Journal articles on the topic 'France War profits tax'
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FROLOVA, Nataliya. "INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN REFORMING THE INCOME TAXATION SYSTEM IN POST-PANDEMIC AND WAR PERIODS." Economy of Ukraine 2023, no. 10 (October 29, 2023): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2023.10.044.
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The international experience in reforming income taxation systems in war and post-war conditions is summarized, in particular, approaches to reforming income taxation systems in the USA, Sweden, Denmark, France and Great Britain are compared. Considered examples demonstrate that despite the low budget efficiency of wealth taxes in many countries of Europe and the world (they did not bring considerable budget revenues and at the same time required significant administrative costs), excess profits taxation has been widely practiced for a long time even after the end of the war, in particular, in the post-pandemic period and during the current energy crisis in the EU countries. Main views are systematized regarding individual wealth taxation – not so much as a threat of capital outflow and disincentive for capital investments but as an important component of the tax system, which, coupled with other income and property taxes, contributes to the restoration of wealth distribution equality and minimizes opportunities for tax evasion. Attention is focused on the application of excess profits tax by the EU countries as a temporary European solidarity contribution in response to the global socio-economic crisis caused by the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the increase in energy prices due to the military aggression of the Russian Federation. The key requirements that individual wealth tax must meet to be introduced in Ukraine are substantiated. They include establishing a tax exemption threshold at a high level, as well as extending it not only to the residents of Ukraine, but also to the citizens of other countries who own assets on its territory, in order to increase the tax’s progressivity and budgetary efficiency.
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Pulkowski, Dirk. "Coalition Procurement for the Reconstruction of Iraq in the Crosshairs of WTO Law: The Obligations of the United States under the WTO Government Procurement Agreement." German Law Journal 5, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200012426.
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Investigating the legality? Ha ha ha! That cracks me up. There is no international law that would prohibit this action by the Defense Department, nor is there any international court that France may appeal to. I of course think that this is the correct decision. Those countries who did not help win the war – who did not pay the price in blood – have no claim to the postwar profits. – Mike, Why I'm Right, Internet ForumDuring the Reagan administration, I helped negotiate … the “GATT Government Procurement Code”, later incorporated into the World Trade Organization's legal framework. The U.S. was the primary force behind this legal agreement. It was not motivated by altruism, but out of a belief that all signatory governments … and their respective tax payers would benefit from basing practices on economic factors rather than national favoritism. - Gene Tuttle, in responseInfrastructure in Iraq lies in tatters. Unscrupulous exploitation by Saddam Hussein's dictatorial regime, burdensome economic sanctions and massive destruction during the U.S.-led military operation ‘Iraqi Freedom’ have turned Iraq into one of the world's most destitute countries. On the UN Human Poverty Index for 2003, Iraq ranks seventy-first out of ninety-six developing nations. The reconstruction of basic infrastructure is but one first step towards development and economic growth. Rebuilding Iraq's infrastructure, however, involves substantial economic interests. After all, the cake to be distributed for rebuilding Iraq is expected to exceed $100 billion. Some companies see on the horizon one of the most rewarding business opportunities “undertaken in over 50 years” At the same time, there is a growing suspicion that political or even personal biases of the United States' administration have a bigger role to play than economic reason when it comes to sharing the cake. In December 2003, Deputy Secretary of Defense, Paul Wolfowitz, announced that some of America's trading partners, among them Canada, France, Germany and Russia, would be altogether excluded from competition for major reconstruction projects in Iraq. Public opinion in Europe was quick to brand the United States an international law-breaker. Can one State simply reserve to itself the final word on the Iraqi reconstruction money?
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Antonów, Dobrosława. "Podatek od zysków wojennych w polskim systemie danin jako źródło finansowania kosztów wojny polsko-bolszewickiej." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 43, no. 3 (December 20, 2021): 395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.43.3.27.
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The paper draws attention to one of the emergency taxes in the history of the Polish Treasury, i.e. a tax on war profits. It was levied under the Decree of 5 February 1919 on the Establishment of a Tax on War Profits. This levy introduced a concept which was developed in Europe and built on the First World War experience. In the reborn Poland, the tax was supposed to have two functions: fiscal — as a source of financing the extraordinary expenditure arising from the war against the Soviets and a social function — as an additional burden on those taxpayers who were able to accumulate wealth and earn substantial profits as a result of the First World War.
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KALECKI, M. "EXCESS PROFITS TAX AND POST-WAR RE-EQUIPMENT." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 6, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1944.mp6004002.x.
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Vosslamber, Rob. "Tax failure: New Zealand's short-lived First World War Excess Profits Tax." Accounting History Review 29, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21552851.2019.1590215.
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ANUREEV, Sergei V. "Adjustments of VAT and income tax of banks." Finance and Credit 30, no. 4 (April 26, 2024): 726–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.30.4.726.
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Subject. The article discusses excess profits of Russian banks in the amount of the planned Federal budget deficit in 2023, and financial relationships between banks and the budget as causes of excess profits. Objectives. The focus is on fairer taxation of commercial banks, using the case of the largest of them, and based on the latest experience of other countries. Methods. The study employs the comparative analysis of other countries’ practice on modifying the taxation of super profits of banks, financial analysis of reports of the largest banks regarding the specifics of the main taxes. Results. The article shows a zero net impact on the budget from bank operations. Budget payments by banks include income tax, tax on dividends, dividends to the State owned shares. Indirectly banks pay VAT on interest on corporate loans, interest on treasury funds in banks. Payments from the budget to banks include OFZ coupons and interest rate subsidies, banks earn margin on the treasury funds, zero VAT tax expenses on bank transactions with individuals. The international experience shows that other countries actively modify taxes on banks’ super profits. Italy and Spain introduced special taxes on banks, Brazil – a tax on financial transactions, Germany and Britain raised income tax rates, the U.S. regularly collect multi-billion dollar fines, France levies VAT on banks and encourages the European Union to do so. Conclusion. The fiscal effect of my proposals is about 1 trillion rubles, or one-third of the budget deficit. I offer to abolish zero VAT on bank operations with individuals, based on excess profits of banks, social inequality, and digitalization of tax control. Income tax for banks should be a minimum of 1% of risky assets, and it can be used to directly subsidize interest rates at the level of specific banks.
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Hlushchenko, Yaroslava, Olena Korohodova, Natalya Chernenko, and Kateryna Moskvychova. "THE IMPACT OF THE TAX LANDSCAPE OF THE COUNTRY ON THE TAX PLANNING OF TNCs UNDER THE BEPS PROJECT." Academic Review 1, no. 60 (January 2024): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2024-1-60-7.
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The article notes that in the context of globalization, multinational corporations exert an increasing influence on the economies of their home countries, host countries, and the overall state of international economic relations. The authors underline that tax planning is one of the TNC activities that grabs attention of the global public in terms of both its favorable and unfavorable effects. The article offers its own definition of the term «tax landscape», in which, unlike the existing ones, vertical, horizontal and temporal aspects are distinguished. The vertical aspect is presented as a synthesis of the supranational level of taxation and the national one; horizontal, as a system of tax rules and laws within a separate state; temporal, as a change in the main elements of taxation over time. It has been proven that at the current stage of formation of tax landscapes to characterize the supranational level, it is necessary to take into account the elements of taxation defined as part of the implementation of the international BEPS project: the global minimum tax, tax rates for surplus profits, and surplus profits as an object of taxation. The authors have been able to divide the studied countries into three groups depending on the level of direct taxation: high (United States, Canada and Australia), moderate (Great Britain, France, Italy, India, Germany and Switzerland), and low (China and Saudi Arabia). The first group (the United States) and the second group (the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Switzerland, and Italy) have been found to have the greatest tax losses as a result of «tax havens.» The level of direct taxation (profit and capital) in the countries of registration and countries of digital presence, the volatility of tax legislation, and compliance with the conditions of tax justice have been proposed as factors of the tax landscape to be taken into account by transnational corporations when developing tax planning strategies.
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Sentman, Mary Alice, and Patrick S. Washburn. "How Excess Profits Tax Brought Ads to Black Newspaper in World War II." Journalism Quarterly 64, no. 4 (December 1987): 769–867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769908706400413.
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MOURÉ, KENNETH, and FABRICE GRENARD. "TRAITORS, TRAFIQUANTS, AND THE CONFISCATION OF ‘ILLICIT PROFITS’ IN FRANCE, 1944–1950." Historical Journal 51, no. 4 (November 18, 2008): 969–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x08007152.
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ABSTRACTState measures to confiscate the ‘illicit profits’ earned from commerce with the enemy and the black market in Occupied France are generally considered to have been an abject failure. Economic collaboration and illicit commerce had been widespread. The need to ‘purge’ the profits from black market transactions and economic collaboration was considered essential at Liberation. An examination of the confiscation effort from archival sources shows that the purge achieved limited success, but that complete success was rendered impossible by factors that limited other post-war purges: the shortage of trained personnel and investigative resources, the need for hard evidence for legal procedures (rather than vigilante justice), the efforts of collaborators to cover their tracks, and the evolution of public opinion, which was quickly disappointed by the slow pace of confiscations. Although success was limited, the effort to punish the profiteers it could convict had been necessary, as a matter of elementary fiscal justice and an essential step in the restoration of the authority of the state.
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IVANOV, Yurij. "Solidarity taxes: the latest EU experience and prospects for Ukraine." Fìnansi Ukraïni 2023, no. 7 (August 31, 2023): 80–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2023.07.080.
