Dissertations / Theses: 'Franchises (Retail trade)'

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Tam, Chiu-yung Carrie. "Franchising in Hong Kong : current and unexplored opportunities /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13302267.

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Esmeraldo, Rosa. "How can a potential franchisor establish a successful franchise in fast moving consumer goods." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/235.

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Franchising has become the latest trend in business expansion and business acquisition and with the South African franchising market estimated at being around 12% and growing rapidly, enormous potential for future growth is indicated. Companies both local and international are seeking franchise expansion opportunities in Africa despite the higher risks. The significance of implementing franchises into Africa is the filtering down of business opportunities to the small and medium enterprise sector. It can be said that franchising promotes business growth and private ownership, while improving the quality of life of the poor through its impact on income and employment. A franchise organisation that grows too quickly might not have the necessary ‘factors’ in place to support all of the units properly. In the survey conducted, it was indicated that the franchise business practice echoed the literature reviewed. All the steps necessary to establish a franchise are important but not necessarily as equal. The more matured franchisee needed less guidance from the franchisor and relied more on the business concept and location. Potential franchisors need to take the necessary steps to establish a franchise and treat each step as an important part of the franchise process.

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Inma, Chutarat. "Building successful franchises: the influence of franchise heterogeneity and relationship management on franchise success." Thesis, Inma, Chutarat (2002) Building successful franchises: the influence of franchise heterogeneity and relationship management on franchise success. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/107/.

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Franchising is a form of business arrangement which has been claimed to offer a high possibility of business success. The reason for its growing support may be due to the benefits franchising offers to the individuals (franchisees), the organisations (franchisors), the public and the whole economy. The notion that franchising offers a successful guarantee for business operations warrants investigation into what factors contribute to likely success. The characteristics of franchise firms have been identified as a significant factor in ensuring franchise success. In this study, franchise firms were classified into four groups using hierarchical cluster analysis: the beginners, the developers, the growers and the matures. The profiles were tested against reported performance measures, indicating that franchise firms in the growing group outperform firms in other groups. However, this is only one component which may influence a successful franchise development. Relationship management is a second, critical area in building a strong franchise network. Some significant relationship building factors are explored in this thesis. Control, influence strategy, franchisee information asymmetry and communication strategy were found to be significant factors which lead to franchise competitive advantage. The results show that control and coercive influence strategy negatively influence franchise outcomes, while noncoercive influence strategy, information asymmetry and communication strategy positively enhance the franchise relationship. The results of multiple regression analyses also indicate that the combined effects of these franchise strategies have a significant impact on franchise outcomes; namely, financial performance, franchise goal congruence and franchisee satisfaction. The findings suggest that franchise firms can adjust their strategies to enhance their business success. Control, influence, information and information strategies can be used to maintain and induce healthy franchise relationships within the franchise dyad. The study also significantly extends the existing understanding of franchise heterogeneity theories, key criteria of franchise business competitiveness, the unique business relationship between franchisor and franchisee and franchise factors contributing to franchise success in the current franchising literature.

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Inma, Chutarat. "Building successful franchises : the influence of franchise heterogeneity and relationship management on franchise success /." Inma, Chutarat (2002) Building successful franchises: the influence of franchise heterogeneity and relationship management on franchise success. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/107/.

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Franchising is a form of business arrangement which has been claimed to offer a high possibility of business success. The reason for its growing support may be due to the benefits franchising offers to the individuals (franchisees), the organisations (franchisors), the public and the whole economy. The notion that franchising offers a successful guarantee for business operations warrants investigation into what factors contribute to likely success. The characteristics of franchise firms have been identified as a significant factor in ensuring franchise success. In this study, franchise firms were classified into four groups using hierarchical cluster analysis: the beginners, the developers, the growers and the matures. The profiles were tested against reported performance measures, indicating that franchise firms in the growing group outperform firms in other groups. However, this is only one component which may influence a successful franchise development. Relationship management is a second, critical area in building a strong franchise network. Some significant relationship building factors are explored in this thesis. Control, influence strategy, franchisee information asymmetry and communication strategy were found to be significant factors which lead to franchise competitive advantage. The results show that control and coercive influence strategy negatively influence franchise outcomes, while noncoercive influence strategy, information asymmetry and communication strategy positively enhance the franchise relationship. The results of multiple regression analyses also indicate that the combined effects of these franchise strategies have a significant impact on franchise outcomes; namely, financial performance, franchise goal congruence and franchisee satisfaction. The findings suggest that franchise firms can adjust their strategies to enhance their business success. Control, influence, information and information strategies can be used to maintain and induce healthy franchise relationships within the franchise dyad. The study also significantly extends the existing understanding of franchise heterogeneity theories, key criteria of franchise business competitiveness, the unique business relationship between franchisor and franchisee and franchise factors contributing to franchise success in the current franchising literature.

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Spencer, Elizabeth Crawford. "The regulation of the franchise relationship in Australia: a contractual analysis." Gold Coast, QLD : Bond University, 2007. http://epublications.bond.edu.au/theses/spencer.

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Lafontaine, Francine. "Franchising as a share contract : an empirical assessment." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28849.

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Contractual arrangements have been the subject of a substantial body of economic research. In particular, economists have sought an explanation for the existence of share contracts. Under this kind of contract, two or more parties share in the output of the production process. These contracts present a problem to economists because they imply more than one residual claimant. Thus incentives are diluted and inefficiency is expected to result. But this type of contract has existed for centuries and continues to be used today. Why is that if they are inefficient? The answer is that under conditions of uncertainty and imperfect information, share contracts can be preferable to fixed-wage (vertical integration) or fixed-rent (market transaction) agreements. In fact, many explanations for the existence of share contracts and their coexistence with fixed-wage and rental arrangements are found in the theoretical literature. While the theoretical literature on the subject of share contracts has flourished over the last decade, empirical analyses of these models has lagged behind. This thesis aims to rectify the situation somewhat. More precisely, recent advances in the theoretical literature are applied to the analysis of franchise contracts. An empirical model of franchising based on profit-maximizing behavior is developed which makes it possible to examine whether the factors theorists have suggested as potential explanations for share contracts are relevant when it comes to explaining what one observes in the context of franchising, and whether their effects are consistent with predictions from the various theories. Both the contract mix, i.e. franchisors' decisions concerning the proportion of stores they want to operate and franchise, and the terms of the franchise contract, fixed and variable fees, are examined. In order to carry out the analysis, data on a cross-section of 548 individual franchisors in 1986 were gathered. These franchisors are involved in a variety of business activities in the U.S., such as Fast-food Restaurants, Business Aids and Services, Construction and Maintenance, and Non-food Retailing. Censoring problems arise from the fact that a number of franchisors in the sample franchise all of their outlets. Also, some firms require no variable or no fixed fee. For these reasons, the maximum likelihood Tobit estimator is used. Empirical work in an area such as this, where theories rely on concepts that are not easily quantifiable, can hardly provide unambiguous answers about the validity of the theories. Nevertheless, the following results emerge from the empirical analysis. First, the effect of risk, measured either by the proportion of discontinued outlets or by the variance of sales in the sector, is found to be the opposite of what pure risk-sharing and one-sided hidden-action models would predict. Second, firms resort to franchising more often when monitoring downstream operators becomes costlier, and use it proportionately less when the value of the inputs they themselves provide increases. This is consistent with two-sided hidden-action models. Results with respect to capital-market-imperfection arguments are rather inconclusive. It appears that franchising relaxes some form of constraint franchisors face in trying to expand their operations, since they use it more when they are growing faster, but whether this is a financial constraint remains unclear. The explanatory power of the model is greater with respect to the proportion of franchised stores than it is for any of the two fees. Thus, in response to changes in the exogenous variables considered here, franchisors, who have a choice between modifying the terms of their franchise contract or changing the proportion of stores they want to franchise, tend to do mostly the latter. Contrary to what one would have expected on a theoretical basis, the observed royalty rates and franchise fees are not negatively correlated in this data set. Combined with the fact that the model is less satisfactory relative to the fees, this suggests that there are considerations in the determination of the royalty rate and the franchise fee that have not been taken into account in the theories. One possibility in the case of the fixed fee is that it may include the price of services provided by the franchisors. It also appears that franchisors use input sales as another means to extract rent from franchisees. This may contribute to the lack of correlation between the two fees. Finally, the equation for the franchise fee was derived under the assumption that all remaining surplus at the downstream level, given the royalty rate, should be extracted through the franchise fee. The lack of relationship between the fees could be an indication that this assumption is incorrect, and that there are in fact rents left at the downstream level. This would be consistent with the existence of queues of potential franchisees in many franchise chains.
Arts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
Graduate

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Thomson, Guy. "Franchising a full service restaurant concept : a case study." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/874.

