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1
Boudon, Raymond. "Social Science and the Two Relativisms." Irish Journal of Sociology 12, no. 1 (May 2003): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/079160350301200101.
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Social science has in the past granted much credence to two forms of relativism: cognitive relativism and cultural relativism. These two forms constitute the major components of postmodernism. Why do we believe so easily the arguments put forward by both cognitive and cultural relativism? Suspect arguments are often hyperbolical versions of valid ideas. Cognitive relativism rests on the efforts made, from the work of the Vienna Circle to that of Popper, to identify general criteria by which to differentiate between science and non-science. It also rests on sound studies of the history of science by scholars such as Kuhn. Cognitive relativism is based on hyperbolical conclusions drawn from these two sources; we are not, however, obliged to accept these conclusions. Cultural relativism is legitimated most notably by theories elaborated by certain sociologists and anthropologists on the basis of sound ideas borrowed from Montaigne, Hume and Max Weber. Again, they have drawn hyperbolical conclusions from them that we are not compelled to accept. The influence of the theories that legitimate the two forms of relativism is also due to them having been launched on the ‘market of ideas' at an historical conjuncture when they were perceived by various publics as ‘useful’ (in Pareto's sense of the word).
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Antonescu, Bogdan, David M. Schultz, Hugo M. A. M. Ricketts, and Dragoş Ene. "Theories on Tornado and Waterspout Formation in Ancient Greece and Rome." Weather, Climate, and Society 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 889–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-19-0057.1.
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Abstract Tornadoes and waterspouts have long fascinated humankind through their presence in myths and popular beliefs and originally were believed to have supernatural causes. The first theories explaining weather phenomena as having natural causes were proposed by ancient Greek natural philosophers. Aristotle was one of the first natural philosophers to speculate about the formation of tornadoes and waterspouts in Meteorologica (circa 340 BCE). Aristotle believed that tornadoes and waterspouts were associated with the wind trapped inside the cloud and moving in a circular motion. When the wind escapes the cloud, its descending motion carries the cloud with it, leading to the formation of a typhon (i.e., tornado or waterspout). His theories were adopted and further nuanced by other Greek philosophers such as Theophrastus and Epicurus. Aristotle’s ideas also influenced Roman philosophers such as Lucretius, Seneca, and Pliny the Elder, who further developed his ideas and also added their own speculations (e.g., tornadoes do not need a parent cloud). Almost ignored, Meteorologica was translated into Latin in the twelfth century, initially from an Arabic version, leading to much greater influence over the next centuries and into the Renaissance. In the seventeenth century, the first book-length studies on tornadoes and waterspouts were published in Italy and France, marking the beginning of theoretical and observational studies on these phenomena in Europe. Even if speculations about tornadoes and waterspouts proposed by Greek and Roman authors were cited after the nineteenth century only as historical pieces, core ideas of modern theories explaining these vortices can be traced back to this early literature.
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Khokhlov, Andrei A. "CONSPIRACY THEORIES AS A PHENOMENON OF MEDIA IMPACT ON PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, no. 2 (2020): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2020-2-94-102.
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The article deals with the issue of spreading conspiratorial ideas in social networks and in the media, in connection with the COVID19 epidemic in the Russian Federation. A brief overview of the most well-known scientific approaches to the study of non-conventional concepts and various “conspiracy theories” is given. Special attention is paid to the connection of the conspiracy theories with postmodern ideas and a critical attitude to any official information from authoritative sources. It is emphasized that the equality of statements, that was insisted on by the supporters of postmodernism, leads to an increase in information noise and blurring the boundaries between fact and fiction. Modern conspiracy theory is the audience’s reaction to alarmism in official media publications. The author denotes an increase in such perceptions in the context of the crises, catastrophes and epidemics. An attempt is made to identify typical conspiracy versions for the causes of the coronavirus epidemic in the Russian segment of the social network Facebook. The article examines the fact of the growing popularity of “alternative theories” in the context of social fears of Russians, in connection with the deepening economic crisis and the prospect of losing their jobs. The growth of conspiracy ideas is analyzed in connection with the phenomenon of media influence on public consciousness. The functions of modern media are determined by the gradual replacement of the social reality of media with a reality that replicates simulacra, and is not only engaged in informing The article states that the influence of media materials on consumers of the news content is quite strong, which is one of the reasons for the spread of conspiracy theories in various groups and communities of media users.
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Deimann, Markus. "Open Education and Bildung: Ideas, Assumptions, and Their Vigour to Transform Higher Education." MedienPädagogik: Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung 24, Educational Media Ecologies (September 15, 2014): 94–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21240/mpaed/24/2014.09.15.x.
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We are witnessing tremendous changes and transformations in learning and education due to the advancement of digital technologies. This pertains not only to various forms of e-learning but also to more recent sorts of open online learning environments such as MOOCs or P2P-University. As Bell (2011) has argued, learning theories fall short of explaining change in learning activities as these theories do not consider the complexity of technology, social network, and individual activities. Therefore, this paper revisits the German concept of Bildung (Formation) to get a better understanding of the ongoing changes in learning environments, especially in informal Higher Education.
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Fathabadi, Jassem. "A Weberian Framework for Critical Discourse Analysis." Issues in Social Science 10, no. 2 (December 25, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/iss.v10i2.20606.
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Discourse analysis, since its emergence, has gone through various changes and modifications, especially in the trend coming to prominence as critical discourse analysis. This trend has always manifested the impact of brilliant ideas by great intellectuals from different disciplines such as philosophy, sociology, psychology, and social theory. Max Weber is one of the towering figures in the history of sociology whose method of conducting sociological analysis, especially the concept of ideal types, has not been adequately utilized in discourse studies. Throughout years, critical discourse analysis has been criticized on account of its founding assumptions, vagueness, preferences for a particular social theory, lack of rigor, unsystematic nature, lack of methodological consistency, nontransparent research procedures, etc. Simply stated, using its theories in conducting actual analysis has always been a problem for researchers. This study is an attempt to propose a framework using Weber’s ideas and methodology which enables researchers to utilize discourse theories in practice. The Weberian framework does not reject other theories within the field as it is in line with an orientation termed hyper-differentiation of theories in which theories coexist rather than compete with each other.
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DOAN, Van Re. "Analysis of Confucius and Dewey's Educational Ideas for Vietnam's Education." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 10 (June 2, 2024): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/yf5ef256.
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Presently, numerous educators both domestically and internationally have made significant contributions to the formation and advancement of educational ideas. Notably, Confucius from China and John Dewey from the United States have exerted a profound impact on modern educational practice and theory. This paper aims to analyse and contrast the educational philosophies of Confucius and Dewey in order to identify the similarities and differences in their theories within various national and social contexts. The objective is to extract the essence of their educational thoughts to benefit Vietnam's educational endeavours and offer valuable perspectives for educational reform in the country.
