inizio dei Sessanta, quando ottenne il premio che ne avrebbe assicurato il successo. Il percorso, che riesamina l’intera bibliografia lacapriana nella sua varietà e nella sua stratificazione, si articola in una serie di fasi interdipendenti: la partecipazione indiretta alle iniziative dei GUF (intorno alle riviste «IX maggio» e «Pattuglia»); l’incursione nel giornalismo e l’impegno culturale nell’immediato dopoguerra (sulle pagine di «Latitudine» e di «SUD»); l’attività di traduttore dal francese e dall’inglese (da André Gide a T.S. Eliot); l’impiego alla RAI come autore e conduttore radiofonico (con trasmissioni dedicate a Orwell, Stevenson, Saroyan e Faulkner); la collaborazione con «Il Gatto Selvatico», la rivista dell’ENI voluta da Enrico Mattei e diretta da Attilio Bertolucci; e le vicende editoriali dei suoi primi due romanzi, “Un giorno d’impazienza” (1952) e “Ferito a morte” (1961), fino alla conquista dello Strega. La rilettura dell’opera di uno scrittore semi-autobiografico come La Capria, attraverso il costante riscontro di fonti giornalistiche, testimonianze epistolari e documenti d’archivio che avvalorano e occasionalmente smentiscono la sua versione dei fatti, diventa allora un’occasione per immergersi nella sua mitografia personale e avventurarsi in territori finora poco esplorati: come la ricostruzione del suo profilo culturale, a partire dal milieu in cui La Capria vive e opera, o l’incidenza delle letture e delle esperienze giovanili sulla sua prassi letteraria.

Through a group of films from the late 60s and 70s which have been totally obliterated in the canonical studies about Spanish film due to their low technical quality and apparent triviality, this study focuses on their cultural impact, overwhelming production and extending consume. This group of films, belonging to a genre called “sexy-celtiberic” comedies, suggests and presents a series of social, psychological and sexual behaviors very important in the dynamics of the configuration of a national ideology. The evolution of the treatment of the female body and her sexuality in this filmic genre provides a very challenging field of study within a social, economic, political and cultural context. The use of the female body in this cultural media serves to shape, in a controlled way, the national identity of a society under a dictatorial regime based on a traditionalist moral ideology that is being undermined by a cultural “other.” The sexual and national economy can not work in a simple opposition to the new and foreign, but, as we can see in these comedies, a play of acceptance and repulse comes into action. The female body is one of the pillars on which this national transformation into democracy is supported and where the text of this new national configuration is inscribed. The national discourse is inscribed in the female body, a foreign one in the comedies of the late 60s and a national one in the 70s, to pertain a heterosexual economy whose aims are matrimony and reproduction. However, the Spanish female body needs to contain certain sexual actions, very far away from the moral duty imposed on her, to save the national welfare (that is to say, the male Spaniard) from the foreign influences. Women become a non-historic and pure signifier that can be moved along a chain of signifying and can be furnished with different meanings within a national discourse. Her use and role are going to be present in the long and difficult road to Spanish democracy.

Defence date: 22 April 2005
Examining board: Prof. Luisa Passerini, Università di Torino (Supervisor) ; Prof. Ludger Mees, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea ; Prof. Bo Stråth, European University Institute ; Prof. Joseba Zulaika, Basque Studies Centre, University of Nevada, Reno
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Tese de mestrado, Museologia e Museografia, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Belas Artes, 2013
Possui um CD com anexos, com a cota CDA 153, apenas consultável na Biblioteca da FBAUL
Museums are part of the community and have the duty to disclose their collections not only internationally but primarily and especially to the local community. Museology is constantly changing and must know how to captivate and seduce its audience in order to meet their expectations and interests. Then, the institution has the power to publicize their collection and their public services. But, how can we know what are the public needs? There will never be a case-study that includes all kind of people because all publics are different; they have different needs and interests. When we talk about regions, like the one analysed on this study (Região Autónoma da Madeira), we can understand that the relationship between museus and local residents can’t be compared to what happens in big cities. The first chapter in this report talks about the need of knowing Madeira museums audiences felt during two internships, one at Centro das Artes | Casa das Mudas and the other at Museu Henrique e Francisco Franco. The second chapter reveals an approach to Madeira museums and their reality, and an inquiry for the resident population. Finally, the last chapter presents some proposals for museums, based on the inquiry. With this report we hope to contribute to improve the museums capacity to attract regional public