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Introduction. The development of the taxation theory and the best practices of the World Anti-crisis Tax Policy prove the gradual separation of an independent and very specific group of taxes, called “solidarity taxes”, which are beginning to play a fairly significant role in modern tax policy. The intensive development of solidarity taxes and their implementation in the European fiscal space in 2022 are closely related to the crisis phenomena that have arisen in the field of energy prices and the associated increase in the inflation rate. This is one of the consequences of the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Another consequence of this war was the high need for investment necessary for the revival of Ukraine. Problem Statement. The problems of the design of solidarity taxes and their scope of application, as well as the possibilities and features of their use as a promising source of investment financing, remain insufficiently studied. And the latest experience of the second half of 2022-early 2023 regarding the coordinated application of taxes on unpredictable profits in EU countries requires critical analysis and generalization. Purpose. To study the economic content, evolution and regulatory framework of the application of solidarity taxes in the EU and the prospects for their implementation in Ukraine at the stage of post-war economic recovery. Methods. The author used analytical and qualitative research methods, including logical and comparative analysis, to identify general and special features of solidarity taxes, decomposition and grouping methods to study the element base and identify models of the studied taxes. Results. The theoretical basis and European practice of using solidarity taxes are analyzed, and the genesis of their development in the EU countries is studied. The principles of development and implementation of a common tax policy within the EU to counteract the consequences of the energy crisis through the introduction of a temporary contribution of solidarity, coping with unexpected profits in the energy sector and oil refining are considered. Attention is focused on the expediency, limitations and risks of the prospective application of solidarity taxes as its own source of investment financing at the stage of the post-war economic recovery of Ukraine. Conclusions. Solidarity taxes implementation is a promising direction for creating our own national sources of investment financing in the context of the post-war economic recovery. The introduction of solidarity taxes in Ukraine requires the adaptation of the European methodology to the specifics of the set goals and conditions of taxation in Ukraine, as well as scientific justification of restrictions on the application of this tax and preventive mechanisms to counteract the negative consequences of its implementation.
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Barbezat, Daniel. "The Comptoir Sidérurgique de France, 1930–1939." Business History Review 70, no. 4 (1996): 517–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3117314.
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The French inter-war steel cartels were characterized by contemporaries as powerful trusts, restricting output and raising steel prices. The cartels were cited as a cause for the length of the French depression, the low productivity of the 1930s, and the rapid rise in steel prices after 1936. This paper shows that the formation and development of the French steel cartels was problematic and argues that the French industry was not structurally conducive to widespread collusion and was further harmed by governmental policies. Steel cartels were unable to police their arrangements effectively among members and were unable to stop outsiders from undercutting prices. It is not at all clear that firms in the cartel achieved higher profits. The increase in prices that did occur after 1936 was not due to firms colluding and profiting from the increased demand for steel due to the anticipation of Nazi aggression; rather, these price increases occurred because of input price increases caused by government action that raised the costs of production.
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Sussman, Nathan. "Debasements, Royal Revenues, and Inflation in France During the Hundred Years' War, 1415–1422." Journal of Economic History 53, no. 1 (March 1993): 44–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700012389.
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Historians of the period have generally played down the debasement of France's coinage to increase crown revenues during the Hundred Years' War or treated it as a last resort and an inept one. Based on archival data and an analytical framework drawn from the modern literature on inflation tax, this article supports challengers of that view, showing that debasement was an effective instrument of public finance.
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Billings, Mark, and Lynne Oats. "Innovation and pragmatism in tax design: Excess Profits Duty in the UK during the First World War." Accounting History Review 24, no. 2-3 (September 2, 2014): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21552851.2014.963951.
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Gupta, Pradeep. "Transfer Pricing: Impact of Taxes and Tariffs in India." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 37, no. 4 (October 2012): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920120403.
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Transfer pricing in an economy is very significant to corporate policy makers, economic policy makers, tax authorities, and regulatory authorities. Transfer pricing manipulation (fixing transfer prices on non-market basis as against arm's length standard) reduces the total quantum of organization's tax liability by shifting accounting profits from high tax to low tax jurisdictions. It changes the relative tax burden of the multinational firms in different countries of their operations and reduces worldwide tax payments of the firm. This paper explores the influence of corporate taxes and product tariffs on reported transfer pricing of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in India by using the Swenson (2000) model. This study of custom values of import originating from China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Singapore, Switzerland, UK, and USA into India reveals that transfer pricing incentives generated by corporate taxes and tariffs provide opportunity for MNCs to manipulate transfer price to maximize profits across world-wide locations of operations and reduce tax liability. The main findings of this paper are: The estimates computed by grouping together products of all industries being imported into India from sample countries reveal that TPI coefficients are positive and significant. Overall, positive and significant coefficients of TPI predict that one per cent reduction in corporate tax rates in the home country of the MNC would cause multinational corporations with affiliated transactions to increase reported transfer prices in the range of 0.248 per cent to 0.389 per cent. The Generalized Least Square estimates for individual industries display that out of nine industries in the sample, three industries (38, 73, and 84) have a positive and significant co-movement with transfer pricing incentives. In four industries (56, 83, 85, and 90), coefficient of Transfer Pricing Incentive (TPI) is negative but significant. In case of two industries (39 and 82), TPI coefficient is negative but not significant. Positive and significant coefficients of TPI predict that one per cent reduction in corporate tax rates in the home country would cause multinational corporations with affiliated transactions to increase reported transfer prices by 1.20 per cent in ‘Miscellaneous Chemical Products’ Industry (Industry 38), 0.175 per cent in the ‘Articles of Iron or Steel’ Industry (Industry 73) and 0.908 per cent in �Nuclear Reactors, Boilers, Machinery and Mechanical Appliances; Parts thereof' Industry (Industry 84). In industries where coefficient of TPI is negative and significant, MNCs would like to shift the taxable income of their affilates to the host country by decreasing their reported transfer price. The government's approach should be to reduce corporate tax and tariff rates to bring them at a level comparable with countries across the world which will reduce incentives for the MNCs for shifting of income out of India and increase the tax base for tax authorities. This will also result in an increase in the tax revenue of the country.
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Piketty, Thomas, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal. "Wealth Concentration in a Developing Economy: Paris and France, 1807–1994." American Economic Review 96, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 236–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282806776157614.
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Using large samples of estate tax returns, we construct new series on wealth concentration in Paris and France from 1807 to 1994. Inequality increased until 1914 because industrial and financial estates grew dramatically. Then, adverse shocks, rather than a Kuznets-type process, led to a massive decline in inequality. The very high wealth concentration prior to 1914 benefited retired individuals living off capital income (rentiers) rather than entrepreneurs. The very rich were in their seventies and eighties, whereas they had been in their fifties a half century earlier and would be so again after World War II. Our results shed new light on ongoing debates about wealth inequality and growth.
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Chupina, Zhanna, Victor Pishik, Petr Alekseev, and Valery Nezamaikin. "The militarization of public finances and the increasing tax burden in the United States of America in the postwar era." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 7-1 (July 1, 2022): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202207statyi06.
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The article describes how public finances served as one of the tools of the monopolies’ struggle for maximum profit, a tool for increasing exploitation of workers, aggression, militarism and war. The general crisis of capitalism, the arms race in the 1950s was used by the monopolistic bourgeoisie of the United States as the most important means to maximize profits. The arms race led to a temporary expansion of overall demand, despite the increasing impoverishment of the working classes, based on a huge increase in demand for military goods and demand created by taxes and other government revenues. Inflation and the release of excess money into circulation, in turn, became a factor in further price increases.
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Lembré, Stéphane. "The Birth of the Apprenticeship Tax (1890–1925): A French Approach to Financing Technical Education." Nordic Journal of Educational History 8, no. 2 (March 24, 2022): 125–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36368/njedh.v8i2.293.
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Envisaged at the beginning of the twentieth century as a reaction to the perception of an “apprenticeship crisis,” the development of technical education in France was regulated after the First World War by the Astier Law passed in 1919. However, this development, particularly in the form of schools and courses, required resources that the law did not provide. The creation of the apprenticeshiptax in 1925 was a response to this problem and was based on various projects and debates that had arisen before the war concerning the respective roles of employers’ representatives and the State. In this article, this tax is placed in the international context of choices in the management of technical education in order to examine the British precedent. It reflects the power issues at stake in the control of this form of education and introduces an original French approach to its financing and governance.
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Bredariol, Márcio Adriano. "O LOCAL SUBORDINADO AO GLOBAL: REFLEXOS DA GUERRA DOS LUGARES/ GUERRA FISCAL NA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE CAMPINAS (SP)." Revista Cerrados 15, no. 01 (March 17, 2020): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22238/rc24482692v15n12017p77a97.
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O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar o fenômeno da Guerra dos Lugares/ Guerra Fiscal, que se tornou prática comum no Brasil a partir do início da década de 1990 e como tal fenômeno se materializa e impacta as cidades que fazem parte da Região Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC). Prática comum de chantagens e pressão sobre governos, inicialmente relacionada à indústria automotiva, a Guerra dos Lugares/ Guerra Fiscal se tornou hábito entre todo tipo de empresa, em especial as de alcance global, interessadas apenas em defender seus interesses frente ao capital. Pressão a fim de alcançarem benefícios como renúncia fiscal, oferta de terrenos e construção de infraestruturas, tal prática vem acompanhada pelo discurso de incremento na geração de emprego e renda, situações que nem sempre ocorrem. Aumenta-se sim, a arrecadação municipal e o lucro das empresas, fatos que, na maioria dos casos, não refletem em melhorias e desenvolvimento socioeconômico para a população.
Palavras-chave: Local; global; guerra dos lugares; guerra fiscal; Região Metropolitana de Campinas
THE LOCAL UNDER THE GLOBAL: REFLECTS OF THE WAR OF PLACES/ TAX WAR IN THE METROPOLITAN REGION OF CAMPINAS (SP)
Abstract
The present article objective analyze the phenomenon of War of Places/ Tax War, that become routine in Brazil since the beggining of 90s and discuss how this process happens and impacts in the cities of Metropolitan Region of Campinas (MRC). Tax war consist in blackmail and pression under the Government, inicially linked to Automobilistic Industries, but nowdays practiced by several companies, especially the Global Companies, with the purpose of defende it own interests. The companies look for benefits like tax break, lands and built infrastructure and argue that will give back to population and State, employment and income, situations that often not happen. The outcomes of War of Places are increase of municipal tax revenues and of the Companies' profits, which do not reflect in improvement and social economic development for the population.
