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1
PACHOWICZ, ANNA. "POLISH EMIGRATION IN FRANCE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY." ИСТРАЖИВАЊА, no. 28 (December 27, 2017): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2017.28.134-146.
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The main aim of the article is an attempt to show the life of Polish emigration in France in the first half of the 20th century and, above all, the circumstances and organization of the trips, the number of people, their distribution within the territory of individual departments, working conditions and the problem of assimilation. In those times, Poles were coming to work in France from the territory of Germany (Westphalia) and from Poland. France was a destination Poles were very keen on and emigrated to on several occasions. On the one hand, France needed workers and, on the other hand, the difficult economic situation prompted Poles to leave their country and look for work outside their borders. The Polish-French convention on emigration and immigration, concluded on 3rd September 1919, played an important role in this matter. It set out the rules that gave grounds for many Poles to leave Poland in the following years. Polish immigration in the 1920s and 30s was of economic nature. Poles chose to work in various branches of heavy industry, primarily in mining, metallurgy, construction, textile and, least profitable, agriculture. They had to get used to the new conditions of life such as learning the language, the culture and mentality of Frenchmen, which was different from Polish. For the first groups of Poles arriving in France, French was a serious problem, yet with each passing year the problem started to fade away. Poles were ambitious and tried to educate their children and young people. Working in France, despite many difficulties, meant an improvement of material conditions for them compared to those in Poland. Compared with the French workers, their position was much worse, their status was significantly lower, they performed physical work, they generally received lower wages, and did not have full occupational rights.
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Haigh, S. "Women, Immigration and Identities in France." French History 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/15.3.353.
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Menhem, Suzanne. "The Migration of Qualified Lebanese Women to France." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 58 (September 2015): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.58.8.
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Lebanon is defined as a country of emigration and immigration. Whereas previously, emigration was considered a male migration. Gradually, in recent years emigration has evolved and is becoming feminine also. Independent female migration is a growing phenomenon in the Lebanese society although men still play an important role in the migration project.In the past, women were emigrating most often in the context of family reunification, accompanying their husbands to join a member of their families. The majority of migrant women today are leaving the country for so many reasons (further education, work, etc.) and not only to join their husbands. This article examines highly skilled female migration from Lebanon.In France, the migration of skilled workers from Lebanon has experienced very rapid growth in the last decade. However, female migration does not seem to have been the subject of a sociological reading. The study includes qualitative analysis of twenty five cases studied of Lebanese skilled migrant women in France, especially a university degree or equivalent (nurses, architects, teachers, doctors, engineers, lawyers, researchers ...) who were not married or go join their family when they have emigrated, and they have a good command of French language, and who were not dual nationality holders.This article aims to fill some gaps in this area, examining the reasons for change: migration path, the link with the country of origin, the impact of female migration on their personal, social, cultural and family, their return project, exchanges on the remittances levels, career transition path and entrepreneurship, adaptations, their social networks, their identity reconstruction, etc. Besides, there are also non-measurable aspects noted as the autonomy of women to discuss.
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Carlson, Helena M., and Erik L. Nilsen. "Ireland: Gender, Psychological Health, and Attitudes toward Emigration." Psychological Reports 76, no. 1 (February 1995): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.1.179.
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Ireland is experiencing one of the highest periods of emigration in its history. The current study collected demographic and psychological data on 203 Irish men and women in Ireland and in Northern Ireland, including measures of self-esteem, depression, attitudes toward immigration, and expectancies of emigration. Analysis indicated that approximately 81% of this Irish sample are considering emigration; however, the prospect of emigration is psychologically experienced differently by men and women. While there were no significant differences over-all in scores on self-esteem between Irish men and women, men who contemplated emigration reported higher self-esteem scores, and women contemplating emigration reported lower self-esteem scores (relative to those who had no plans to emigrate). In addition, women who contemplated emigration had higher depression scores than women who did not contemplate emigration. This pattern was not evident for men. These results indicate that psychologically women view the prospect of emigration less positively than men.
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Douki, Caroline. "Administration et immigration en France, 1945-1975." Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine 53-2, no. 2 (2006): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rhmc.532.0182.
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Aiken, Síobhra. "‘Sinn Féin permits … in the heels of their shoes’: Cumann na mBan emigrants and transatlantic revolutionary exchange." Irish Historical Studies 44, no. 165 (May 2020): 106–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2020.8.
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AbstractThe emigration of female revolutionary activists has largely eluded historical studies; their global movements transcend dominant national and regional conceptions of the Irish Revolution and challenge established narratives of political exile which are often cast in masculine terms. Drawing on Cumann na mBan nominal rolls and U.S. immigration records, this article investigates the scale of post-Civil War Cumann na mBan emigration and evaluates the geographical origins, timing and push-pull factors that defined their migration. Focusing on the United States in particular, it also measures the impact of the emigration and return migration of female revolutionaries – during the revolutionary period and in its immediate aftermath – on both the republican movement in Ireland and the fractured political landscapes of Irish America. Ultimately, this article argues that the cooperative transatlantic exchange networks of Cumann na mBan, and the consciously gendered revolutionary discourse they assisted in propagating in the diaspora, were integral to supporting the Irish Revolution at home and abroad.
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Doty, C. Stewart, and Sylvia Ullmo. "American Immigration: Example or Counterexample for France?" Journal of American History 82, no. 3 (December 1995): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2945202.
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Babich, I. L. "Professional Adaptation of North Caucasians in Emigration (1920–1930s, France)." Modern History of Russia 10, no. 4 (2020): 1005–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2020.412.
