Academic literature on the topic 'France-Belgium comparison'
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Journal articles on the topic "France-Belgium comparison":
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Muylle, Koen. "Rapports: Belgium: Incompatible Offices in Belgium and France: A Comparison." European Public Law 6, Issue 4 (December 1, 2000): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/281226.
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Le Cam, Florence. "Brazil, Belgium, and France: Avenues for Comparison Work." Brazilian Journalism Research 15, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 288–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/bjr.v15n2.2019.1237.
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Bērziņa, Ieva, and Coline Jeancourt-Galignani. "Comparison of Emergency State Regulation Experiences in Latvia, France and Belgium." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 2, no. 20 (2021): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.040-057.
Abstract:
The article analyses the legal framework of emergency state in three countries – Latvia, France and Belgium. The aim of the study is to identify problems thus to improve the national legal framework. Given that the concept of emergency state has gained its relevance in 2020 with the spread of the Covid-19 disease, it has been found that the Emergency State Institute and its legal framework is an important part of every country’s national legal system, as it is a mechanism that helps to strengthen national security in case of external and internal dangers. Analysis of the legal framework of emergency state in Latvia in the context of the selected legal framework of two other countries is an effective way to assess whether the national legal framework requires improvements. In the research such methods were used as cognition, monographic, historical, comparative and analytical method, as well as interpretation of legal provisions recognized in scientific law, which contributed to understanding of the scope of legal norms in national constitutions and other related legislation in the context of the topic. In the result of the study differences in national basic laws and special laws were mainly identified, including the aspect of restriction of human rights, thus contributing to reflection and drawing conclusions on the necessary changes to the national framework. Research also outlines functioning and competence of municipality work in an emergency state.
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Schram, Wouter, Atse Louwen, Ioannis Lampropoulos, and Wilfried van Sark. "Comparison of the Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Potential of Energy Communities." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 22, 2019): 4440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234440.
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In this research, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction potentials of electric vehicles, heat pumps, photovoltaic (PV) systems and batteries were determined in eight different countries: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Also, the difference between using prosuming electricity as a community (i.e., energy sharing) and prosuming it as an individual household was calculated. Results show that all investigated technologies have substantial GHG emission reduction potential. A strong moderating factor is the existing electricity generation mix of a country: the GHG emission reduction potential is highest in countries that currently have high hourly emission factors. GHG emission reduction potentials are highest in southern Europe (Portugal, Spain, Italy) and lowest in countries with a high share of nuclear energy (Belgium, France). Hence, from a European GHG emission reduction perspective, it has most impact to install PV in countries that currently have a fossil-fueled electricity mix and/or have high solar irradiation. Lastly, we have seen that energy sharing leads to an increased GHG emission reduction potential in all countries, because it leads to higher PV capacities.
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Gansbeke, Esmée Van, Patricia Everaert, Gerrit Sarens, and Ignace De Beelde. "Audit committees in listed companies: an international comparison of composition and meetings." Corporate Ownership and Control 5, no. 3 (2008): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv5i3p9.
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This paper compares the number of audit committee (AC) members, meeting frequency and the presence of internal auditors at AC meetings of listed companies according to their country of domicile. We consider the USA, the UK, the Netherlands, France and Belgium. Hypotheses are developed based on differences in corporate governance codes. Data are gathered from annual reports of 100 listed companies in these countries. Our results indicate fewer AC members in the Netherlands, and a higher frequency of AC meetings in the UK and Belgium, countries where corporate governance codes do not proscribe a minimum number of meetings. The presence of an internal auditor at AC meetings was, on average, highest for firms listed in the USA.
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POLLET, MARC. "Dolichopus nimbatus Parent, 1927 revisited, with two new synonyms (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)." Zootaxa 4238, no. 1 (March 2, 2017): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4238.1.12.
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On the basis of comparison between the female holotype of Dolichopus nimbatus Parent and the female paratype of D. balius Meuffels, and comparison of a male paratype of D. balius with the description of D. thalhammeri Knézy, D. balius and D. thalhammeri are designated junior synonyms of D. nimbatus. Dolichopus nimbatus ranges from northern France and Belgium to southern Turkey. Ecological features might explain its rarity in collections.