Keywords: Local; global; war of the places; tax war; Metropolitan Region of Campinas
LOCAL SUBORDINADO AL GLOBAL: REFLEJOS DE LA GUERRA DE LUGARES/ GUERRA FISCAL EN LA REGIÓN METROPOLITANA DE CAMPINAS (SP)
Resumen
Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el fenómeno de la Guerra de Lugares / Guerra Fiscal, que se ha convertido en una práctica común en Brasil desde principios de 1990 y, como tal fenómeno se materializó e impacta las ciudades que forman la Región Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC). Práctica común de chantaje y presión sobre los gobiernos, en un principio relacionado con la industria del automóvil, la Guerra de Lugares / Guerra Fiscal se ha convertido en hábito entre todo tipo de empresas, en particular las que tienen un alcance global, interesadas sólo en la defensa de sus intereses frente al capital. Presión para lograr reducciones de impuestos, obtener tierras y por la construcción de infraestructuras, esta práctica se acompaña por un discurso de aumento en la generación de empleo y renta, situaciones que ni siempre ocurren. Se incrementan los ingresos tributarios municipales y las ganancias corporativas, datos que no reflejan en mejoras y en desarrollo socio-económico para la población.
Palabras clave: Local; global; guerra de lugares; guerra fiscal; Région Metropolitana de Campinas
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JP, Boinon. "Land policy in France and its consequence for the farmers." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 4 (March 1, 2012): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5374-agricecon.
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This paper is related to the application of the land policies implemented in France in 2nd half of the 20th century, and their consequences on the economy of the agricultural sector and the operation of the farms. Starting from a framework of historical and institutional analysis, the object of this research is to analyse the economic and institutional determinants of these land policies. In France of small landowners, the existence of the right of ownership is considered as an obstacle for a fast evolution of the structures of farms which are sufficient size to implement technological progress allowing the profits of productivity. The aim of the land policy followed in France since the end of the Second World War was to encourage the development of such farms. The main measures were the statute of the tenant farming, the control of the structures and the control of the land market by the SAFER. This policy is implemented at a departmental level by the representatives of the Farmers Unions and generally supports the access to the land for young farmers or the middle-sized farmers.
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PASICHNYI, Mykola. "Fiscal dominants of military financing." Scientia fructuosa 154, no. 2 (April 11, 2024): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/1.2024(154)02.
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Long-term military aggression has required updating approaches to budget revenue formation to increase the fiscal effectiveness of taxes and ensure budget sustainability. The article is aimed to substantiate the main priorities for boosting the efficiency of the central budget revenue formation system in combating full-scale military aggression, which involves compliance with the principle of fiscal sufficiency in financing defense and security needs and fostering economic recovery. Systematic and logical approaches were used in the article. Various methods were applied, including generalization, comparison, analysis and synthesis, scientific abstraction and expert evaluations. The USA’s experience in the field of budget revenues formation during wars shows that the authorities tried to design the taxpayer’s trust and ensure a fair cost for conducting a war for every citizen. The classic measures were increased tax rates on income and profits, and the active sale of government bonds. Great Britain has applied identical measures. The budget revenues formation policy has demonstrated significant changes since the full-scale invasion. The percentage of GDP redistribution through the central budget revenues in 2023 equaled 41.76%. The main features of tax revenues shaping (into a central budget) in 2022–2023 have been identified. Priority measures to raise the fiscal significance of tax revenues have been substantiated. This concerns the decrease of the shadow part of the gambling business; the excise goods markets; and labor incomes. In addition, the prerequisites for introducing a progressive personal income tax scheme have been determined.
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Edoun, Emmanuel Innocents, Alexandre Essome Dipita, and Dikgang Motsepe. "Illicit financial flows and foreign direct investment in developing countries." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 6, no. 4 (2016): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv6i4siart1.
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Africa is facing a number of challenges that are negatively affecting socio-economic development at all levels of governments and local governments are expected to play a leading role for Africa’s development. One of these challenges are illicit financial flows that are perceived by many as a crime against Africa’s transformation. The continent is losing billions of dollars every year because of tax evasion, corruption and inappropriate transfer pricing and maladministration. With tax being one of Africa’s main sources of revenue, current and past researches revealed that, illicit financial flows (IFFs) cripple African Governments tax base as a results of capital outflows and lack of good governance. This situation obviously is a challenge for Africa’s development as governments struggle to finance structuring projects and this in turn compels these governments to seek funds from international organisations at very high interest rates. It is also important to reveal that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) rapidly grew after the Second World War with the intention to maximize profit on investment in less developed countries and specifically in the African continent. In competing in Africa, most multinationals main objective is to pay less tax, make extensive profits and transfer the proceeds to their country of origin. This subsequently gave rise to illicit financial flows in Africa where the continent is losing billions of dollars. Past studies equally revealed that, Africa’s revenue could increase between 55 and 65%, if appropriate mechanisms of monitoring the flows were in place. This study therefore is based on the premise that, tax evasion, illicit financial flows, corruption and abusive transfers pricing are all factors that affect Africa’s development. Using appropriate method of inquiry, this study wants to demonstrate the presence of FDI’s in Africa as a modus operandi behind tax evasion. It also using the “Appropriability Theory” to explain the rationale for FDI in Africa.
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Guziejewska, Beata, and Izabela Witczak. "W poszukiwaniu efektywnego i optymalnego opodatkowania spółek: CIT estoński." Optimum. Economic Studies, no. 2(116) (2024): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2024.02.116.05.
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Purpose – The study provides a multidimensional assessment of the Estonian CIT regime and its ability to promote investments in Poland. The key feature of the Estonian CIT as an alternative to ‘traditional’ CIT is that taxpayers who withhold corporate profits to invest or strengthen reserves are not required to pay it on an ongoing basis. The Estonian CIT involves fewer obligations for taxpayers, but companies must meet special conditions to be eligible for it. Research method – The study uses a qualitative research methodology. Its main elements are a critical analysis of legislative acts, a review of tax literature, and a process of deduction. Conclusions are drawn based on existing tax theory studies and an analysis of relevant laws and their preliminary effects. Results – The Estonian CIT regime offers numerous benefits to companies. Most of its advantages arise from the amended corporate income tax act, which introduced numerous modifications to the Estonian CIT and clarified its rules. In 2022, almost 7500 companies chose this form of taxation, as it was found to better address corporate needs. Although the Estonian CIT has not been in place long enough to determine if it can significantly accelerate the rate of investment, because of the large number of restrictions, requirements, and complicated tax rules it involves, its role as an investment leverage for the Polish economy is questionable. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The study explores the use of taxes in an economy under globalisation, as well as deglobalisation. In the latter case, after the crisis caused by the pandemic and war in Ukraine, an economic policy using the tax system will become necessary.
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Havrilenko, Nataliia, and Oleksandr KOVERNY. "FORMATION OF THE INCOME PART OF THE STATE BUDGET OF UKRAINE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE MARITAL STATE." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 1(67) (March 31, 2024): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2024-1-4.
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The article describes the peculiarities of the implementation of the state budget on revenues during the period of martial law. The problems caused by russia's armed aggression in relation to Ukraine’s budget policy are outlined. It has been found that in fact, the need for financial assistance is provoked by the growth of the military expenses, since the revenue part of the budget is approximately the same as the expenses for the Ministry of Defense alone. The structure of losses in the economy and trends in GDP changes are analyzed. It is noted that in the general the picture of the economy of our country, state expenditures occupy an increasingly large volume. As in the previous year, the largest item of budget expenditures in 2023 is security and defense; at the same time, expenditures directed at it compared to the pre-war period have increased almost tenfold. The structure of the economy for 2022-2023 has undergone significant changes, the share of industries with a high tax rate has decreased, which negatively affects the level of tax payments from the economy. It was revealed that in 2023, as a result of the policy of the National Bank of Ukraine (hereinafter – NBU), aimed at maintaining a relatively high discount rate, the profits of the banking system exceeded pre-war indicators several times, which allowed it to obtain a significant positive financial result. It was noted that a significant part of the state budget revenues was earned by the fuel and energy sector, which, despite the war, continues to be a successful component of Ukraine's economy. When forecasting the revenues of the state budget, one should take into account the high degree of uncertainty and unpredictability, which affects the high probability of deviation of the actual figures of the estimate from the planned ones. The main key risks can be called the continuation of the war and the uncertainty regarding the further ways of its development, non-return of refugees from abroad, insufficiently fast implementation of the reforms; lack of assistance from international organizations and governments. The latter is not a convention, but a fact, because the key source of income in 2024 will be external borrowing, since the country's own resources (tax and non-tax revenues, transfers) should be enough to finance only half of the expenses. In fact, the need for financial assistance is provoked by the growth of military expenses, and the budget is written in the form of loans.
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Voss, Karsten, and Klaus Weber. "Their Most Valuable and Most Vulnerable Asset." Journal of Global Slavery 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 204–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00502004.
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Abstract From 1698, colonial officers and investors from France forged a conglomerate of companies for transforming Saint-Domingue into a sugar colony, thus augmenting incomes of tax farmers and of the crown. Capital was also captured from enemy colonies and generated through trade with Spanish possessions. The most important capital were slaves, both as laborers and mortgageable property—crucial during the War of Spanish Succession, which brought price volatility and speculation in land and sugar. In order to secure the colony’s development, authorities restricted rights of owners over their slaves, preventing their sale or abuse. Only around 1715 was such protection of slaves suppressed.
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Koreniuk, Petr, and Ludmila Koreniuk. "CONCEPTUAL PRICIPLES OF IMPROVING THE UKRAINIAN TAX SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF BUSINESS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY." ECONOMIC BULLETIN OF THE DNIPROVSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 1(6) (June 27, 2023): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31319/2709-2879.2023iss1(6).283011pp101-110.