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This article considers models of the professional arrangement of North Caucasian émigrés in France in the 1920s and 1930s. Using new archival and field ethnographic materials, we explore the social and political activities of North Caucasians as a profession and as a view of life; and the activities of the Caucasian group of oil owners (leader — Nobel), who before the Revolution were engaged in oil production in the Caucasus or owned shares of oil firms. France had the most cars in Europe for the 1920s and 1930s. Therefore, it was not surprising that many emigrants from Russia, including North Caucasians, began working as chauffeurs, taxi drivers, and auto mechanics. In addition, they often became employees of auto factories (e. g. as specialists and laborers). Since there were many military people among North Caucasian émigrés, many they decided to join the French Foreign Legion. Emigrants from the North Caucasus pursued publishing, literary, journalistic, scientific, and teaching activities. In Russia many North Caucasians received a legal education but could not work as lawyers in France. Medical activity was also rare. In emigration there were several North Caucasians who became artists, singers, and dancers who performed in restaurants opened by North Caucasians. The children of the first wave of North Caucasian emigrants, as a rule, received higher education in France, and many of them managed to obtain excellent careers.
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Bade, Klaus J. "From Emigration to Immigration: The German Experience in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries." Central European History 28, no. 4 (December 1995): 507–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900012292.
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United Germany has become more ethnically divers and, to a certain extent, more “multicultural” with a growing minority of immigrants and temporary migrants living within its borders. There are labor migrants from Southern and Eastern Europe with restricted work permits, immigrants coming out of the former “guest worker” population, and ethnic Germants from Eastern Europe as well as various groups of asylum seekers and other refugees.
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Rygiel, Philippe, Jane Freedman, and Carrie Tarr. "Women, Immigration and Identities in France." Le Mouvement social, no. 198 (January 2002): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3780265.
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Markowitz, Fran. "Ethnic Return Migrations—(Are Not Quite)—Diasporic Homecomings." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 16, no. 1-2 (March 2012): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.16.1-2.234.
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In February 2004, in preparation for the publication of our co-edited volume, Homecomings: Unsettling Paths of Return, Anders H. Stefansson conducted a search of book titles on Amazon.com. That search revealed 7,575 titles under the subject heading of “immigration/emigration.” Of these, a mere 157, or 2%, reappeared in the “return migration” category. Some five years later, I replicated that search. This time, 19,700 titles were listed under immigration/emigration, and 20% (4,027) of these turned up as publications about return migration. By the first decade of the twenty-first century, from an under-researched curious footnote, return migration has transmogrified into a “clearly recognized . . . significant global phenomenon” (Brettell 2006, 989). Anthropologists and sociologists, storytellers, statisticians, economists, and political analysts have delved into, and are researching and writing about the return of diasporic people(s) to their ancestral homelands.
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Ager, D. E. "Immigration and language policy in France." Journal of Intercultural Studies 15, no. 2 (January 1994): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07256868.1994.9963415.
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Lyubart, Margarita K. "National identity and immigration in modern France." Sibirskie istoricheskie issledovaniya, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/2312461x/25/2.
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Jackson, John A. "Emigration and the Irish abroad: recent writings." Irish Historical Studies 32, no. 127 (May 2001): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002112140001511x.
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There has been a remarkable revival of interest in the Irish abroad within the past ten years. In part this is attributable to the new confidence experienced by the Irish at home with the economic success of the ‘tiger economy’ and the decline of ‘migration by necessity’. Equally the Irish abroad, especially in the United States, have risen to the top of the immigrant pile and have achieved prosperity and assurance of their position in their adopted homelands. This itself has led to a reduction in some of the inhibitions that have held back serious attention to the history of the immigrants and to a recognition of their place in the sun. Public awareness has been further stimulated by changing patterns of immigration and by the development of new attitudes towards immigrants in the host societies, now including Ireland itself. Such changes have created a need to give meaning to the term ‘plural society’ and to challenge the racism that has characteristically followed in the wake of increased numbers of immigrants.These seven books are representative of a large number that have begun to address the topic in the last few years from an historical point of view. For the most part they relate to the Irish in Britain but use the focus on the immigrants to open up issues about the history of Ireland and Britain and the role of each in an emerging global system. For example, one of them is a comparative account of the Irish in Liverpool and Philadelphia which allows consideration of some of the broader questions regarding the treatment of the Irish immigrant in the literature both by historians and other interested scholars.
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Kacperska, Elżbieta. "Międzynarodowe przepływy siły roboczej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 116 (December 30, 2016): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2016.116.43.
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The aim of the study is to present the trends in international flows of labor and to identify their causes and consequences in the years 2000–2014.The research involved the migration of population: globally, by region and by immigration and emigration. The research is based on the scientific literature as well as descriptive and comparative analysis. International flows of labour were booming in recent years. In 2015, about 4% of the world’s population migrated. Among the causes of this growing phenomenon, the economic aspect is the most important one (labour migration). The target areas for immigrants are mainly the countries of Western Europe (Germany, France) and North America (USA).
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Abadan-Unat, Nermin. "East-West vs. South-North Migration: Effects upon the Recruitment Areas of the 1960s." International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600213.
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The end of the Cold War has been marked by the re-emergence of nationalism. This article is focused on Turkey and Turkish emigration abroad. It examines integration of second generation immigrants in Western Europe and various forces fostering Islamic identity. It then compares political discourse on immigration in France and Germany. It concludes that the resurgence of ethnic identity as the basis for effective political action in widely divergent societies is a key feature of the post-Cold War period. Immigrants have been actively involved in this general process as witnessed by the role of immigrants in recent conflict in Yugoslavia and Turkey.