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This treatise investigates the restaurant industry, entrepreneurship, franchising and restaurant franchising in order to develop a model that will enable a full service restaurant concept to be converted into a successful franchise system. Restaurants play a significant role in our lifestyle, and dining out is a favoured social activity. The industry plays an important role in the transfer of skills as many people start working in the restaurant industry before moving onto more formal careers. The restaurant industry offers many opportunities for entrepreneurial activity as a result of the relatively low barriers to entry. Entrepreneurship is the pursuit of opportunity regardless of the resources at hand and it requires a willingness to take calculated risks in order to build something of value from virtually nothing. The success of emerging economies such as China and India has proven that the only growth sectors in these economies are small and medium enterprises, which are driven by entrepreneurs. Franchising is considered to be a viable growth strategy for small business as it provides a means of raising capital and a method of expanding the business in a relatively low risk manner. There are many well established restaurant franchise brands that originated in South Africa, starting out as successful single outlets and then by means of the business format franchise model, developed into multi unit franchise systems. There are certain basic generic steps that must be followed when developing a franchise system. This was verified by the empirical study of this treatise which was conducted as a single unit case study on the Dulce Franchise Group. Finally, as a result of the analysis of the literature study and the findings of the case study, a restaurant franchise conversion model was developed.

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Kellner, Ashlea Kate. "Examining the Balance between Franchisor Control and Franchisee Autonomy in Human Resource Management." Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367774.

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The franchise model has transformed modern retailing and the economic effects have been experienced on an international scale. Although the contemporary approach to franchising was only developed half a century ago, it has quickly evolved into a highly effective, profitable and widely adopted business strategy, particularly in the Australian market. Despite the current profusion of franchising and the potential for continued growth, fundamental questions about the management of people in these organisations remain relatively unexplored. Franchising presents a unique composition of autonomy and control. The autonomy of franchisees is located midway between that of employed managers and independent business owners, while the powerful franchisor controls core business processes such as marketing and product development. Although agency theory suggests that heavy franchisor control over certain functions is integral to the success of the franchise model, the applicability of this concept to human resource management (HRM) is unclear. This thesis addresses research deficiencies at the junction of HRM and franchising through three research questions: how is the approach to HRM enacted in the franchise relationship; what factors influence the approach to HRM in the franchise relationship, and; what are the implications of the approach to HRM for franchisees? The HR department is critical to determining the approach an organisation adopts to managing human resources. In this thesis, the work conducted by the HR department was identified and classified according to existing models, enabling comparisons with the roles performed in more traditional organisations. Determination of these roles was regarded as an outcome of the strategic decision-making process, influenced by certain contextual variables. Accordingly, this thesis considers how strategic HRM decision-making in franchises is impacted by internal and external factors determined by an extensive review of the relevant literature.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Chui, On Kei. "A survey on franchising and an application of incomplete contract /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECON%202004%20CHUI.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-36). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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Chiu, Esther Y. "An exploratory study of franchisee turnover and its relationship with franchisee satisfaction." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10062009-020109/.

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Kirabira, Godfrey. "The development of a model on which to base franchise relationships." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/85.

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This paper aims at developing a model on which to base good quality franchise relationships. The franchise sector has the potential to generate wealth for the franchisee and the franchisor, create employment and be a tool of empowerment. It is also associated with relatively less risk than other forms of self-employment. However, there have been a disturbing number of failures in the sector and reported cases of abuses of franchisees by franchisors. Some franchisors have sought liquidation of franchise units in courts of law. An investigation was commissioned into the sector with the objective of uncovering problems in the quality of the relationships in the sector. The obligations of both the franchisees and franchisors were stipulated. Aspects of quality were then considered to lay a foundation upon which improvements in the relationships could be based. This was followed by a survey to find the performance gap between the quality of service that was expected from the franchisor and what the franchisees were actually receiving. Five dimensions of service quality – tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy were empirically investigated. The findings of this research revealed that the quality of service of franchisors fell short in all dimensions. It is arguable that other aspects of quality are being neglected by the franchisors. It is against this backdrop that a model is proposed to improve the quality of service in the franchise relationships. The model incorporates contemporary ideas on quality. Principles of total quality management, quality function deployment, customer satisfaction and self-assessment are applied to the franchise relationship. The use of the model will contribute towards better relationships in the franchise sector.

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Frank, Franziska. "Franchising in Russland rechtliche Grundlagen und Probleme /." München : Beck, 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/45541407.html.

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Tam, Chiu-yung Carrie, and 譚肖容. "Franchising in Hong Kong: current and unexplored opportunities." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31265480.

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Vaughan, Stephen. "Conversion franchising and the effect on competitive advantage : a case study approach." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36288/1/36288_Vaughan_1997.pdf.

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Franchising has grown in recent decades to become a ma3or sector m the leading econo1TI1es of the world. One particular type of franchising, namely business format franchising has been the subject of the majority of recent literature, largly because it has been the area of major growth in the number of outlets. Currently, a rising trend is in the area of conversion franchising, and this is particularly evident in the retail sector where many existing small independent businesses are experiencing increased competition from larger national chains. There has been a lack of research on the extent of franchising in Australia, in particular the effects of conversion franchising. A topic which has been almost untouched is in the area of conversion franchising and its effect on competitive advantage. That is the change to competitive advantage of a converted business as a result of the conversion process. Hence, the research problem is the following: RP: How is the conversion to a franchise system perceived as changing the competitive advantage of an existing small business? Extensive research of the literature detailed in chapter 2 made possible the development of two research questions:RQ 1: What are the competitive advantage factors which have influenced the use of conversion franchising? RQ2: How have the competitive advantage factors of an existing business been perceived as having changed as a result of the conversion process? Chapter 3 addresses the research paradigm and establishes that a case study methodology is the most appropriate approach for investigating the research problem. A multiple case approach was conducted with a sample of 5 cases. Chapter 4 presents the results of the case study research and applies the methods of data analysis as explained in chapter 3. Chapter 5 discusses the conclusions and implications of the entire research project. These conclusions have been incorporated within a theoretical model developed from the :findings and based on Porter's competitive advantage model. The :findings attempt to explore the many competitive advantage activities an existing business is likely to be seeking from a franchise arrangement. The study then examines how franchisors have perceived these competitive advantage factors to have changed as a result of the conversion process. This research has attempted to explore several issues which will require future research in the area of conversion franchising.

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Ludwig, Marcos de Campos. "Dealing with power in contract : a proposal of criteria for controlling the exercise of discretionary powers in franchising." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101821.

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The granting of a range of discretionary powers to the franchisor shows the hierarchical face, besides the market or contractual face, of franchising and similar networks. Dealing with power-related contractual problems within these arrangements is particularly challenging, since they occupy a little explored niche in legal reasoning. In this thesis, I develop an interdisciplinary inquiry on the network concept to assess to which extent it reveals the rationalities underlying the granting of such powers. I study the typical contract law categories of control of the exercise of individual prerogatives available both in civil law and in common law tradition. I discuss to which extent those categories are capable of controlling the exercise of discretionary powers in franchise disputes. I finally turn to public law reasoning on control of power and propose a prudent transplant of some elements of this reasoning into contract law discourse.

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Clarkin, John E. "Entrepreneurial opportunities and performance in franchising firms." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/986.

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For a field of social science to have usefulness, it must have a conceptual framework that explains and predicts a set of empirical phenomena not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields (Shane 2000). This study explored entrepreneurial oppòrtunities within franchising. On the surface, franchising appears to create a system whose underpinnings are standardization, replication, and compliance with detailed long-term contracts--a seemigly unpromising environment in which to explore entrepreneurial opportunities. I argue that heterogeneity and organizational complexity exist among franchising firms, attributes overlooked in studies that characterized the phenomenon narrowly as a uniform, dyadic relationship between franchisors and franchisees. This study found that contractual provisions, franchisee obligations, and organizational hierarchies varied among franchises, and that a relationship existed between the presence of these attributes and differential performance among franchising firms. As a contractual relationship between distinct entities, franchising is governed by a variety of disclosure, trade, and intellectual property laws. Its contractual provisions and formal disclosure documents defme a formal context in which franchising is conducted. In addition to franchising's formal context, an operational realm also exists, one in which daily operations of franchised businesses take place. This study revealed that franchising's operational realm is not always contained within the defined limits of its formal agreements, suggesting greater franchisee discretion may exist than revealed in the agreement. As a result of organizational discontinuities in franchising's formal context, and franchisee discretion within its operational context, diverse opportunities for entrepreneurship exist within franchising beyond the birh of a franchisor's firm.

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Maritz, Phoebus Alexander. "Entrepreneurial service vision in a franchised home entertainment environment." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07302008-112225/.

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Parsa, Haragopal. "Exploratory investigation of organization power, and its impact on strategy implementation and firm performance : a study of the hospitality franchise systems /." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-164617/.

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Yick, Wai-man Winson. "Franchise : a survival kit for the small real estate agency practice /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25939932.

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Chen, Shaoling. "Incomplete contracts and corporate governance : theory and evidence : case studies on Chinese banking and U.S. franchising /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECON%202007%20CHEN.

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Huo, Yang Hwae. "Internal environment, organizational form and their impact on financial performance of hotel chains." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40202.