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In the conducting military actions on its territory, the main students need is to ensure a harmonious and balanced development in all parts of society. The tax system is of great importance in this regard. The main problem in reforming the tax system lies in the fact that its reforming takes place over a long period of time, and more precisely, from the moment of the declaration of independence of Ukraine. With the beginning of the Great War, Ukraine found itself in a difficult situstion: tax revenues collapsed, and overnight there was a need to receive money. Summarizing the perspectives of the functioning of the new taxation system, it should be emphasized that the public receives an additional share of profits, but the business, most of its representatives it is in a destabilized position, it is not possible to make any additional expenses, because they will significantly reduce the profitability of the activity and the financiall stability of the economic entities. The concept of the tax reform, whits is discussed in the Office of Prezident, received the name “10-10-10”. It foresees a reduction of key tax rates to 10 %: corporate income tax (currently 18 %), personal income tax (18 %) and VAT (20 %). In the phase of implementation of the “10-10-10” program, budget revenues may not fall, but for this it is necessary that all enterprises come out of the shadows. In our opinion, it is appropriate for Ukraine to always have VAT, because Ukraine is integrating into the European Union, and VAT is the basic tax there. A simplified taxation systems is necessary, and it has already proven its usefulness in our conditions. It is necessary to bring labor taxation to rational form, and the EUV should reflect its economic essence, and not be just a tax on the maintenance of modern pensioners. The system of taxation in Ukraine has a significant impact on the formation of the effective part of the budgets of all countries. The tax system must comply with the principles of transparency and accountability. Tax administration should be convenient for all taxpayers and maximally understandable. In our opinion, the leading role in taxation should be played by taxes on land and other natural resources and property. And these taxes are guaranteed to supplement the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine.
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Ishchenko, Yana, Nataliia Semenyshena, Nataliia Yevdokymova, Olha Stepaniuk, and Vasyl Tsaruk. "Management of agricultural business in war conditions: features of accounting and taxation." Independent Journal of Management & Production 13, no. 4 (June 1, 2022): s602—s624. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v13i4.2006.
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The publication is devoted to the development of recommendations for agricultural enterprises on the accounting of special operations to ensure the management function under martial law. The main problems of business production, which are the result of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine, are highlighted. The article summarizes the features of information support for the needs of management in martial law. The expediency of liberalizing the requirements for primary accounting for the special period is substantiated, which will allow adapting the documentation system to the specifics of organizing business processes under martial law. The main changes in the organization of labor relations and accounting for payments to employees are indicated. The procedure for taxation of charitable assistance is reflected, considering changes in the current legislation, the procedure for assessing charitable assistance, and a methodology for its accounting when providing and receiving is proposed. An algorithm for providing state assistance to small and medium-sized agricultural producers through the compensation of the interest rate on attracted loans has been studied, and a method for accounting for such assistance has been proposed. It is singled out as a specific object of accounting, the property of enterprises, which, due to its territorial location in the zone of active hostilities, in the zone of temporary occupation or other negative factors of the influence of the war, has become unuseful. It is concluded that the procedure for determining the amount of the expected recovery of an asset and losses from reducing its applicability, which is given in NSA No 28, cannot be applied in the event of the destruction of property (full or partial) and due to other negative factors of war impact. Such an assessment procedure should be determined by the state centrally, considering current wastage and losses from lost profits in the future; the procedure for accounting for the loss of utility of such property is proposed. The possibilities of tax management of agricultural enterprises to change the taxation system under martial law have been studied and methodological modes of reflection in the accounting of calculations for a single tax of payers of the 3rd group are offered.
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ROYO, JOSÉ ANTONIO MATEOS. "Fiscal state, regional institutions and foreign migratory policy in times of decline: French immigrants in Aragon, 1635–1697." Continuity and Change 28, no. 3 (November 27, 2013): 347–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416013000386.
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This study examines the policies applied to French immigrants in Aragon between 1635 and 1697, a period of economic decline and constant conflict between Spain and France. The commercial and tax measures imposed by the Spanish monarchy on French immigrants to support the war effort were opposed and constrained by Aragonese institutions, such as the Diputación or the Corte del Justicia de Aragón. After a period of debate the Aragonese Parliament developed an autonomous policy towards the end of the seventeenth century. In the interests of the Aragonese economy and elites, restrictions on migrants were lowered and revised, until they focused mainly on merchants. This legislation allowed immigrant flows to continue, but it could not counteract the decline of economic opportunities for the French in Aragon.
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Zolkover, Andrii О., and Dmitry І. Kovalenko. "THE SPECIFICS OF IMPLEMENTING THE EXIT TAX IN UKRAINE UNDER MARTIAL LAW." Journal of Strategic Economic Research, no. 4 (July 13, 2023): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2786-5398.2022.4.5.
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This study attempts to identify effective pathways to boost business activity, in particular through implementing the exit tax policy. It is observed that with Russia’s launching a full-scale invasion to Ukraine, almost all economic processes slowed down, most of businesses in the areas of hostilities were forced to either suspend their activities or close. However, the government is investing much efforts to support entrepreneurs through the adoption of a number of laws that will help businessmen gradually return to their normal functioning, in the field of taxation, too. It is argued that in modern realia of martial law, the issue of introducing exit tax is gaining more relevance, since in the future it will contribute to multiplying long-term economic benefits for the national economy. It is emphasized that the exit tax which is also called a corporate tax might enhance further strategic areas of more efficient use of company profits offering better opportunities for reinvesting and thus providing national producers with a strong impetus to develop and improve their performance in post-war economic recovery of Ukraine. From this perspective, a beneficial effect from implementing exit tax is that it will initiate de-offshore mechanisms and prevent such anti-tax avoidance planning strategies when business entities wilfully overstate their expenses in order to optimize the tax burden. The research findings demonstrate that before February 24, 2022, issues of implementing exit tax in Ukraine had been the most controversial debate topic. The last attempt to introduce an exit tax assumed different timing of the adoption of project No. 3665, according to which the exit tax was supposed to come into effect on January 1, 2022 (provided that Draft Law No. 3665 would be adopted by July 15, 2021) and from January 1, 2023 (if Draft Law No. 3665 was adopted after July 15, 2021). The paper resumes that by Resolution No. 2035-IX of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine dated February 15, 2022, among the issues prepared for consideration at the plenary sessions, the following issues were also discussed: the Draft Law on Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine No. 1185 with regard to implementing an exit tax and the policies to combat the tax base erosion and profit shifting abroad and the Draft Law on Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine No. 3665 and No. 3665-1 and some other legislative acts of Ukraine as to implementing exit tax to replace the corporate income tax. The study also discusses the implications of the forecasts by the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine for 2022–2025, in particular, it is noted that if the exit tax is implemented in 2022, then starting from the second year, i.e. in 2023, Ukraine’s GDP will additionally increase by almost 1.1% with a further growth in 2025 to 3% due to synergy effects. Currently, the above draft laws No. 3665 and No. 3665-1 are being processed in the Parliament’s Committee.
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ISHCHENKO, Yana. "PROVISION OF THE INFORMATION FUNCTION OF AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT IN CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL LAW: FEATURES OF ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 1(59) (April 28, 2022): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2022-1-3.
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The publication is devoted to the development of recommendations for agricultural enterprises on the accounting of special operations to ensure the management function in conditions of martial law. The main problems of doing business, which are a consequence of Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, are highlighted. The article summarizes the features of information support for the needs of agrarian business management in conditions of martial law. The expediency of liberalization of requirements for primary accounting for the period of a special period is substantiated, which will allow adaptation of the documentation system to the specifics of the organization of business processes in conditions of martial law. The main changes in the organization of labor relations and accounting for payments to employees are identified. The procedure for taxation of charitable assistance taking into account changes in current legislation, the procedure for assessing charitable assistance and the method of accounting for its provision and receipt are proposed. The procedure for providing state aid to small and medium-sized agricultural producers through the compensation of interest rates on loans has been studied, and the method of accounting for such aid has been proposed. The property of enterprises, which is due to its territorial location in the zone of active hostilities, in the zone of temporary occupation or due to other negative factors of the war, is singled out as a specific object of accounting that has lost its usefulness. It is concluded that the procedure for determining the amount of expected return on assets and losses from impairment, given in NP (S) BU №28, cannot be used in case of destruction of property (full or partial) and as a result of other negative factors of the war. Such an assessment procedure should be determined by the state centrally, taking into account current losses and losses from lost profits in the future. The order of accounting of losses of usefulness of such property is offered. Possibilities of tax management of agricultural enterprises to change the system of business taxation under martial law have been studied. Methodical methods of reflection in the accounting of calculations for the single tax of payers of the 3rd group are offered.
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Shmorgun, O. "First World War: Origins and Consequences (World-Historical Context)." Problems of World History, no. 8 (March 14, 2019): 10–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-8-1.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of changing socio-economic leadership at the end of the nineteenth century. It is shown that Britain`s lag behind its rivals in foreign markets is associated withthe transition to an extensive algorithm for the existence of the largest empire in the world, the homeland of the industrial revolution, its reorientation to financially usurious mechanisms forobtaining super-profits, an indicator of the beginning of the stadial-civilizational decline of the classical bourgeois formation. It is shown that Germany, which in our time continues to be consideredthe main culprit for World War I, during this period, receives competitive advantages, first of all, by forcing an innovative component of its development, due to the election of a fundamentally different,relative to the Anglo-Saxon, model of the postсapitalist type of social order. It is important that on the basis of similar principles of the new social system in the twentieth century, a number of developedcountries of the East and West have made an economic miracle. It has been proved that the sources of antagonism between the most powerful geopolitical players that led to the Great War are due not so much to the so-called colonial redistribution of the world, but to the collision of two incompatible strategies for the further existence of mankind. Moreover, the doom of the Russian Empire for such an approach was related precisely to the fact that once again lost the historical chance of its own modernization, it was in the world military conflict that was inevitable, because of the domination in the state of a compradoriously oriented "lazy class" (T .Veblen), elected the status of a satellite of the United Kingdom and France, which at that time was the main outpost of the rotting monopoly financial and invading imperialism of a qualitatively new global type, which eventually became the main cause of both worlds wars, and then the cold and present "hybrid" wars (the current Putin regime is derived from the modern global "postmodern system" of postmodern neocolonialism). The hypothesis that the cause of the First and Second World Wars was the only aggressive nationalism is refuted, which in fact, in the form of Nazism became a non-constructive reaction to the globally-permissive parasitism that caused the First World War and the "communist experiment", generated by the civil war caused by the catastrophe of the unprecedented in terms of the scale of the war of 1914-1918.