Accompanying CD-ROM inside back cover, includes Appendices.
Bibliography: leaves 242-266.
System requirements for accompanying CD-ROM: IBM compatible computer with Pentium processor or higher and Windows 95, 98 or NT ; 4 MB or RAM. Other software: Acrobat Adobe Reader.
xv, 266 p. : maps, charts ; 30 cm. + 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
This thesis examines the effects on vegetation at selected sites in northern South Australia of excluding various herbivores over a four and a half year period and of two intense but controlled grazing pulses over a six month period followed by an 18 month recovery period in a dune-swale land system. These changes are compared with changes recorded over an 11-year period at the Olympic Dam mine site. It found that short-term changes in vegetation revealed by ordination of periodical cover, density and species richness, are attributable to the periodicity of rainfall and that, under present grazing regimes, rainfall effects override grazing effects. Differences between the effects of sheep and cattle hoof damage are worthy of further investigation, as is the impact of kangaroo grazing. These two factors may have important implications for the management of Australian rangelands.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Environmental Biology, 2002

Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão.
As rápidas transfonnações que se têm vindo a processar nos países em desenvolvimento e nos países em transição, a nível económico, social e institucional, têm levantado uma série de questões de política económica. Sendo consensual uma orientação económica assente nos mecanismos de mercado, subsistem porém questões sobre a forma como essa orientação deve ser organizada. Uma das questões centrais, e que condiciona todas as outras, é a relacionada com a política cambial. Os estudos de política cambial têm centrado a sua atenção essencialmente ao nível do regime cambial. Porém, tão ou mais importante que o regime cambial revela-se o tipo e grau de convertibilidade da moeda, área de estudo que começou a ser descurada com o fim do sistema de Bretton Woods e a preferência revelada por uma maior flexibilidade do regime cambial. Desta forma, este trabalho analisa as opções de política cambial dos países em vias de desenvolvimento e dos países em transição, tendo em conta não só o regime cambial, mas igualmente a convertibilidade da moeda. Para além de fornecer material teórico para a escolha da orientação de política cambial, este trabalho analisa quatro casos práticos actuais; (i) Argentina, (ii) países em transição, (iii) zona franco e Cabo Verde e (iv) Timor Loro Sae (em anexo). No que respeita a Cabo Verde, dado o interesse gerado pelo facto de a sua moeda ter sido recentemente ligada ao escudo português (presentemente ao euro), estimou-se a taxa de câmbio de equilíbrio fundamental através da aplicação da metodologia FEER {Fundamental Equilihrium Exchange Rate) desenvolvida por Williamson (1983) e através de uma variante a esta metodologia desenvolvida neste trabalho — que se designou por NFEER {Nominal Fundamental Equilihrium Exchange Rate)—especialmente aplicável a países em vias de desenvolvimento ou em transição, cuja estrutura produtiva e de exportações se encontra ainda a ser montada ou em fase de conversão.
The rapid transfonnations which have been taking place in the developing countries and in the transition countries at the economic, social and institutional levei have raised a series of economic policy issues. With a consensual economic orientation which relies on market mechanisms, some issues remain however as to the way in which this orientation shall be organised. One of the main issues which restrains the remaining ones, relates to foreign exchange policy. Researches on foreign exchange policy have focused their attention essentially at the levei of the exchange rate regime. However, equally or even far more important than the exchange rate regime is the type and degree of currency convertibility, an area of research which started to be neglected with the end of the Bretton Woods system and the preference revealed for a greater flexibility of the exchange rate regime. Thus, this essay analyses the options as regards the foreign exchange policy of the developing countries and the transition countries, taking into account not only the exchange rate regime, but also the currency convertibility. Apart from supplying theoretical material in order to choose the foreign exchange policy orientation, this essay analyses four current practical cases: (i) Argentina, (ii) transition countries, (iii) franc zone and Cape Verde and (iv) Timor Loro Sae (see annex). As far as Cape Verde is concerned, given the interest attributable to the fact that its currency has been recently pegged to the Portuguese escudo (and presently to the euro), the fundamental equilibrium exchange rate (FEER) was estimated by applying the FEER methodology developcd by Williamson (1983) and by applying a variant of this methodology developed in this essay—that was designated by NFEER (Nominal Fundamental Equilibrium Exchange Rate) — especially applicable to developing countries or to transition countries, whose output and export structure is still in an embryonic or conversion phase.
