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Academic literature on the topic 'France Tariff'

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Published: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "France Tariff"

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Pincus, Jonathan. "International Trade and Political Conflict: Commerce, Coalitions, and Mobility. By Michael J Hiscox. Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp xiv, 209. $49.50, cloth; $18.95, paper." Journal of Economic History 63, no. 1 (March 2003): 306–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050703621807.

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This short book has a novel thesis, which is that the degree of factor mobility at the national level influenced the politics of foreign-trade policies. When factor mobility was high, tariff legislation was class legislation. When mobility was low, tariffs were decided by interest-group competition. Michael Hiscox brings data on mobility to bear on the history of foreign trade policies of the six countries—the United States, Britain, France, Sweden, Canada, and Australia—over the last one or two hundred years or so, devoting a chapter to each. He then tests his ideas quantitatively on U.S. congressional voting between 1924 and 1994, finding that, when the indicators of factor mobility were low, an “interest group theory” better explains U.S. tariff politics than does a “class legislation theory” (and the reverse when mobility was high).
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Cohen, Albert, Gilles Dupin, and Charles Levi. "Tarification de l'Incendie des Risques Industriels Français par la Méthode de la Crédibilité." ASTIN Bulletin 16, no. 2 (November 1986): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.16.2.2015005.

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AbstractThe industrial risks insurance market has shown a deficit for a few years, in France as well as in other European countries. In order to change that situation, insurers, with the help of their professional organizations, have begun to re-build their tariffs. Further, the progressive opening of the services European market has led these countries towards a standardization of their actuarial methods to estimate premiums. Among these methods, the credibility approach has already been adopted by Germany, Switzerland and partly by Belgium.We have applied this method to statistical data from the French market. The estimation of the pure premium is based on the Bühlmann-Straub model with a measure of volume for every category (sums insured in our case). Loadings for fluctuation have been evaluated by the N.P. approximation of the distribution function of the loss ratio.Beyond the simple use of the mathematical formulas, we have tried to measure the reaction of the model under different scenarii: risks typology with one, two or three levels, rough disturbance of the loss ratio of a category of risk, stability of the tariff over a long period of time, comparison of this tariff with the tariff built with the help of the existing French method based on a correction for large claims.
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Romashchenko, M. I., R. V. Saidak, V. P. Panteleev, and S. R. Goss. "ANALYSIS OF METHODICAL APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF WATER TARIFFS FOR IRRIGATION AND COMPENSATION OF COSTS FOR RECLAMATION INFRASTRUCTURE: THE EXPERIENCE OF EU COUNTRIES." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 1 (July 11, 2023): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202301-361.

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The practice of EU countries on the establishment of water tariffs for irrigation of agricultural crops and the procedures for recouping funds spent on water supply for irrigation is considered. As the main sources of information for the manuscript were noted publications and regulatory documents of Ukraine, reports of EU bodies, and the World Bank, in which a critical analysis of pricing practices in irrigated agriculture in EU countries for 2005-2023 was carried out. The grouping of information on the area of irrigated land, the level of return of funds spent on water supply, and attention is paid to a methodical approach to the development of tariffs for water transportation. The interpretation of the reasons for the natural character, which were guided by state management bodies when applying economic tools for irrigation management in their territories, are presented. For certain countries with big areas of irrigated land (Italy, France, Greece, Spain, Portugal, and Romania), significant achievements of tariff formation and reimbursement of funds have been determined. Aspects of water tariff formation, water accounting, development of water user associations, and taxation of water fees are disclosed. countries were classified according to water pricing, taking into account the state of water resources and melioration systems, types of tariffs, pricing mechanisms, the state of return of funds spent on water supply due to tariffs, measurement of water volumes, as well as solving additional problems of applying economic tools in irrigated agriculture – institutional (administrative, legal) measures, the impact of water charges on the country’s agricultural economy, etc. Since the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) are the dominant approach in the implementation of tariff formation in irrigation in EU countries, the level of achievement of indicators of the quality of WFD implementation by countries was considered. It has been established that the vast majority of global practices for forming tariffs for water supply services for irrigation, capital investments in reclamation infrastructure, and its maintenance, show that they are based both on national interests and on the interest of water users and organizations that provide logistical support.
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Rostoker, Guy. "Cost of Home Dialysis in France." Bulletin de la Dialyse à Domicile 5, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25796/bdd.v5i3.67593.

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Summary Medico-economic evaluation is defined as economic evaluation applied to the health field. It is a comparative analysis of different diagnostic, therapeutic or preventive strategies, based on their costs and health outcomes. We have only one medico-economic study on the costs of dialysis in France, carried out by the Haute Autorité de Santé, which covered the year 2012 and consisted of cross-referencing 3 databases: the Registre Réseau Épidémiologique et Information en Néphrologie and the Système National d’Informations Inter-régimes de l’Assurance Maladie et de l’Hospitalisation. Analyses focused on prevalent patients, incident patients and key patient characteristics: age, presence of diabetes and care trajectories. The average monthly cost varied considerably according to the management modality, from 3774 euros/month in autonomous continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) to 7253 euros/month in center-based hemodialysis. The monthly cost of therapies according to the patient profile appears to be strongly affected by the diabetic status of the patients. This analysis shows the high cost of transport for patients on in-center hemodialysis (20% of total expenditures), and even higher for nursing care in assisted CAPD (37% of total expenditures). The total tariff decreases from 2014 to 2020 were -17.6% for center-based hemodialysis and -9.8% for the low medicalized dialysis unit (LMDU), while the total 2014–2021 tariff increases were +9.3% for CAPD and +9.1% for automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). Paradoxically, these price changes have increased the cost of assisted peritoneal dialysis, which is now almost at the same level of overall cost as in-center hemodialysis for the French health insurance system. The ongoing study of the Physidia Laboratory’s retrospective cohort on daily home hemodialysis (DHH) should allow us to know the current cost of each hemodialysis technique currently practiced in France, including DHH.
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Cantin, Frédéric P., and Andreas F. Lowenfeld. "Rules of Origin, the Canada-U.S. FTA, and the Honda Case." American Journal of International Law 87, no. 3 (July 1993): 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203644.

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In a regime of universal most-favored-nation treatment for the entry of goods, where a product originates makes very little difference, except for consumer preferences. Buyers may prefer perfumes made in France, watches from Switzerland, cheese from Holland, but cheese from France, perfumes from Switzerland, and watches from Holland will come into the United States, or Canada, or any other country that grants MFN treatment at the same rate of duty, and there is no incentive (for tariff purposes) for anyone to wrap a product made in Patria in the mantle of Xandia.
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Goeteyn, Geert. "EC Aviation Scene (Major 2006 Developments)." Air and Space Law 32, Issue 1 (February 1, 2007): 40–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2007005.