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Sulym, Victoria, and Kateryna Samodai. "THE NATIONAL ECONOMY DE-SHADOWING TOOLS." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu 2022, no. 4 (2022): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2022.4-31.
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The article deals with the essence of the national economy de-shadowing concept, as well as foreign experience in combating the shadow sector. In particular, the methods of counteracting the shadowing of the national economy in such countries as the USA, Great Britain, France, Poland, Germany, Austria, etc. are summarized. Among the most common and effective tools of de-shadowing of the economy in the studied countries, the following are identified: property liability for committing an economic crime, prohibition of economic activity for persons or business entities that have violated tax legislation or carried out export-import operations with companies located in offshore zones. The administrative and organizational structural stages of the national economy de-shadowing state policy have been developed, which include the collection of statistical information about the level of the economy de-shadowing, analysis of existing methods of combating it and determining its level, as well as factors of influence, consequences of existence and losses from the de-shadowing of the national economy. The final structural stages are the state policy of combating the shadow economy foundations formation and the practical implementation of the planned measures. The necessity of not only finding new tools for combating the shadow economy, but also the implementation of measures tested by world experience has been determined. The formation of an effective system of tools to combat shadow activities, comprehensive monitoring of combating tax evasion and obtaining illegal profits, creation of favorable conditions for entrepreneurial activity, and others are identified as promising vectors in the state policy of de-shadowing of the national economy. The study analyzed the preparatory stages of the national economy de-shadowing state policy, the need for regular collection of information to determine the economic factors of the dynamics of changes in the share of the shadow sector in the national economy, as well as the determination of the economic, social and environmental consequences of the de-shadowing of the national economy for the further formation of effective and comprehensive methods and tools of economy de-shadowing.
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Harding, Richard. "Sailors and Gentlemen of Parade: Some Professional and Technical Problems Concerning the Conduct of Combined Operations in the Eighteenth Century." Historical Journal 32, no. 1 (March 1989): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00015296.
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Of all types of military and naval activity, combined operations have had a particular fascination for public and politicians in the English-speaking world. In England, from Drake's raid on Cadiz in 1587 through to actions initiated by Sir Roger Keyes' Combined Operations Head Quarters in 1940, this mode of warfare has offered the romantic and morale-boosting spectacle of a beleaguered nation striking back at a powerful and threatening adversary. To politicians and administrators such operations seemed to present tantalizingly rich results at little cost. From the early part of the sixteenth century, France and Spain were largely immune from decisiveEnglish military action on the continent, but seemed extremely vulnerable on their seaboards and, as their overseas empires grew, in their colonies. A naval squadron with a small seaborne army could inflict damage upon the economy and prestige of these powers out of all proportion to the forces employed. Even when France was able to continue the fight after major colonial defeats, as she did between 1761 and 1763 and after 1809, England was at least enriched by the profits from her seizures. The belief that the navy could be relied upon to defend Britainand carry the war to the enemy received significant support from the great school of naval historians that developed between 1870 and 1914.1 Their works, supplemented by popular histories, and enlisted unsuccessfully by the royal navy in its attempt to resist a reorientation of British strategy between 1905 and 1911, added great weight to the conviction that British strategy traditionally lay in the application of sea power, of which combinedoperations was a major element. Assisted by newsreel and film, the spectacular developments in the power and technology of combined operations since 1941 have ensured continued public interest in this mode of warfare.
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Sun, Wuwei. "The Impact of Fluctuations in the Pounds Value on Commercial Banks Activities Based on Mini-budget and Banks Interest Rate Hikes." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 49, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/49/20230490.
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Since August 2022, the British pound exchange rate has continued to decline due to multiple factors such as the global epidemic and the Russia-Ukraine war. Against the background of the cost of living crisis with high inflation, especially the sharp rise in energy costs, the British government issued a new tax cut, namely the mini-budget, but the implementation effect is very poor; Subsequently, the Bank of England adopted successive interest rate hikes in an attempt to stabilize the value of the pound and temper the general situation of inflation. This paper critically evaluates the impact of the fluctuation of the value of sterling on the activities of commercial banks in the financial market and analyzes the reasons, advantages, and disadvantages. Commercial banks can benefit from sterling volatility in several ways, such as generating higher trading revenues, enhancing asset liquidity, attracting more capital inflows and trading opportunities, and increasing equity market capitalization. On the other hand, a similar sterling appreciation could have multiple negative effects on commercial banking operations, including risk management, net profits, policy interest rates, and international competition. For the development prospects of commercial banks, it is recommended that in the context of the overall global economic downturn, timely adjust their operations and strategies to adapt to these changes, to withstand the business risks related to exchange rate fluctuations, such as changes in interest rates, interest spreads, and capital costs.
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Ahmed Abed al-Zubaidi, Dr Riyam, and Dr Waleed Abood Mohammed al-Dulaimi. "The Role of Japanese Naval Force and Emergence of its International Status (1914-1921)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES 13, no. 01 (2023): 01–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37648/ijrssh.v13i01.001.
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To achieve its expansionist regional ambitions in China and Korea, and to protect its shipping lines in the Pacific Ocean, and to justify its claims in protecting East Asia from the dangers of German naval bases, on the one hand, and its endeavor to establish peace and prevent the spread of battles to the Far East, on the other hand. The research was concerned with the nature of these allegations and the extent of their truth, in light of tracking the role of the Japanese naval force during the First World War (1914- 1918), and then the emergence of its international standing until 1921, as the developments witnessed in those years represented an important opportunity for Japan at all levels, especially after Its victories made it a major naval power on the international level. However, the internal problems that always faced the Japanese naval power did not stand in the way of its ambitions, which succeeded in employing war as a means to obtain governmental financial specializations to implement its expansion and development programs, especially in light of the recovery of the Japanese economy during the war years as a result of Europe’s preoccupation with preparing the requirements of the war economy, which provided an opportunity Important for the Japanese industry and its various products in controlling the domestic and foreign markets and developing its heavy industry, especially the construction of warship docks, which led to an increase in its profits and the number of its industrial workers who, in the short term, caused a radical change in the structure of society. Despite its active participation in the First World War on the side of the friendly Entente countries and the protection of its merchant ships in the Mediterranean and its desire to join the European arena of operations, its expansionist ambitions and its attempt to control Siberia and obtain political and regional privileges in China and other regions on the one hand, and continue to increase Its spending on industry that supports the elements of strengthening, expanding and developing its naval power in 1920, in a way that amounts to international standards for its counterparts on the other hand. This led to the fear of Britain, the United States of America and France, and their doubts about Japan's real intentions and future dangers in the Far East and the Pacific Ocean, and then called for a conference in 1921 to determine international naval armaments, in a way that guarantees preventing Japan from being at the level of the major international naval powers.
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Semeko, Galina. "Emmanuel Macron's neoliberal revenge." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 3 (2021): 54–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2021.03.03.
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France is currently going through a rather difficult period of reforms carried out by President Emmanuel Macron in order to bring the economy out of prolonged stagnation and restore the country's «greatness» in the world. Macron's reform initiatives, based on monetarist recipes and the concept of supply-side economics, are considered in the context of the global trend towards economic liberalization that began in the 1970 s and included most developed and developing countries. Until now, changes in France have been slow, with a great lag from other European countries and accompanied by mass protests of the population, because they run counter to the principles of the post-war dirigiste socio-economic model. France went through a long period of liberalization and retreat of the state, and the French model of the market economy has acquired a kind of hybrid character: it is no longer a dirigiste, but also neither a liberal model of the classical (Anglo-Saxon) type. The President set a task to bring the neoliberal transformation of the French socio-economic model to its logical end by reforming institutions that do not meet modern challenges. The article analyzes the most important reforms that were carried out by French presidents before E. Macron, in order to reduce the public sector, change labor law and collective bargaining procedures, reduce social expenditures of the state, etc. The role of E. Macron in neoliberal reforms during the presidency of F. Hollandeis shown. Particular attention is paid to the tasks and content of E. Macron's landmark reforms, including the reform of labor legislation, tax reform, the reform of the state monopoly in the field of railway transport, and the incomplete pension reform. The President has surpassed his predecessors in terms of the scale and significance of neoliberal reforms. This is unquestionably major breakthrough in neoliberal transformation, which will have an impact on the further development of the country's economy.
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Бублик, Ліля. "ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN INDICATORS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE SUBSIDIARY IN UKRAINE DURING THE WAR." Сталий розвиток економіки, no. 3(50) (July 26, 2024): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2308-1988/2024-50-9.