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The primary objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between internal environment, organizational form, and financial performance in hotel chains. Using a contingency framework, this study investigated the match between internal environmental factors--such as capital scarcity, monitoring cost, and asset specificity--and organizational form--such as company owned, franchised, or combination of both--in an attempt to distinguish between high and low performing hotel chains. The key findings of this study indicate that hotel chains which showed a "match" between the monitoring cost of their internal environmental factors and organizational form performed better than if those elements did not match. The other finding of this study indicates that hotel chains operating under different organizational forms, such as company-owned, franchised, and combination of both, did not differ in their financial performance levels which were measured in terms of return on investment and growth in unit sales. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in the lodging industry by introducing the contingency theory in investigating the interrelationship between internal environment, organizational form, and financial performance. In other words, this study utilized internal environmental factors such as capital scarcity, monitoring costs, and asset specificity as moderators in order to measure their impact on organizational forms and financial performance relationship. Specifically, this study provides unique ways to measure the internal environmental factors, organizational form, and financial performance: (1) capital scarcity was measured using financing activities data included in the statement cash flows, (2) organizational form of the firm was categorized into company-owned, franchised, and combination of both, and (3) financial performance was measured using return on investment (ROI) and growth in unit sales. From the industry point of view, the findings of this study will aid in recognizing organizational form in conjunction with internal environment and financial performance. This study provides empirical support with regard to the relative models in predicting appropriate organizational form that will show better financial performance. In other words, the firm that evaluates and analyzes its internal environmental factors could have the adequate organizational form that generates high profitability. From the theoretical point of view, this study provides a body of knowledge in franchising by providing empirical findings with regard to internal environmental factors in explaining the relationship between organizational form and financial performance. Furthermore, this study contributes to the existing agency theory literature in franchising by providing empirical research to the evaluative contingency theory.
Ph. D.

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Kee, Wai-ngai. "A study on the gas industry in Guangdong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17957473.

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Mehta, Sanjay S. (Sanjay Subhash). "Continuity Expectations in Vertical Marketing Systems: a Dyadic Perspective of Domestic and International Franchising." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278738/.

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An emerging paradigm shift in the marketing discipline has prompted renewed research interest in the nature and scope of exchange. A common theme in the research to date is a departure from the traditional transactional orientation to a relational perspective of exchange. The relational emphasis is particularly germane to contractual Vertical Marketing Systems (VMS) where the emphasis is on long-term, mutually beneficial interaction between various channel members. The franchisor-franchisee relationship, a type of contractual VMS, is governed by norms that impact system efficiency and effectiveness. Despite the unprecedented growth of international franchising systems in the marketplace, a paucity of empirical attention has focused on cross-national franchisor-franchisee relationships. With many U.S.-based business format franchisors penetrating foreign markets, the primary purpose of the dissertation is to provide insights into tools which franchisors, and franchisees can use during the evolution of the exchange relationship. To identify differences across geographic boundaries, the dissertation simultaneously studies domestic and cross-border franchisor-franchisee relationships.

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Woker, Tanya Ann. "Regulating franchise operations in South Africa : a study of the existing legal framework with suggestions for reform." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015719.

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This thesis analyses the existing legal framework that applies to franchising in South Africa today. The study begins with an examination of the history and nature of the franchise contract, focusing particularly on the nature of the franchise relationship. This study is undertaken in order to substantiate the argument that franchising is a unique method of doing business. There is a need therefore to recognise that the franchise contract is a special contract in its own right, just like contracts of sale, lease, insurance and suretyship. The study then goes on to examine the problems which are experienced in the sector, as well as the law which must provide solutions to these problems. The research will show that in a modern commercial world the existing legal framework, especially the common law, cannot adequately deal with many of these problems. The complex relationship between franchising and competition law is also explored. A common thread that emerges from franchise disputes is the lack of protection afforded to the interests of franchisees. Franchisees tend to be at the mercy of economically stronger franchisors, hence the belief that there is a need for a stronger regulatory framework. The study then shifts to proposals for reform. In 2000 the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) established the Franchise Steering Committee in conjunction with the Franchise Association of South Africa (FASA) to review the regulatory environment. This Committee drafted franchise legislation which aimed to bring the regulation of the sector under the control of the DTI. This legislation has not been implemented and the DTI has changed its strategy. Instead of dealing with franchising independently, franchising will fall within the scope of consumer protection legislation. Both the consumer protection legislation and the legislation proposed by the Franchise Steering Committee are thoroughly examined and explained. Shortcomings in the proposals are highlighted and an alternative approach is recommended. It is proposed that franchise-specific legislation should be introduced but that this legislation should establish a system of co-regulation between the government and the franchise sector.

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Biggs, Lynn. "An evaluation of the impact of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 on the relationship between franchisors and franchisees." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14642.

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The franchising business model is an attractive option for both franchisors and franchisees. Franchisors grant the rights to use their intellectual property and business system to franchisees for a fee. Franchisees buy into the tried-and-tested business system, receive ongoing training and support and operate under an established trade mark or trade name. Fundamental characteristics of the franchise relationship include: the contractual nature thereof, the use of the franchisor‘s intellectual property by the franchisee, operating the franchise outlet according to the franchisor‘s business system, providing training and support to the franchisee, and paying for the use of the franchisor‘s intellectual property and business system. These characteristics have resulted in inherent tensions between franchisors and franchisees, which arise by virtue of, inter alia, the control exercised by the franchisor over the use of its intellectual property, franchisor opportunism, poor franchisee selection, franchisee free-riding, inadequate training and support, or the sunk investments made by the franchisee. The franchisor and franchisee generally use a franchise agreement to regulate their relationship. However, the franchise agreement itself can also lead to conflict between the parties, such as that arising from poor drafted clauses relating to territorial rights, renewal, payment, termination, restraint of trade, or confidentiality. The franchise agreement is typically drafted in the standard-form, resulting in franchisees faced with unequal bargaining power. The common law of contract is based on principles of freedom of contract and sanctity of contract and is, therefore, limited in its ability to resolve the tensions between the parties. Various models for regulating the franchising industry can be adopted, for example, self-regulation, statutory regulation, or co-regulation. Australia and Canada have adopted the statutory model by enacting franchise-specific legislation and New Zealand has followed the self-regulation model with no legislation regulating its franchising industry. South Africa did not formally regulate the franchise relationship through legislation until the enactment of its consumer protection legislation, the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (CPA), which includes a franchisee within the definition of consumer. This entails that all franchisees enjoy the protection of the CPA and all franchise agreements must comply with the provisions of the CPA. The South African economy is unique in that it is burdened by the social ills of its discriminatory past, such as high levels of unemployment, illiteracy and inequality. The country is faced with a slow growing economy with little development and promotion of entrepreneurship among small businesses. Despite the burdensome economy within which the franchising industry is required to operate, the industry‘s contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country has remained stable. The South African government has identified the franchising industry as an opportunity for job creation, economic empowerment and promotion of entrepreneurship. The aim of the study is to ascertain whether the CPA is the correct legislative vehicle to regulate the franchise relationship, while enhancing the growth and development of the franchising industry. This thesis concludes that the introduction of fundamental consumer rights and rights of redress for franchisees through the provisions of the CPA has contributed to, or assisted in, the removal of the tensions inherent in the franchise relationship. In particular, the CPA has adequately addressed the lack of formal regulation of the franchise relationship through its disclosure requirements and its regulations. The thesis also proposes amendments to some of the CPA regulations, which will further enhance the disclosure requirements, and aid in curtailing the conflict caused by the terms of the franchise agreement. The thesis further proposes that the application of the CPA to franchise agreements should be limited to small, inexperienced or unsophisticated franchisees that are in need of the protection. An essential premise is that the CPA aims to protect ordinary consumers, including juristic persons, in day-to-day transactions (up to the threshold amount), to avoid suppliers taking advantage of them. Larger, more sophisticated or experienced franchisees, with stronger bargaining power and access to legal advice, do not necessarily require the protection of the CPA. The criteria relating to the size of class of micro-, very small and small enterprises, but not medium enterprises, within the different sectors or sub-sectors in terms of the National Small Enterprises Act, 102 of 1996, should be considered and used as a guide to determine whether the CPA applies to a franchise agreement. The development, growth and success of the franchising industry depends on the education of prospective franchisees wanting to adopt the franchising business model and invest in the industry. The CPA does not recognise or promote the roles of the various stakeholders (franchisors, franchisees and the government) with regard to the provision of education, training, ongoing support and assistance to prospective franchisees. This thesis proposes that mechanisms to enhance the education of prospective franchisees should be promoted, such as tandem franchising, obtaining advice undertakings from prospective franchisees before concluding franchise agreements, and increasing the role of the Consumer Commission in providing franchising education.

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Moore, Gregory Allison Business Law &amp Taxation Australian School of Business UNSW. "A theory-based description of Australian franchising regulation." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Business Law & Taxation, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41223.

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This paper examines franchising regulation in Australia as a case study for the analysis of regulation based on established regulatory theory. A literature review is conducted to establish and critique the theory of regulation based on the four main areas of established theory; regulatory purpose, regulatory strategies, rulemaking and enforcement. Case study data is drawn from primary source material and academic commentary on franchising regulation and presented according to the eras of franchising regulation in Australia, moving from the first proposals for legislation in the 1970s to the prescribed mandatory Franchising Code of Conduct model adopted in 1998 and refinements made to that scheme up to 2006. An analysis is then conducted on each major aspect of Australian franchising regulation using the established theoretical principles and analytical constructs available in the literature. The study concludes that the Franchising Code of Conduct regime, as a culmination of the experience gained and study undertaken in the preceding eras, is characterised by the availability of a broad range of enforcement options from harsh deterrence-oriented measures to more gentle and cooperative compliance-oriented options constituting an effective regulatory pyramid. The effectiveness of the regime is further bolstered by the presence of a credible regulatory strategy pyramid which emphasises the real possibility of escalated intervention, coupled with skilful deployment by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission as enforcement agency. The principal weakness of the scheme is identified as unnecessarily ambiguous drafting in some areas, which compromises the quality of the otherwise highly transparent ruleset. It is suggested that the choice of regulatory strategy, often a focus of superficial examinations of regulation, is largely irrelevant to the nature of the regulation, with other features such as enforcement strategy, legitimacy, and availability of credible sanctions proving much more important. A proposal for an analytical framework based on the established theory is developed based on the experience of applying that theory to the case study. While this outlined framework assists in broadening focus across the entire regulatory regime to encourage assessment of the component parts, a lack of cohesion and linkage amongst the components highlights a shortcoming in the development of regulatory theory and an opportunity for further research.