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Khushk, Amir, Zhang Zengtian, Yang Hui, and Cynthia Atamba. "UNDERSTANDING GROUP DYNAMICS: THEORIES, PRACTICES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS." Malaysian E Commerce Journal 6, no. 1 (2022): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mecj.01.2022.01.08.
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The importance of groups in a business cannot be underestimated because working as a team is the most efficient way to find solutions to specific problem. This review paper aimed to provide a comprehensive view of the group and group dynamics in light of diverse theories from the past to the present by exploring how significant components of dynamics are entrenched in contemporary group literature. An extensive literature review was performed to examine 55 articles collected from various databases such as Web of Science and Scopus and published between 2000 and 2020. In social science, understanding group values is of particular importance because they determine what kinds of behavior are acceptable or unacceptable within the group. The study examined many constructs from past research, as well as key ideas from group-related theories. Moreover, research studies that have made significant contribution to management theories were explained with novel ideas in this paper along with future directions.
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Rodicheva, Irina S., and Natalia P. Sukhanova. "Genesis of the ideas of social progress in historical philosophical thought." Problems of Modern Education (Problemy Sovremennogo Obrazovaniya), no. 1, 2020 (2020): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2218-8711-2020-1-9-15.
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Development and social changes are realized in the culture and fixed by the public consciousness, beginning with the ancient civilizations. The concept of progress is viewed through the prism of the history of philosophy. Attention is focused on the creation of the first cyclical theories of the development of society by Plato and Aristotle, the spread of social change to various spheres of social structure. The perception of the idea of social progress as the flourishing and movement for a better future in the philosophical theories of the New time is shown reflecting political optimism and faith in the abilities and intelligence of human. We analyze the genesis of social progress during the 19th century, the belief in the continuous progressive development of humanity, human values, to the aid of which science and technology come. The weakening of people’s faith in absolute and endless progress is taking place against the background of the historical events of the 20th century, including wars, revolutions, environmental disasters and economic crises, resulting in the flowering of historical pessimism, disappointment and doubt in the progressive movement. Under the conditions of the modern civilizational crisis, the idea of progress is replaced by ideas about the regressive nature of social and societal changes. The evolutionary nature of philosophical concepts, the acquisition of the status of philosophy of not being an abstract theoretical concept, but a fundamentally important tool for understanding modern society and predicting historical and social perspectives, is given. The article provides the conclusion that the concepts of zero growth and restrained, gradual development are replacing the idea of progress and regress, while positivist philosophy gives way to syncretic directions and a tolerant attitude towards the world as a whole.
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RAVOCHKIN, Nikita. "History of Ideas Role in Implementing Modern Crises." WISDOM 17, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v17i1.405.
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The history of ideas is a relatively new concept, which has not only the theoretical inherent in it but also in the spirit of modernity is able to reveal its own applied potential. The article shows the role of the history of ideas in the search for answers to the crises of the modern world, which makes it possible to establish some regularities in the functioning of intellectual constructs and their social embodiment. The author examines the basic provisions of the research concepts of the adherents of the history of ideas A. Lovejoy and I. Berlin. Using the conceptual foundations of their theories, the author applies them to a deeper understanding of the specifics of such megatrends as the COVID-19 pandemic, armed conflicts and information wars. It was revealed that the specificity of the global world transforms the content of events that traditionally affect one sphere and now spread to various spheres of the nonlinear and fragile world. In conclusion, the author sums up the research results and notes the methodological possibilities of the history of ideas for further study of the logic of social processes.
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Aryal, UR, and K. Khanal. "Sharing the Ideas of Meta – Science to Improve Quality of Research." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 11, no. 1 (September 9, 2014): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v11i1.11032.
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Meta-Science is an interdisciplinary science which provides plenty of oppurtunity to cooperate on better understanding of micro-social dimension of science. It plays vital role to justify the conclusion, which helps to improve quality of research as well as to health services. There are various applications of meta-science for improving quality of research namely: applying theories of philosophy and different disciplines, the use of triangulation, inductive and deductive reasoning, ethical issues and finally fundamentals of scientific research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v11i1.11032 Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.11(1) 2013: 75-77
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Zenderland, Leila. "Biblical Biology: American Protestant Social Reformers and the Early Eugenics Movement." Science in Context 11, no. 3-4 (1998): 511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003185.
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The ArgumentIn most historical accounts, eugenic doctrines and Christian beliefs are assumed to be adversaries. Such a perspective is too narrow, however, for while many prominent eugenicists were indeed religious skeptics, others sought to reconcile eugenics with Christianity. Various American Protestant social reformers tried to synthesize new biological theories with older biblical ideas about the meaning of a good inheritance. Such syntheses played an important role in disseminating eugenic doctrines into America's deeply Protestant heartland.
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Bruno-Jofré, Rosa, and Gonzalo Jover. "Sixteen “Creeds” at the Fin de Siècle." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 64–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2024.500104.
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Abstract This article examines the pedagogic creeds published in New York and Chicago during 1896 and 1897 in The School Journal. The configuration of ideas framing the creeds reveals the dynamics of modernities and transatlantic crossings, mainly the ideas of Georg W. F. Hegel, Herbert Spencer, Friedrich Froebel, Johann Friedrich Herbart, and Wilhelm Wundt and their contextual adaptation. The creeds are analyzed at the interplay of evolutionism and its versions, including Lamarckianism, developments in psychology, the intersection of Protestantism, and the gendered and racial ordering of society. The child study movement and theories of recapitulation also had a presence. The creeds provide a picture of the ideas at the fin de siècle. They were aimed at reform with various agendas that included social reconstruction with a modernist civilizing agenda, segregationism, and residential/boarding schools for Indigenous children. John Dewey's more well-known and influential creed brought its own unique avenues through his embracement of pragmatism.
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Toshchenko, Zhan. "Evolution of Ideas of Soviet/Russian Sociology (1950– 2010)." Science Management: Theory and Practice 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2021.3.2.7.
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The article analyzes the process of revival (rebirth) of domestic - Soviet / Russian - sociology, the stages of its development and formation, the change in the topic of theoretical and empirical research in accordance with the logic of understanding the ongoing transformation of Soviet, and then in Russian society. The characteristics of the main theories, concepts, searches and achievements from the point of view of the peculiarities of their emergence, functioning and interaction with other social sciences are given. The main features of the development of sociological thought at each stage are described, which in the next round were refined, improved, acquired new facets, giving rise to a variety of searches and experiments of theoretical and applied properties. The main achievements of each stage in the development of Russian sociology and the problems that arose in the course of its functioning are characterized. Shows the degree and effectiveness of the real participation of various groups of sociologists, including taking into account regional and sectoral characteristics, their participation in the preparation and implementation of actions to institutionalize sociology. Special attention is paid to the development of theoretical sociology in Russia.