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To analyze the main indicators of private business activity in Ukraine during the martial law, the ADIDAS-UKRAINE subsidiary was chosen, since the history of its operation reproduces the instability and dynamism of the domestic economy. Adidas, the history of which began in 1920 as a factory for tailoring sports shoes, is one of the most rated and respected companies in the world. Its annual profits are impressive, the ability to create stylish, modern clothes and shoes that meet the highest quality and comfort criteria is surprising, and the company's management is the envy of competitors. What is behind this? We believe that these are years of hard work, the ability to endure defeat and boldly go to important victories. The Adidas company, which has long grown into a global concern, includes the following companies: "Reebok", which specializes in the production of sports clothes and shoes, as well as accessories for sports, "Rockport" - a manufacturer of shoes intended for festive events and weekdays, CCM specializes in hockey equipment and Taylor Made Golf provides premium quality golf equipment. Determination of the profitability and profitability of the main indicators of the activity of the specified subsidiary is the subject of scientific interest of a large number of researchers of entrepreneurship during the martial law. Thus, determination of turnover ratios of the main components of capital and financial dependence and independence will demonstrate the efficiency and sustainability of the enterprise. Other indicators of business activity show the dependence of SE "ADIDAS-UKRAINE" on borrowed and own funds and the maneuverability of the company's total, equity capital. The Adidas concern unites eight enterprises in Germany and more than 25 around the world, namely representative offices in the USA, Canada, France and other countries. The ADIDAS-UKRAINE subsidiary was founded in 1996 and is one of the leaders of the sports goods market in Ukraine, specializing in wholesale and retail trade of sports games, equipment, clothing and footwear of a well-known brand and is its official representative. To analyze the effectiveness of the functioning of the subsidiary "ADIDAS-UKRAINE", the main indicators of the company's financial activity in the period 2021-2023 were considered. And the main results of the study revealed an improvement in the efficiency of the company's activity in 2023 and an increase in trends towards the growth of the main performance indicators.
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Mengès-Le Pape, Christine. "Entre justice et administration: la cour des aides de Montauban contre l'intendant lors des crises de l'Ancien Régime français." Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 22, no. 1 (2023): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/mhi.2023.22.01.02.
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The relations between the sovereign courts and the intendants contain a tormented and unsuccessful history, marked since the Grand Siècle by the difficult passage from the traditional jurisdictional management of the kingdom, considered inefficient, to an organisation that supports the triumph of the absolute and administrative monarchy. In these southern lands of the kingdom of France, torn apart by the Protestant reformation and the wars, the institutional upheaval which prepared the modern state and the Napoleonic granite masses, was carried out through strong embarrassments which opposed the intendant of the generality to the court of aids in Montauban. As soon as they were created, the magistrates of the jurisdictional company multiplied the manoeuvres against the intendant to safeguard their contentious attributions and the control of the municipal funds. Their particularistic actions were denounced by the intendant, who was there to make the king present everywhere in the kingdom and was zealous in his service. Since then, all the elements were in place for the outbreak of a noisy quarrel – the lawsuit against the intendant Gaspard Lescalopier – which worried the government at the turn of the reign of Louis XV, in the middle of the tax war in 1749, when King Louis XV, whom the subjects looked upon as a charming prince, became „Louis the Unloved”. These tumults prevented the modernisation of the French monarchy and led to the troubles of the Revolution.
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Mentukh, N., and O. Shevchuk. "LEGAL ASPECTS OF TAXATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF BUSINESS ENTITIES IN UKRAINE UNDER MARTIAL LAW." Scientific Notes Series Law 1, no. 12 (October 2022): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-9230-2022-12-64-69.
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This scientific article covers the issue of taxation of economic activity of economic entities in Ukraine under martial law. Theoretical and practical interest in the study of the problems of legal support of taxation of economic activity of economic entities in Ukraine under martial law is primarily related to social, economic and geopolitical metamorphoses occurring in the world in recent years. In the current realities of Ukraine, it faces a number of issues, the solution of which is directly related to the identification and analysis of sources of real and potential threats to business entities under martial law. A significant number of global threats require the creation of special administrative and legal mechanisms for regulating public relations that arise in emergencies of military, social, man-made and natural nature. The purpose of this article is to study certain forms of taxation of economic activity of economic entities in Ukraine under martial law. The authors conclude that the business has continued to pay taxes to the state budget and even pays them in advance. In February 2022, the general fund of the state budget received UAH 104.6 billion (overfulfillment of the monthly schedule by 29.3%, or UAH 23.7 billion). With the planned deficit of UAH 66.2 billion in the first two months of 2022, the general fund surplus amounted to UAH 13.1 billion, and the state budget of Ukraine as a whole - UAH 24 billion; The NBU promptly transferred part of the profits for distribution in the amount of almost UAH 19 billion to the state budget of Ukraine to finance the functioning of the state under martial law; Thus, the continuous deregulation of business and the introduction of tax benefits is the only way for the effective functioning of the economy, the normal conduct of economic activity by economic entities in a state of war. In addition, a number of adopted changes are already demonstrating their effectiveness.
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Bodnarchuk, Tetiana. "Policy of the transition from agricultural to high-tech export in conditions of permanent military threat: Israeli experience for Ukraine." Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2022, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 93–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2022.02.093.
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The Russian-Ukrainian war causes the loss of a significant part of Ukraine's production and raw and food export potential, which creates the risk of economic insecurity in the long run. At the same time, the new challenges create favourable conditions and opportunities for restructuring the national economy in the direction of developing high-tech areas and increasing the science-intensiveness of traditional industries. Today, the question is to choose the most effective institutional and economic mechanism for such a transformation, as exemplified by the State of Israel. The article is devoted to the research of the Israeli practice of transition to high-tech production and the formation of an innovative export-oriented economy. The author aims to clarify the conditions, factors, mechanisms, and tools for the successful economic transformation of Israel in terms of the possibility of implementing the acquired historical experience in Ukrainian realities. The methodology is based on a systematic approach, which considers the economic transformation of Israel as a set of processes and systems of closely interrelated elements (historical conditions, institutional factors, public policy, available resources, economic potential, etc.). It is necessary to apply the historical-evolutionary approach to identify the features and trends of the country's transition from traditional spheres of production and export to high-tech. In this context, comparative-historical analyse is used. The precondition for the transition of the State of Israel to high-tech production and exports was the development of powerful science-intensive complexes of its own agricultural and defence production through targeted public and private investment, subsidies and loans to producers, stimulating education and research, a unique system of public-private partnership (so-called "gold triangle"). It is determined that the use of defence technologies in production of the double-purpose products (in space, aviation, cybersecurity spheres), the flow of intellectual capital, and the formed research base became the basis for the development of pharmaceuticals, electronics, microelectronics, computer hardware, and software, etc. The key role in the Israeli transition to high-tech production and exports was played by state support policy implemented by grant funding instruments for education and R&D, venture capital incentive programs, tax and credit benefits for small and medium businesses, an extensive system of institutional assistance, and effective legal regulation of the business environment for the protection of intellectual property rights, granting special privileges, simplifying the procedure of repatriation of profits, ensuring high-quality products, etc. The policy of "arms diplomacy", trade liberalization, tax, credit, and institutional support of exporters, the conclusion of a system of agreements on international trade, and economic and scientific-technical cooperation contributed to the formation of the competitive advantages of Israel in the markets of high-tech products.
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Bodnarchuk, Tetiana. "Policy of the transitıon from agricultural to high-tech export in conditions of permanent military threat: Israeli experience for Ukraine." Economy and forecasting 2022, no. 2 (October 10, 2022): 82–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2022.02.082.
Full textAbstract:
The Russian-Ukrainian war causes the loss of a significant part of Ukraine's production and raw and food export potential, which creates the risk of economic insecurity in the long run. At the same time, the new challenges create favourable conditions and opportunities for restructuring the national economy in the direction of developing high-tech areas and increasing the science-intensiveness of traditional industries. Today, the question is to choose the most effective institutional and economic mechanism for such a transformation, as exemplified by the State of Israel. The article is devoted to the research of the Israeli practice of transition to high-tech production and the formation of an innovative export-oriented economy. The author aims to clarify the conditions, factors, mechanisms, and tools for the successful economic transformation of Israel in terms of the possibility of implementing the acquired historical experience in Ukrainian realities. The methodology is based on a systematic approach, which considers the economic transformation of Israel as a set of processes and systems of closely interrelated elements (historical conditions, institutional factors, public policy, available resources, economic potential, etc.). It is necessary to apply the historical-evolutionary approach to identify the features and trends of the country's transition from traditional spheres of production and export to high-tech. In this context, comparative-historical analyse is used. The precondition for the transition of the State of Israel to high-tech production and exports was the development of powerful science-intensive complexes of its own agricultural and defence production through targeted public and private investment, subsidies and loans to producers, stimulating education and research, a unique system of public-private partnership (so-called "gold triangle"). It is determined that the use of defence technologies in production of the double-purpose products (in space, aviation, cybersecurity spheres), the flow of intellectual capital, and the formed research base became the basis for the development of pharmaceuticals, electronics, microelectronics, computer hardware, and software, etc. The key role in the Israeli transition to high-tech production and exports was played by state support policy implemented by grant funding instruments for education and R&D, venture capital incentive programs, tax and credit benefits for small and medium businesses, an extensive system of institutional assistance, and effective legal regulation of the business environment for the protection of intellectual property rights, granting special privileges, simplifying the procedure of repatriation of profits, ensuring high-quality products, etc. The policy of "arms diplomacy", trade liberalization, tax, credit, and institutional support of exporters, the conclusion of a system of agreements on international trade, and economic and scientific-technical cooperation contributed to the formation of the competitive advantages of Israel in the markets of high-tech products
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Fokin, V. "Fokin V. Stable, Systematic and Stable Human Development to Ukrainian People (Historical and Analytical Essays, Memories and Reflections). Part 2. The Planetary Mission of the Physical Economy Ideas." Economic Herald of the Donbas, no. 3 (69) (2022): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2022-3(69)-157-167.