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De Wachter, Marcia, and Yolanda Somers. "Job Creation Programs in an International Comparison." Recherches économiques de Louvain 52, no. 3-4 (December 1986): 413–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s077045180008297x.
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INTRODUCTIONWith an election year in France and in the Netherlands, a national collective convention in Belgium and high unemployment rates in most European countries, an economic reflection on the effectiveness and efficiency of the pursued job creation policies is certainly meaningful.The main purpose of the job creation policies, as conceived in most European countries, is the promotion of an effective and fair fine tuning of supply and demand of labor.The instruments traditionally used, can be divided into five categories, namely :1. Wage-cost subsidies2. Educational and vocational measures3. Direct job creation measures4. Reduction of labor supply5. Promotion of entrepreneurship.
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Doutreloup, Sébastien, Benjamin Bois, Benjamin Pohl, Sébastien Zito, and Yves Richard. "Climatic comparison between Belgium, Champagne, Alsace, Jura and Bourgogne for wine production using the regional model MAR." OENO One 56, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.3.5356.
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In Belgium, vineyards have strongly increased over the last decades. Is it a trendy effect, or is Belgium becoming an increasingly favourable country for viticulture? A related issue is whether Belgium is similar to another French region from a climatic point of view. To address these questions, we use here the regional climate model MAR to provide high-resolution (5 km) climate information over the territory of Belgium and the north-eastern quarter of France. We first evaluate MAR outputs from a climate point of view against more than 150 weather stations and then from a viticulture point of view by computing bioclimatic indices, as well as key phenological dates and frost risk. The second step consists in comparing the four northernmost French wine regions (Champagne, Bourgogne, Jura and Alsace) with the Belgian wine region. MAR simulations are generally consistent with the observation, especially for the dates of the main phenological stages of the vine. Simulations of a frost risk in spring, heat stress in summer and Huglin’s heliothermal index show slightly more disagreement, but biases remain moderate. The Belgium wine region appears to be quite comparable to the Champagne and Jura regions, despite colder conditions that influence its bioclimatic indices. Under current climate conditions, the main risk for Belgian vines is frost after bud break.
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Foblets, Marie-Claire. "THE ADMISSIBILITY OF REPUDIATION: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN DUTCH, FRENCH AND BELGIAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW." Hawwa 5, no. 1 (2007): 10–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920807781787662.
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AbstractThis article reports on the most recent developments in Dutch, French and Belgian private international law concerning the problem of the recognition of repudiation. The comparison among the three systems—Dutch, French and Belgian—points to a noticeable disparity: France and Belgium have recently opted to strengthen their treatment of foreign repudiation. In 2005 the Netherlands decided to take a less strict approach. We review here in turn the French, Belgian, and Dutch positions.
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van Acker, Wouter. "Right-wing populist attitudes among European public servants – A cross-country comparison." Public Policy and Administration 35, no. 4 (September 18, 2019): 485–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952076719869789.
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Thus far, there has not been any investigation into the populist held beliefs and attitudes among public servants. These attitudes, given the considerable discretionary decision power of public servants, and their influence in policy-making processes, could have a significant impact on public policies. This paper investigates the populist attitudes of public servants, based on data that are retrieved from the European Social Survey. The paper compares public servants from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. The results show that public servants hold surprisingly similar populist views as compared with non-public servants, and that there are striking differences between countries. There are significant implications for the work public servants do, and the representativeness of the administration.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "France-Belgium comparison":
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Ulrici, Mark. "Bioenergy adoption barriers across 7 EU countries : A comparison of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254803.