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This article gives an overview of important developments on the EC aviation scene in 2006 (up to 31 October 2006). It then examines in more detail two specific developments, namely (a) the review by the European Commission (Commission) of the block exemption exempting IATA passenger tariff conferences and slot and scheduling conferences; and (b) the judgement of the European Court of First Instance, rejecting easyJet’s appeal against the Commission’s clearance (subject to conditions) of the Air France/KLM merger.
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Cui, Wei. "The Digital Services Tax on the Verge of Implementation." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 67, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 1135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2019.67.4.sym.cui.

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France enacted the digital services tax (DST) in 2019, and similar legislation is pending in the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, and other countries. The DST can be viewed as a tax on location-specific rent (LSR), and it arguably solves genuinely new problems in international taxation. The author briefly reviews this justification of the DST and further examines the DST design in light of three criticisms. The first criticism is that certain features of the DST render it similar to distortionary import tariffs. The second is that the DST would not be borne by digital platforms but would only be shifted to platform users. The third is that governments promoting the DST seem not to characterize it as a tax on LSR but, instead, have advocated reforming the income tax. The author suggests ways of rationalizing the DST's tariff-like features, refutes casual arguments about the DST's incidence, and offers a framework for understanding why small economies might advocate simultaneously for the DST and for the reformation of international income taxation.
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Milanés-Montero, Patricia, Alberto Arroyo-Farrona, and Esteban Pérez-Calderón. "Assessment of the Influence of Feed-In Tariffs on the Profitability of European Photovoltaic Companies." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2018): 3427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103427.

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Feed-in tariff policies have been the most common and effective tool contributing towards the important growth in photovoltaic solar energy in Europe. The purpose of this study is to analyze their influence on the economic profitability of photovoltaic companies operating in the most characteristic regions, Germany, Italy, France and Spain in the period 2008–2012. Variables characterizing these companies are also included. Regarding the method, a static linear panel data model is used. The results show how feed-in tariffs (FITs henceforth) have in fact had a significant positive influence on the economic profitability of these companies. In addition, the findings suggest that the expansion of these companies in terms of assets implies increased competition in the sector, positively influencing their profitability given the economies of scale generated. Moreover, contrary to expectations, photovoltaic companies with the highest leverage ratios are those with the largest return on investment in the analyzed period, what could be a consequence of their higher possibilities of investing the obtained external funds on PV technology.
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Ouédraogo, Sarah, Ghjuvan Antone Faggianelli, Guillaume Pigelet, Jean Laurent Duchaud, and Gilles Notton. "Application of Optimal Energy Management Strategies for a Building Powered by PV/Battery System in Corsica Island." Energies 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 4510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174510.

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The use of renewable energy sources, and in particular photovoltaics, can effectively reduce the supply of household energy from the main grid, contributing to a more sustainable community. In this paper, several energy management strategies were applied to an existing microgrid with photovoltaic (PV) production and battery storage in view to supply in electricity a building and an electric vehicle located in Ajaccio, France. The purpose was to determine how the choice of a management strategy can impact the cost and the energy share in the microgrid, using the actual electricity tariff in France as well as an over-cost due to the island situation. For some strategies, a forecasting tool was introduced and its influence on the performances of the microgrid was discussed. It appears that the performance of the strategy increased with its complexity and the use of PV forecasting.
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Hulych, Olha I. "European practice of ensuring an efficient environmental safety in water management." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 6(146) (2020): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2020-6-10.

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For Ukraine as the country undergoing the transfer to the integrated management of water resources based on the basin principle, the European experience of such management is quite valuable. The best practices and achieved results in securing efficient environmental safety in the EU water management can be considered and used by national policymakers and experts in forming the policy and legal framework for environmentally sound water management in Ukraine. The paper aims to generalize the European experience of achieving efficient environmental safety in water management and revealing the best European mechanisms and tools of water management policy that can be used in Ukraine. An analysis of the European experience in implementing the policy of environmental friendliness in water management with the consistent implementation of the principles of "user pays", "polluter pays", and "water pays for water" is conducted. On the example of national water policies of Spain, France, Portugal, Germany, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, the paper highlights the peculiarities of application of methods and tools of environmental safety regulation in water management: introduction of a differentiated approach to setting the rent and tariff policy in general and special water management based on determining the water supply priorities and setting limits and tariffs for water supply; accumulation of fees for the use and pollution of water resources at the regional level, in particular, directly on the accounts of basin administrations. Particular attention is paid to economic and fiscal mechanisms to ensure the environmental friendliness of water management: setting the tariff policy and water fees, payment for water management. The European practice of counteracting floods and inundations is considered separately. Denmark's experience in implementing the tools and mechanisms in flood and inundation prevention can be a good example to use. Ways to improve the economic regulation of environmental safety in the water management in Ukraine based on European experience are substantiated.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "France Tariff"

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De, boras Sandrine. "Vers une refondation de la tarification sociale ferroviaire?- Le cas de la carte Familles Nombreuses." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO22012/document.

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L’objectif de ce travail est de déterminer, dans le contexte actuel de dysfonctionnements de la tarification sociale ferroviaire, de remise en cause des interventions publiques, et de déréglementation des réseaux, s’il est possible de réformer ce type de tarification et quelle sont les marges de manœuvre disponibles. La réflexion s’applique au cas de la carte Familles Nombreuses imposée par l’Etat à la SNCF.Dans ce sens, nous appréhendons d’abord le terme de tarification sociale en pratique et en théorie afin d’élaborer une définition générique, puis analysons les modalités alternatives d’organisation et de financement des tarifs sociaux. Nous recherchons ensuite, à travers une analyse historique détaillée du tarif Familles Nombreuses et des relations de gouvernance entre l’entreprise et l’Etat, les leviers et les freins qui permettent d’engager ces évolutions. Nous mettons en évidence les évolutions proposées jusqu’à présent et les éléments déclencheurs de ces évolutions.Forts de ces enseignements et à partir d’une enquête préférences déclarées, nous formulons des propositions d’aménagement du tarif Familles Nombreuses. Elles reposent sur la sensibilité et les choix réels des consommateurs et sont évaluées à partir de calculs de surplus. Les marges de manœuvre apparaissent finalement peu nombreuses. Les évolutions envisagées risquent de provoquer de nombreux mécontentements pour un gain de surplus finalement faible, voire négatif. Une solution pourrait alors consister en l’intégration du tarif Familles Nombreuses dans le système de yield management. Cela permettrait à la SNCF de disposer de marges de manœuvre plus importantes, à l’Etat de sortir de la contrainte de financement et à l’usager de bénéficier de réductions plus importantes. Ainsi, à travers une sorte de policy mix entre les logiques commerciale et sociale, le yield management pourrait constituer un outil de politique sociale, source de justice sociale et de redistribution
The aim of our study is to determine, in the context of dysfunctions with social tariffs in the French railway industry, challenging of public policy, and deregulation of network industries, if it is possible to reform this type of tariff and which ways we can use. Our work deals with the case study of the card “Familles Nombreuses”, which is a social tariff imposed by the State to the French railway operator, SNCF.First we analyze social tariffs in a practical and theoretical approach to make a generic definition. Then we analyze some alternative ways of organizing and financing social tariffs.Then, we are seeking, through a detailed historical analysis of the social tariff “Familles Nombreuses” and the governance relations between SNCF and government, elements that allow these changes. We highlight the changes proposed until today and the events that cause these changes.With these lessons and a stated preference survey, we make, some proposals to reform the social tariff “Familles Nombreuses”. They are based on the sensitivity and real consumer choice, not on assumptions or deductions and are evaluated with calculations of surplus. In terms of results, if we can’t make a single proposal that would be "the" solution, we make some recommendations depending on the objectives of different actors and the role they wish to give to social tariffs. We can also determine the commitment to social tariffs. Leeways appear in fact limited. The changes based on the current commercial tarifs may cause a stir discontent and the surplus could be finally low or even negative. One solution could consist in inserting the social tariff « Familles Nombreuses » into the global system of yield management. This would allow the SNCF to have greater leeway on this tariff, the State to face no longer the funding constraints and the user to be offered more discount. Thus, through a policy between commercial and social logic, the yield management could be a tool of social policy, source of social justice and redistribution
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Hoarau, Quentin. "Out with the Pipes, in with the Plugs : On the Economics of the Energy Transition in the Automobile Sector Interactions between electric mobility and photovoltaic generation Network tariff design with prosumers and electromobility: Who wins, who loses Stranded to be? Diesel ban and used car markets. Coordination of abatements and policies with sector coupling technologies." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASI006.