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Huff, Gregg, and Giovanni Caggiano. "Globalization, Immigration, and Lewisian Elastic Labor in Pre–World War II Southeast Asia." Journal of Economic History 67, no. 1 (March 2007): 33–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050707000022.
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Between 1880 and 1939 Burma, Malaya, and Thailand received inflows of migrants from India and China comparable in size to European immigration in the New World. This article examines the forces that lay behind migration to Southeast Asia and asks if experience there bears out Lewis's unlimited labor supply hypothesis. We find that it does and, furthermore, that immigration created a highly integrated labor market stretching from South India to Southeastern China. Emigration from India and China and elastic labor supply are identified as important components of Asian globalization before the Second World War.
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Morgan, Kenneth. "Peopling a new colony: Henry Jordan, land orders, and Queensland immigration, 1861–7." Historical Research 94, no. 264 (April 22, 2021): 380–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htab002.
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Abstract This article analyses the first years of the land order system of immigration that dominated Queensland’s settlement as a colony. Queensland issued land orders worth £30 per adult to fare-paying British and Irish immigrants who were mechanics, agriculturalists and people with modest amounts of capital. This form of immigration was facilitated through the work of an Emigration Commissioner – later an Agent-General – based in the British Isles. Henry Jordan held these positions in the period 1861–6. The article argues that land orders only partly met their intended outcomes, but that Jordan’s activities were essential for the scheme’s limited success.
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Kistaubayeva, А. K. "Labor immigration of Kazakhs to France." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 133, no. 4 (2020): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-133-4-77-86.
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This article examines the state of labor immigration of the Kazakh Diaspora, as well as studying the possibilities of conditions for economic adaptation of Kazakhs in developed capitalist countries. The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of labor migration of Kazakhs to France. Based on this goal, the study solves the following tasks aimed at studying the history and current situation of Kazakhs living in France, in the focus of analyzing the policy of the French government in relation to immigration workers and employees in the 1945- 1980-ies; the reasons for labor immigration of Kazakhs to France. Western Europe has become a center of attraction for foreign workers coming here, primarily from the less developed countries of the continent, as well as from Turkey. In the last ten years, inter-state migration of workers in Western Europe has grown to unprecedented proportions. Every year, more than a million workers were sent from one European country to another in search of work. The reasons lay in the political and economic crisis, the increase in the unemployment rate, which was the result of an increase in the number of migrants among Kazakhs in France. The post-war economic situation caused the demand for workers to restore the economy destroyed by the war, and led to an increase in the level of tariffs (wages). Scientists believe that the active replenishment of the French labor market with cheap foreign labor from other countries is due to the convenient location of France.
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Lasinska, Marianna. "Permanent and temporary migrations of european jews late XIXth - early XXth century." Scientific Visnyk V. O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Historical Sciences 48, no. 2 (2019): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2519-2809-2019-48-2-59-65.
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Big part of European Jewry emigrated to other continents in late XIXth – early XXth century. Jews from Russian Empire started their first emigration wave in 1881. The main reason of this wave was Pogroms, according to traditional historiography. Other reasons were: low social level of life in Russian Empire; restrictions on Jewish rights («Pale of Settlement»); religious and ideological ideas of Zionism; networks of relatives and friends with information about wonderful life in other countries; Jewish hometown-based associations in foreign countries with their help to new immigrants etc. One more reason of Jewish migration – the work of recruiting agents network. The Number of recruiting agents was too big in Russian Empire in late XIXth – early XXth century. The business with recruiting of new emigrants was a very profitable. Mass of Jewish people coming out from Russian Empire to other countries and continents with recruiting agents services. There were many scammers in association of recruiting agents. Two waves of Jewish emigration caused irreparable damage economic system and demography of Russian Empire. Situation with Jewish immigration into Russian Empire was quite different. It`s character was not such mass. The main reasons of immigration were: business, finance and Zionism. This study is based on archival materials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire of the Vilnius Governor-General, which are stored in the holdings of the Central Archives for the History of Jewish People Jerusalem (State of Israel). These archival materials are about permanent and temporary migration of European Jewry that took place across the northwestern border of the Russian Empire to the territories of Western European countries, England and the North American continent during 1881-1903. Circumstances of crossing the specified border by foreigner Jews in the opposite direction (immigration) for staying within the Russian Empire are covered. It is noted that one of the reasons for the mass emigration movements of the Jewish population outside the Russian Empire was the active actions of emigration agents and their societies.
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Guillaume, Pierre, and Gerard Noiriel. "Population, immigration et identite nationale en France, 19e-20e siecle." Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire, no. 39 (July 1993): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3770998.
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Raymer, James, and Arkadiusz Wiśniowski. "Applying and testing a forecasting model for age and sex patterns of immigration and emigration." Population Studies 72, no. 3 (June 6, 2018): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2018.1469784.
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Gul-Rechlewicz, Violetta. "Poles in Belgium and the question of rebirth of an independent Polish state." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 202, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6125.