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Mello Filho, Marcelo S. Bandeira de. "Economic Development as a Social Process of Multiple Space-Time Scales." Organizações & Sociedade 30, no. 106 (July 2023): 428–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-92302023v30n0015en.
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Abstract The article seeks, first, to demonstrate how the concept of development has been used in different ways throughout history. The classical developmentalist authors understood the phenomenon as a complex process, which involved structural changes, sectoral economic transformations, political projects of social change and action and planning by various economic and political actors. Developmentalist ideas influenced sophisticated processes of social transformation that took place especially during the “golden age” of capitalism. From the 1980s onwards, reductionist theories about development have gained momentum. They seek to explain development as the result, for example, of productive specialization, entrepreneurial action or local economic arrangements. The article also aims to establish methodological parameters for the rejection of reductionist approaches to development and for the defence of comprehensive theories, which understand it as a complex social phenomenon that occurs in multiple space-time scales.
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Liu, Na. "A review of the ideological relationship between Marx and Proudhon in China." Frontiers in Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 7 (July 24, 2024): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/3xa65622.
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Marx and Proudhon had a profound ideological interaction, which lasted for more than 40 years in terms of time; in terms of content, their ideological interaction involved various aspects such as philosophical methodology, socio-economic theories and social reform programmes. Marx's ideological interaction with Proudhon was almost throughout the process of Marx's gradual construction of his scientific theories, and Proudhon was undoubtedly one of the important figures in the process of Marx's ideological formation. At the same time, the criticism of Proudhon was an important part of the development of Marx's thought, and his ideas had an important influence on the development of Marx's thought.
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Hsiu-fen, Chen. "Nourishing Life, Cultivation and Material Culture in the Late Ming: Some Thoughts on Zunsheng bajian (Eight Discourses on Respecting Life, 1591)." Asian Medicine 4, no. 1 (2008): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157342108x381214.
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AbstractThis article sets out to explore the ideas and practices of yangsheng (nourishing life or health preservation) in the late Ming, i.e. late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century China. Yangsheng had long played a key role in the traditions of Chinese medicine, religions and court societies. Initially restricted to certain social classes and milieux, knowledge of yangsheng began to spread much more widely from the Song dynasty (960–1279) onwards, mostly owing to rapid social and economic change. In this context, the theories and practices of yangsheng attracted the attention and curiosity of many scholars. The popularisation of yangsheng peaked in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Numerous literary works, essay collections and household encyclopaedias for everyday use have passages and sections on yangsheng. They describe various ideas and techniques of yangsheng by means of regulating the body in daily life, involving sleeping, exercising, washing, eating, drinking, etc. Through a survey of the most famous late Ming work on yangsheng, Zunsheng bajian (1591), this article attempts to highlight how yangsheng came to dominate the scholarly lifestyle. It will give a clear picture of the ideas of a late Ming literatus on prolonging life and replenishing the body, while showing how these practices were inspired by the flourishing material culture of the late Ming as a whole.
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Huneman, Philippe. "Montpellier Vitalism and the Emergence of Alienism in France (1750–1800): The Case of the Passions." Science in Context 21, no. 4 (December 2008): 615–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889708001981.
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ArgumentThis paper considers how certain ideas elaborated by the Montpellier vitalists influenced the rise of French alienism, and how those ideas framed the changing view of passions during the eighteenth century. Various kinds of evidence attest that the passions progressively became the focus of medical attention, rather than a theme specific to moralists and philosophers. Vitalism conceived of organisms as animal economies understandable through the transformations of the various modes of their sensibility. This allowed some physicians to define a kind of anthropological program, which viewed human beings as a whole, with no distinction between le physique and le moral. The passions in this context became a specific alteration of the animal economy. Such an anthropological program was the framework within which Pinel understood the various classes of madness as disease – those troubles being general disturbances of the animal economy, which presupposed a knowledge of the latter, to be addressed and cured. In this view, and departing from the vitalist writers with regard to the specificity of mental illness as such, Pinel proposed another conception of the relations between passions and madness, and elaborated a general view of their status in etiology and therapeutics; those views were taken up and systematized by Esquirol, who finally defined a new kind of continuity between passion and madness, demonstrated by the idea that some kinds of madness that he called “monomania” had as a principle a “ruling passion” that the alienist, this novel medical specialist, had to unveil and address.
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Muslimov, R. A., and A. A. Adambekova. "State governance through the lens of economic theories." Central Asian Economic Review, no. 6 (April 8, 2024): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52821/2789-4401-2023-6-129-149.
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Purpose of the research. This paper presents the results of research on methods and tools of state regulation reflected in schools of economic theory, which originated in the early 16th century and continue to develop to the present day. The aim of the study is to examine the main approaches to state participation in the economic life of a country, in different periods of the history of the world economy. State regulation of the economy is an important aspect of modern economic policy and generates many discussions.Methodology. This research provides an overview of various schools of economic thought and their views on state regulation in schools of economic theory. It includes a discussion of regulatory tools and methods, such as taxes, subsidies, monetary policy, fiscal policy, and market regulation.Findings. The paper also addresses issues of regulatory efficiency, the balance between state intervention and market freedom, and social justice. Understanding these ideas and concepts allows for a conscious analysis and discussion of current problems of state regulation in the modern economy. Recommendations are aimed at studying the effectiveness of state intervention in various economic conditions. This includes assessing the impact of regulation on economic growth, market stability, and social justice.
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Sobolev, V. A., and A. A. Shirinyants. "“The A.M. Kovalev’s Conception of ‘Just Society’ in the Context of Current Political and Philosophical Discussions”." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 12. Political Science, no. 2023, №3 (April 13, 2024): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0868-4871-12-2023-1-3-7-31.
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In modern political and theoretical discourse, the concept of a ‘ just society’ is usually perceived as a normative idea that expresses the notion of what society “should be”. Nowadays, social justice as a political slogan is becoming an increasingly universal requirement made by social movements, political parties and groups regarding the ways of social organization and its functions. Regardless of the different interpretations, it is inseparable from other related concepts, such as ‘equality’, ‘ freedom’ and many others. It also represents the projection of various concepts of justice on social relations in individual countries, regions, and, finally, throughout the world (‘global justice’ on the scale of all mankind). Comparative analysis of the A.M. Kovalev’s concept of a just society and the main trends in the interpretation of this idea in modern Western socio-political theory indicate that the methodology developed by an outstanding Russian scientist can rightfully be considered one of the most promising. Its distinguishing feature is the creative interpretation of a set of ideas about a just society, dating back to the early works of Marx. It is combined with the analysis of the ideas of the Western European Enlightenment, the philosophy of Kant, Hegel and Fichte, the evolution of the social philosophy of the Frankfurt School and other equally influential areas of modern political theory (R. Aron and others). An analysis of modern political theories shows that the dyad “ justice / state” constitutes the ontological core of the political and philosophical discourse, in the structure of which the ideas of Marxism play an important role. In the A.M. Kovalev’s theory of a just society, the various assessments of the heuristic potential of Marxism acquire additional incentives, opening the way to new creative discussions. The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of A.M. Kovalev.