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Le développement de la mobilité électrique est le principal compromis technologique qui peut permettre au secteur automobile de réduire drastiquement ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de polluants locaux. Du retrait des véhicules thermiques à l'intégration des véhicules électriques dans le système électrique, cette thèse étudie plusieurs aspects économiques de cette transition énergétique.Le premier chapitre étudie empiriquement les effets des politiques urbaines de restriction de circulation des véhicules les plus polluants, en analysant le comportement de vendeur de voitures sur les marchés locaux de l’occasion.Le deuxième chapitre étudie théoriquement les conditions optimales de l’électrification du parc automobile. Il donne notamment des recommandations quant à la coordination de politiques sectorielles. Le troisième poursuit en détaillant les interactions entre mobilité électrique et énergie photovoltaique. Il développe un cadre d’analyse mettant en évidence les conditions techniques et économiques de ces interactions donnant lieu à une synergie.Le quatrième chapitre discute des effets distributifs de la tarification de l’accès aux réseaux électriques en présence de développement conjoint de la mobilité électrique et sources de production d’électricité décentralisée
The development of electric mobility is the main technological compromise that will allow the automobile sector to drastically reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. From the ban of thermal vehicles to the integration of electric vehicles in the power sector, this dissertation investigates several economic aspects of this transition.First, it empirically studies the impacts of urban policies that limit the access of most polluting vehicles by analyzing the behavior of car sellers on second-hand markets. Then, it theoretically precises the optimal conditions of the electrification of the automobile fleet how governments may plan support policies for electric vehicles that take into account their interaction with the power system.Third, it investigates the interaction between electric mobility and photovoltaic energy. It develops a systematic framework that enlightens technical and economic conditions of synergy.Fourth, it discusses the distributional effects from tariff design of power network with both distributed energy resources and electric mobility
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Mayol, Alexandre. "Essais sur les déterminants et l'efficacité de la tarification des services publics : une application aux évolutions du secteur de l'eau potable en France." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E046/document.

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La présente thèse propose une étude théorique et empirique des déterminants de la tarification des services publics et de leurs conditions d’efficacité. La prise en compte des enjeux environnementaux et sociaux, le déploiement des réseaux intelligents et la contrainte forte de maîtrise des coûts ont conduit à la mise en œuvre de nouvelles pratiques en matière tarifaire et organisationnelle dans les services publics. Cette thèse propose trois essais consacrés à l’impact de ces nouvelles pratiques dans l’eau potable en France. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons le passage d’un tarif affine à un tarif progressif sur le comportement des consommateurs d’eau potable, à partir d’une expérience naturelle menée à Dunkerque. Un premier résultat indique que la demande a baissé avec ce nouveau tarif, tout en créant des distorsions. Un deuxième résultat indique que la réaction des consommateurs au signal-prix a été ambivalente. Ces travaux suggèrent de repenser le design tarifaire et l’accompagnement des consommateurs dans leurs choix pour limiter les biais cognitifs. Dans un deuxième temps, nous analysons comment l’organisation politique locale (en France, le niveau de la commune, du syndicat de communes ou de l’intercommunalité) et le mode de gestion (public ou privé) peuvent influencer la performance du service public. L’incidence de ces configurations organisationnelles sur les coûts n’a jamais été étudiée simultanément par la littérature. Nous proposons un modèle théorique, validé par une étude empirique à partir d’un panel des services d’eau français, qui met en évidence l’impact de ces différentes configurations organisationnelles sur le prix
The present thesis proposes a theoretical and empirical study of the determinants of the pricing of public services and their conditions of effectiveness. Taking into account environmental and social issues, the deployment of smart grids and the strong constraint on cost control have led to the implementation of new pricing and organizational practices in public services. This thesis proposes three essays devoted to the impact of these new practices in drinking water in France. First, we analyze the transition from an affine tariff to a progressive tariff on the behavior of consumers of drinking water, starting from a natural experiment conducted in Dunkerque. A first result indicates that demand has decreased with this new tariff, while creating distortions. A second result indicates that the consumer reaction to the price signal has been ambivalent. This work suggests to rethink the tariff design and the accompaniment of the consumers in their choices to limit the cognitive biases. In a second step, we analyze how the local political organization (in France, the level of the single municipality, the union of communes (Syndicats) or super-municipality (communauté de communes) and the management mode (public or private) can influence the performance of the public service. The impact of these organizational configurations on costs has never been studied simultaneously by the literature. We first propose a theoretical model to analyze them together. Then, from a panel of French water services, we observe empirically that these different organizational combinations have an impact on the price
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Pompidou, Catherine. "Les tarifs aériens de passagers sur vols réguliers en Europe : plus particulièrement étude de la politique de la France et du RoyaumeUni en la matière." Paris 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA02Z124.

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Scheduled passengers air fares in europe are the result of both national and international, private and public regulations which are very tigh. The deregulation of air transport in the united-states enables us to question the european air pricing system and its control. In this matter, two states follow different policies. On one hand, great-britain is liberalizing this field by taking away state control. On the other hand, france, an interventionnist country, undertakes to keep public control of this activity to protect it from the european competition. On an european level, air fares are the subject of studies and projects by the european economic community and the civil aviation air commission. A consensus is beginning to appear in europe. It is necessary to organize a fare procedure adjusted to the european need, liberalizing instead of deregulating.
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Blondeau, Céline. "Evolution de l'assurance en France et cyclicité des résultats en assurances de dommages." Lille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LIL20026.