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The issue of the participation of Polish political emigration in the struggle for freedom and its comprehensive activity in the political, scientific and cultural spheres are reflected in the Polish (European) history, thus providing valuable research material for future generations. Polish post-partition emigres, especially after the major national uprisings, was concentrated mainly in France, England and Belgium. Polish emigration in Belgium, similar to some extent to emigration in France – albeit smaller in number – was constituted by the Polish colony, represented, among others, by soldiers seeking refuge after the November Uprising (including several dozen officers, e.g. Ignacy Kruszewski, Feliks Prot de Pruszyński, Jan Zygmunt Skrzynecki, Władysław Zamoyski) and representatives of culture and science, Joachim Lelewel (an outstanding Polish historian, spiritual guide in an exile democratic camp), Stanisław Worcell (thinker and social activist of the Great Emigration) and many other outstanding Poles. The aim of this article is to present the role of Polish emigration in Belgium, its contribution to the struggle for Poland’s independence, and to draw attention to the scholarly dispute surrounding the Great Emigration between Polish and Belgian historians regarding the effects of “politics in exile” and the question of the heroism of Polish patriots in exile. These considerations are a contribution to a broader discussion and an encouragement to a deeper penetration of the literature (source materials) on the Great Emigration, especially, if it concerns Belgium, available in foreign languages – French and Dutch.
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Eltges, Markus, and Wendelin Strubelt. "Migration – Germany’s past and present. Thoughts and figures." European Spatial Research and Policy 26, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.26.2.02.
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In this article, the history of emigration from Germany and the immigration to Germany especially in relation to its changing borders in the 20th century is discussed. After 1945 Germany was confronted with the integration of a million German refugees. Starting in the 1950s, Germany intentionally attracted foreign workers, and integrated them fairly well. The article analyses the current discussions in Germany in relation to the impact of massive immigration of refugees from non-European areas around 2015. It concludes with a position that in the time of globalisation migration needs a society-focussed and political learning process which has not yet ended and will require more learning. But countries with a declining population are well advised to see immigration as an opportunity for future growth and social diversity.
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Fassmann, Heinz, and Ahmet İçduygu. "Turks in Europe: Migration Flows, Migrant Stocks and Demographic Structure." European Review 21, no. 3 (July 2013): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798713000318.
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Presented here is an overview of migration flows and demographic structures of Turks in Europe over the past 50 years. Large-scale labour migration from Turkey to Europe occurred between 1961 and 1974. After that, it gave way to family migration, which today has more or less ended. Recently, there is slightly more emigration than immigration from the European point of view. Thus, stable migrant stocks developed in the receiving countries, especially Germany, Austria, France, and the Netherlands. The migrant stocks lag in many respects behind developments in the receiving countries, yet nonetheless they slowly but surely adapt to these. Despite their low status and feelings of exclusion, most Turkish immigrants are content with their lot and do not plan to leave their new homes in Europe.
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HARLING, PHILIP. "ASSISTED EMIGRATION AND THE MORAL DILEMMAS OF THE MID-VICTORIAN IMPERIAL STATE." Historical Journal 59, no. 4 (March 28, 2016): 1027–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x15000473.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines three voyages of the late 1840s to advance the argument that emigration – often treated by its historians as ‘spontaneous’ – actually involved the laissez-faire mid-Victorian imperial state in significant projects of social engineering. The tale of the Virginius exemplifies that state's commitment to taking advantage of the Famine to convert the Irish countryside into an export economy of large-scale graziers. The tale of the Earl Grey exemplifies its commitment to transforming New South Wales into a conspicuously moral colony of free settlers. The tale of the Arabian exemplifies its commitment to saving plantation society in the British Caribbean from the twin threats posed by slave emancipation and free trade in sugar. These voyages also show how the British imperial state's involvement in immigration frequently immersed it in ethical controversy. Its strictly limited response to the Irish Famine contributed to mass death. Its modest effort to create better lives in Australia for a few thousand Irish orphans led to charges that it was dumping immoral paupers on its most promising colonies. Its eagerness to bolster sugar production in the West Indies put ‘liberated’ slaves in danger.
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Corio, Alessandro. "Dominic Thomas, Black France. Colonialism, Immigration and Transnationalism." Studi Francesi, no. 155 (LII | II) (October 1, 2008): 493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.9046.
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Moreno, Aviad. "BEYOND THE NATION-STATE: A NETWORK ANALYSIS OF JEWISH EMIGRATION FROM NORTHERN MOROCCO TO ISRAEL." International Journal of Middle East Studies 52, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743819000916.
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AbstractThe post-1948 mass migration of Jews from Arab Muslim countries to Israel is widely seen by scholars as a direct result of decolonization and rising nationalism across the Middle East and North Africa, coupled with the emigration and immigration policies of regional powers. In this article I draw on local histories of northern Morocco to critique the existing literature. I apply new methods to reconceptualize that migratory experience as shaped by social and cultural processes, albeit ones that interacted with nationalist state policies. I provide a multilayered macro- and microanalysis of the process of Jewish emigration from northern Morocco and point to the transregional, interpersonal, communal, and institutional networks that jointly shaped the dynamic character and pace of migration to Israel (and to Europe and the Americas) among local Jews.
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Blanc-Chaleard, Marie-Claude, Eric Guichard, and Gerard Noiriel. "Construction des nationalites et immigration dans la France contemporaine." Le Mouvement social, no. 188 (July 1999): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3779964.
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Frankl, Michal. "Mobilizing National History against Refugees: A Czech Polemic on Migration." Hungarian Studies Review 49, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hungarianstud.49.1.0011.
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Abstract The article analyzes the radical anti-migration ideas promoted by the respected Czech historian Jaroslav Pánek and the debate around them as a case study in how history is used, or not used, to substantiate anti-refugee and anti-migrant policy and emotion. Starting by outlining the arguments in Pánek’s book European Migration Crisis, a response to the migration “crisis” of 2015, the article further discusses the broader context of reactions to refugees in the Czech Republic and the controversy that developed after its publication. The final section analyzes Pánek’s longer intellectual trajectory and traces the roots of his anti-migration positions in his earlier historical research. While many of Pánek’s views can be easily dismissed as fabrication, conspiracy theory, or nationalism, it is essential to read such arguments carefully in order to understand the backlash against refugees in the formerly Communist countries. His book is an example of how national and regional history can be mobilized to negate the transition from emigration to immigration societies. Pánek’s choice of usable past demonstrates how nationalist historiography complicates the discussion of refugee reception in the region with the experience of uncertain democracies, ethnic conflicts and cleansing, and a history of emigration.