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Europe is trying to switch away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy. Bioenergy is well positioned to play a large role in this. However, bioenergy as a share of total energy used differs substantially between European countries. What causes these differences and what the barriers are to bioenergy implementation is researched in this thesis for seven EU countries: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the UK. The systemic barriers to bioenergy implementation are categorised in the five categories, infrastructure, market problems, interactions, institutions, and capabilities. A literature review gives the first insight into the barriers, which is then followed by ananalysis of current policy in the seven countries. Afterwards, industry specialists are interviewed from five of the seven countries. The interviews mainly took place by email. However, one was over the phone. A semi-structured approach was used in the interviews. Lastly, voting behaviour of MEPs and the influence of the oil industry are analysed. This was done by using the Forbes most valuable companies list and ranking the biggest European oil and gas companies. These were then compared to the voting behaviour by members of the EU parliament of the countries where the companies are domiciled. The results show no systemic barriers for Denmark and Sweden. In every country a different set of problems was in the way of bioenergy. Negative public opinion may start playing an increasing role in the implementation of bioenergy in western European countries, such as the Netherlands and Germany. Currently, the UK and Belgium have policy barriers to bioenergy implementation, while France’s bioenergy sector struggles with infrastructure, market and capability problems. Germany also suffers from market problems. The oil industry does not seem to influence the behaviour of politicians significantly concerning bioenergy. Politicians from countries with large oil industry did not vote morenegatively on bioenergy directives in the EU parliament than those from countries without a large oil industry. Moreover, the public opinion towards bioenergy can have large effects on the implementation, as was observed in the Netherlands. Where this negative public opinion on bioenergy comes from is not clear. No final conclusion can be drawn on what causes the difference in bioenergy adoption in the seven countries. More research is needed into what influences the public opinion in these countries concerning bioenergy.Europa försöker göra en omställning från fossila bränslen till förnybar energi. Bioenergi är väl positionerat för att spela en viktig roll i detta. Bioenergi är en mindre intermittent energikälla än vind och solenergi och kan därmed komplettera dessa. Bioenergi som andel av den totala energianvändningen skiljer sig emellertid väsentligt mellan europeiska länder. Vad som orsakar dessa skillnader och vilka hinder som finns för implementering av bioenergi undersöks i denna rapport för sju EU-länder: Belgien, Danmark, Frankrike, Tyskland, Nederländerna, Sverige och Storbritannien. Hindren på systemnivå för implementering av bioenergi kategoriseras i de fem kategorierna, infrastruktur, marknadsproblem, interaktioner, institutioner och kapacitet. En litteraturöversikt ger den första insikten om hinder, som sedan följs av en utläggning gällande den nuvarande lagstiftningen i de sju länderna. Efter det intervjuas branschspecialister från fem av de sju länderna. Slutligen analyseras röstbeteende i Europaparlamentet och oljeindustrins inflytande. Resultaten visar att oljebranschen inte verkar påverka politikernas beteende i betydande utsträckning beträffande bioenergi. Politiker från länder med stor oljeindustri röstade inte mer negativt gällande bioenergidirektiv i EU-parlamentet än de från länder utan stor oljebransch. Däremot kan den allmänna opinionen mot bioenergi få stora effekter på genomförandet, vilket observerades i Nederländerna. Ingen slutsats kan dras gällande varför utbredningen av bioenergi skiljer sig åt mellan de sju länderna. I varje land fanns det en rad olika hinder i vägen för implementering av bioenergi. Sverige och Danmark har inga systemproblem för implementering av bioenergi. Om den allmänna opinionen är negativt inställd till bioenergi kan det börja spela en större roll för utbredningen av bioenergi i västeuropeiska länder, som Nederländerna och Tyskland.
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Boxhoorn, Abraham. "The cold war and the rift in the governments of national unity : Belgium, France and Italy in the spring of 1947 : a comparison /." Amsterdam : Historisch seminarium van de Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb366730321.
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Kouao, Anondo. "Portraits sociologiques des retraités Subsahariens en France et en Belgique : de la « valeur travail » à un travail sans valeur ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0005.