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Yuill, Chris. "The North Laine: A Visual Essay." Sociological Research Online 17, no. 1 (January 29, 2012): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2572.
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The North Laine in Brighton provides a useful case study in exploring different ways of experiencing and imagining urban life. The area possess many distinctive street forms and supports counter-cultural lifestyles, which emphasise environmentalism and alternative forms of capitalism, such as cooperative and collective organisation of the workplace. Drawing on the ideas and theories of Henri Lefebvre the essay focuses on (1) the various social and historical process that have conditioned and influenced the development of the area and (2) the various social power relations that have both sustained the area, allowing it to develop into its current format, and in turn question its future. A visual methodological approach is used to present the data and to convey the distinctive aesthetic of The North Laine.
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Zelenović, Ana. "Theorizing feminist art in socialist Yugoslavia." Genero, no. 24 (2020): 71–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/genero2024071z.
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Since there were plenty of feminist discourses in Yugoslavia, from "women question" discourse of the Party and the government to academic research of sociologist, philosophers, and anthropologists and later feminist activism, there is a need to rethink the possibilities of theory and history of feminist in socialist context. This research aims at connecting different feminist theories with various artistic practices that might have a feminist character. This paper aims to give the analysis of subjects, forms, and meanings of feminist and queer artworks from 1968 till 1990. Considering feminist and queer theories, social, historical, political, and cultural context of socialist Yugoslavia, the paper offers one possible history of feminist art, maps its ideas and forms, and presents the methodological problems that this kind of attempt carries.
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KADEROĞLU BULUT, Çağrı. "NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT THEORY: AN ANALYSIS THE CONTEXT OF FOUNDING IDEAS, CONTENT AND CRITICISM." TURKISH ONLINE JOURNAL OF DESIGN ART AND COMMUNICATION 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 42–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7456/11101100/003.
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New social movements are one of the most discussed phenomena in social sciences since their emergence in the 1960s. These movements, which are considered as a reflection of the economic, political and social transformations experienced in contemporary societies, are discussed with their various characteristics and are subject to many theoretical approaches. This study examines the New Social Movements Theory, which is one of the most influential of these theoretical approaches. Two important names of the theory, Touraine and Melucci, evaluate new movements within the framework of post-industrial social theories and examine them in the context of transition from class-based movements to culture-identity-based movements. This approach lays the foundational idea of this theory. Elements such as the actors, goals, discourses, and organizational structures of the new movements are basically addressed on this ground and the differentiation between the new movements and the old movements is explained within this framework. This theory, which treats new social movements as a part of a new social construct, has been the subject of many criticisms. The analysis of this theory based on the post-industrial society and its explanation frames based on culture-identity have been criticized especially by Marxist approaches. Hence, this study examines the new social movements theory in the context of founding ideas, content, and criticism of the theory. In the study, firstly, the basic ideas of the theory in relation to social analysis are discussed, and then the approach of the movements towards the actors, values, goals and forms of organization is analyzed. Finally, the main criticisms of this approach are discussed. The main conclusion reached in the study is that the new social movements theory is insufficient to develop a comprehensive and accurate understanding of contemporary social movements.
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KADEROĞLU BULUT, Çağrı. "NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT THEORY: AN ANALYSIS THE CONTEXT OF FOUNDING IDEAS, CONTENT AND CRITICISM." TURKISH ONLINE JOURNAL OF DESIGN ART AND COMMUNICATION 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 42–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7456/11001100/003.
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New social movements are one of the most discussed phenomena in social sciences since their emergence in the 1960s. These movements, which are considered as a reflection of the economic, political and social transformations experienced in contemporary societies, are discussed with their various characteristics and are subject to many theoretical approaches. This study examines the New Social Movements Theory, which is one of the most influential of these theoretical approaches. Two important names of the theory, Touraine and Melucci, evaluate new movements within the framework of post-industrial social theories and examine them in the context of transition from class-based movements to culture-identity-based movements. This approach lays the foundational idea of this theory. Elements such as the actors, goals, discourses, and organizational structures of the new movements are basically addressed on this ground and the differentiation between the new movements and the old movements is explained within this framework. This theory, which treats new social movements as a part of a new social construct, has been the subject of many criticisms. The analysis of this theory based on the post-industrial society and its explanation frames based on culture-identity have been criticized especially by Marxist approaches. Hence, this study examines the new social movements theory in the context of founding ideas, content, and criticism of the theory. In the study, firstly, the basic ideas of the theory in relation to social analysis are discussed, and then the approach of the movements towards the actors, values, goals and forms of organization is analyzed. Finally, the main criticisms of this approach are discussed. The main conclusion reached in the study is that the new social movements theory is insufficient to develop a comprehensive and accurate understanding of contemporary social movements.
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KADEROĞLU BULUT, Çağrı. "NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT THEORY: AN ANALYSIS THE CONTEXT OF FOUNDING IDEAS, CONTENT AND CRITICISM." TURKISH ONLINE JOURNAL OF DESIGN ART AND COMMUNICATION 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 42–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7456/11101100/003.
Full textAbstract:
New social movements are one of the most discussed phenomena in social sciences since their emergence in the 1960s. These movements, which are considered as a reflection of the economic, political and social transformations experienced in contemporary societies, are discussed with their various characteristics and are subject to many theoretical approaches. This study examines the New Social Movements Theory, which is one of the most influential of these theoretical approaches. Two important names of the theory, Touraine and Melucci, evaluate new movements within the framework of post-industrial social theories and examine them in the context of transition from class-based movements to culture-identity-based movements. This approach lays the foundational idea of this theory. Elements such as the actors, goals, discourses, and organizational structures of the new movements are basically addressed on this ground and the differentiation between the new movements and the old movements is explained within this framework. This theory, which treats new social movements as a part of a new social construct, has been the subject of many criticisms. The analysis of this theory based on the post-industrial society and its explanation frames based on culture-identity have been criticized especially by Marxist approaches. Hence, this study examines the new social movements theory in the context of founding ideas, content, and criticism of the theory. In the study, firstly, the basic ideas of the theory in relation to social analysis are discussed, and then the approach of the movements towards the actors, values, goals and forms of organization is analyzed. Finally, the main criticisms of this approach are discussed. The main conclusion reached in the study is that the new social movements theory is insufficient to develop a comprehensive and accurate understanding of contemporary social movements.
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Geyer, Martin H. "“Gaps” and the (Re-)Invention of the FutureSocial and Demographic Policy in Germany during the 1970s and 1980s." Social Science History 39, no. 1 (2015): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.41.