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Miller, Mary Ashburn. "A Fiction of the French Nation." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2018.440204.
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This article examines fictional representations of the emigration of the French Revolution. It focuses on the novels Eugénie et Mathilde, Les Petits émigrés, and Le Retour d’un émigré, which were published in France between 1797 and 1815 as émigrés were seeking to return to the nation they had fled. It argues that these novels should be interpreted as making claims about the ability of émigrés to reintegrate within the nation. The sentimental novels responded to two key anxieties about the émigrés’ return by demonstrating that émigrés had not been transformed into foreigners during their time abroad and that they were not seeking to reconstitute Old Regime France. These novelists redefined the émigré as an isolated and pitiable wanderer, and redefined France as a nation bound by common suffering and sentiment.
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Jennings, Eric. "Last Exit from Vichy France: The Martinique Escape Route and the Ambiguities of Emigration." Journal of Modern History 74, no. 2 (June 2002): 289–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/343409.
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Rašević, Mirjana. "Migration as a Catalyst of Serbia’s Development." Southeastern Europe 43, no. 3 (December 10, 2019): 277–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-04303004.
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This article examines the link between Serbia’s demographic and socioeconomic momentum on the one hand, and the migration phenomenon on the other. This is done both to determine the restrictions for development and to identify the potential scope for using migration as a catalyst of Serbia’s development as an emigration country. The revised push and pull model by Fassmann and Musil (2013) and the migration transition model (from emigration to immigration countries), developed by Fassmann and Reeger (2012) have been chosen as the article’s theoretical frame of reference. The emphasis in the article is on qualitative consideration of these topics, but one that is based on various types of records. To that end, the author has used statistics and the findings of various national studies conducted in the recent years.
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Woods, Louis A., Joseph M. Perry, and Jeffrey W. Steagall. "The Composition and Distribution of Ethnic Groups in Belize: Immigration and Emigration Patterns, 1980-1991." Latin American Research Review 32, no. 3 (1997): 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100038048.
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In the history of human migration, rarely has a situation arisen in which simultaneous voluntary immigration and emigration flows have dramatically transformed the ethnic composition of an independent country. Belize since its independence in 1981 provides an example of such an unusual combination of circumstances. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, anecdotal evidence began to accumulate suggesting that the country's population was undergoing profound structural changes that included realignment of its settlement patterns and alteration of its ethnic mix.
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Portes, Alejandro, and Adrienne Celaya. "Modernization for Emigration: Determinants & Consequences of the Brain Drain." Daedalus 142, no. 3 (July 2013): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00226.
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This essay reviews existing theories of professional emigration as background to examine the present situation. Classical theories of the brain drain neglected the possibility that immigrant professionals would return to their home countries and make significant investments and economic contributions there. They do, in fact, with beneficial consequences for the development of these countries. The advent of the transnational perspective in the field of immigration has helped clarify these dynamics, while identifying the conditions under which professional cyclical returns and knowledge transfers can take place. Implications for the future attraction of foreign professionals by the United States and other advanced countries are discussed.
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Ryazantsev, Sergey, and Mauro Alexandre Luís Miguel. "Economic Aspects of Migration in the Republic of Angola." DEMIS. Demographic Research 2, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 80–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.2.1.7.
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The article discusses the features of migration in the Republic of Angola. The country has a strong demographic and economic potential. Migration processes occur in two directions: there is an immigration to the country of qualified and highly qualified specialists, return forced migrants; and labor and educational migrants emigrate from the country. Between Angola and Portugal there are fairly stable migration ties. The largest Angolan diaspora outside of Africa has formed in the former metropolis. Portugal attracts Angolans with a common language, historical ties, labor market opportunities, and prospects for integration into society. Also, Angolan diasporas began to form in the so-called “new emigration” countries - France, the USA, South Africa, Brazil. The most recent trend has been the emigration of Angolans to China, which is actively developing and establishing strong ties with African countries. Remittances from labor migrants and representatives of the Angolan diasporas characterize new directions of emigration from the country. Remittances to Angola come mainly from those countries where labor migrants go to work. Angola gradually transformed from a country of outflow of forced migrants into a country of reception of forced migrants. Large-scale return migration of Angolan refugees who had previously left the country is taking place in the country. Despite the magnitude of the phenomenon of forced migration, there is little research on the integration of refugees and the reintegration of returned refugees into Angolan society. As a result, the potential of former refugees is not fully utilized in terms of developing the human capital of Angola and its regions.
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Prada, Elena-Maria. "Immigration in Romania and Romanian in-Migration in Times of Covid-19. A Panel Data Analysis." Journal of Social and Economic Statistics 10, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2021): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jses-2021-0004.
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Abstract Immigration in Romania is a scarcely studied topic, mainly because the impact of this phenomenon is low. Romania is primarily known due to its history of emigration. This paper is a preliminary analysis of the way both temporary and permanent Romanian immigration changed at the NUTS 3 level during the 2015 migration crisis and due to COVID-19 pandemics. Internal migration was also included as the analysis was based on a component of the MASST model on in-migration, but with respect to NUTS3 level migration. The results obtained were statistically significant for the temporary migration and permanent migration. The refugees’ crisis had a direct influence on permanent migrants, while the COVID-19 pandemic left its mark on temporary migration, leading to an increase in the number of temporary migrants.