Abstract:
Comment les représentations fondées sur le passé et le futur organisent-elles et transforment-elles le rapport au travail des retraités subsahariens en France et en Belgique ? En d'autres termes, quelles sont les images associées au travail pour ces derniers ? Ces questions au croisement d'une socio-histoire des migrations, d'une sociologie du travail et du vieillissement, visent à asseoir une sociologie des retraités en France et en Belgique. Dès lors, notre recherche s'appuie sur une méthodologie mixte combinant entretiens biographiques (n=50), analyse secondaire de données statistiques et analyse documentaire. Au terme de l'analyse du matériau, nous défendons la thèse suivante : plus l'accès au marché du travail devient complexe, plus les travailleurs immigrés sont maltraités et moins ils envisagent de retourner dans leur pays d'origineHow do representations based on the past and the future organize and transform the relationship to work of sub-Saharan retirees in France and Belgium? In other words, what images are associated with work for them? These questions, at the crossroads of a socio-history of migration and a sociology of work and ageing, aim to establish a sociology of retired people in France and Belgium. Our research is therefore based on a mixed methodology combining biographical interviews (n=50), secondary analysis of statistical data and documentary analysis. At the end of our analysis of the material, we put forward the following thesis: the more complex access to the labour market becomes, the worse immigrant workers are treated and the less likely they are to consider returning to their country of origin
Books on the topic "France-Belgium comparison":
1
Boxhoorn, Abraham. The Cold War and the rift in the governments of national unity: Belgium, France, and Italy in the spring of 1947, a comparison. Amsterdam: Historisch Seminarium van de Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1993.
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J, Goedegebuure L. C., Netherlands. Ministerie van Onderwijs en Weterschappen., and Centrum voor Studies van het Hoger Onderwijsbeleid (Enschede, Netherlands), eds. Dutch engineering programs in a European context: A comparison of chemical, civil and mechanical engineering programs in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, and Switserland [sic]. Zoetermeer: Ministry of Education and Science of the Netherlands, 1993.
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Sumner, Ian. All's well that ends registered?: The substantive and private international law aspects of non-marital registered relationships in Europe : a comparison of the laws of Belgium, France, The Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Antwerp: Intersentia, 2005.
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Financial factors and investment in Belgium, France, Germany and the UK: A comparison using company panel data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.
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Sarnoch, H., and R. Bonadventure. Qualitative Comparison of National Standards (Manufacture Test & Quality Standard Construction of Fast Reactors in France, Belgium, UK. etc). European Communities, 1995.
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Paxton, Robert O. Comparisons and Definitions. Edited by R. J. B. Bosworth. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199594788.013.0030.
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Why did fascism succeed in some parts of Europe and not in others? This question places the topic squarely in the domain of comparative history. The development of fascism in Europe after 1919 presents a fruitful terrain for comparison. Every European nation, indeed all economically developed nations with some degree of political democracy, had some kind of fascist movement. At further stages of development, the outcomes were dramatically different. In Italy and Germany, fascist movements became major players and achieved power. In the most solidly established Western European democracies, such as Britain and Scandinavia, fascist movements remained marginal. In some cases, such as France and Belgium, they became conspicuous but could approach power only after foreign conquest. A number of authoritarian regimes, including Franco's Spain, Salazar's Portugal, Antonescu's Romania, Horthy's Hungary, imperial Japan, and Vargas's Brazil, borrowed some trappings from fascism but excluded fascist parties from real power.
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della Cananea, Giacinto, and Stefano Mannoni, eds. Administrative Justice Fin de siècle. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867562.001.0001.
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This book argues that too often the evolution of administrative law in Europe has been considered in the light of legal doctrines fashioned at the national level, if not of few authors, whose works are quoted to stress the different paths undertaken by European countries after the French Revolution. The book deviates from these standard accounts in that it focuses on control of administrative power by the courts and considers, empirically, judicial decisions at the epoch of the Belle Époque, more precisely the years 1890-1910. The legal systems selected for comparison include Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and the UK. Some relied on ordinary or generalist courts, while others created administrative courts, The outcome of the analysis confirms that, in contrast with the over-emphasized differences among national legal doctrines, the challenges which those legal systems faced were largely the same. Moreover, and more importantly, the analysis of the standards of conduct defined and refined by the courts reveals that they exercised an increasingly vigorous control over discretion. They gradually opened the gates of judicial review to new interests, intervened on grounds of purpose and defined general principles of law that were very similar, if not the same. The courts, not legislators, thus created the central tenets of administrative law. Finally, various explanations for the role played by the courts are considered in legal, historic, and political perspectives. The book thus provides an unprecedented outlook on the relationship between public authorities and individuals at the zenith of the sovereign state.