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Wagner, Florian D. "Vorvertragliche Aufklärungspflichten im internationalen Franchising : zur Harmonisierung von Delikts- und Vertragsstatut im internationalen Privatrecht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Franchise-Gesetzgebung des US-Bundesstaates Kalifornien /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/474703363.pdf.

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Couturier, Luc. "Le franchisé vu sous une dimension entrepreneuriale /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1992. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Jordaan, Adrian. "The development of guidelines for the evaluation of franchising as a business option." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20891.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: New economic activity is essential to create jobs that can absorb the surplus~ abour being created by, amongst other things, the increase in population rate, particular1y in developing countries like South Africa, and rationalisation and increased productivity characterising larger organisations nowadays. Entrepreneurship has been identified as one of the key sources and driving forces behind job creation and long-term economic growth, yet South Africa performs well below average in terms of entrepreneurial activity, particularly when compared to other developing countries. The weaknesses in the training and education system, lack of financial support, lack of research and development transfer and poor access to physical infrastructure were consistently identified in the various Global Entrepreneurship Monitor studies as accounting for the low entrepreneurial activity in South Africa. v-- The franchising business model has be/ldescribed in terms of Porter's value-chain analysis and shows that the franchisor prescribes to the franchisee a business model by providing procedures, guidelines, sharing, training and support for the execution of the primary and secondary activities within the franchisee's value chain. This is achieved through the tangible interrelationships that exist between franchisor and franchisee, which are characterised by the sharing and support of activities that are related within the two value chains and the intangible interrelationships involving the transfer of management know-how through training and mentoring. Considering the nature and the advantages of the franchise business model as described in terms of Porter's value-chain analysis, franchising can go a long way towards overcoming the lack of training and education and access to finance many entrepreneurs in South Africa are faced with. There is therefore evidence to suggest that franchising as a business model can reduce many of the risks associated with starting up a new business and contribute towards the improvement of the entrepreneurial status of South Africa. One of the main rationales behind purchasing a particular franchise is the confidence that the franchise will contribute to making the individual's business success more predictable. For this to become a reality requires that the franchisor provides an individual with a tried and test concept linked to a respectable and well-known brand within a structure that provides extensive initial and continuous support. However, although there are clear guidelines for the structure and conduct within the franchise business model, there are no all-encompassing rules regarding the extent to which all the aspects of a franchise business model have to be present for a particular franchise system to be considered good or bad. One franchise system may allow franchisees more leeway in some aspects of the business and have less formalised interrelationships within its value chain compared to another franchise system yet they may be equally successful systems depending on the extent to which their structure and the personal profile of the prospective franchisee complement each other. Therefore there are different management styles applied within different franchise systems and whether a particular franchise system will be successful for a particular franchisee depends upon the fit between the individual's personal profile, which encompasses the individual's skills, personality, entrepreneurial profile, risk profile, control profile, independence profile, work habits, ambitions, dreams, strengths and weaknesses and the franchise culture, functionality, structure, dynamic inter-relationships and regulation that prevails in the franchise network being considered. These factors, combined with others such as the current franchisor recruitment practices; abuse of the franchise concept and the balance of power considerations between franchisor and franchisee, emphasise the necessity for a prospective franchisee to take responsibility by performing his/her own thorough evaluation. The aim of this study was therefore the development of an analytical framework, which can be used by a prospective franchisee as a guideline for evaluating and deciding whether he/she is suited for franchising, whether a particular franchise opportunity is a sound and legitimate option and whether there is a fit between the personal profile of the individual and the profile of a particular franchise investment option being considered. By following the proposed analytical framework a prospective franchisee is able to develop a personal profile according to recommended guidelines and evaluate each potential franchise being considered
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nuwe ekonomiese aktiwiteit is noodsaaklik om werk te skep wat die ooraanbod van arbeid kan absorbeer wat onder andere veroorsaak word deur die bevolkingsaanwas, veral in ontwikkelende lande soos Suid-Afrika, en rasionalisering en groter produktiwiteit wat deesdae groter organisasies kenmerk. Entrepreneurskap is ge'identifiseer as een van die sleutelbronne en dryfvere agter werkskepping en langtermyn ekonomiese groei. Tog presteer Suid-Afrika ver onder die gemiddelde in terme van entrepreneurskapsaktiwiteit, veral as dit vergelyk word met ander ontwikkelende lande. Die tekortkominge in die onderwys- en opleidingstelsel, gebrek aan finansiele ondersteuning, gebrek aan oordrag van navorsing- en ontwikkelingskundigheid en swak toegang tot fisiese infrastruktuur is konsekwent deur die Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ge'identifiseer as redes vir die lae vlak van entrepreneursaktiwiteit in Suid-Afrika. Die konsessie-sakemodel is in terme van Porter se waardekettinganalise beskryf en toon dat die konsessiegewer aan die konsessiehouer 'n sake model voorskryf deur prosedures, riglyne, deelname, opleiding en ondersteuning te voorsien vir die uitvoering van die primere en sekondere aktiwiteite binne die konsessiehouer se waardeketting. Dit word bereik deur die tasbare interverhoudings wat tussen die konsessiegewer en konsessiehouer bestaan, wat gekenmerk word deur die deelname aan en ondersteuning van aktiwiteite wat verwant is binne die twee waardekettings en die ontasbare interverhoudings wat betref die oordrag van bestuurskennis deur opleiding en mentorskap. As die aard en die voordele van die konsessie-sakemodel oorweeg word, soos beskryf in terme van Porter se waardeketting, kan die konsessiebedryf baie doen om die gebrek aan onderwys en opleiding en toegang tot finansiering wat baie entrepreneurs in Suid-Afrika ondervind, teen te werk. Daar is dus aanduiding dat konsessies as sakemodel baie van die risiko's kan verlaag wat verband hou met die totstandbring van 'n nuwe onderneming en kan bydra tot die verbetering van die entrepreneurstatus van Suid-Afrika. Een van die hoofbeweegredes agter die aankoop van 'n spesifieke konsessie is die vertroue dat die konsessie daartoe sal bydra om die individu se besigheid meer voorspelbaar te maak. Ten einde dit moontlik te maak, moet die konsessiegewer 'n individu voorsien van 'n beproefde konsep gekoppel aan 'n gerespekteerde en bekende handelsmerk binne 'n struktuur wat omvattende aanvanklike en deurlopende ondersteuning bied. Alhoewel daar duidelike riglyne is vir die struktuur en bedryf binne die konsessie-sakemodel, is daar geen allesomvattende re~ls betreffende die omvang waartoe al die aspekte van 'n konsessie-sakemodel teenwoordig moet wees ten einde te bepaal of 'n spesifieke konsessiestelsel goed of sleg is nie. Een konsessiestelsel mag konsessiehouers meer vryheid bied in terme van sekere aspekte van die besigheid en minder formele interverhoudings he binne sy waardeketting vergeleke met 'n ander konsessiestelsel, maar hulle mag ewe suksesvolle stelsels wees afhangend van die mate waarin hulle struktuur en die persoonlike profiel van die voomemende konsessiehouer mekaar komplementeer. Daar word dus verskillende bestuurstyle toegepas binne verskillende konsessiestelsels en of 'n spesifieke konsessiestelsel suksesvol sal wees vir 'n spesifieke konsessiehouer hang grootliks af van die passing tussen die individu se persoonlike profiel, wat insluit die individu se vaardighede, persoonlikheid, entrepreneursprofiel, risiko-profiel, kontrole-profiel, onafhanklikheidsprofiel, werkstyl, ambisies, drome, sterkpunte en swakpunte en die konsessie se kultuur, funksionaliteit, struktuur, dinamiese interverhoudings en regulering wat bestaan in die konsessienetwerk wat oorweeg word. Hierdie faktore, tesame met ander soos die huidige konsessiegewer se aanstellingspraktyke, misbruik van die konsessiekonsep en die magsbalans-oorwegings tussen die konsessiegewer en konsessiehouer, beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid vir 'n voornemende konsessiehouer om verantwoordelikheid te neem deur sylhaar eie deeglike evaluering te doen. Die doel van hierdie studie is daarom die ontwikkeling van 'n analitiese raamwerk wat deur 'n voornemende konsessiehouer gebruik kan word as 'n riglyn vir die evaluering en besluitneming ten opsigte van sy/haar eie gepastheid vir die konsessiebedryf, of 'n spesifieke konsessiegeleentheid 'n grondige en wettige opsie is en of daar 'n passing is tussen die persoonlike profiel van die individu en die profiel van 'n spesifieke konsessiebelegging wat oorweeg word. Deur die voorgestelde analitiese raamwerk te volg, sal die voornemende konsessiehouer in staat wees om 'n persoonlike profiel te ontwikkel volgens aanbevole riglyn en elke potensiele konsessie wat oorweeg word, te evalueer.