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Palacios, Manuela, and María Xesús Nogueira. "Otherwhereness and Gender: Mary O’Malley’s “Asylum Road” and Marga do Val’s “A cidade sen roupa ao sol”." Oceánide 13 (February 9, 2020): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37668/oceanide.v13i.46.
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This article aims to delve into the gendered nature of Mary O’Malley’s and Marga do Val’s poetry on displacement and migration, so as to assess the female subject’s questioning of notions such as home, belonging, mobility and otherness. In spite of these writers’ different national and cultural backgrounds, the common history of massive emigration from Galicia and Ireland allows us to hypothesize that their poetry and contemporary reflections on displacement are mutually relevant, as former research on Irish and Galician women’s mobility has indicated (Lorenzo-Modia 2016, Acuña 2014). As each writer is analysed, their most significant and germane propositions are identified. This allows us to conclude that there is a will to connect the theme of migration to the writers’ autobiographical experience of mobility and that O’Malley and do Val are thoroughly aware of the relation between past and present flows of emigration and immigration.
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Shmelev, Dmitry. "Muslim Immigration to France in the 20th Century: Causes, Cycles, Problems." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015636-8.
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The article devoted to the problem of Muslim immigration in France in the 20th century. The focus is on the causes of Muslim immigration, its cycles, specificity and consequences for modern French society. Based on a comparison of various statistical data, it stated that Muslim immigration is an integral part of three large waves of immigration flows that took place from the end of the 19th to the end of the 20th centuries. The article notes the correlation of the number of Muslim immigrants in France with the global numbers of immigrant arrivals to the country. However, if in the first two waves their number depended on the economic needs of the French economy (Muslims came to earn money), then during the third wave other factors came into play — the creation of stable communities, family reunification, going on stage second and third generations of immigrants, social problems of their arrangement and adaptation to French legal norms and customs. The article notes the specificity of the geographical concentration of the Muslim population, which takes place either near large industrial centers and cities (which makes it easier to find work and social protection), or in places of proximity to their native countries (southern France). Special attention paid to the problem of the evolution of state policy in the admission and integration of immigrants, when various methods tired from assimilation, the adoption of quotas to the policy of flexible regulation of immigration and expulsion of illegal immigrants from the country. The article analyzes the position of the Muslim community in France, the role of Muslim associations in its life, the impact on the socio-cultural life of the French. It can stated that Islam has become the second religion in France, which determines its position — a stable presence in socio-economic life (employment, the spread of the social protection system to immigrants), political (the right to vote, the possibility of creating associations, manifestations), religious (the possibility of worship), cultural (the formation of a specific immigrant subculture).
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Bensimon, Fabrice. "The emigration of British lacemakers to continental Europe (1816–1860s)." Continuity and Change 34, no. 01 (May 2019): 15–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416019000067.
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AbstractBetween 1815 and 1870, thousands of British artisans emigrated to the continent. Among them, hundreds of lacemakers from the East Midlands went to work in northern France, especially Calais. Thanks to the ‘bobbin-net’ technology, they had a competitive lead. By emigrating, they could sell in French markets without paying duties or smuggling costs. They maintained close connections with the East Midlands, where they bought machinery and cotton thread, hired their workforce, and obtained first-hand information on patterns and techniques. These migrant artisans played a decisive part in boosting continental industrialisation and in creating a unified zone of production in north-western Europe.
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Rudkovskaya, M. M. "Documents on History of Russian Naval Emigration in Regional Archives of Southern France: Problems of Search and Study." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 12 (December 29, 2021): 413–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-12-413-428.
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The article deals with the problem of identifying, describing and introducing into scientific circulation documents and materials on the history of the Russian naval officers who lived in the region of southern France in the 1920s—1930s. The relevance and novelty of the research is due to the introduction into scientific circulation of documentary complexes of regional, local and departmental archives containing information about the Russian naval emigration in France. The author draws attention to the specifics of identifying archival documents within the framework of the research topic. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of the collection of funds in the French archives. It is shown how knowledge of this specificity makes it possible to find and identify the required materials in the absence of thematic collections and indexes. The results of a study of archival collections and funds discovered by the author in regional, local and departmental archives containing information about the history of the Russian naval emigration in southern France are presented in the article. Contrary to the ideas of the marginality of this topic that have developed in French historiography, the potential of its development on the basis of the materials identified by the author is demonstrated. A review of the discovered archival funds is carried out from the point of view of the prospects for the reconstruction of collective and individual biographies of Russian naval officers-emigrants. The author’s classification of the identified documentary complexes is proposed.
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Kerbiriou, Christian, Jean François Julien, Sophie Monsarrat, Philippe Lustrat, Alexandre Haquart, and Alexandre Robert. "Information on population trends and biological constraints from bat counts in roost cavities: a 22-year case study of a pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus Schreber) hibernaculum." Wildlife Research 42, no. 1 (2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14197.