Book chapters on the topic "France-Belgium comparison":
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Magrini, Alessandro. "The impact of public research expenditure on agricultural productivity: evidence from developed European countries." In Proceedings e report, 55–60. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-304-8.12.
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The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of public research expenditure on agricultural productivity in developed European countries. Our research provides original evidence, making possible a comparison with existing studies focused on United States of America (USA). We apply a fixed effects Gamma distributed-lag model to yearly data in 1970-2016 sourced from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In our results, public research expenditure has a significant impact on agricultural productivity up to 35 years, with peak at 17 years and long-term elasticity equal to 0.172. Based on our model, the countries with the highest internal rate of return of agricultural research expenditure resulted Germany, Spain, France and Italy (24.5-25.2%), followed by Netherlands, United Kingdom, Denmark, Greece, Belgium and Luxembourg (20.5-21.8%). However, only Germany, Denmark and Greece increased agricultural research expenditure in recent years. The estimated internal rates of return are in line with the ones reported by existing studies on USA, and they suggest that developed European countries, just like USA, could benefit from research investments in Agriculture to a much greater extent than they currently do.
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Baldwin, Peter. "Assimilation." In The Narcissism of Minor Differences. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391206.003.0015.
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Let Us Move, now, from the otherworldly to the extraterritorial. Until recently, the assimilation of foreigners would not have been considered part of a comparison between Europe and America. America was a land of immigration; Europe was not. That is no longer the case. Overall levels of the foreign-born remain higher in the United States than in all European countries other than Switzerland and Luxembourg (figure 185). The difference is diminishing, however, as increasing numbers of foreigners make Europe their home. But the politics of counting foreigners is curious in Europe. In nations with virulent and powerful anti-foreigner political parties (Denmark, Austria, Norway, the Netherlands, France, and Switzerland) civil servants might wish to downplay the presence of those who could be regarded as an alien element. Bureaucracies in other countries might prefer to upscale the number of foreigners, perhaps to burnish their own multicultural qualifications. Consider the differences between two sets of OECD accounts of foreigners, from 2005 and 2007. The figures in these reports come respectively from 2003 and 2005, though numbers for a decade earlier, i.e., 1993 and 1995, are given as comparisons. As might be expected, in all European countries the number of foreigners increased between 2003 and 2005. But in some nations, the reported number of foreigners grew so startlingly over a two-year period that it must be due to a rejiggering of the figures rather than to any actual inflow. In many cases, too, the numbers for 1995 given in the later publication are higher than those given for 2003 in the earlier one. For example, the Austrian figures for the foreign part of the population in 1995 presented in 2007 are 11.2%, while those for 2003 presented in 2005 are only 9.4%. Similar discrepancies hold for Belgium, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, and several other nations. The mystery only deepens if we look at what precisely the OECD claims to measure. In 2005, it was Europe’s “foreign population.” Of the nations we are looking at, only the numbers from the United States are for “foreign-born.” In 2007, however, also the European figures are for “foreign-born,” except those for Greece, Italy, and Spain, which are for “foreign.” “Foreign-born” is, of course, a narrower and more precise category than “foreign.” Excepting only lapses of record keeping, “foreign-born” can be determined by standard-issue statistics.
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Jones, Amy Gray. "Cremation and the Use of Fire in Mesolithic Mortuary Practices in North-West Europe." In Cremation and the Archaeology of Death. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798118.003.0009.