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To argue that the future was (re-)invented in the 1970s and the 1980s might seem especially puzzling in light of arguments that the optimism associated with utilitarian, modernization, and socialist theories withered at the time amidst widespread debate over a variety of “crises.” Nonetheless, it was in this peculiar constellation that ideas of the future became fundamentally renegotiated. “New risks” were juxtaposed with prevailing older ideas of social security that were predicated on individual and collective risk management. Focusing on West Germany, this article examines the various technical and political debates over “gaps” in terms of the finances, demographics, and trust in the system of social policy, which helped to put technical and political diagnoses of “new risks” squarely on the political agenda. This demographic argument is of particular interest, as it dramatized the unintended side effects of older social policy and created new, dystopian future scenarios of total systemic breakdown. At times, however, these discussions about managing the risks associated with Germany's demographic future verged on the utopian. New concepts of governmentality and biopolitics prevailed in this context. Moreover, pragmatic and sometimes technocratic concepts of new “governance” (and thus risk management) were proposed by social scientists and politicians as a means to address anxieties about the demographic future, and new models of risk-taking and risk-managing individuals also flourished at the time. With their descriptive but also prescriptive features, these theories contributed to ongoing academic efforts to explain the present and the future in terms of risk.
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Bhawuk, Dharm P. S. "Building Cultural Bridges Between China and India." Psychology and Developing Societies 33, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971333621990457.
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Employing one of the established theories from cross-cultural psychology and sociology, first it is shown that both China and India are collectivist cultures. Then the Chinese and Indian worldviews are compared to highlight fundamental similarities between the two cultures. Finally, it is shown how self-cultivation is emphasised in both China and India. Effort is made to show how ideas presented by Confucius and Lao Tsu are captured in the Indian culture and social behaviours. A number of issues are raised for the development of indigenous knowledge from multiple perspectives using various paradigms and methodology. It is hoped that the special issue and this article will stimulate researchers to bridge Chinese and Indian psychologies which may pave the path towards peaceful prosperity.
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Yuting, Chen, and Shi Shuolin. "The Role of China’s Social Credit Management in the Socialist Market Economy System." Administrative Consulting, no. 9 (October 18, 2023): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2023-9-96-106.
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Social credit management is a global issue, has become an important aspect of the economic development of various countries. In the process of social transformation in modern China, the social credit management system has undergone three stages of evolution: from scratch to existence, from existence to reality, and from reality to refinement. Based on the review of the transformation of market order and the construction of social credit system in China, this paper makes a systematic analysis of its main content and internal logic. From the perspective of Huntington’s “political decline” and other Chinese and foreign theories, this paper discusses the relationship between the three main bodies of social credit construction — market, society, government and market order respectively, in an attempt to provide inspiration and ideas for the construction of China’s future social credit system.
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Dietz, Bettina. "Making Natural History: Doing the Enlightenment." Central European History 43, no. 1 (March 2010): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938909991324.
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The image of the Enlightenment as an era has proved to be remarkably constant, repeatedly resisting protracted and subtle attempts to de-ideologize, pluralize, and reperiodize it. Historians have turned away from a pure history of ideas in favor of a cultural history of publishing and reading, a social history of intellectual sociability, and the situating of ideas within historical-political constellations. The concept of a homogeneous, quasi-monolithic Enlightenment has been pluralized and parceled into a large number of geographically and thematically distinct Enlightenments. At the same time, the chronological scope of research interests has been extended and refined. Whereas the decades of the high Enlightenment in Britain and France were the initial focus of interest, the phase of the radical early Enlightenment has since achieved a firm place in a total panorama that also takes account of chronologically different developments in various national contexts. Nonetheless it is true, although necessarily a generalization, to say that the interpretation of the Enlightenment as a whole concentrates on an “Enlightenment thinking” characterized as rational, critical of dogma, and systematic, and whose main emphases are seen as political ideas, philosophy, criticism of superstition, and the experimental sciences. The intention here is to focus on the aspect of active mass participation in the intellectual project of the Enlightenment and to supplement the image of an intellectual history centered on the triad of ideas, authors, and texts (more rarely books) with a perspective that focuses on learned practice.
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Chaplya, Tatiana. "COGNITIVE MAP – SENSITIVE AND IMAGINATIVE VISION OF THE ENVIRONMENT." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 5 (2019): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-5-138-144.
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In the following article the principle characteristics of a cognitive map within its correlation with the mental map and the cognitive and mental environment are viewed and the conclusion upon the fact that they introduce the objective and subjective ideas about space which find their implementation in social behavior models of the society, in the images and sensual experience is made. In the basis of the analysis the concepts of social geography and the theory of geographical images as well as the theories of perception were laid. The fact that the needs of both, a separate individual and the society, that generate domains of various functional use are the source of forming space understanding is shown.
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Smith, Phil, and Susan Ross. "Understanding complex systems: A reflective account of promoting wellbeing within health and social care." FPOP Bulletin: Psychology of Older People 1, no. 159 (July 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfpop.2022.1.159.17.
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This paper offers an insight into the approach utilised by two Clinical Psychologists in the NHS Lanarkshire Psychological Therapies for Older People team, in their attempt to understand, and respond to, resident and staff wellbeing within the complex care home system during the pandemic. We highlight relevant staff wellbeing literature with a focus on those in health and social care. We then describe our approach which has been informed by various theories, such as compassionate leadership, organisational change, and psychological safety. We define our ideas for improving staff and resident wellbeing at a systems level, framed in psychological theory and quality improvement goals. We offer our reflections throughout, which we hope will be useful to others working in similar complex systems.
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Shapiro, Bella L. "FASHION, ART AND ARTS PRACTICE: A HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THEIR RELATIONSHIP." Articult, no. 1 (March 2024): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2227-6165-2024-1-5-12.
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The central theme of this research is a reflection on the evolution of philosophical ideas about the relationship between fashion and art, from its origins in the Age of Enlightenment to the present. The order of appearance of the first theories of fashion, linking fashion and art, their orientation traced. We investigated the evolution of these theories and the conditioning of the evolution by various social causes and intellectual trends. And we also followed up the transformation of fashion theories as an art form under the influence of contemporary artistic practices. The conclusion of the research: the relationship between art and fashion in the modern world is becoming stronger and stronger. The circle of issues that connect art and fashion in the modern world is quite wide, and it is constantly changing. One of the reasons for these changes is the alteration of the essential boundaries of contemporary art.
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Jackson, Robert H. "Dialectical justice in the Gulf War." Review of International Studies 18, no. 4 (October 1992): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500118923.
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A study of justice in world politics must begin with the question: what is it and why study it? I will argue that justice is constitutive of social life generally and that various practices of justice are operative in world politics. Normative issues arising from the Gulf War are used to illuminate the argument. A major war is always a tragedy but it is also an opportunity to reexamine our received ideas about war as a human transaction. My approach is that of a political scientist and not a moral philosopher: I am more interested in the practices than the theories of normative international relations.