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30

易偉文 and Wai-man Winson Yick. "Franchise: a survival kit for the small real estate agency practice." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31256764.

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31

LIMA, William Ronaldo dos Santos. "Valores individuais do empreendedor e desempenho financeiro no contexto de franquias." FECAP, 2017. http://tede.fecap.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/769.

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Studies that have been done about franchising have been receiving singular academic relevance. In addition to this, there has been extensive literature that points to the predictive power of the individual with regards to human behaviour. The present article diagnoses the relationship between the values of franchisees and the financial performance of the franchise that they manage. A survey, which was done by the Schwartz inventory (1992), was undertaken in order to collect the axiological priorities from a sample of franchisees, 33 to be exact, from a franchising company in Brazil. Financial performance was measured using the median percentage growth in annual franchise revenue. After correlation and regression analyses, the results revealed that the Traditional and Security Motivational Types of behaviours had a significant positive relation with the performance of the franchise. Such classes of human values as these tend to preserve social arrangements. This result indicates that the franchises whose entrepreneurs have a more conservative profile present a better financial performance. A positive and statistically significant relationship was also discovered between collectivist values and financial performance. In this respect, the results corroborate the aforementioned literature, which indicates that the franchisor / franchisee relationship has a positive impact on franchise performance. Conservatism and collectivism, therefore, should be privileged values if the purpose of the franchise is financial performance. In this way, the article contributes to the theory by linking two little conceptual frameworks, individual values and management of franchises, in the literature. The article also collaborates with business practice by pointing out concrete empirical elements that increase performance.
Estudos sobre franquias t??m recebido singular relev??ncia acad??mica. Concomitantemente, h?? extensa literatura que aponta o poder preditivo dos valores individuais no comportamento humano. O presente artigo diagnostica a rela????o entre os valores de franqueados e o desempenho financeiro de suas franquias. Utilizou-se um survey com o invent??rio de valores de Schwartz (1992) para coletar as prioridades axiol??gicas de uma amostra de franqueados (n=33) de uma empresa franqueadora no Brasil. O desempenho financeiro foi medido atrav??s da mediana do percentual de crescimento da receita anual das franquias. Ap??s an??lises correlacionais e de regress??o, os resultados revelaram que os Tipos Motivacionais Tradi????o e Seguran??a t??m rela????o positiva significante com o desempenho das franquias. Tais classes de valores humanos tendem ?? preserva????o dos arranjos sociais. Esse resultado aponta que franquias cujos empreendedores t??m perfil mais conservador apresentam melhor desempenho financeiro. Encontrou-se rela????o positiva e estatisticamente significante tamb??m entre valores coletivistas e desempenho financeiro. Nesse aspecto, os resultados corroboram a literatura recente, segundo a qual o relacionamento franqueador/franqueado tem impacto positivo no desempenho da franquia. O conservadorismo e o coletivismo, portanto, devem ser valores privilegiados, caso o objetivo da franquia seja o desempenho financeiro. Deste modo, o artigo contribui para a teoria, ao relacionar dois arcabou??os conceituais pouco associados na literatura ??? valores individuais e gest??o de franquias ??? e colabora tamb??m para a pr??tica empresarial, ao apontar elementos emp??ricos concretos que aumentam o desempenho.

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32

Heunis, C. "A comparative study of the pharmacy business models with specific reference to Nuclicks and Pick 'n Pay." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53233.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this report is to create a better understanding of the new pharmacy initiatives in the South African market, with specific reference to the Nuclicks and Pick 'n Pay groups. In order to understand the respective business concepts better the following abstracts from each chapter of the study is given. Chapter one is basically the introduction to the study and describes the events that lead to the above mentioned corporate retailers to enter the pharmacy market place. An introduction to Hamel's business model theory is also discussed and identified as a possible means of evaluating the corporate retailers' business concepts. In Chapter two the strategic analysis of the South African retail pharmacy industry is performed. This analysis is performed to create an understanding of the different forces at work in the industry. Some of the key findings in this chapter are that changes to the pharmacy act and the way dispensing licences are going to be awarded creates uncertainty. The profit outlook of retail pharmacy, though on the decline, still compares favourably to other retailers. In chapter three the core concepts of Hamel's business model are presented in more detail and applied to the retail pharmacy environment. In his view, a strategy needs to change the industry rules. This chapter ends with the concept of wealth potential based on Hamel's teachings. The wealth potential concept is about creating cash flow and profits. A business model that is able to create customer benefits well below the cost of the competitors is regarded as efficient. By utilising the Hamel way the Nuclicks (chapter four) and Pick 'n Pay (chapter five) business concepts is unpacked. Both Nuclicks and Pick 'n Pay pharmacy business models are presented within the corporate framework of the groups. Nuclicks bought an established pharmacy franchise while Pick 'n Pay launched Healthpharm. Nuclicks creates a possible choke point by buying UPD. The Nuclicks pharmacy strategy is a more comprehensive health strategy, while Pick 'n Pay follows a more cautious approach. As franchising will playa major role in both pharmacy concepts, the theory of franchising is presented in chapter six. Telephonic interviews with Link franchisees are conducted and the possible reasons for the ambiguity that crept into the Link business model are discussed. As the Healthpharm franchise is a new concept, it is evaluated based on information gathered from press releases and the Healthpharm web-site. In chapter seven universal conclusions and recommendations, based upon the literature study and this investigation, are presented. One of the key findings are, success in the face of changes requires more than the current way of doing business. It requires an innovative thinking process. New business models have to be formulated that allows retail pharmacists to establish a focused and well-differentiated value proposition. This value proposition needs to be meaningful for consumers and must strengthen a pharmacy outlet's competitive position.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie verslag is om 'n beter begrip vir die nuwe apteek inisiatiewe in die Suid-Afrikaanse mark te ontwikkel, met spesifieke verwysing na die Nuclicks en Pick 'n Pay groepe. Om die onderskeie besiqheidskonsepte beter te verstaan, word die volgende opsomming van elke hoofstuk van die studie uiteengesit. Hoofstuk een is 'n inleiding tot die studie en beskryf die gebeure wat aanleiding gegee het tot die bogenoemde korporatiewe kleinhandelaars se toetrede tot die apteek mark. 'n Inleiding van Hamel se besigheidsmodel teorie is ook bespreek en is geïdentifiseer as evaluering van die korporatiewe kleinhandelaars se besigheidskonsepte. Hoofstuk twee bied 'n strategiese analise van die Suid-Afrikaanse kleinhandelaars apteek industrie. Hierdie analise is geskep om beter begrip te ontwikkel vir die verskillende kragte wat inwerk in die industrie. Van die bevindinge in die hoofstuk is die veranderinge in die apteek wetgewing en die wyse waarop resepteer lisensies toegeken gaan word, en hoeveel onsekerhede dit tot gevolg het. Die wins vooruitsigte van kleinhandelaars apteke, alhoewel aan die afneem, vergelyk steeds gunstig met ander kleinhandelaars. In Hoofstuk drie is die kern konsepte van Hamel se besigheidsmodel in meer detail uiteengesit en toegepas op die kleinhandelaar apteek omgewing. Uit sy oogpunt, is 'n strategie nodig om veranderinge te weeg te bring in die industrie reëls. Hierdie hoofstuk eindig met die konsep van waarde potensiaal wat gebaseer is op Hamel se teorie. Hierdie waarde potensiaal konsep is gebaseer op die skep van kontantvloei en 'n Besigheidsmodel wat in staat is om die kliënt te begunstig heelwat laer as die koste van die teenstander, word beskou as effektief. Hamel se teorie is gebruik om Nuclicks (hoofstuk vier) en Pick 'n Pay (hoofstuk vyf) se besigheidskonsepte te analiseer. Beide Nuclicks en Pick 'n Pay se besigheidsmodelle word aangebied binne die korporatiewe raakwerke van die groepe. Nuclicks het 'n gevestigde apteek konsessie gekoop terwyl Pick 'n Pay vir Healthpharm begin het. Nuclicks het 'n moontlike 'wurgpunt" geskep deur die aankoop van UPD. Die Nuclicks apteek strategie is 'n meer omvattende gesondheidstrategie, terwyl Pick 'n Pay 'n meer versigtige benadering volg. Aangesien besigheid konsessie 'n belangrike rol speel in beide apteek konsepte, word die teorie van konsessie in hoofstuk ses behandel. Telefoniese onderhoude is gevoer met Link konsessiehouers en die moontlike redes vir die twyfelagtigheid van die Link besigheidsmodel word bespreek. Aangesien die Healthpharm konsessie 'n nuwe konsep is, word dit geëvalueer op grond van inligting wat versamel is uit die media en die Healthpharm webtuiste. In Hoofstuk sewe word universele afleidings en aanbevelings, gebaseer op die literatuurstudie en die ondersoek, uiteengesit. Een van die hoof bevindings was dat sukses benodig meer as die huidige manier van besigheid doen. Nuwe besigheidsmodelle moet geformuleer word, wat dit vir kleinhandelaar apteke moontlik sal maak om 'n gefokusde en goed gedifferensieerde waarde voorstel tot stand te bring. Hierdie voorstel moet betekenisvol wees vir die verbruiker en moet die apteek kompeterende posisie versterk.

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Solé, Fauste Josep M. "La fase precontractual del contrato de franquicia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672787.