Abstract:
Cremation is not widely recognized as a form of mortuary treatment amongst the hunter-gatherer communities of Mesolithic north-west Europe (broadly defined as c.9300 cal. BC to c.4000 cal. BC). Instead, the period is perhaps most well known for some of the earliest inhumation cemeteries in northern Europe, the most familiar being the Scandinavian sites of Skateholm I and II (Scania, Sweden) (Larsson 1988a) and Vedbæk-Bøgebakken (Zealand, Denmark) (Albrethsen and Brinch Petersen 1977) and those on the coast of northern France, Teviéc and Hoëdic (Morbihan, France) (Péquart et al. 1937; Péquart and Péquart 1954). As concentrations of well-furnished burials they have long provided the focus for discussions of Mesolithic mortuary practice as well as social status and group organization (e.g. Clark and Neeley 1987) and, more recently, cosmology (e.g. Zvelebil 2003), personhood (e.g. Fowler 2004), sexuality (e.g. Schmidt 2000) and the ritual practice of handling the body (e.g. Nilsson Stutz 2003). However, discoveries within the last two decades have increased the evidence for the practice of cremation (as well as other forms of treatment, such as secondary burial) amongst the huntergatherers of the Mesolithic, both in terms of the geographic distribution of the practice and its temporal spread throughout the period. Although rare in comparison to inhumation, cremation can now be seen to have been practiced throughout both the early and late Mesolithic and, whilst evidence is currently sparse within the modern areas of Germany and the British Isles, examples are known across Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Belgium, northern France, and the Republic of Ireland (totalling at least thirteen sites with cremated remains amongst over 100 sites with human bone in this area, see Fig. 2.1 and Table 2.1). Additionally, whilst preparing this chapter, a new discovery of cremated remains deposited in a large pit was made at Langford (Essex, England) and directly dated to the late Mesolithic, representing the first example from England (Gilmour and Loe 2015). It is worth noting here that there are also several more sites with human remains (usually disarticulated or ‘loose’ human bones) which are described as ‘charred’ or ‘burnt’ but for the purposes of this chapter I consider ‘cremated remains’ to refer to bone or a body that has undergone the mortuary rite of cremation (transformation of a corpse by burning) and burnt bone as the incidental or deliberate burning of dry and/or disarticulated bone (after McKinley 2013: 150).
Conference papers on the topic "France-Belgium comparison":
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Junaid, Sarah, Alison Gwynne-Evans, Helena Kovacs, Johanna Lönngren, José Fernando Jiménez Mejía, Kenichi Natsume, Madeline Polmear, et al. "What is the role of ethics in accreditation documentation from a global view?" In SEFI 50th Annual conference of The European Society for Engineering Education. Barcelona: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788412322262.1336.
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Ethics in engineering has long been an important element in engineering programmes, however these subjects are often taught at a basic learning level with little attempt to connect to demonstrative learning outcomes. In recent years there has been a step change in the importance of ethics as an integral part of engineering programmes and is reflected in the text of accreditation documents. In this paper we expand our analysis from an earlier study, which focused on four European countries, to understand the role of ethics on a more global scale. We conducted a multi-country analysis on how and where ethics features in accreditation documents in twelve countries across five continents (Belgium, Canada, Colombia, France/Switzerland, Ireland, Japan, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, UK and USA). We identified explicit or implicit references to ethics education, extracted verbs relating to learning outcomes, and compared definitions of key terms. A comparison to Bloom’s taxonomy showed considerably higher frequency of verbs linked to ethics teaching associated to lower levels of cognitive learning. Definitions of terms relating to the process of accreditation were often lacking in documents, highlighting a need for setting terms of reference. This study highlights differences in how ethics is described in accreditation documents. However, more needs to be done to explicitly highlight ethics as an integral part of engineering education. Relying on implicit links to ethics leaves the role of ethics open to interpretation, resulting in uneven emphasis in the translation of ethics within programme designs.
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Kravárik, Kamil, Vladimír Míchal, and Peter Menyhardt. "Technologies Used for D&D of the A-1 NPP in Slovakia and Their Comparison With Advanced Worldwide Approaches." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1279.