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Chernovskaya, Mariya. "Walter Benjamin as the “Last European”: The Transfer of Walter Benjamin’s Ideas to American Cultural Studies." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 19, no. 4 (2020): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2020-4-137-151.
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Walter Benjamin’s posthumous reception was significantly broader than the one during his lifetime, par-ticularly in the one country he had never succeeded to visit (although he had intended to), the United States of America. In the current article, we suggest, that while beginning to widen in American intellectual circles, the acknowledgment of the philosopher’s legacy happened later in a narrower academic context, rehabilitating the philosopher who had never had the chance to work in a university due to a failed 1925 habilitation. The majority of Benjamin’s works were disseminated in various non-academic journals and magazines, making the process of translation and publication of his texts more difficult than it usually is for scientists. We suggest that, firstly, Benjamin’s reception in the USA established his image as a provoc-ative essayist stepping far beyond Marxist frameworks (as opposed to how his first publisher and friend Theodor Adorno presented him through a thoroughly-selected collection of writings that had been trans-lated into English for the first time), exploring such topics as Messianism, mass culture, and everyday practices. Our second suggestion is that Benjamin’s legacy appeared to be fruitful for American cultural studies whose representatives rejected ideas of the teleology of culture embedded in the original British program, and turned to “practice theories” which presented everyday practices significant in themselves, not as privileged sites of ideology.
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Krstić, Miloš. "Challenges of rational choice theory in contemporary economic science." Revizor 23, no. 91-92 (2020): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/rev2092007k.
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In the focus of the paper there are some basic insights and ideas of rational choice theory, that is the "core" of contemporary economic theory. Also, rational choice theory is the "center" of modern political science and is used in various other scientific disciplines, such as: sociology, philosophy, political science, psychology, and the like. There are two main goals of this paper. One is to point out the limitations of rational choice theory as one of the theories of economic behavior (and decision making). The second goal is to analyze certain problems detected during the application of the rational choice theory in economics and to adequately consider the importance of alternative concepts, models, and theories from the point of view of improving the understanding of economic, social, political, and other processes in the economy and society as a whole.
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Subbotina, M. V. "Man against death: Identity, language, technology." RUDN Journal of Sociology 23, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 924–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-4-924-931.
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The article is a review of the book by D. Davies Death, Ritual, and Belief: The Rhetoric of Funerary Rites (Moscow: NLO, 2022. 480 p.). The author notes the growing interest of society in the phenomenon of death and makes an attempt to systematize the key aspects of this phenomenon: from funeral rites in various cultures to near-death experiences and theories of grief. In the review, the emphasis is placed on two main ideas of the book: how words and rituals influence our dealing with death and how the phenomenon of death affects our identity. The review identifies both the strengths of the book and those aspects that require a further study, such as the impact of technology on society’s perception of death (contemporary interdisciplinary studies called ‘digital death studies’).
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Hašková, Hana, and Radka Dudová. "Institutions and Discourses on Childcare for Children Under the Age of Three in a Comparative French-Czech Perspective." Sociological Research Online 22, no. 3 (September 2017): 120–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780417725940.
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The article compares the development of policies pertaining to care for preschool children in the course of the second half of the 20th century in France and in the Czech Republic. It aims at identifying the key factors that led to the differentiation of the policies and institutions in the two countries, especially with respect to support for extra-familial care and formal care institutions (nurseries). We build on the theories of ‘new’ institutionalisms and we apply framing analysis, which allows us to understand the formation of ideas that precede policy changes. Specifically, we discuss the role of expert discourse and the framings of care for young children in the process of social policy change. We argue that expert knowledge in interaction with the political, economic, and demographic contexts and how it has been presented in public have had a fundamental impact on the formation of childcare policies and institutions in the two countries.
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Majeed, Nasir, Muhammad Ahsan Mukhtar, and Muhammad Imran Ehsan. "THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND LAW: MEANING, FUNCTIONS AND DIFFERENCES." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 05, no. 01 (March 31, 2023): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i01.1034.
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Both theoretical and conceptual frameworks play a significant role in research studies. However, majority of the researchers do not properly understand their meaning, functions and differences between them. The present study had two objectives; first, to explore the meaning, differences and functions of theoretical and conceptual framework and second, to analyze the need of theoretical framework in legal research. After the systematic review of the literature, the present study found that a theoretical framework is the map constructed with one or more theories to guide a proposed study from inception to reporting. Similarly, the study found that a conceptual framework is constructed with various ideas and concepts taken from numerous theories or empirical studies. Besides, theoretical and conceptual frameworks are similar to the extent of their function and different to the extent of their constituents elements. Moreover, the study found that doctrinal legal research needs a normative framework whereas empirical legal studies require a theoretical or conceptual framework. It is hoped that the present study will enable the researchers to properly understand the meaning, functions and differences between theoretical and conceptual framework. Keywords: Theoretical Framework, Conceptual Framework, Functions of Theoretical and Conceptual Framework, Difference between Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
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V, Ranjith, and Kathiresan Pon. "Valluvar's Political Principles." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-18 (December 8, 2022): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1855.
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Thirukkural, the world-famous book contains many principles. Thirukkural is a book that makes a person to think about political science from a diverse perspective. This article explains various the various political principles in Thirukkural. Politics is an expression of social science. Politics is a term that refers to the process of making decision among the group of people. Although politics generally refers to the functioning of governmental institutions, it is worth to note that that politics is actually found in the interactions of all human groups, including office, education, and religious institutions. Thirukkural is a suitable book to give a clear definition and explanation of diverse theories such as divine theory, strength theory, social contract theory, relationship theory, evolution theory and force theory. This article examines the three chapters Arathuppal, Porutpal and Kamathuppal of Thirukkural which supports the theoretical thoughts of politics, and explains the political ideas.
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Tutov, L. A., and A. E. Shastitko. "Metalanguage within disciplinary discourse for scientific research programs: Invitation to a debate." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 96–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-4-96-115.
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Modern economic science is experiencing difficulties in solving theoretical and practical problems, including its inability to predict future economic crises, and, after their onset, the effective ways to overcome them. This is largely due to the fact that representatives of different theories have different assessments of the ongoing processes in the economy and offer essentially different and often mutually exclusive ways to solve economic problems. The search for a common language and ways to unite the efforts of economists in achieving social progress is on the agenda. The paper addresses the possibilities of productive interaction between scientific programs in economics via mutual enrichment of ideas, and shows what role metalanguage plays in this process. It claims that metalanguage will allow representatives of various research programs to form a realistic view of each other’s concepts, and not to criticize the caricatures of their opponents’ theories.
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Sheldon, Kennon M., Tim Kasser, Linda Houser‐Marko, Taisha Jones, and Daniel Turban. "Doing one's duty: chronological age, felt autonomy, and subjective well‐being." European Journal of Personality 19, no. 2 (March 2005): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.535.