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El trabajo de esta labor investigadora está centrado en la fase precontractual de uno de los contratos más utilizados en nuestro país en las últimas décadas, en las que se inició y desarrolló la actividad franquiciadora como una modalidad de distribución comercial. Un volumen de actividad que todo y siendo importante equivale a la mitad de la mayoría de países anglosajones. Este infradesarrollo dentro del espacio de la UE, algunos autores lo atribuyen a la escasa y dispar regulación sobre la materia en estos países. Esta fase precontractual tiene en la UE una regulación muy escasa y en algunos casos inexistente, por lo que los tribunales deben recurrir en primera instancia a las normas del Derecho Civil y especialmente al principio de la buena fe. La única regulación especial contenida en nuestro derecho positivo, la encontramos en el art. 62 de la Ley 7/1996 LOCM y en el RD 201/2010, que reglamentariamente la desarrolla, limitándose a concretar en que consiste la actividad comercial en régimen de franquicia, el deber de información por parte del franquiciador y el deber de confidencialidad por parte del franquiciado. En la mayoría de los países solo se da una tutela precontractual al franquiciado, considerado como la parte débil del contrato, llegando a equipararse en algunos de ellos con la figura del consumidor para una mayor protección de este. Surgiendo la interesante duda sobre la necesidad de considerar una tutela para el franquiciador, quien también incurre en riesgos importantes con este tipo de contratación. Llegados a este punto, surge la necesidad de dar respuesta a dos interesantes planteamientos relacionados con esta fase precontractual: 1) Suficiencia de la regulación española de la fase precontractual del contrato de franquicia. 2) Suficiencia de la tutela que la normativa española actual ofrece a las partes intervinientes en la fase precontractual del contrato de franquicia. Con esta finalidad, he recorrido a las normas de nuestra legislación vigente, a la doctrina y a las resoluciones de los tribunales tanto nacionales como del derecho comparado de EEUU y Gran Bretaña como representantes del common law y Francia, Alemania e Italia del civil law.
El treball d'aquesta tasca investigadora està centrat en la fase precontractual d'un dels contractes més utilitzats en el nostre país en les últimes dècades, en què es va iniciar i desenvolupar l'activitat franquiciadora com una modalitat de distribució comercial. Un volum d'activitat que tot i sent important equival a la meitat de la majoria de països anglosaxons. Aquest infradesenvolupament dins de l'espai de la UE, alguns autors ho atribueixen a l'escassa i dispar regulació sobre la matèria en aquests països. Aquesta fase precontractual té a la UE una regulació molt escassa i en alguns casos inexistent, de manera que els tribunals han de recórrer en primera instància a les normes de Dret Civil i especialment a el principi de la bona fe. L'única regulació especial continguda en el nostre dret positiu, la trobem en l'art. 62 de la Llei 7/1996 LOCM i en el RD 201/2010, que reglamentàriament la desenvolupa, limitant-se a concretar en què consisteix l'activitat comercial en règim de franquícia, el deure d'informació per part del franquiciador i el deure de confidencialitat per part del franquiciat. En la majoria dels països només es dona una tutela precontractual al franquiciat, considerat com la part feble del contracte, arribant a equiparar-se en alguns casos amb la figura del consumidor per a una major protecció d'aquest. Sorgint el interessant dubte sobre la necessitat de considerar una tutela per al franquiciador, qui també incorre en riscos importants amb aquest tipus de contractació. Arribats a aquest punt, sorgeix la necessitat de donar resposta a dos interessants plantejaments relacionats amb aquesta fase precontractual: 1) Suficiència de la regulació espanyola de la fase precontractual del contracte de franquícia. 2) Suficiència de la tutela que la normativa espanyola actual ofereix a les parts que intervenen en la fase precontractual del contracte de franquícia. Amb aquesta finalitat, he hagut de recórrer a les normes de la nostra legislació vigent, a la doctrina i a les resolucions dels tribunals tant nacionals com de dret comparat dels EUA i Gran Bretanya com a representants del common law i França, Alemanya i Itàlia del civil law.
The work of this research is focused on the pre-contractual phase of one of the most used contracts in our country in recent decades, in which the franchising activity began and developed as a form of commercial distribution. A volume of activity that all and being important is equivalent to half of the majority of Anglo-Saxon countries. Some authors attribute this underdevelopment within the EU space to the scant and disparate regulation on the matter in these countries. This pre-contractual phase has very little regulation in the EU and in some cases non- existent, for which the courts must resort in the first instance to the rules of Civil Law and especially to the principle of good faith. The only special regulation contained in our positive law is found in art. 62 of Law 7/1996 LOCM and RD 201/2010, which regulates it, limiting itself to specifying what the franchise business consists of, the duty of information on the part of the franchisor and the duty of confidentiality on the part of the franchisee. In most countries, the franchisee is only given pre-contractual protection, considered as the weak part of the contract, in some of them being equated with the figure of the consumer for greater protection of him. The interesting doubt arises about the need to consider a guardianship for the franchisor, who also incurs in significant risks with this type of contract. At this point, the need arises to respond two interesting approaches related to this pre- contractual phase: 1) Sufficiency of the Spanish regulation of the pre-contractual phase of the franchise contract. 2) Sufficiency of the protection that current Spanish regulations offer to the parties involved in the pre-contractual phase of the franchise agreement. To this end, I have gone to the norms of our current legislation, the doctrine and the resolutions of both national and comparative law courts of the United States and Great Britain as representatives of the common law and France, Germany and Italy of civil law.

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Bosereewong, Vipaporn. "Identification of environmental factors that influence the choice of franchising methods of U.S. restaurant companies in Pan Pacific region." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40304.

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Franchising has become a proven and acceptable method of distributing products and services for both domestic and foreign markets. The pressures on franchisors to search for foreign markets have led to heightened interest in international franchising. According to Franchising in the Economy (1990), restaurants of all types rank number one, followed by business aids and services. Therefore, the restaurant industry leads the domain of business in international franchising. The primary objective of this study was to develop a model based on experts' opinion for the selection of different franchising methods to be used as a guideline for restaurant companies that plan to franchise internationally. Environmental factors that affect international franchising in the Pan Pacific region are identified. The major methods used in franchising are: 1. direct franchising, 2. master franchise agreements, and 3. joint venture agreements. The recommendation of the most popular franchising methods for singapore, Korea, Thailand, and Malaysia are studied.
Ph. D.

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Sadi, Muhammad A. "International business expansion through franchising: the case of fast-food industry." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39038.

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The purpose of this research project was threefold: 1) to establish a set of research questions , propositions and hypotheses about the nature of international fast-food franchising; 2) to identify the distinctive strategies employed by fast-food franchise firms in foreign markets and 3) to provide a set of guidelines for managers which will assist them in dealing with the challenges of initiating and expanding a fast-food franchise system in a foreign country. A multiple-case study approach was used focusing on how U. S . franchise firms have adapted their domestic business practices to the Canadian, Japanese, and Russian Markets. Special attention was given to the degree to which their firms have modified franchise objectives, expansion strategies, marketing mix elements, control system and support services. A principal finding of this research project is that fast-food companies do in fact extend domestic franchise strategies to foreign markets when expanding internationally. However, they do make certain alterations in their domestic method of doing business. The alterations are in the areas of expansion strategies, franchise objectives, control systems and support services. These alterations do not follow a consistent pattern. They vary from country to country and from firm to firm.
Ph. D.

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紀偉毅 and Wai-ngai Kee. "A study on the gas industry in Guangdong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3126718X.

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Van, Niekerk Muller. "An investigation into the factors that most often contribute to the insolvency of franchisee businesses in the Western Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20760.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: “The business format, franchising, can be defined as the granting of a license for a predetermined financial return by a franchising company (franchisor) to its franchisees. The grant entitles them to make use of a complete business package, including training, support and the corporate name which include all branding and logos. Through this enabling the franchisees to operate their own businesses to the same standards and format as the other outlets in the franchise chain” (Maree, 2007, p. iii). Franchising has grown in popularity for entrepreneurs and business people to start a business, a professional career and a way of creating employment. It is seen as a proven business system that is sold to a franchisee as “best practices knowledge” by the franchisor (Maree, 2007). Although the “best practices” approach is at the core of franchising very little research was found to exist that investigates the factors that influence the success or failure of franchisees. The lack of formal research in this regard gave rise to the research question as to what the factors are that will contribute to the failure and subsequent liquidation of franchise businesses in the Western Cape. Current franchise owners and entrepreneurs considering to enter into the franchising sphere need to ensure that they not only understand what factors will influence the success of their businesses, but possibly more importantly, they need to comprehend which are the factors that could potentially lead to the failure of the franchise business. Based on the theoretical research and the data gained from the questionnaire analysis, one can conclude that the majority of the factors discussed in this report contribute towards the failure of franchisee businesses in the Western Cape.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die besigheidsvormbekend as ‘n eksklusieweagentskap of konsessie (“franchise”) kanomskryf word as die verlening van ‘n lisensie of reg teen ‘n voorafbepaaldefinansieletariefdeur die konsessiegewer (“franchisor”) aansykonsessiehouers. Hierdie vergunningmaakdie konsessiehouersgeregtig op die gebruik van ‘n volledigebesigheidsmodelwatopleiding, ondersteuning en die maatskappynaam, sowel as allehandelsmerke en logos, insluit. Hierdeur word die konsessiehouers in staatgestelomhuleiebesighedevolgensdieselfdestandaarde en formaat as die anderafsetpunte in die konsessiegroeptebedryf (Maree, 2007) Die verskaffing van eksklusieweverkoopsregaan entrepreneurs en sakemensewathuleiebesighedewil begin, ‘n professioneleloopbaanwilbeoefen en werksgeleenthedewil skep, het in die jongstetyd al gewildergeword. Dit word as ‘n bewesebesigheidskonsepbeskou en word deur die konsessiegeweraan die konsessiehouer as “bestegebruikskennis” verhandel (vertaaluitMaree, 2007).Alhoewel die “bestegebruik”-benadering die kern van ‘n konsessie is, is slegskarigenavorsingmet betrekking tot die faktorewat die sukses of mislukking van konsessiesondersoek, tans beskikbaar. Die gebrekaanformelenavorsing in hierdie verband het aanleidinggegee tot die navorsingsvraagoorwatterfaktorebydraendkanwees tot die mislukking en gevolglikelikwidasie van konsessies in die Wes-Kaap. Huidigekonsessiehouers, asook entrepreneurs watditoorweegom die terrein van eksklusieweagentskappetebetree, moetnie net die faktorewat die sukses van hulbesighedesalbeinvloedverstaannie maar, stellig van groterbelang, die faktorewatmoontlik tot die mislukking van die besigheidkan lei, identifiseer en begryp. Na aanleiding van die teoretiesenavorsingwatgedoen is, asook die inligtingwat van die vraelys-ontledingsbekom is, kan tot die slotsomgekom word dat die meerderheidfaktorewat in hierdie werkstukbespreek is, tot die mislukking van eksklusieweagentskappe in die Wes-Kaap bydra.