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Abstract This paper deals with technologies used for decommissioning and decontamination of the A-1 Nuclear Power Plant in Slovakia and their comparison with advanced worldwide approaches. Present status and main results in the field of D&D of this first Czechoslovak NPP A-1 at Jaslovské Bohunice are described. NPP A-1 has one unit with reactor cooled by CO2 and moderated by heavy water. Plant was in operation from 1972 to 1977 and its final shutdown and closure were done due to relatively serious accident. The A-1 NPP Decommissioning Project – I. phase is performed at the present time and represents the most important project of NPP decommissioning in Central Europe. The main goal of the project is to achieve radiologically safe status of the NPP. It includes following activities: • conditioning, storage and disposal of liquid radioactive waste, solid and metallic radioactive waste, sludge and sorbents, • development, manufacture and verification of advanced methodologies and technologies for D&D of nuclear facilities, • decontamination of specified equipment and structures to reduce free activity, • technical support and preparation of following phases within the A-1 NPP overall decommissioning process. The project should give the complex solution of problems related to decommissioning and decontamination of NPPs in Slovakia. Verified methodology and technology should be used as a generic approach for decommissioning of the V-1, V-2 (Jaslovské Bohunice) and Mochovce Nuclear Power Plants as well as the other European NPPs with WWER reactors. Significant part of paper deals with following issues within D&D of the A-1 NPP: • computer aided technologies, • decontamination, • dismantling, demolishing and remote handling manipulators, • dosimetry measurements within D&D, • radioactive waste management. This paper also includes basic comparison with advanced worldwide approaches to decommissioning and decontamination mainly in USA, Japan and West Europe and the recommendations are done when it is possible. The comparison shows that trends in the field of D&D in the Slovak Republic are compatible and comparable with the most significant world trends. It is noted that some sorts of D&D technologies like for example telerobotic systems developed in the world are at the relatively higher technical level. Decommissioning technologies in Slovakia should be permanently improved on the base of experiences from home and abroad industry and from the real operation. It is supposed that after short time could be achieved technical level comparable with the best D&D robots and manipulators. A basic strategy of NPP decommissioning in the Slovak Republic is regulated by standards, which are in accordance with recommendations of international bodies like the International Atomic Energy Agency, European Commission, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, OECD Nuclear Energy Agency etc. In the field of NPP D&D the Slovak Republic co-operates with many international organizations and also with main active countries in D&D like Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, USA, Japan, Russian Federation, Hungary, Poland and Czech Republic. Intensive international co-operation at all levels has already been established at the present time.
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Meleshyn, A., and U. Noseck. "Radionuclide Inventory of Vitrified Waste After Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing at La Hague." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96303.
Abstract:
The primary aim of the present work was to determine the inventories of the radionuclides and stable elements in vitrified high-level waste produced at La Hague and delivered to Germany, which are of importance for long-term safety assessment of final repositories for radioactive wastes. For a subset of these radionuclides and stable elements, the inventories were determined — either by direct measurements or by involving established correlations — and reported by AREVA. This allowed verification of the validity of application of a model approach utilizing the data of burnup and activation calculations and auxiliary information on the reprocessing and vitrification process operated at La Hague. Having proved that such a model approach can be applied for prediction of inventories of actinides, fission and activation products in vitrified waste, the present work estimated the minimum, average and maximum inventories of the radionuclides, which are of importance for long-term safety assessment of final repositories for radioactive waste but were not reported by AREVA for delivered CSD-V canisters. The average and maximum inventories in individual CSD-V canisters predicted in the present approach were compared to the inventories predicted by Nagra for canisters with vitrified waste delivered from La Hague to Switzerland [1]. This comparison revealed a number of differences between these inventories despite the fact that the canisters delivered to Switzerland were produced in essentially the same way and from the common reprocessing waste stock as CSD-V canisters delivered to Germany. Therefore, a further work is required in order to identify the reason for the discrepancy in the present estimation versus the Nagra estimation [1]. Such a work should also address the recommendation by the international peer review of the Safety Report of the Project Opalinus Clay to obtain estimates of the inventories of long-lived mobile radionuclides (such as 14C, 36Cl, 79Se, and 129I), which contribute most to the dose estimates in the radiological safety assessments, if possible, in agreement with other countries with similar waste streams in order for a coordinated set of data to be generated [2]. Since vitrified waste from reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel at La Hague was delivered to several countries — Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, and Switzerland — an international effort can be recommended.