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Existential, psychosocial, and organismic theories propose that human beings tend towards greater autonomy over the lifespan, and that greater autonomy is associated with greater happiness. We tested these two ideas in the under‐studied domain of social duties by examining the associations between chronological age, felt autonomy while engaging in various social duties, and subjective well‐being (SWB). Study 1 found that older Americans felt more autonomous while voting, tipping, and paying taxes, Study 2 showed that American parents felt more autonomous in their work and citizenship roles compared with their own children, and Study 3 found that older Singaporeans felt more autonomous while obeying authorities, helping distant relatives, and staying politically informed. In all three studies, felt autonomy was also associated with higher SWB. It appears that older persons better internalize their social duties, to their own and societies' benefit. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Strashinsky, B. R. "The history of the emergence of ideas about the principle of reasonableness in the mechanism of interpretation of law." INTERPRETATION OF LAW: FROM THE THEORY TO THE PRACTICE, no. 12 (2021): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2021-12-40.
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The issue of the history of the origin of ideas about the principle of reasonableness in law occupies a central place within the study of historical and legal aspects of the principles of law in general. The author proves that the ideas about the principles of law in general are marked by the historical duration of their formation and development, and today the legal doctrine is represented by a wide range: a) worldview and scientific ideas of thinkers of antiquity; b) various theoretical and practical ideas of philosophers of the medieval period; c) scientific works of the Modern Age and the Enlightenment; d) innovative concepts and theories put forward by modern philosophers, modern jurists, political scientists, philosophers and scientists (both representatives of legal sciences and other branches of scientific research). In addition, the paper analyzes the history of the origin of worldviews and scientific ideas about the principle of reasonableness in law, as well as identifies the factors that led to its separation as an object of scientific knowledge. It is substantiated that thinkers of the Antiquity period comprehend and reveal the ideas of reason in law (law) through a set of other concepts and categories that form a connection with this ideological principle, namely: the logos, which is defined as the eternal world order; law, legislative activity as a manifestation of the logos, the ability to formalize the logos; wisdom as a result of education and human experience, public interests and balancing the interests of various subjects of social relations; common sense, etc. Summarizes the position that in the views of thinkers arises and develops the worldview that law is a product of mental human activity, which should be educated, vitally wise, and therefore able to think, analyze the objective needs of society, distinguish between «good» and «evil». This idea became a component of sophistry, which later in the views of Roman jurists expanded and rethought in terms of lawmaking and law enforcement on the mental abilities of man, who invest in the content of laws rational ideas and able to understand and apply them with the mind. It is stated that despite the fact that in the legal teachings of antiquity the principle of reasonableness in law has not yet become an independent subject of worldview or scientific understanding, nor has it been singled out as a separate legal category, it should be noted the research interest of ancient thinkers in development and improvement law, its nature, essence and functional purpose, actions and effectiveness, which are understood, including through the prism of ideas about human wisdom (mind), rationality in law, features of the implementation of law in human consciousness and behavior. Keywords: law principles, functions law principles, principle of reasonableness in law, role of principle of reasonableness in law, system law principles.
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Moldovan, Petru. "The Gospel of Thomas and the Thomasine Tradition." Collectanea Christiana Orientalia 20 (July 31, 2023): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/cco.v20i.16304.
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The debates about various early ‘Christian’ communities are still in an incomplete and tumultuous never-ending process. This paper illustrates that the manufactured theories about ‘community’ or ‘tradition’ do not describe the particular social conditions of textualities such as the Gospel of Thomas. It is very common to the mainstream scholarship of the early Christianities to put together heterogeneous ideas and to understand them as forming a special type of singularity. This is, in our case, the idea of ‘apostle Thomas.’ The scholarly representatives have tried to use complex sets of borrowed methodologies in order to make the historical lines of flight of early Christianity ideas more appealing and to conceal the process of domestication of textualities as the Gospel of Thomas. They have intentionally constructed religious communities, several types of Christians, differences, and similarities; all these aspects have the purpose to join in one wide and domesticated ‘Thomasine’ tradition. This paper aims to follow the lines of flight as they are programmed by the Thomas-scholars in order to deconstruct such approaches and to provide an alternative reading perspective detached by any kind of theological agendum.
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Dufoix, Stéphane. "A larger grain of sense. Making early non-Western sociological thought visible." Sociedade e Estado 37, no. 3 (September 2022): 861–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-6992-202237030005.
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Abstract There are different ways to read sociological theory “against the grain”, as Walter Benjamin put it in 1940. The issue of invisibility - or invisibilization - is certainly the most important one. The mainstream and canonical narrative of the history of sociology and of sociological ideas and theories hardly leaves any room to non-Western appropriations and indigenizations from the late 19th century onwards. The article wants to offer another disciplinary history and another chronology by relying on instances from the late 19th century and early 20th century especially in Latin America and Asia (Japan and China). The circulation of different authors, books and theories, as well as their different reception according to the different countries and their different intellectual, social and political environments makes it possible to design a new chronology of sociological theory and of the institutionalization of the discipline. Despite the epistemic hegemony that was already established in the second half of the 19th century with the diffusion of sociological thought from France and Great-Britain (with Comte and Spencer), this circulation was no mere transplantation but rather a complex and selective appropriation that makes it possible for very different visions of the meaning of “sociology” as a movement of thought and also as an academic discipline.
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Levin, Elizabetha. "Various Times in Abraham Ibn Ezra’s Works and Their Reflection in Modern Thought." KronoScope 18, no. 2 (September 18, 2018): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685241-12341414.
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AbstractAbraham Ibn Ezra is one of the most many-sided medieval intellectuals, widely admired for his unique combination of scientific ideas with religious feeling, philosophical thought and poetical perception. This paper focuses on selected issues from hisoeuvrethat are of interest to time researchers.In modern English, the term “time” has a fairly broad spectrum of meanings, which can refer to a long list of distinct temporalities in medieval Hebrew texts. Unfortunately, the sharp difference between various Hebrew words such as “et” or “zman” goes unrecognized by those who read Ibn Ezra in translation. As a result, Abraham Ibn Ezra’s temporological thought and his philosophical poetry present a real challenge to historians of time-studies. The goal of this paper is to supply fresh insights on Jewish medieval thought on temporalities and to measure its impact on recent theories and discoveries.
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GERASIMOV, GRIGORY. "WORLDVIEW REASONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THE IMAGE OF THE PAST (FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE 19TH CENTURY)." History and Modern Perspectives 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2021-3-4-66-74.