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La cyclicité en assurances de dommages est un phénomène connu aux Etats-Unis, et souvent évoqué en France, bien qu'aucune recherche empirique de causalité n'y ait été entreprise. Pivot du développement économique et social, l'assurance en France est un secteur en pleine mutation. Son fonctionnement, son rôle économique et financier, et ses transformations sont étudiés afin d'y puiser des éléments explicatifs. En assurances de dommages, le résultat provient des primes et des revenus financiers, déduction faite du coûts des sinistres et des frais d'exploitation. Or, trois de ces quatre éléments connaissent des fluctuations. .
Underwriting cycles in property-liability insurance are a well-known phenomenon in the United States, but even if some newspapers talk about them in France, no research has been undertaken into the causes of this phenomenon. The French insurance industry plays a pivotal role in economic and social advances, and has developed beyond recognition since 1945. Our research will first review and study its practices, its economic and financial role and the changes which have occured within it, in order to find some explanations for these underwriting cycles. In property-liability insurance, net income is approximately equal to the difference between, on one hand, premiums and net investment income and, on the other hand, losses (claims) and (acquisition and administrative) expenses. Three of these fluctuate. .
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Long, Martine. "Les problèmes juridiques liés à la tarification des services publics locaux." Pau, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PAUU2033.

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La tarification des services publics locaux est une matiere qui n'a pas donne lieu a de nombreuses contributions. Les lois de decentralisation, ainsi que la volonte des pouvoirs publics d'augmenter la libre administration des collectivites locales tout en rationalisant les procedres, ont relance le debat. Cela, d'autant plus que la fisaclite locale presente des limites. Il en resulte un regain d'interet pour la redevance pour service rendu, qui se presente comme un outil financier particulierement souple et totalement decentralise, mais qui pose de nombreux problemes en termes juridiques.
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Loubier, Sébastien. "Gestion durable des équipements d'hydraulique agricole : conséquences sur la tarification et les politiques publiques en hydraulique agricole." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON10049.

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Durant plus d'un siècle, la puissance publique a favorisé la création de réseaux collectifs d'irrigation gérés par des ASA. Alors que certaines ASA éprouvent dores et déjà des difficultés pour financer la maintenance et le renouvellement, la puissance publique souhaite se désengager. Dans ce contexte, nous nous interrogeons sur la durabilité des ASA. Une première analyse révèle une prédominance de stratégies de gestion basées sur des réflexions de court ou moyen terme. La formalisation microéconomiques de ces comportements montrent que ces choix de stratégies sont optimaux du point de vue des gestionnaires sans pour autant être durables. Divers systèmes de financement et d'organisation du soutien de la puissance publique sont alors étudiés. Parmi ces systèmes, seul la mutualisation du renouvellement des équipements des ASA doublé d'un mécanisme incitatif permet à la fois d'éviter les stratégies de faible maintenance et d'anticiper les charges futures de renouvellement.
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Mimouni, Hanane. "Le service universel dans les industries de réseau en France : application aux télécommunications au Maroc." Besançon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BESA0002.

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L'ouverture à la concurrence des marchés de services publics en réseau peut menacer l'accès équitable aux services de base de certains usagers. Pour conserver un service public à la suite de la libéralisation de ces marchés, la plupart des directives européennes a introduit la notion de service universel (SU) comme étant un service minimum de qualité donnée et à un prix abordable. Les autorités de régulation ont adopté de nouvelles formes de réglementation qui peuvent concerner des contraintes sur la couverture et sur la tarification. Toutefois, l'entrée de nouveaux offreurs pose le problème de l'attribution des obligations de SU. Pour surmonter ce problème, les régulateurs français utilisent des appels à la concurrence pour sélectionner le ou les opérateur(s) pour assurer le SU. L'existence d'une information asymétrique sur le coût de SU constitue un obstacle majeur à son évaluation. C'est ainsi que la deuxième tâche des régulateurs consiste à établir une méthodologie pour estimer ce coût. Cette méthodologie est basée sur le coût net évité qui reste applicable dans les trois secteurs français. Le problème de la fourniture du SU se pose également dans les pays en voie de développement. On a choisi le Maroc comme étude de cas. S'inspirant de la réglementation française en matière de la réglementation, le Maroc a réussi à libéraliser ses secteurs de services publics en réseau, notamment celui des télécommunications. On a montré que le mérite de cette réussite revient à une réglementation bien encadrée de SU. Il est vrai qu’il existe des différences entre les deux pays, mais les objectifs restent similaires : assurer une concurrence équitable et la fourniture de SU
The liberalization of network industries can threaten the equitable access to basic services for some users. To preserve a public utility after the liberalization of these markets, most European directives introduced the concept of universal service (US) as a minimum service quality at an affordable price. The regulators have adopted new forms of regulation as restrictions on coverage and pricing. However, the entry of new suppliers raises the problem of the allocation of US obligations. To overcome this problem, the French regulators use competitive bidding to select the US provider’s. The existence of asymmetric information on the US cost is an obstacle to its evaluation. Hence, the second task of regulators is to establish a methodology for estimate this cost. This methodology is based on the net cost avoided still applicable in the three French sectors. The problem of providing the US also arises in the developing countries. We chose Morocco as a case of study. Inspired by the French legislation concerning regulation, Morocco has managed to liberalize their sectors of industries network, particularly telecommunications. It was shown that this success comes down to well-regulated methods of US. It is true that there are differences between the two countries, but the goals are similar : to ensure loyal competition and the supply of US
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Croissant, Yves. "La tarification publique : fondements théoriques : extensions et application empirique au secteur des transports urbains en France." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010070.

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Cette thèse a pour principal objet de proposer une mesure empirique du degré d'efficacité des firmes réglementées. À cet effet, il est nécessaire de construire un référentiel par rapport auquel les réglementation effectives peuvent être comparées. Par conséquent, la partie théorique est essentiellement normative. Plus précisément, elle s'attache à montrer les caractéristiques de la tarification optimale en présence de différents types de défaillances de marché. Ce modèle théorique est ensuite appliqué empiriquement au secteur des transports urbains en France. À cet effet, il est tout d'abord nécessaire d'analyser empiriquement les conditions de l'offre et de la demande sur ce marché. À partir de ces fonctions de demande et de coût estimées, on peut construire une fonction de bien-être social et calculer des indices d'efficacité. Les résultats indiquent que le degré d'efficacité est très variable, puisque les indices sont compris entre 50 et 100 %. De plus, il ne semble pas que la réglementation se traduise par un biais systématique par rapport à l'optimum. On constate plutôt une grande diversité de situations autour de l'optimum
The main purpose of this is to propose an empirical evaluation of the efficiency f regulated firms. The first stage of this analysis is to construct a benchmark against which actual regulation may be compared. The theoretical part is therefore mostly normative, it seeks to characterize optimal tarification in presence of different kinds of market failure. This theoretical mode is then appliedd to the french urban transportation sector. The estimation of a demand andd a cost function gives useful informations about the characteristics of this sector. These estimatedd functions are then used to construct a welfare function. Efficiency indices are calculated by comparing the welfare corresponding to actual regulation to optimal welfare. The results shaw that there's a great variance of efficiency among the firms, the values of indices varying fre:m 50 to 100 %, and that regulation doesn't seem to indice a systematic bias
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Boukinda, Ange-Simplice. "L' Europe, la France et l'accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce de 1960 à 1967." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010549.