4
Menon, Shankar, Bo Wirendal, Jan Bjerler, and Lucien Teunckens. "Validation of Dose Calculation Codes for Clearance." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4667.
Abstract:
All proposals for clearance from regulatory control of very low level radioactive material are based on predicted scenarios for subsequent utilisation of the released materials. The calculation models used in these scenarios tend to utilise conservative data regarding exposure times and dose uptake as well as other assumptions as a safeguard against uncertainties. Another aspects is common to all these calculation models and codes: none of them has ever been validated by comparison with the actual real life practice of recycling. An international project has recently been concluded where two calculation codes used for this purpose (the RESRAD-RECYCLE and CERISE codes) were used to calculate the dose uptake by workers, during the segmentation and melting of a contaminated fuel rack at Studsvik RadWaste, Sweden. These calculated doses were compared with electronic dosimeter measurements on workers participating in the various operations. The measurements showed that segmenting was the work operation that gave the highest dose, almost 65% of the total dose incurred, while melting itself accounted for only about 13%. The project was a co-operation between the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, Studsvik (Sweden), the US Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory (USA), the Institute de Radioprotection et Securite´ Nucle´aire (France) and Belgoprocess (Belgium). The comparison of the calculation results indicated that, even with a carefully controlled reflection of reality with respect to geometry and exposure time and with a “best judgment” choice of densities for each operation, the calculation programmes have tended to overestimate the dose uptake by a factor 4 to 7, i.e. about an order of magnitude. An obvious explanation is the fact that the workers are not static, they move about constantly, changing the geometry, thus not taking the assumed doses. There are also some other practical aspects difficult to reflect exactly in the calculations. It should be noted that the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute were not completely of the same opinion as the project team, pointing out that the codes also underestimated doses for certain operations. We feel, however, that this is irrelevant, as only the maximum estimated doses for any operation in the process are used for the determination of clearance levels. It seems reasonable to state that the use of ‘enveloping’ scenarios, which necessarily cover a wide range of scenarios range of scenarios in connection with the calculation of clearance levels, would tend to accentuate this tendency of overestimation of dose uptake in most individual cases of recycling by melting. Taking into account the sensitivity of the modelling and the practical aspects listed above, the estimated doses can be, say, one or even more orders of magnitude higher than those actually taken. A side aspect of the execution of the Validation Project — specifically the background measurements — was the revelation of radioactivity in unexpected places: the paint used for the painting of moulds at A˚kers (3–5 Bq/g), the slag binding product (twice background radiation), the stamp mass, insulation and new asphalt at the Studsvik furnace (all at three to four times background). This serves to illustrate the undetected omnipresence of radioactivity in the human habitat at dose rate levels considerably higher (up to 400% over background) than the levels (ca 1% over background) at which the currently proposed clearance criteria are based on. Finally, it is important to note that the degree of overestimation (a factor of 4 −7), as recorded in the validation project, is generally regarded as ‘acceptable’ by dose modellers. The results will most probably not lead to any revision or refinement of these codes. For the nuclear decommissioner and the other producers of large volumes of only slightly radioactively contaminated material, the clearance levels resulting from such a degree of conservatism can lead to huge amounts of material unnecessarily being condemned to burial as radioactive waste. Considering that most such producers transfer their costs to the public, it is society at large that will foot the bill for this exercise in conservatism.
Reports on the topic "France-Belgium comparison":
1
Bond, Stephen, Julie Elston, Jacques Mairesse, and Benoit Mulkay. Financial Factors and Investment in Belgium, France, Germany and the UK:A Comparison Using Company Panel Data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5900.