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Context According to the current trend of biodiversity loss, information on population trends at large temporal and spatial scales is necessary. However, well documented animal population dynamics are generally based on intensive protocols requiring animal manipulation, which can be impossible to conduct in species for which conservation is a concern. Aims For many bat species, an alternative approach entails performing an appropriate analysis of counts in roost cavities. Because of managers’ perception of chaotic variations through time, relatively few count monitoring surveys are regularly analysed. Here, we present the analysis of a twenty-two-year survey of a large hibernaculum of pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) located in a railway tunnel in Paris, France. Methods We propose that using combinations of population-dynamics modelling using demographic parameters from the literature and statistical analyses helps with identifying the biological and methodological effects underlying the dynamics observed in census analyses. Key results We determined that some of the observed year-to-year variations of population size cannot be explained only by the intrinsic dynamics of the population. In particular, in 1993–94, the population size increased by >40%, which should have implied a massive immigration. This change coincided with the end of the operation of the railway line. After consideration of a drastic trend of population decline (7% year–1), we were able to detect this event and several environmental effects. Specifically, the winter conditions and the temperature in July affected the colony size, presumably because of aggregative behaviour and reproduction success, respectively. Conclusions Emigration–immigration processes might have preponderant effects on population dynamics. In addition, our analysis demonstrated that (1) the study population suffered a large decline, (2) a combination of human disturbance and meteorological variation explains these dynamics and (3) emigration–immigration processes have preponderant effects on the population dynamics. Implications To conduct a meaningful analysis of non-standard time series and provide a source of data for implementing biodiversity indicators, it is necessary to include (1) the local knowledge of the people involved in the field surveys in these analyses (the existence of disturbances and site protections) and (2) meteorological information for the appropriate seasons of the year.
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Espenshade, Thomas J. "Public Attitudes toward Immigration in the United States, France, and Germany." Journal of American Ethnic History 21, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27502817.
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Brailian, Nadiia. "«Ukrainsky Ingener» (Podiebrady, 1931—1932s): history of creation and functioning, content, authorship." Proceedings of Research and Scientific Institute for Periodicals, no. 9(27) (2019): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37222/2524-0331-2019-1.
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The article explores the history of the creation and functioning of the «Ukrainsky Inzhener» magazine. In November 1930, the Congress of Unions of Ukrainian Emigrant Engineers from Poland, France and the Czech Republic was held in Podiebrady (Czechoslovakia). The latter formed the Union of Organizations of Ukrainian Engineers for Emigration. One of the objectives of this Union was publishing a trade journal, the magazine «Ukrainsky Inzhener», which was issued as a semi-annual edition in 1931—1932s in Podiebrady. The content of the magazine has been analyzed. Its main part featured professional articles of the Ukrainian scholars, high school teachers, engineers (from Prague, Krakow, Warsaw, Podiebrady, Brussels, Kharbin). Those illuminated a broad range of various questions pertaining to metallurgy, agronomy, economics, geodesics, architecture, chemistry, biology and other fields of applied and theoretical science. An important place in the journal was given to the rubric «Bibliography». The latter presented reviews on new publications relating to professional interests of engineers, printed in Germany, Poland, USA, Czechoslovakia, France. Those reviews were lengthy, with meticulously refereed content of the analyzed edition. The permanent rubric «Khronika» of this journal covered activities of the organizations of the Ukrainian engineers in emigration and upon the Ukrainian ethnic terrains. Under the heading «Rynok pratsi» there were printed publications on the opportunities and conditions of employment of the Ukrainian engineers in different countries of the world: Argentine, Belgium, Bulgaria, Brasil, Manchuria, Poland, Romania,France. We have elucidated authorship of the magazine. The latter comprised such renowned Ukrainian scholars as Olgerd-Hippolyt Bochkovsky, Leonid Hrabyna, Solomon Goldelman, Borys Ivanytsky, Ivan Feschenko-Chopovsky, Volodymyr Cherediiv, Ivan Shovgeniv and others. In total, over 40 Ukrainian and two Czech scientists and engineers collaborated with the journal. A bibliography of scholarly papers published in the journal has been compiled (See Appendix).
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Gratton, Brian, and Emily Klancher Merchant. "An Immigrant's Tale: The Mexican American Southwest 1850 to 1950." Social Science History 39, no. 4 (2015): 521–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.70.
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Recent scholarship on Mexican Americans in the United States, relying largely on qualitative evidence, sees racism and exploitation as the major explanatory factors in their history. Using representative samples of persons of Mexican origin, we argue that immigration is fundamental to their historical experience. A small, beleaguered community in 1850, the Mexican-origin population grew during the late nineteenth century due to greater security under US jurisdiction. However, immigration between 1900 and 1930 created a Southwest broadly identified with persons of Mexican origin. Economic development in Mexico, restriction of European immigration to the United States, and extreme cross-border wage differentials prompted extensive emigration. Despite low human capital, circular migration, and discrimination, immigrant Mexicans earned substantially higher wages than workers in Mexico or native-born Hispanics in the United States. They followed typical immigrant paths toward urban areas with high wages. Prior to 1930, their marked tendency to repatriate was not “constructed” or compelled by the state or employers, but fit a conventional immigrant strategy. During the Depression, many persons of Mexican origin migrated to Mexico; some were deported or coerced, but others followed this well-established repatriation strategy. The remaining Mexican-origin population, increasingly native born, enjoyed extraordinary socioeconomic gains in the 1940s; upward mobility, their family forms, and rising political activity resembled those of previous immigrant-origin communities. In the same decade, however, the Bracero Program prompted mass illegal immigration and mass deportation, a pattern replicated throughout the late twentieth century. These conditions repeatedly replenished ethnicity and reignited nativism, presenting a challenge not faced by any other immigrant group in US history.
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Dudała, Rafał. "Italian migration policy: Changes and effects." Review of Nationalities 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pn-2018-0012.