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En 1944, alors que la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale pointe à l'horizon, se pose la question de la construction d'un système international qui, pourrait garantir la sécurité et la prospérité à l'ensemble de l'humanité. Cet intérêt, américain à l'origine est partagé peu à peu par d'autres Etats, notamment européens, plutôt méfiants au début mais qui prennent conscience qu'un tel système pourrait diminuer les risques de conflits commerciaux et favoriser la relance du commerce international. Dans cette perspective, et dans le but de mettre en route rapidement la libéralisation des échanges, est signé le 30 octobre 1947, le GATT. Tribune où se déroulent des négociations commerciales qui libéralisent l'environnement des échanges et le rendent plus prévisible soit par l'ouverture, soit par le renforcement et l'élargissement des règles proprement dites, il sera le théâtre entre 1960 et 1967 de deux négociations tarifaires. Dénommées les "Négociations du Dillon Round et du Kennedy Round", elles mirent en confrontation permanente d'abord et respectivement entre 1960 et 1962, ensuite 1963 et 1967, le Marché commun et les Etats-Unis. Ces pourparlers entre la CEE et les Etats-Unis avaient pour intérêt notamment le règlement de l'article XXIV-6, la résolution des tarifs douaniers, la résolution des marchés agricoles mondiaux, la place des pays en voie de développement, etc. Cette thèse, toutefois, au-delà du caractère des aspects techniques, se propose de mettre en évidence, leur dimension politique marquée par des intérêts et un rayonnement politiques de deux parties représentées par la Communauté européenne et les Etats-Unis. D'un autre point, elle montre également les implications de ces discussions en France, ainsi que sur l'évolution des relations transatlantiques
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Books on the topic "France Tariff"

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Girault, Arthur. The colonial tariff policy of France. Clark, N.J: Lawbook Exchange, 2005.

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European Court of Human Rights. Affaire Bendenoun c. France : arrêt du 24 Février 1994 =: Case of Bendenoun v. France : judgment of 24 February 1994. Strasbourg: Greffe de la Cour, Conseil de l'Europe, 1994.

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Britain, Great, ed. Anno regni Georgii III, regis Magnæ Britanniæ, Franciæ & Hiberniæ, tricesimo: At the Parliament begun and holden at Westminster, the eighteenth day of May anno domini 1784 in the twenty-fourth year of the reign of our sovereign lord George the Third, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland , King, Defender of the Faith, &c. London: Printed by Charles Eyre and Andrew Strahan, ..., 1985.

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Britain, Great, ed. Anno regni Georgii III, regis Magnæ Britanniæ, Franciæ & Hiberniæ, tricesimo: At the Parliament begun and holden at Westminster, the eighteenth day of May anno domini 1784 in the twenty-fourth year of the reign of our sovereign lord George the Third, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland , King, Defender of the Faith, &c. London: Printed by Charles Eyre and Andrew Strahan, ..., 2000.

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Carlisle, Frederick Howard, Earl of, 1748-1825, ed. Four letters to the Earl of Carlisle, from William Eden, Esq.: On certain perversions of political reasoning, and on the nature, progress, and effect of party-spirit and of parties, on the present circumstances of the war between Great Britain and the combined powers of France and Spain, on the public debts, on the public credit, and on the means of raising supplies, on the representations of Ireland, respecting a free-trade. Edinburgh: And sold for R. and G. Fleming, 1989.

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Certain table wine from the Federal Republic of Germany, France, and Italy: Determinations of the Commission in investigations nos. 701-TA-258-260 (preliminary) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigations : determinations of the Commission in investigations nos. 731-TA-283-285 (preliminary) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigations. Washington D.C: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1985.

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Commission, United States International Trade. Animal feed grade DL-methionine from France: Determination of the Commission in investigation no. 731-TA-255 (preliminary) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigation. Washington, D.C: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1985.

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United States International Trade Commission. Animal feed grade DL-methionine from France: Determination of the Commission in investigation no. 731-TA-255 (preliminary) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigation. Washington, D.C: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1985.

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Commission, United States International Trade. Low-fuming brazing copper wire and rod from France, New Zealand, and South Africa: Determination of the Commission in investigation no. 701-TA-237 (preliminary) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigation. Washington, D.C: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1985.

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France and Canada, eds. [Agreement between Canada and France in respect of customs tariffs: Session 1893]. [Ottawa?: s.n., 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "France Tariff"

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Bannerman, Gordon. "Memorial of the Association of Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom. To the Right Honourable Earl Granville,1 K.G., Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in Representations from Chambers of Commerce and other Commercial Associations Relative to the Proposed New Commercial Treaty with France and the French Tariff." In Politics and Trade in Britain, 1776-1914, 32–34. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003098140-7.

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Zeiler, Thomas W. "Dictators, 1936–1940." In Capitalist Peace, 29—C2.F1. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197621363.003.0003.

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Abstract As the democracies failed their first tests against containing the aggressors (Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union) through appeasement, Roosevelt acknowledged the threat from the dictators but neutrality legislation tied his hands. That is, except in trade policy; he trained the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act on bolstering the enfeebled democracies, namely, France and Britain. As war threatened and erupted, the capitalist peace paradigm went from theory to being put practice, as the United States renewed the RTAA twice and prepared for war, despite continued resistance from protectionists. Even some of them, however, began to realize that tariff liberalization and more trade were essential to preventing war and then American entry into the conflict.
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Hanhimäki, Jussi, and Odd Arne Westad. "The Integration of Western Europe." In The Cold War, 312–46. Oxford University PressOxford, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198208624.003.0010.

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Abstract Whereas France and Germany, for example, had previously been bitter rivals, they became, starting in the early 1950s, the two countries driving the integration process on. Already in the l 950s the six-nation European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) of 1951 was transformed into the European Economic Community with the Rome Treaty of 1957. In the early l 970s the EEC expanded its membership to nine (with Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark joining in), and in the l 980s the EEC became a group of twelve (as Portugal, Spain, and Greece became members). Along the way, European integration was also deepened through such schemes as EURATOM, the introduction of a Common Agricultural Policy, and the gradual withdrawal of all existing tariff barriers between member states. In 1985 the Single European Act (SEA) marked the beginning of another wave of further integration that would, in the post-Cold War years, transform the EEC into the European Union. All in all, the process of West European integration during the Cold War seemed to have succeeded in uniting at least one half of Europe.
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Zamagni, Vera. "International Trade and Capital Flows." In The Economic History of Italy 1860—1990, 110–32. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198287735.003.0004.