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En 1683, la monarchie française expédie en Nouvelle-France trois compagnies d’infanterie de la Marine afin de mettre un terme à la guerre contre les Iroquois qui menace la colonie sous juridiction de la Marine. Ce premier contingent se montrant incapable de mater l’ennemi, le roi envoie d’autres compagnies dirigées par des officiers qui détiennent soit une expérience dans le service de la Marine ou dans les régiments d’infanterie. La guerre dorénavant ouverte avec les colonies britanniques, force l’enracinement de ce corps d’armée au Canada. Les administrateurs vont l’appeler troupes de la Marine. Un autre facteur d’enracinement est la permission que les autorités royales accordent aux nobles de la colonie canadienne de s’engager dans le corps d’officiers. Les Canadiens y deviennent majoritaires quelques décennies plus tard. Plusieurs de ces officiers, notamment nés en colonie ont fait l’objet de biographies. Quelques études se sont penchées sur le corps d’officiers en tant qu’acteur social. Cependant, l’ensemble de la carrière militaire d’un officier des troupes de la Marine en Nouvelle-France n’a jamais été abordé. Les capitaines, étant parvenus au sommet de la hiérarchie des troupes de la Marine avant 1739, constituent le sujet de cette recherche. Ce sera donc les grandes étapes de leur expérience militaire coloniale que l’on tentera d’approfondir tout en prenant en considération le lieu de naissance de l’officier, ce qui nous permet dégager certaines tendances relatives à la carrière d’officiers militaires dans la société d’Ancien Régime.
In 1683, the French monarchy decided to send three companies of infantry of the Marine to quell the Iroquois, who were waging war against the colony that was then under Marine jurisdiction. Unable to put an end to the threat, the king sent more companies whose officers had Marine or infantry experience. The war, now extended to the British colonies forced the Marine to station troops permanently in Canada. They called by the administrators : troupes de la Marine. Another sign that this colonial army had become permanent is the opening of the officer corps to the local nobility. A few decades later, the officier corps nearly entirely consisted of Canadian noblemen. Some of the officers, most of them born in Canada, have been the subject of biographies. Some historians have studied the military noblesse as a social group. The military career of the officers of the troupes de la Marine has not, however, been studied has a whole. The captains, that is, the men who reached the top of the hierarchy of the troupes de la Marine before 1739, are the subject of this analysis. The study examines the main stages of their colonial military experience, while taking into account the officers birthplace, so as to highlight certain trends of Ancien-Regime society.

The starting point of this work is the concept of indigenous animism in Félix Guattari's late work at the end of his life, understood as a form of subjectivity operating through different regimes of signs than the "modern" one. These animist semiotics are "polysemic" and "trans-individual," while instead of building a sharp division between the spheres of "nature" and "culture", they inhabit reality by "collective entities half-thing half-soul, half- man half-animal, machine and flow, matter and sign." The aim of most of the following text is then primarily to trace these semiotics across the joint work of Deleuze and Guattari. After introducing the context of Deleuze's philosophy and its specific "image of thought," and explaining its basic concepts, we will focus on the description and comparison of the semiotic "ethnographies" of Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus. The first volume traces the "universal history" of the ways of hominization (becoming human) of man from the state of nature, through various forms of inscription, which constitute society and culture. These modes are several and do not work only through language. In the limit experience of schizophrenia, the authors of Anti-Oedipa find a moment preceding all these historically contingent forms of hominization. In contrast, the...