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Barmé, David, and Tor Hammargren. "E-learning inom franchise : Ett verktyg för utbildning och erfarenhetsutbyte." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Informatics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-799.

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Utbildning och erfarenhetsutbyte inom franchise är ett lagstadgat krav och nyckelfaktorer för en fungerande och framgångsrik franchiseverksamhet. Franchisegivare försöker därför ständigt förbättra utbildningen och erfarenhetsutbytet och frågan är om e-learning kan vara ett lämpligt verktyg för detta. Denna uppsats syfte är att undersöka möjligheten att komplettera utbildningen av franchisetagare och erfarenhetsutbytet mellan franchisegivare och franchisetagare med e-learning. Vidare att presentera en rekommendation för den mest lämpliga e-learningplattformen. För att uppfylla syftet valde vi att kartlägga hur utbildningen och erfarenhetsutbytet går till idag och vilken kunskap som förmedlas, intresset för att komplettera dessa aktiviteter med e-learning samt vilken e-learningplattform som är lämplig för detta. Genom att intervjua sex franchisegivare i detaljhandelsbranschen på ett kvalitativt sätt avser vi besvara dessa frågor. I analysen av intervjuerna har vi använt oss av addiemodellen som är en beprövad modell för att kartlägga typer av kunskap och vilken e-learningplattform som är lämplig.

Utifrån intervjuerna kom det fram att samtliga franchisegivare var intresserade av att komplettera nuvarande utbildning av nya franchisetagare med hjälp av e-learning. Det framkom även att franchisegivarnas utbildningsförfarande liknande varandra. Vidare visade det sig att en Web based training (WBT) lösning med fokus på att förmedla cognitive skills som är memoriserbar kunskap vore lämpligast för att komplettera nuvarande förfarande. Det framkom även att e-learning endast kan vara ett komplement eftersom praktiska och fysiska moment i utbildningen är nödvändiga för att lära ut övriga kunskapstyper i utbildningsförfarandet. Utifrån intervjuerna framkom det att samtliga franchisegivare var intresserade av att komplettera erfarenhetsutbytet mellan franchise-givaren och franchisetagarna med hjälp av e-learning och förfarandet för detta var väldigt liknande varandra och förmedlade kunskap som är möjlig att förmedla med hjälp av e-learning. Vidare visade det sig att en Web asynchronous classroom (WAC) lösning med fokus på att stödja förmedling av cognitive skills som är analyserande och utvärderande kunskap vore lämpligast för att komplettera nuvarande förfarande. Franchisegivarna nämnde även önskemål om en forum funktion vilket WAC kan tillgodose. Det framkom även att e-learning endast kan vara ett komplement eftersom det endast var en av kunskapstyperna som var aktuell att förmedla med hjälp av e-learning, franchisegivarna påpekade även att det var viktigt att mötas fysiskt och socialisera.

Vår rekommendation till franchisegivare är att införa en WBT lösning med kompletterande WAC funktioner i form av ett chattrum eller ett forum. Det finns ett behov och ett intresse bland franchisegivare att använda e-learning.

Education and exchange of experience within franchise is a key factor for a successful business and are also legally regulated. Therefore franchisors try to improve their educa-tion and exchange of experience. The question is if education and the exchange if information can be improved by the use of e-learning. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the possibility to complement education and exchange of experience with e-learning. Further to present an recommendation of the most suitable e-learningplatform. To fulfil the purpose we have chosen to investigate and describe how education and exchange of experience occur today and what type of knowledge that is transferred and if there is any interest of implementing e-learning to complement these activities. By conducting qualitative interviews with six franchisors within the retail trade business we will answer those questions. To analyze the interviews we have used the Addiemodell which is a proved model to investigate which type of knowledge that are teached and which e-learning platform that are most suitable.

Based on the interviews all franchisors have an interest in complementing their education of new franchisees by e-learning. The education do not differ that much from company to company, their way of conducting education are quite similar. The most suitable solution is Web Based Training (WBT) with a focus on cognitive skills that are memorisable. It is very evident that e-learning just can be a complement since it is very important to meet and to interact directly and it is for that reason some knowledge can not be transferred electronically.

All franchisors are interested in complementing their exchange of experience by using e-learning. The ways experience is exchanged are quite the same if you compare the compa-nies and all franchisors communicate knowledge that is suitable for e-learning purposes. The most suitable solution is Web Asynchronous Classroom (WAC) that focuses on com-municating cognitive skills which is evaluating and analyzing activities. A WAC solution supports a chat room or forum which is suitable for exchange of experience. All franchi-sors mentioned the importance of meeting face to face when exchanging knowledge and experience, but they also mentioned that e-learning will improve these activities as a complement.

Our recommendation is to implement a WBT solution combined with WAC functions such as chat rooms and forum. There is a need and interest among franchisors to use e-learning.

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Buchan, Jennifer Mary. "Franchisor failure : an assessment of the adequacy of regulatory response." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/39027/1/Jennifer_Buchan_Thesis.pdf.

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Franchisor failure is one of the most problematic areas of the franchise relationship. It impacts negatively on landlords and other suppliers, but the contracting parties that are currently without legal rights to respond when a franchisor fails, and thus without consumer protection, are its franchisees. In this thesis I explore the current contractual, regulatory and commercial environment that franchisees inhabit, within the context of franchisor failure. I conclude that ex ante there are opportunities to level the playing field through consumer protection legislation. I also conclude that the task is not one solely for the consumer protection legislation; the problem should also be addressed ex post through the Corporations Act.

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Krige, Lizanne. "The franchisee life cycle concept : a new paradigm in managing the franchisee - franchisor relationship." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29900.

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Duvenhage, Amanda. "The impact of size and profitability on retail format choice in South Africa." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12285.

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M.Com. (Financial Management)
The growth in the retail sector has forced property management teams to start focusing on financial benchmarking of formats when expanding operations. The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the profitability of three different retail formats, with specific focus on the occupancy cost components. Size was identified as an important determinant of rent and this relationship is also investigated. Data from a large South African retailer, with stores in various formats was obtained. The profitability was calculated - using an adjusted profitability model - for three retail formats; large shopping centres, small shopping centres and stand-alone outlets. All data, including size details were obtained for a period of five years. The expectation of a negative relationship between store size and rent was rejected for individual stores as well as format groupings. The profitability analyses delivered mixed results between „rand value‟ and „percentage to sales‟ outcomes, but concluded that large shopping centres were the least profitable of the retail formats under review.

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Koekemoer, Rihann Pierre. "Transactional analysis of the service delivery system in franchising." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4484.

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M.Comm.
Franchising is growing in stature as one of the most powerful business methods. Fifty percent of retail sales in the USA are generated through franchised chains. Franchising happens when an entrepreneur seizes a viable business opportunity. A system is developed to extract the maximum value and the rights to use the business system are sold to a franchisee to operate a business along the same principles and systems as the original opportunity. The franchisee and franchisor work together as a team or alliance to build and maintain the brand. In order to exploit the business opportunity in a meaningful manner, it is important for the franchisor and the franchisee to understand and to analyse the different relationships in the franchising model. The franchise relationship model developed by Spinelli et al is very useful and provides a sensible approach in analysing and identifying the different relationships in a franchised business. The most important aspect of the franchise relationship model is the relationship with the customer. The service delivery system is created by the franchisor and franchisee to provide the best service or to deliver the product in the most effective way to the customer. The service delivery system is the blue print of the franchise operation and outlines the flow of tasks and transactions in the franchise model. In order for franchisors and franchisees to ensure that uniformity and standards are maintained across the franchised business, it is important for them to have a system through which franchisees can be monitored. The main focus of the monitoring system is to prevent shirking, free riding or to avoid that franchisees erode the brand of the business. An important tool in the monitoring process is the franchise agreement. The franchise agreement is a specialised agreement that outlines the relationship between the franchisor and the franchisee. Other important tools used in the monitoring function are field visits, external service audits, peer review, analytical tools, customer feedback and mystery shopping. Transactional analysis is used to determine which tasks are to be carried out by whom in the franchise relationship. The service delivery system tasks are defined and different tasks awarded to either the franchisee or the franchisor. As an example of this method, the real estate function is analysed indicating what the essential tasks are when executing this function and who is responsible for it.