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Abstract If there was one area in which Count Camillo Benso di Cavour’s ideas were applied in full, it was that of free trade: the Sardinian customs tariffs and trade agreements, enacted by Cavour in the 1850s along the lines of the English example, were immediately extended to the newly unified Italy. Subsequently, tariffs were lowered even further following the navigation agreement signed on 13 June 1862 and the trade agreement signed on 17 January 1863 with France. As a result, Italy could boast ‘the most liberal tariffs that had ever been adopted in Europe up to that time’.
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"The fonde of Crusader Acre and Its Tariff: Some New Considerations." In Dei gesta per Francos, 301–10. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315258287-47.

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DENÈLE, Yoann, and Bryan COCHELIN. "Déformation tardi-orogénique et réorganisation structurale de la chaîne varisque au Carbonifère supérieur." In La chaîne varisque en France 2, 49–134. ISTE Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.51926/iste.9100.ch2.

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L’intégration des marqueurs structuraux tardifs de la chaîne varisque (320-300 Ma) souligne une restructuration orogénique majeure affectant une lithosphère faible. La formation de l’arc ibéro-armoricain encadré par des décrochements ductiles, s’accompagne d’un transfert de matière par fluage de la croûte inférieure orogénique. Ce transfert est dirigé de la chaîne en cours de démantèlement vers la subduction supposée de la Paléotéthys.
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VILLAROS, Arnaud, Oscar LAURENT, Simon COUZINIÉ, and Jean-François MOYEN. "Métamorphisme haute température et magmatisme syn- à tardi-orogénique." In La chaîne varisque en France 2, 15–47. ISTE Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.51926/iste.9100.ch1.

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La synthèse des données pétro-chronologiques de la chaîne varisque en France au Carbonifère soulignent trois épisodes de métamorphisme de haute-température successifs. Les épisodes tardifs, Carbonifère supérieur, sont marqués par la formation en quantité de migmatites et de plutons de granitoïdes. La signature des plutons implique une source mantellique enrichie en matériel crustal, soulignant un processus de délamination du manteau lithosphérique.
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Bitsch, Marie-Thérèse. "Chapitre 3. Les Belges face au tarif français de 1910." In La Belgique entre la France et l’Allemagne, 57–85. Éditions de la Sorbonne, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.psorbonne.61407.

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Dubois, Jacques. "L’architecture dans le Midi et le gothique tardif. État de la question." In L’Architecture flamboyante en France, 362–80. Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.septentrion.141864.

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Spurk, Jan. "L’enfant tardif: la sociologie de l’entreprise en France." In L’entreprise écartelée, 13–26. Les Presses de l’Université de Laval, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9782763714158-003.

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Conference papers on the topic "France Tariff"

1

Eisenkolb, B. "Bilinguisme tardif franco-allemand. Etude de l'attrition d’items lexicaux et sémantiques." In Congrès Mondial de Linguistique Française 2008. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cmlf08063.

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Oliveira, Gabriel P., Bárbara M. A. Mendes, Camila S. Braz, Lucas L. Costa, Mariana O. Silva, Michele A. Brandão, Anisio Lacerda, and Gisele L. Pappa. "Ranqueamento de Licitações Públicas a partir de Alertas de Fraude." In Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/brasnam.2023.232105.

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A detecção de fraudes é uma tarefa complexa nos diversos cenários. Este trabalho representa uma contribuição para essa tarefa ao propor uma abordagem para ranquear licitações públicas suspeitas de possuírem algum tipo de fraude. Para isso, foram elaboradas 19 trilhas de auditagem, que foram modeladas como uma rede social, e uma estratégia para considerar os alertas levantados por elas no ranqueamento. Os resultados revelam que a abordagem de ranqueamento foi capaz de identificar licitações suspeitas de fraude.
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Souza, Andressa O., Mariana Mota, Helen C. S. C. Lima, Wellington Souza, Marcos Nicolau, Gladston Moreira, and Eduardo J. S. Luz. "Fraudulent Account Detection Using Hierarchical Classification." In Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2022.227330.

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Hoje vivemos uma mudança de paradigma no setor financeiro, com forte redução das agências bancárias físicas e aumento de serviços online. Contudo, a facilidade de abertura de contas digitais propiciada por esta mudança de paradigma também tem levado a um aumento nos casos de fraude. Este trabalho apresenta o problema de detecção de fraude financeira sob uma nova taxonomia e, também, investiga técnicas de classificação hierárquica para a tarefa. A abordagem hierárquica global (CLUS-HMC), em que toda a hierarquia de classes é considerada pelo classificador, resultou em melhores valores de Recall para as classes fraudulentas (33.31% para classe E e 35.09% para classe F), indicando um caminho de pesquisa promissor.
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Cortiz, Diogo, Jefferson O. Silva, Newton Calegari, Ana Luísa Freitas, Ana Angélica Soares, Carolina Botelho, Gabriel Gaudencio Rêgo, Waldir Sampaio, and Paulo Sergio Boggio. "A Weakly Supervised Dataset of Fine-Grained Emotions in Portuguese." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Tecnologia da Informação e da Linguagem Humana. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/stil.2021.17786.

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A Computação Afetiva é o estudo de como os computadores podem reconhecer, interpretar e simular os afetos humanos. A Análise de Sentimento é uma tarefa comum em PLN, mas se concentra apenas na valência da emoção (positiva, negativa, neutra). Uma abordagem emergente é o Reconhecimento de Emoção, que depende de uma classificação refinada. Nesta pesquisa, descrevemos uma abordagem de supervisão fraca baseada em Itens Lexicais para criar um corpus de emoções refinadas em português. Avaliamos nosso corpus fazendo o ajuste fino de um modelo de linguagem baseado em Transformer (BERT) e avaliando-o em um conjunto de validação anotado. Nossos resultados (F1-score= .64) sugerem que a supervisão fraca baseada em Itens Lexicais pode ser uma estratégia apropriada para o trabalho inicial em ambiente de poucos recursos.
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Menezes, Crediné De, and Genilson Corradi. "Ensino da adição e subtração baseado no Campo Aditivo: uma proposta na Cultura Digital." In Workshop de Informática na Escola. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wie.2019.1224.