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The article continues consideration of the debatable issues identified in Part 1 “General situation with strategic planning of human development in Ukraine” for the previous research by V. K. Chernyak “Stable and balanced development to Ukrainian people” (the state of scientific and administrative support assessment)” Economic Bulletin of Donbas, 2020, No. 1(59). P. 199-217. The article summarizes the conceptual provisions for increasing the role of the state in regulating social, economic, and environmental development by using the Laws of Nature. The essence of the ideas of physical economy by Serhii Podolinskyi and Mykola Rudenko is considered. The warnings of the President of France Emmanuel Macron regarding the crisis of the modern model for the European market economy are given. The appropriateness and expediency of the development of National and Regional programs of human development in Ukraine, as the basis for the implementation of the “3 Cs” doctrine: social forecasting, social planning, social management, have been updated. Special consideration to the need to form the Planning Code in the state (along with the Civil, Budget and Tax Code) was paid. The Planning Code should regulate the terms and content of preparation, adoption and control for responsible implementation of strategic and tactical state decisions. Based on rethinking one’s own life experience in the Ukrainian Donbas, the nature of the spirituality of the common people, their desires and intentions for humanity and harmony in mutual relations and interaction with the Centers of Power is revealed. Examples of rebellious outbreaks and mobilization of the common people in the fight against an external aggressor are given. The experience of the post-war recovery and planned development of the North-Eastern Donbas, which were determined and provided by the spiritual and moral qualities of the common people, is disclosed. The recommendations and suggestions of specialists and associates of the Institute of Physical Economics named after S. A. Podolinsky regarding the implementation of budgetary federalism in unitary Ukraine by determining the ratio of state and local budget funds based on the harmonious proportions of the “Golden Intersection” were identified.
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Kim, Nam Wook. "Legal action against population decline and local extinction." National Public Law Review 20, no. 2 (May 30, 2024): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46751/nplak.2024.20.2.1.
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Korea has been implementing a policy of restricting birth from the 1960s to the 1990s amid explosive population growth after the Korean War. In the provinces, the rural population and the population of small cities have been concentrated in large cities and metropolitan areas due to lack of jobs, infrastructure, and capital. Korea's population began to decline in 2021 after peaking in 2020, and in 2023, it became a country with the lowest birth rate in the world at 0.72, and will soon become a super-aging society. The government has enacted the Framework Act On Low Birth Rate In An Aging Society, the Special Act on Local Autonomy Decentralization and Balanced Regional Development, and the Special Act On Support For Depopulation Regions to promote balanced regional development and to prepare legal policies to cope with population decline and local extinction. In Korea, there are many places where baby cries have stopped, and the equity of the burden of tax and social security costs between generations is a problem due to the low birth rate and the aging society, and the burden of social welfare costs is increasing in local governments. In this paper, after analyzing the current status of Korea's legislation on population decline and regional extinction response, we propose a plan to enact the Regional Revitalization (Regional Revitalization) Act since there are many population decline response laws, but there is no general law on regional extinction response. In addition, although encouraging immigration is not a fundamental measure to respond to population decline and regional extinction, the promotion of flexible local immigration policies in countries such as Australia, the United States, and France is becoming a major factor in population growth, so a regional-led local immigration system must be devised. do. In addition, in the case of Europe, when a city is created as a smart city, it is common for the population to concentrate, and as the population decreases in cities or rural areas with underdeveloped social infrastructure due to ICT convergence technology, cities in population-decreasing areas We review the issue of smart city creation within the city. In addition, when population decreases and regions disappear, there is no need to continuously expand and create cities as is currently the case, so the issue of introducing an appropriate location planning system to create a compact city (compressed city) is reviewed. In addition, we examine the expansion of the scope of use of the living population support introduced by the Depopulation Area Act and the concept and requirements of the related population, and review the issue of introducing a corporate hometown love donation tax to respond to population decline and regional extinction. Lastly, since population decline and regional extinction cannot be resolved through financial support alone, implementation of institutional guarantees for marriage and family community guaranteed under the Constitution, establishment of a livable local environment and infrastructure, provision of sufficient jobs and guaranteed income, transportation, education, and culture. I hope that the Constitution will be amended to create an equal living environment in the metropolitan area and local areas by guaranteeing accessibility to medical care, etc.
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Kherkhadze, Alim. "THE ROLE OF FORING DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN THE ECONOMY AND THEIR STIMULATION MECHANISM." Economic Profile 17, no. 2(24) (December 25, 2022): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.24.03.
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In the era of globalization, the attraction of foreign investments has become an important factor in promoting the economic growth of countries. Investors are constantly looking for favorable conditions for investing their capital, which involves a combination of several important factors. The investor, who is focused on getting the maximum profit with the minimum cost, before making an investment decision, will study the investment environment of the host country, the proximity to large key markets, the barriers to entry from the host country to international markets, the availability of production and energy resources, the level of political and economic stability, the number of labor force, qualifications, etc. .sh. In terms of investments in the modern world, two types of trends have been identified: 1. High-tech investments, which are mainly located in developed countries, due to the developed country's intellectual resources, key market and good opportunities for business development, and 2. Investment, which is focused on obtaining maximum profit at the expense of cheap resources and labor force, and there is no or minimal technical innovation in it. It is important for the state to attract such direct foreign investments, which will not only be focused on making profits, but will also ensure the raising of the qualifications of local staff, the introduction of technological innovations, and the social protection of employees. Thanks to the economic reforms implemented after the post-Soviet upheavals, Georgia has become an attractive place for foreign investment, however, due to the shortage of labor force and low qualifications, investments focused on cheap resources and labor force are entering the country more than high-tech ones. The entry of relatively large, high-tech investments is hindered, in addition to the scarcity of the country's workforce and relatively low qualifications, the low level of energy independence, the territories occupied by the Russian Federation of Georgia, the generally politically and economically unstable region (Tskhinvali, Abkhazia, Karabakh regions), the aggressive state - the Russian Federation. Neighborhood and high probability of potential armed conflicts. The positive factors that make Georgia attractive for foreign investors are a favorable geopolitical location with land access, moderate natural and climatic conditions, low level of corruption, less bureaucratic and simple legislation compared to other countries, high level of harmonization of national legislation with international legislation, with the European Union in 2014 and in 2017 Free trade agreements signed with China, which allow a foreign investor to export products produced on behalf of Georgia to two of the world's largest markets without any problems. Due to the fact that one of the most important factors of production - "capital" - is needed to develop the economy, and the country does not have it at this stage, attracting foreign investments is a vitally important task for the economic growth of Georgia. In developing countries like Georgia, the level of domestic savings is relatively low. In addition to this, apart from the banking system, there is no stock market. In the period 1996-2021, a total of about 23.12 billion dollars of investment came into Georgia. The first and only investor country in 1996 was Ukraine with 3753.45 thousand US dollars. In the following years, significant investments were made in Georgia from the USA (1.81 billion USD), the European Union, CIS countries and Great Britain. According to the latest data, foreign investment has entered Georgia from 74 countries, which is almost 2 times less than the number of countries with which Georgia has trade relations (export-import). Since 2003, the growth of investments had an irreversible character, however, the 2008 world economic crisis and Russia's military attack on Georgia sharply reduced this figure, and it took 6 years to restore the pre-war figure. In addition, since 2017, foreign investments in Georgia have been characterized by a decreasing trend. Pandemic year 2020 was particularly notable in terms of investment decline. Despite the fact that after the signing of the Georgia-EU association in 2014, foreign investments should have increased due to the desire to access the EU market, until 2017, their volume was decreasing. In 2017, in the history of independent Georgia, the largest level of foreign investments - 1.98 billion USD was recorded. In the same year, the agreement on free trade between Georgia and China was signed, which should also increase foreign investments due to the desire to access the Chinese market, although the country has not returned to the level of foreign investments made in 2017. On December 31, 2013, the Organic Law of Georgia "On Economic Freedom" adopted in 2011 entered into force. The law, on the one hand, regulates the limit of the amount acceptable from taxpayers - in case of the desire to increase the tax rates of income, profit, VAT and import taxes, citizens' consent is required through a referendum, and on the other hand, the amount of spending of collected taxes is controlled by the limits of the established macroeconomic parameters. After the implementation of this law, the tax burden of taxpayers was not supposed to increase, but the government took advantage of the loophole in the law and in 2017 the excise duty rate was sharply increased on cars (the excise duty on right-hand drive cars was doubled), fuel and tobacco products. The property tax has also been increased, since it does not belong to the general state tax. Since January 1, 2017, when the Estonian model of profit tax came into force, the state budget received about 500 million GEL less. To make up the deficit, either government spending had to be cut, or debt had to be incurred, or taxes had to be raised. In 2017, the government's expenses increased by 800 million GEL, we took on a debt of 400 million GEL, and the excise and property tax rates were also increased, according to which if the family had an annual income of more than 40,000 GEL, they would have already paid property tax on the car. As of May 2021, the foreign debt has increased to 24.8 billion GEL and has already violated the macroeconomic parameter written in the Law on Economic Freedom, according to which the government's debt cannot exceed 60% of GDP. From 2011, when the law was adopted, until 2013, when the law entered into force, the volume of direct foreign investments did not increase, on the contrary - it even decreased, although this can be blamed on the caution caused by the change of government in 2012. - Investors are likely to observe the possibility of a change in the country's political vector. When the law came into force in December 2013, that is, in fact from 2014, the volume of investments increased by leaps and bounds, and this dynamic continued until 2017, when taxes were increased. Since 2018, the volume of direct foreign investments has dropped almost to the level of 2011. Based on all of the above, we believe that in order to attract foreign investments, Georgia should make maximum use of those competitive advantages that will attract the attention of foreign investors. The country, which has historically been a corridor of regional and world importance, has yet to fully utilize its transport function.
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Filipek, Michał. "Międzynarodowoprawny status archipelagu Wysp Alandzkich : kwestia demilitaryzacji i neutralizacji Alandów." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 1 (November 29, 2011): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2011.1.6.