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The purpose of this article is to consider the reasons for the evolution of historical writing from the standpoint of an idealistic approach. The image of the past is created as a part of the picture of the world, within the framework of this approach, therefore the way of its creation directly depends on the main ideological ideas. With a change in worldview, the way of creating the past and its image change. A new worldview always requires the creation of a new past, as an important component of the picture of the world. The evolution of the main ideas leads to a change in particular historical theories that determine the historian's view of the past. Only secondary ideas and methods are taken from the previous history for forming a picture of the world within the framework of a new worldview. The main ideas of the previous worldview and the images of the past built on them, as well as the methods of creating these images, are rejected by each new historicism that replaces the previous one. The modern way of creating the past is the result of a gradual transition from a religious worldview to a rationalistic one with its anthropocentrism and humanism. It took several centuries for its formation. Competing images of the past, created within the framework of a religious and rationalistic worldview during the Enlightenment, led to the gradual displacement of the image of the past, formed from a religious standpoint, to the periphery of social thought. For the minds of the enlightened elite, various philosophical concepts fought, creating their own pictures of the past. They proceeded from different theoretical and methodological premises, therefore they created different images of the past.
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Sachkova, M. Ye, E. B. Berezina, N. V. Dvoryanchikov, and I. B. Bovina. "Norms and Their Violation: From Scientific to Lay Thinking. An Exploratory Study from a Sample of Young Russian Adults." Cultural-Historical Psychology 17, no. 4 (2021): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2021170414.
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Problem. The problem of norms and norms violation has a long research history in scientific thinking. Lay thinking analysis rests in the shadow of this research line; although in the modern world people are actively involved in the construction of lay theories about various phenomena and they use this knowledge in daily life. Aim. Following the ideas of the social representations theory, the aim of the exploratory study was to analyse the lay theories developed by young Russian adults about norms and norms violation. Method. 134 young adults participated in the study, 26.12% males (aged 18 — 28 years, M=21.01years, SD =2.23). 71.6% participants were students of social sciences from Moscow Universities. A free-association technique was used. The data were analysed by using prototypical analysis. Results. The particularity of lay thinking about norms and norms violation was revealed. Conclusion: It is possible to conclude that norms are not equated with laws, while norms violation is identified with crimes (laws’ violation). The framework of the social representations theory allowed us to analyse the lay thinking about norms and norms violation as a matter of Russian cultural context.
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Stanković, Nevena. "A contribution of Wendt's idealism to security studies." Bezbednost, Beograd 63, no. 1 (2021): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2101115s.
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One of the key novelties that constructivism introduces to International Relations theories is the term "ideas", as a starting point for understanding, as well as constructing social reality. Because of plenty variations in defining the term "ideas" by different social constructivists, the author in this article aims to analyze Alexander Wendt's approach, with a focus on its significance to security studies. By reviewing Wendt's basic presumptions about idealism, rump materialism (of human nature), material and identity needs, including distinction between materiality and objectivity, the author attempts to make conclusions on possibilities of implementation of these presumptions in researching security phenomena and processes, or, in other words, critically evaluate potential contribution, as well as flaws, for theorizing about security issues. In conclusion, the author suggests that there is undoubtedly significant contribution embedded, primarily, in constitutive versus traditionally dominate causative approach to material factors, especially interests and power, in regard to ideational factors, and measure in which ideas constitute material factors (constituting power by interests, and interests by ideas), as well as claims that ideational constructions can also be real and objective, and emotions such as fear, insecurity and aggression are essential to human nature, result of unfulfilled needs, and eventually, social constructions. Finally, applied to security issues, the most important Wendt's contribution is in the fact that accepting both material and ideational, not just causality, but also constitution, is the best approach for the security research field. Understood in this way, it leads to qualitatively different analyses of the security phenomena and processes, and at the same enables including various variables significant for understanding and, maybe, predicting security dynamics, those that were excluded from the analyses as a result of domination of materialistic approach. Moreover, majority of security phenomena, including risks and threats, and also factors that influence the behavior of security actors and security actions in general, are ideational constructions, which is what makes Wendt's approach vital for dealing with security issues, especially having in mind fact that it opens wide possibilities for practical implementation, potentially leading to new theoretical perspectives in security studies.
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Bonetto, Eric, Nicolas Pichot, Grégory Lo Monaco, Fabien Girandola, and Nathalie Bonnardel. "Social Representations Theory in Creativity Research." European Psychologist 27, no. 3 (July 2022): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000469.
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Abstract. Due to the difficulties of understanding all the aspects of creativity, the study of this complex phenomenon has been placed at the crossroads of various disciplines. Among these, social psychology has been interested in this exploration. Incidentally, various approaches in creativity research highlighted the importance of social factors in the production, judgment, and acceptance of creative ideas. Contributions adopting such a social perspective naturally convoked different social psychological theories, among which is the Social Representations Theory. This theory focuses on the collective construction of shared knowledge and beliefs (social representations) within social groups. Interesting perspectives about the contribution of social representations to the study of creativity have been described in previous works. Nevertheless, these works remain rare despite the many possibilities offered by the theoretical and methodological framework of social representations. Consequently, the present contribution recalls briefly the main objectives that these previous works have pursued in order to highlight several unexplored lines of research that could promote theoretical, methodological, and applied advancement. These lines could enrich research related to the evaluation of creativity, the study of creativity as deviance, the stimulation of group creativity, and promote interdisciplinary work. This contribution aims to draw the attention of researchers to these under-exploited perspectives and stimulate the creation of many others to understand better the complex phenomenon of creativity.
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Pellegrini, Anthony D. "Object use in childhood: development and possible functions." Behaviour 150, no. 8 (2013): 813–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003086.
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The ways in which children use objects is central to many theories of development, yet we lack systematic descriptions of the various ways in which objects are used across childhood. In this paper, I first describe the different forms of object use (i.e., exploration, construction, play, tool use and tool making) for males and females in childhood, then establish time budgets for each type of object use. Second, I make functional inferences about each form of object use and the social contexts in which each is embedded. I suggest that putative functions of object play, specifically, may be related to children’s discovery of novel uses for objects, as well as peer group centrality in abundant niches. These dynamics produce a connected social network in which object play and group structure might interact to spread novel ideas.
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Fan, Xiaolin, Nurjulidezi Baheti, and Yonghong Gu. "Investigation of the Current Situation of Innovation Ability Education of Vocational College Students Under the Guidance of Ideological and Political Education." Journal of Contemporary Educational Research 8, no. 3 (March 24, 2024): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jcer.v8i3.6420.
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Innovation ability is the ability to continuously provide new ideas, theories, methods, and inventions with economic, social, and ecological values in the fields of technology and various practical activities. The ideological and political education of vocational school students should be student-oriented and close to reality and life. It is necessary to improve the pertinence, effectiveness, attractiveness, and infectiousness of ideological and political education, and cultivate socialist builders and successors with all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, and beauty. In this paper, we investigate and understand the practice of innovation ability education in colleges and universities at home and abroad, especially the current situation of professional practice teaching in Xinjiang Vocational Colleges. The construction of a professional practice base in vocational colleges is systematically studied.