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As pesquisas de avaliação da aprendizagem tem mostrado que os alunos, no início da sua vida estudantil, tem muita dificuldade na aprendizagem dos conteúdos da disciplina de matemática, em especial, das operações básicas de soma/subtração e multiplicação/divisão. Na Teoria dos Campos Conceituais, criada pelo pesquisador Francês Gérard Vergnaud são propostas duas abordagens pedagógicas para facilitar a aprendizagem destas operações, porém a sua utilização é uma tarefa difícil para os professores. Este trabalho investiga estas dificuldades junto a professores de uma rede de ensino e propõe um ambiente digital para apoiar o ensino e a aprendizagem das operações de adição e subtração de forma colaborativa e ubiqua.
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Méndez Landa, Francisco Javier. "ATACAR LA FRONTERA: LA POESÍA COMO POLÍTICA EN LA OBRA DE FRANCIS ALŸS." In IV Congreso Internacional Estética y Política: Poéticas del desacuerdo para una democracia plural. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cep4.2019.10288.

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Desde finales de los años 90’s el artista belga radicado en México, Francis Alÿs (1959) ha extrapolado su labor artística al abandonar el Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México como su principal laboratorio social, para incidir en diversas regiones del mundo -principalmente territorios de conflicto bélico, socioeconómico, político y migratorio-, en un afán de imaginar realidades distintas a las establecidas por medio de la activación de relatos urbanos, fábulas, moralejas, actividades fútiles y juegos de niños; deviniendo en variadas y aparentemente inocentes metáforas que esconden complejas y poderosas reflexiones sociales. El presente trabajo plantea trazar una acupuntura que sigue algunas acciones de Francis Alÿs fuera del territorio mexicano para construir un imaginario global desde lo poético de su labor: en un mundo gobernado por la desesperanza, y las tensiones generadas por las fronteras de los países, la voz de Alÿs se vuelve un bálsamo necesario que permite visualizar otras soluciones posibles a los conflictos políticos derivados de la independencia y la consecuente autonomía de un determinado territorio. I. En 1997, Alÿs viaja de Tijuana, Baja California, México a San Diego, California, EUA, -ciudades vecinas separadas únicamente por la valla Internacional-; pero el artista lo hace sin cruzar la frontera norte; imaginando una nueva y absurda ruta migratoria que evade la burocracia necesaria para ingresar legalmente a los Estados Unidos; iniciando su viaje en Tijuana, y prosiguiendo por Ciudad de México, Panamá, Santiago de Chile, Auckland, Sydney, Singapore, Bangkok, Rangún, Hong Kong, Shanghái, Seul, Anchorage, Vancouver, Los Ángeles y concluir finalmente en San Diego, California, arribando 35 días después de haber iniciado su travesía. II. En 2005, Alÿs convoca a lancheros voluntarios de Cayo Hueso, Florida, EUA y de La Habana, Cuba, a construir con sus endebles barcas un sólido puente que permita enlazar estas dos naciones sobre el Golfo de México. III. En 2004, Alÿs recorre la ‘Línea verde’, demarcación establecida para promover un alto al fuego entre Israel y Palestina, con una lata de pintura verde agujereada, trazando con su andar una línea verde, que materializa esta división naturalmente imaginaria. IV. En 2008, Alÿs invita a niños de las comunidades pesqueras de Tánger, Marruecos y Tarifa, España a construir una línea humana que permita liberar pequeños barcos de juguete para navegar de norte a sur, y viceversa el Estrecho de Gibraltar. Para Alÿs, la poesía posee una cualidad disruptiva, capaz de hacernos imaginar otros futuros posibles.
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Toikka, Tero, Olli-Pekka Hilmola, and Juha P. Saranen. "Evaluating Different Railway Wagon Alternatives for Timber Transportation by Discrete Event Simulation." In IEEE/ASME/ASCE 2008 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2008-63061.

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Finland with Sweden is one of the most important pulp producing countries in Europe, and in paper production these two countries are accompanied with Germany and France as being most important countries of production. For the production of pulp, most important parts are (1) the quality and scale of production process as well as (2) cost efficient and high quality raw material. In addition to using its own raw material sources, Finland purchases wood from various different regions, including Russia. In a frequent number of cases raw material transports is completed with rail transports, especially in the case of Russia where distances are relatively long for transports (several thousand kms). Until now Russian timber has had a cost advantage in comparison to Finnish raw material. The availability of a cheaper alternative has also kept the price of domestic raw material at a relatively low level. However, Russia has announced a schedule to increase tariffs for timber exports. As a consequence the exporters of Russian timber need to examine and fine tune their cost structure of timber procurement to correspond to this new demanding environment. In this paper we examine the transportation cost of forest industry raw material using different types of railway wagons. The case network consists of four Russian terminals and two mills located in Finland. The evaluation is based on a discrete event system simulation model concentrating on timber transport within the case network in question. To make this evaluation even more interesting, Russian railway deregulation has its own special feature: Railway customers are allowed to own railway wagons, but nationally owned RZD owns the locomotives and charges for traction. Our research results show that the traction charge of RZD and competing road transport prices are the most influential factors, when determining the most cost efficient wagon type and network structure for timber transportation.
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Balaguer, Diogo, Armando Pina, and Julio Torres. "PANORAMA DA ENERGIA SOLAR NO BRASIL E O PAPEL DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO PÚBLICA EM SEU DESENVOLVIMENTO." In IV SIMPÓSIO NACIONAL DE GESTÃO E ENGENHARIA URBANA. ANTAC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46421/singeurb.v4i00.3611.

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A busca por um planeta mais sustentável requer a utilização de fontes de energia renováveis. A energia solar fotovoltaica está em franco desenvolvimento e apresenta-se como alternativa viável técnico-economicamente na geração de energia limpa e renovável. De modo a traçar o atual panorama da energia solar no Brasil, este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar o atual cenário e perspectivas do país para o desenvolvimento e adoção desta tecnologia sob a ótica da administração pública. O artigo apresenta revisão bibliográfica da legislação, relatórios técnicos, dissertações de mestrado e artigos científicos que abordam esta temática. O Brasil se destaca pela abundância da matéria prima utilizada na fabricação dos painéis e pela enorme disponibilidade de irradiação solar ao longo de todo o ano. Altas tarifas de energia praticadas pelas concessionárias também aumentam a viabilidade desses sistemas. No entanto, este mercado ainda é incipiente no país. Com uma fatia de 4,4% da matriz elétrica brasileira, a energia solar tem um enorme potencial de crescimento, alavancando o desenvolvimento tecnológico não apenas deste setor como também de toda a economia. Neste contexto, a administração pública possui papel fundamental no desenvolvimento sustentável do país fomentando novas tecnologias através de incentivos fiscais, subsídios e adequado arcabouço regulatório.
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9

Hélida Cruz Lima, Ariane, Samira Santos da Silva, Marco Túlio Alves Nolasco Rodrigues, and Flávio Luis Cardeal Pádua. "Estimativa de Idade Aparente Invariante à Iluminação Utilizando a Decomposição de Valores Singulares." In Congresso Brasileiro de Automática - 2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/asba.v2i1.1055.