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Abstract The phenomenon of Italian migration is characterized by a clear caesura, which makes Italy a country with a long history of emigration and a much shorter experience of immigration. The mid-1970s are considered a breakthrough, when the zero-migration balance was recorded for the first time. The growing wave of arriving foreigners forced the rulers to change the current immigration policy, which rarely responded to the needs of both foreigners and citizens of the Republic. Subsequent laws, usually created in extraordinary circumstances, were also subject to the process of alternating power. Lack of legislative continuity and insufficient social integration gave birth to additional tensions around the observed influx of refugees. In this situation, it seems that the management of the migration crisis is no longer the responsibility of a single nation, but should be an action taken at the level of solutions of the European community.
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Yablonskyi, Vasyl. "Problems of Foreign Policy Choice of the State Center of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in 1939–1940." Kyiv Historical Studies 13, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2021.218.
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The Second World War was viewed by Ukrainians abroad and in Ukraine as a potential chance to restore Ukraine’s independence. At the beginning of the war, the main political forces of the Ukrainian emigration interfered in a state of mutual confrontation. Each of them tried to attract international contacts for support. The article examines the process of finding foreign policy allies by the State Center of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in exile at the first stage of World War II (1939–1940). The main attention is paid to the political processes in this part of the Ukrainian emigration, the disunity and the presence of three governing centers (in France, Czechoslovakia and Poland) and the foreign policy orientations of the emigration government of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. For the first time, the document”Letters from the leading circles of the UPR” is published, which attempts to justify the need for a foreign policy alliance with Germany and criticizes the “francophilism” of some figures of the State Center of the UPR in Europe and America. The hypothetical circle of emigration politicians who could be the authors of these documents and their addressees is outlined. Attention is drawn to the fact that the conclusion of foreign policy agreements with Germany in the interwar period was a well-established practice for many countries at that time (France, England, the USSR, etc.). The reasons for the disinterest of the main players in world politics at this stage in the restoration of Ukraine’s independence are emphasized. As the government’s emigration status and military actions did not help preserve the archives, documents belonging to this period of Ukrainian history and diplomacy have come down to us in limited numbers. Publication and analysis of documents of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in exile, which relate to the foreign policy concepts of the Ukrainian emigration government, allow to more fully reveal the vision of ways to restore Ukraine’s independence after its territories were part of the USSR, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia.
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Trukhina, Olga. "THE ODDITY OF THE RUSSIAN TURGENEV LIBRARY (PARIS, FRANCE)." Proceedings of Altai State Academy of Culture and Arts 4 (2020): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32340/2414-9101-2020-4-77-85.
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The paper briefly describes a history of establishing Russian Public Library in Paris, 1875, by an initiative of Russian politician German Lopatin; now, the Library is considered as the oldest Russian language book collection formed outside Russia. Ivan Turgenev's personal library took as a basis of the memorial document collection that gradually became a center of cultural life for the first wave of Russian revolution emigration to France. The article discloses content of the document collection by type of issues, calls its sources until it was seized by Nazi occupational administration in 1940, outlines the history of its “travelling”. Also, the general description of several examples of books and magazines that previously belonged to Ivan Turgenev's Russian Public Library and now is stocked in Vyacheslav Shishkov Altai Regional Universal Scientific Library (Barnaul, Russia) is given.
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Streltsova, Yana R. "Features of Emmanuel Macron's Migration Policy." DEMIS. Demographic research 1, no. 1 (2021): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2021.1.1.11.
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During the migration crisis faced by Europe, European countries began to develop national strategies to solve the problems caused by the crisis. In this sense, the practice of modern migration policy of France is relevant, where despite the long history of immigration, the issues of integration of immigrants have not yet been fully resolved. Moreover, the country is forced to find answers to them in a situation of radicalization of society, caused, among other reasons, by the factor of the clash of different cultures and worldviews, to which the current migration policy has led. The article discusses the main directions of migration policy of Emmanuel Macron. It analyzes the policy statements of French president, as well as the laws and government decisions adopted in France in recent years, such as the Law “For controlled immigration, effective right of asylum and successful integration” (August 2018) and “20 measures to improve policy in field of Immigration, Asylum and Integration” (November 2019) which shape modern French migration policy. It is about the policy of France regarding the admission of refugees, student immigration, immigration on the status of “talents”, as well as professional and scientific personnel, the integration of immigrants. Attention is drawn to innovations related to introduction of quotas in labor immigration, as well as to strengthening cooperation with French citizens living outside France, expansion of French education system abroad. The article identifies the features of Macron’s migration policy which distinguish it from the measures taken earlier by his predecessors. It is about policy of admitting refugees, their access to health insurance, professional training, labor migration – the introduction of quotas, the expansion of preferences in student migration and in the status of “talents”. The projects of high importance for the President of France are projects aimed at strengthening France’s position worldwide in culture, education, science and business, and realizing the underestimated potential of compatriots abroad for this purpose as well.
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Johnson, Todd M., and Gina A. Bellofatto. "Migration, Religious Diasporas, and Religious Diversity: A Global Survey." Mission Studies 29, no. 1 (2012): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338312x637993.
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Abstract Vast efforts are put into the collection of statistics in every country of the world relating to religious adherence. Quantitative tools in the context of demography – births, deaths, conversions, defections, immigration, and emigration – provide a comprehensive view of demographic changes in religious diasporas, which are created by the migration of people worldwide. Utilizing the taxonomies of religions and peoples from the World Christian Database (WCD) and World Religion Database (WRD), a preliminary examination of religious diasporas shows 859 million people (12.5% of the world’s population) from 327 peoples in diasporas around the world. The continuing trend of religious migration around the world is both increasing and intensifying religious diversity, especially in the former Christian West. This paper outlines some key issues relating to religious diversity in the twenty-first century and how the movement of peoples worldwide contributes to those issues.