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This article deals with the question of demilitarization and neutralization of the ?land Islands in respect to international law regulating this issue. In this paper it was not intented to go into details of all historical phases and changes of the ?land's status, but rather to concentrate on international treaties regulating this question, which are still in force. ?land is an autonomous, demilitarized and neutralized region of Finland with a largely Swedish-speaking population. The ?land Islands form an archipelago in the Baltic Sea. They are situated in the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia. Its legislative autonomy and a strong protection for its population's Swedish language and culture are enshrined in the Finnish constitution. The ?land Islands are located in a very strategically important place. There are three problems under international law connected with the ?land Islands: that is to say, demilitarization, neutralization and autonomy of ?land. After the Crimean war it was decided that Russia should not fortify the ?land Islands. The strategic position was one of the factors that influenced the decision of the Paris Peace Conference in 1856 to demilitarize the ?land Islands. After the Crimean War (1854-56) an appendix to the 1856 Treaty of Paris forbade Russia from establishing fortifications, maintaining or building up a military presence and naval forces on the islands. In 1917 Finland gained independence from Russia and ?land became for a number of years a source of controversy or even conflict between Finland and Sweden as a result of the ?landers' demand for ?land's reunification with Sweden. In 1921 the League of Nations resolved the ?land question. ?land remained a part of Finland but gained autonomy along with the historically rooted principles of neutrality and demilitarization. In October 1921 the Convention relating to the non-fortification and Neutralization of the ?land Islands was signed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The Western powers did not regard Bolshevik Russia as a sovereign state after the revolution of 1917 and Russia (the Soviet Union) was not a party to this convention. The treaties that regulatedthe demilitarization and neutralization were: 1) the 1856 Convention on the Demilitarisation of the ?land Islands (annexed to the 1856 Paris Peace Treaty), 2) the 1921 Convention on the Demilitarization and Neutralization of the ?land Islands, 3) bilateral treaty of 1940 between Finland and Russia (the Soviet Union) on the demilitarization of the ?land Islands and 4) the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty. There is no cause to doubt the continuance in force of the demilitarization and neutralization of ?land. The treaties and agreements of 1921,1940 and 1947 are still in force. ?land's demilitarization and neutralization remain beyond question, despite the changes in the political context. The ?land Islands are both demilitarized and neutralized, the main purpose is to keep it completely outside the armed actions of armed conflicts. ?land's status received renewed attention in the 1990s in view of the changes taking place in Europe. The 1994 treaty on Finland's accession to the EU recognizes in its Protocol No. 2, that the ?land Islands enjoy a special status under international law. Furthermore, another legal regulation dealing with this question is the Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Convention on the protection of war victims (Article 60) obligates States Parties to respect demilitarized zones during international armed conflicts. ?land's demilitarized and neutralized status has a strong foundation and position in the international law. Some experts and writers have described this status as a example of a "permanent settlement" or "objective regime" in international law. According to another experts (H. Rotkirch), the special status of the ?land Islands is of such long standing " that it has without doubt become part of customary international law and is thus binding on the international community as a whole". Since 1970, ?land has had its own representation in the Nordic Council and participates in the work of the Nordic Council of Ministers. Since 1989, ?land is a member of the Council of Europe. One might also mention the fact that, ?land stands outside the EU tax union and has retained the limitations on ownership of land and operation of business.
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Arel-Bundock, Vincent, and André Blais. "Where Should Multinationals Pay Taxes?" International Studies Quarterly 67, no. 2 (March 14, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqad012.
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Abstract The international tax system is a pillar of the post-war economic order, but it faces major challenges with the rise of global value chains, digitalization, and tax avoidance. Debates over international tax reform usually occur within a small epistemic community of experts and technocrats. In this article, we step outside this restricted circle to assess the sources of bottom-up legitimacy and support for the rules that govern where multinationals must report profits and which governments are entitled to tax those profits. We conduct survey experiments in Brazil, France, and the United States to assess mass attitudes toward the allocation of the tax base across countries. We find that people’s views clash with the core principles of the current regime, but are aligned with reform proposals that allocate more taxing rights to market jurisdictions. These findings are strikingly consistent across three countries and three distinct studies. At first glance, the consistency of attitudes across countries could spell good things for international cooperation in this arena. However, we also find a significant level of “home bias” in the public’s views on tax allocation. These results shed new light on the legitimacy of tax reform and on the prospects for cooperation in a key area of international economic relations.
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Keyser, John D., and Erica Neuman. "A Different Kind of Cola War: Coca-Cola versus the IRS." Issues in Accounting Education, November 28, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/issues-2021-127.
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Coca-Cola is one of the most recognized brands in the world. The multinational corporation, based in Atlanta, Georgia, has subsidiaries around the globe. In 2021, Coca-Cola lost a $3 billion lawsuit in Tax Court related to transfer pricing and its syrup subsidiaries. This case study examines the issue of transfer pricing for use in Advanced Accounting and Advanced Tax courses. It can also be used to apply ethical frameworks to accounting decisions. After completing this case, students will be able to explain why companies and tax jurisdictions care about transfer pricing, the alternatives available for setting transfer prices, and the importance of tax planning for multinational corporations. Students can also evaluate the ethical considerations associated with shifting profits to low-tax jurisdictions.
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Hamza, Taher, and Elhem ZAATIR. "Does corporate tax aggressiveness explain future stock price crash? Empirical evidence from France." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (November 30, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-01-2020-0018.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the impact of corporate tax aggressiveness on future stock price crash. It also tests the corporate tax aggressiveness prediction power of the stock price crash via a long forecast window (two years). Design/methodology/approach The study sample consisted of 1,169 firm-years observations. The multivariate analysis uses three measures of stock price crash risk, as a dependent variable. The key variable is tax aggressiveness lagged by one period (one year) as all independent variables. As a robustness check, this paper uses alternate measures of earning management and a longer forecast window (two years) to predict stock price crash risk. Findings Tax aggressiveness activity is positively related to a firm-specific future stock price crash. Corporate tax aggressiveness predicts stock price crash risk for a long forecast window (two years). The findings are robust to a number of checks and have several policy implications. Practical implications Investors should be cautious about the different risks of corporate tax aggressiveness: stock price crash risk. The important role of firm disclosure which leads to more relevant stock price informativeness. Adopt accounting conservatism behavior. The market perceives a socially irresponsible behavior and may harm the firm reputation. Social implications Incentives for French regulators to reduce the feeling of injustice by SMEs vis-à-vis large international companies that have the possibility of transferring part of their profits to a country different from that where it should be taxed to reduce their tax bases. Originality/value French companies are among the heavily taxed in Europe which makes France a particularly suitable context for studying tax aggressiveness issues. The first in the French context, that document a significant and positive relation between tax aggressiveness and future crash risk. It focuses on the important role of corporate tax planning as a means of withholding bad news and its consequences in inflating stock prices.
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Zhelizniak, Roman, Oleksiy Poburko, Oleh Serheiev, and Daria Adamenko. "FINANCIAL RESULTS OF ENTERPRISES DURING THE PANDEMIC AND WARTIME: DYNAMICS AND TRENDS." International scientific journal "Internauka". Series: "Economic Sciences", no. 10(66) (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.25313/2520-2294-2022-10-8363.
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The dynamics of the financial results of Ukrainian enterprises were studied, in particular by the types of their economic activity. The main trends of indicators of financial results in recent years were analyzed, the rates of growth of profits and losses are presented. The situation in varioussectors of the economy is presented and the most stable sectors of the economy during the period of quarantine and war are given. The main changes in the taxation of enterprises during the introduction of martial law in Ukraine are considered. Tax revenues from the main taxes, namely corporate income tax and VAT in 2022, were analyzed. Support measures for business entities are proposed, which are aimed at increasing the resilience of enterprises to changing environmental conditions.
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Korin, Inna. "The Effect of Martial Law on Transfer Pricing in Ukraine." JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES 05, no. 11 (November 4, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v5-i11-04.
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The purpose of this study was to describe the current state of tax control over transfer pricing in Ukraine. Analysing the effect of war and martial law on the tax system on the whole and transfer pricing as well, I would like to say that the situation shook the system, but nevertheless, it managed to rehabilitate itself and survive, in turn, standing on wartime slats. The practical significance of the study lies in the complex analysis and evaluation of the current situation of the transfer pricing processes taking place in Ukraine. For Ukraine, in practice, the experience of European countries and case law can be found, which have formed a number of important and progressive legal positions and conclusions to improve control in the field of transfer pricing. The practical novelty of the obtained results consists in a comprehensive analysis of the impact of transfer pricing on the current state of tax management in general. While the EU countries and the UK introduce additional temporary taxes on excess profits on electricity production between 2021 and 2023, as well as on excess profits received from activities in the oil, gas, coal and oil refining sectors, Ukraine introduces an income tax for all companies in any industries in the amount of 2% of the turnover, in order to keep the business afloat. In particular, I would like to note the effectiveness of the work within the framework of the EU4PFM international project, which made it possible, even in wartime, not only to preserve the achievements of pre-war times, but also to start the development of new software products and OECD support for the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with EU norms in the context of the further integration of Ukraine into the European Union. The main goal of this work is to determine the effectiveness of transfer pricing in Ukraine today, as well as to assess the development prospects for Ukraine in this direction.
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Kozub, Robert M. "Implications Of The Selection Of A Method To Allocate State Income Taxes In Order To Determine Net Foreign-Source Income." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 9, no. 4 (December 19, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v9i4.553.
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Internal Revenue Code Sections 861-864 determine the source of income and Sections 861(a) and 862(a) specifically allocate certain items of gross income to sources within or without the United States. Sections 861(b) and 862(b) state generally how to determine taxable income for a taxpayer with income sources within or without the United States after such source has been determined. Regulation § 1.861-8 provides more information on allocating state and local taxes to U.S. - and foreign-source income. Regulation § 1.861-8 is based on the factual relationship of deductions to gross income test. This Regulation provides a concise rule requiring that the deduction for state, local, and foreign income, war profits, and excess profits taxes under Section 164 are definitely related and allocable to the gross income with respect to which such taxes are imposed. Under Regulation § 1.861(e)(6) if foreign-source of a corporation related by ownership to a corporate taxpayer is attributed to the activities conducted by the taxpayer in a state and is subject to state income tax, as in a state unitary income tax, the state tax deduction is allocable to the foreign-source income of the related corporation for purposes of the foreign tax credit used § 904. This paper first considers the most common methods for allocating state income taxes, the presumptive, analytic, and state-by-state methods. In the Chevron case, the Tax Court was asked to consider whether any of the following methods comply with the regulations; these methods are the gross income, factor operations, statutory notice, the pro rata, and the example methods. This paper will also consider the requirements and validity of related regulations.