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A todo momento, humanos reconhecem facilmente a identidade de outras pessoas em fotos, vídeos ou ao vivo. Conseguem estimar a idade, etnia, sexo e outras características por imagens de face. Contudo, desenvolver um sistema computacional que realiza essas tarefas tão bem quanto humanos é uma difícil missão e isso se deve às diferentes condições que a face pode estar sujeita. A estimativa de idade aparente possui diferentes aplicações práticas como: sistemas de biometria, auxílio na descoberta de fraude em documentos de identificação, perfis de clientes, dentre outros. Em contrapartida, existem inúmeras razões para se dizer que a estimativa de idade automática é uma tarefa desafiadora. A condição de iluminação é uma dessas razões, pois dependendo da iluminação na face, o método de estimativa pode retornar uma idade incorreta. Tendo isto em vista, nesta pesquisa foi desenvolvida uma metodologia que busca estimar a idade aparente baseando-se em iluminação invariante. Diante dos resultados encontrados, foi possível inferir que métodos de normalização que utilizam a Decomposição de Valores Singulares (SVD) minimizam os efeitos de iluminação em imagens, considerando a idade aparente retornada pelo método da literatura. Percebeu-se também que para imagens muito escuras a normalização parece não contribuir na estimativa de idade.
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Oliveira, Carlos A. R., Paulo Assumpção, Pablo Ortiz, Wilson Melo, and Luiz Carmo. "Auditoria de aplicações de Big Data usando Hashes de Similaridade e Blockchains." In Anais Estendidos do Simpósio Brasileiro de Engenharia de Sistemas Computacionais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbesc_estendido.2022.227265.

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Com a expansão das aplicações de BigData, garantir a segurança e confiabilidade dos dados armazenados tornou-se uma tarefa desafiadora. Tal desafio é especialmente preocupante quando se considera o monitoramento de infraestruturas críticas, em especial aquelas que contemplam ativos físicos monitorados por sensores e dispositivos IoT de coleta de dados. Uma alternativa consiste no uso de blockchains como mecanismo de auditoria de aplicações Big Data a partir da técnica off-chain, onde os pacotes de dados brutos são armazenados em um sistema de banco de dados convencional e apenas um resumo criptográfico dos dados é escrito no blockchain. Embora bastante aplicada na literatura recente sobre o tema, essa estratégia não permite a auditoria de dados em cenários de perda parcial de informações, onde pacotes de dados correspondentes a subconjuntos do pacote original precisam ser verificados. Este artigo propõe uma estratégia de auditoria de dados em aplicações Big Data que emprega hashes de similaridade para estender as funcionalidades do modelo off-chain. Usado em conjunto com resumos criptográficos e smart contracts, tais hashes permitem auditar pacotes de dados distintos em situações de possível perda parcial, possibilitando diferenciar uma situação não intencional de uma tentativa deliberada de fraude. Em nossos experimentos, avaliamos os algoritmos Minhash e Simhash, apontando resultados computacionais que indicam que o Minhash é bastante promissor para esse tipo de aplicação, e pode contribuir significativamente para a robustez de processos de auditoria em aplicações Big Data.
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Reports on the topic "France Tariff"

1

Hidalgo Pérez, Manuel, Natalia Collado Van-Baumberghen, Jorge Galindo, and Ramon Mateo Escobar. The effects of the Spanish gas cap on prices, inflation, and consumption six months later. Esade, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56269/20230202/mhp.

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The most prominent measure to moderate the escalation of electricity prices during 2022 has been the gas cap implemented exceptionally in Spain and Portugal. We present here the most accurate, rigorous and updated estimate of the effects of this measure on the regulated electricity tariff, known as the "Precio de Venta del Pequeño Consumidor (PVPC), which directly replicates the wholesale market price. To do so, we update the data we presented in September until the end of December 2022, comparing the real evolution of this tariff with a statistical model that draws the same line but in an alternative world in which the gas cap is not applied. After six months, the electricity bill at the regulated tariff in Spain is 32% cheaper than it would be in a world without the Iberian exceptionality: according to our estimate, the resulting saving for the whole of 2022 was around €209 per consumer. Moreover, inflation in 2022 would have been 0.3 points higher without a gas cap: 8.7%, instead of the 8.4% observed. In other words: half of Spain's better situation compared to the Eurozone can be attributed to this measure. On the negative side, the higher consumption of gas for electricity generation continues and the lower price of Spanish electricity, which would have facilitated the increase in exports to France with the consequent risk of subsidization in favor of French consumers at the expense of Spanish consumers.
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Hidalgo-Pérez, Manuel, Natalia Collado Van-Baumberghen, Jorge Galindo, and Ramon Mateo Escobar. Los efectos del tope al gas en los precios, la inflación y el consumo seis meses después. Esade Centre for Economic Policy, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56269/mhp20230131.

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La medida más destacada para moderar la escalada del precio de la electricidad durante 2022 ha sido el tope al gas implementado de manera excepcional en España y Portugal. Presentamos aquí la estimación más precisa, rigurosa y actualizada de los efectos de esta medida sobre la tarifa regulada de electricidad, denominada “Precio de Venta del Pequeño Consumidor (PVPC), que replica de manera directa el precio del mercado mayorista. Para ello, actualizamos los datos que ya presentamos en septiembre hasta el cierre de diciembre de 2022, comparando la evolución real de dicha tarifa con un modelo estadístico que dibuja esa misma línea pero en un mundo alternativo en el que no se aplica el tope al gas. Tras seis meses de vigencia, la factura de la electricidad en tarifa regulada en España es un 32% más barata de lo que sería en un mundo sin excepcionalidad ibérica: según nuestra estimación, el ahorro resultante para todo 2022 fue de unos 209€ por consumidor. Además, la inflación de 2022 habría sido 0,4 puntos más alta sin tope al gas: 8,7%, en lugar del 8,3% observado. Es decir: la mitad de la mejor situación española frente a la Eurozona puede atribuirse a esta medida. En el lado negativo, continúa el mayor consumo de gas para generación eléctrica, así como el menor precio de la electricidad española, que habría facilitado el aumento de exportaciones hacia Francia con el consiguiente riesgo de subvención a favor de los consumidores franceses a costa de los españoles.
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3

Seroa da Motta, Ronaldo. Análisis Regional de los Instrumentos de Tarifado del Agua en América Latina y el Caribe: Conclusiones y Recomendaciones. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007507.

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Esta presentación fue comisionada por la Red de Medio Ambiente del Diálogo Regional de Política para la II Reunión Hemisférica celebrada los días 25 y 26 de febrero de 2003. Las tarifas del agua se introdujeron dentro de un marco de políticas: Nuevo enfoque para planificar y descentralizar la gestión del agua y conciliar múltiples usos opuestos, y el uso excesivo de agua mayor a la capacidad de asimilación y de transporte. La experiencia de referencia es la Ley Francesa del Agua de 1964, basada en dos principios generales: descentralización y planificación.
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