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Van, Wyk Gerhard Jacobus. "Die bemarkingsgeoriënteerdheid van 'n konsessiegewer in die oogkundige bedryf." 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000434.

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Thesis (DTech. degree in Marketing)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2009.
This study focuses mainly on the marketing orientation of a franchisor in the optometric industry. Aspects such as the needs of franchisees with regard to products and services, prices and promotions, distribution, people and processes were investigated.

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Singh, Shikar Sanjith. "Guiding entrepreneurs to success through franchising : a case study of Midas in Durban." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11254.

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The decline of employment globally with various countries and economies either in recession, post recession or on the brink of recession is a serious concern to governments, the private sector, civic organizations and the general population. Associated with this decline are dynamics of poverty, food insecurity, maladministration and corruption, civil war, and a new world order. Governments are now looking to implement and support successful solutions that have been tried and tested. It has been identified that franchising is successful solution that is on the increase globally. Franchising is a multibillion dollar revenue creator globally and accounts significantly for employment. The automotive sector is growing at an unprecedented rate with the greater number of motor cycles, cars, taxis, busses and trucks on the road. The Midas franchise is the second fastest growing franchise in South Africa. There are more than two hundred and twenty franchises in South Africa and surrounding countries. The aim of this research study is to investigate if franchising provides entrepreneurs, especially new business owners a more secure business start up, and to assess the success of the Midas franchise. The research methodology adopted in this study adopts a qualitative research method. The instruments used to obtain data are questionnaires, face to face interviews, observation and photography. The study area encompasses franchisees from the eThekwini Municipal area. Six Midas franchisees and the KZN regional Midas franchisor have been interviewed. The findings have proven to be remarkable, supporting the hypothesis which states that franchising is a successful tool to assist entrepreneurs. Most entrepreneurs have citied their contentment with being with a franchisee and their optimism to venture into more franchises. The franchisor boasted their rapid expansion in South Africa. There were also recommendations arising out of the study so as to enhance entrepreneurship and franchising in South Africa.
MBA University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2012.

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Samad, Nadeem. "Factors inhibiting the franchising of Indian fast food stores in South Africa." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6275.

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M.B.A.
Franchising systems in South Africa have experienced high and sustained growth over the last decade. The South African government has recognised and supports business format franchising as a low risk way of creating jobs, transferring skills and creating wealth. At the forefront of this growth, is the fast food franchising industry, which is made up of a mix of global brands and a significant few, highly successful, locally founded, franchised operations based on Portuguese or American cultures. The fast food industry in South Africa also consists of a number of successful "non franchised" Indian fast food operations, founded by South Africans of Indian descent. None of these entrepreneurs have taken the next logical step and developed their businesses into national franchises. This study sought to uncover the factors inhibiting the franchising of Indian fast food stores in South Africa and to determine whether there was a market for Indian fast foods amongst a sample of consumers. The findings were that the independent entrepreneurs lacked the skills and knowledge to enter franchising as the franchisor. In addition, there was a general mistrust of the franchising system and doubts as to whether there was sufficient broad appeal of Indian fast foods. The results of the consumer survey however suggested that Indian fast foods were popular across a cross section of the population. Consequently, the report recommended that existing Indian fast food entrepreneurs develop strategies to exploit the market opportunities presented and suggested that it is the entrepreneur who franchises first, that will gain first more advantage through pre-empting real estate and shaping customer preferences and tastes.

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Chinyoka, S. V. "Franchising as an alternative strategy for developing enterprises in Botswana." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/5305.

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Botswana is a middle-income economy. It has become dependent on non-renewable resources. Agriculture and manufacturing have failed to develop in a significant way. The small population has not provided adequate demand. The Government has tried a number of strategies in order to diversify the economy. One of these is the promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Unfortunately, SMEs have failed to thrive, so far. A number of researchers have concluded that SMEs will not thrive due to the fact that Botswana have low entrepreneurial skills. High failure rates are experienced where enterprises are established. The thesis identifies an alternative strategy in the development of enterprises in Botswana. It is generally believed that a franchisee does not need high levels of entrepreneurial skills to succeed. If this is so, Botswana can solve her problem of lack of sufficient enterprises by promoting franchising. The thesis uses the interview technique to assess whether existing franchisees in Botswana have low levels of entrepreneurial skills. Indeed it proves that franchisees have low skill levels compared to non-franchised entrepreneurs. Secondly, the thesis proves that franchisees in Botswana operate as employee-managers. Thirdly, the thesis establishes that franchisees perform better than non-franchised entrepreneurs, even though they have low entrepreneurial skill levels. Lastly, the thesis, using evidence from findings above, and from responses of experts interviewed, establishes that the promotion of franchising is a viable alternative strategy to one that depends solely on non-franchised enterprises.While there are some methodological limitations, like those stemming from a low and unknown franchisee population in Botswana, the use of ordinal data, use of techniques to rate their own skills, and a relatively small sample for franchised and non-franchised entrepreneurs, the statistical techniques used are powerful enough to generate reliable findings.
Graduate School of Business Leadership
D.B.L

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Jonson, Jeanine. "Franchising as a mechanism for economic empowerment in South Africa." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4691.

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South Africa is currently undergoing a phase of transformation that has indicated a shift from institutionalised oppression in all political, social and economic spheres to a society that is ideally open, free and democratic. Many aspects of life in South Africa are therefore changing as this transformation process is proceeding. It is this transformation process that has prompted interest in the area of economic empowerment amongst those who were previously disadvantaged in the "old" South Africa. The previously disadvantaged represent a large percentage of potentially economically active members of South African society. However, because of a high unemployment rate, other alternative forms of employment need to be sought, mainly through entrepreneurial endeavours. One such alternative, which is presented in this study, is the possible role that the franchise industry may play in economically empowering people that were previously disadvantaged. The purpose of this study is to theoretically and empirically examine the potential of franchising to act as a mechanism for economic empowerment. It explores the perceptions of franchisors, franchisees and financial institutions in regards to the current state of the franchise industry in order to assess the extent to which franchising does or does not act as a mechanism for economic empowerment. Conclusions have been drawn to correlate the theory and the empirical analysis of the surveys that were undertaken. It has been found that in many ways, franchising may act as a mechanism for economic empowerment but there are factors that inhibit the role that franchising can play in promoting this form of entrepreneurship. Where these negative factors have surfaced, a methodology has been presented in order to minimise such effect.
Thesis (M.Com.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1999.

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"Deciphering small business strategies: a sociological study of business format franchise." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5888506.

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by Yiu Chuen-lai.
Spine title: Deciphering small business owner's strategies.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-161).
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Table of Contents
Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter Two --- Small business characteristics --- p.11
Chapter Chapter Three --- Franchisees' knowledge about franchise relation --- p.49
Chapter Chapter Four --- Why and how franchisees join the franchises ？ A study of franchisees' working histories --- p.80
Chapter Chapter Five --- What do franchisees do ？ In quest of their work and their role in the operation --- p.104
Chapter Chapter Six --- Conclusion --- p.140
Bibliography

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49

Shumba, Knowledge. "Franchising in a volatile business environment: a case of the fast food industry in Harare, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/769.

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50

Suryanarayan, Pavithra. "Hollowing Out the State: Status Inequality, Fiscal Capacity, and Right-Wing Voting in India." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8833SBP.

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Abstract:

What explains variation in fiscal capacity over time and across sub-national units within the same country? In this dissertation, I argue that incumbent political elites, anticipating the redistributive consequences of democratization, can hollow out fiscal capacity. Places where such a phenomenon is likely to occur are those characterized by high levels of social-status inequality arising from historical inter-group segregation. I examine fiscal capacity in colonial Indian provinces and demonstrate that an exogenous episode of limited franchise expansion to lower-status groups was followed by a period of declining fiscal institutions. I use a novel historical dataset spanning 43 districts in the provinces of Madras and Bombay between 1914--1925 and qualitative evidence from legislative proceedings in the two provinces, and find that tax institutions declined in the districts with higher levels of status inequality, as opposed to inequality in wealth. This decline was more pronounced in the reform years, as upper-status groups anticipating the ascendance of lower-status groups into politics hollowed out tax institutions. Next, I examine a case of political mobilization in contemporary India and demonstrate that an announcement by the Government of India in 1990 to implement affirmative action for lower-status groups was followed by a rise in the right-wing vote share for the Bharatiya Janata Party after 1990. Using survey data and electoral data, I finds that both wealthy and poor upper-status Indians voted for the right-wing after 1990 in places where there was greater status inequality in 1931 -- a pattern that did not exist in previous elections. These findings provide evidence for the claim that when upper-status groups face threats to their social standing, cross-class solidarities emerge in support of anti-redistribution parties.

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