Journal articles: 'France (2020)'

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AFA-PB, la Horde, and Jeune Garde Lyon. "Pratiques de l’antifascisme, France 2020." Mouvements 104, no. 4 (2020): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mouv.104.0147.

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Manus, Jean-Marie. "France 2020, les données clés." Revue Francophone des Laboratoires 2020, no. 519 (February 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1773-035x(20)30049-6.

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Obradovic, Ivana. "Drogues et addictions : 20 ans d’évolutions en France (2000-2020)." Psychotropes Vol. 27, no. 3 (May 19, 2021): 35–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/psyt.273.0035.

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Merkoulova, Inna. "Semiotics, History, Health Crisis 2020—2021." ISTORIYA 12, no. 12-2 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018483-0.

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In the article, semiotics as a science is presented in its connection with history: we consider the concept of Commemorations observed by UNESCO, the moment of unpredictability and the phenomenon that Yuri Lotman called “the retrospective view of the historian”. The twenties of the 21st century have become an era of unpredictable health crisis that semioticians continue to analyze. For example, at recent major international online conferences and forums on semiotics: in Russia (Moscow, GAUGN), France (Paris and Nîmes), Italy (Bologna), Poland (Warsaw) and Colombia (Bogota). The period of the pandemic has challenged representatives of the humanities, in particular semioticians, to comprehend what was happening and describe a number of emerging realities: home confinement, online communication, new cultural norms. In this sense, semiotics has proved to be a “useful toolbox” of the humanities and social sciences in response to the great challenges of our time.

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Poucet, Bruno. "L’enseignement privé en France en 2020." Germinal N° 5, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ger.005.0148.

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Connan-Pintado, Christiane, and Cyrille François. "Illustrer les contes des Grimm en France. Un état des lieux (2000-2020)." Ondina - Ondine, no. 7 (February 23, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_ondina/ond.202176150.

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Se pencher sur l’illustration des contes des Grimm en France au XXIe siècle, c’est se confronter à un paradoxe : si ces contes sont omniprésents à tous les échelons de la légitimité, les créations contemporaines les plus remarquables viennent le plus souvent de l’étranger. D’autre part, pour les recueils, les éditeurs reprennent volontiers les illustrations du XIXe siècle. Force est donc de constater une certaine frilosité de l’édition française à l’égard de ces contes, car elle ne passe pas si souvent commande aux artistes pour solliciter de nouvelles illustrations. On peut cependant trouver, du côté de la jeune création, quelques propositions qui méritent attention, en particulier depuis les célébrations du bicentenaire qui ont donné en 2012 une nouvelle impulsion à l’édition. Certains contes font ainsi l’objet, parfois pour la première fois, d’une publication en singleton sous le format de l’album, dans lequel l’image prépondérante joue amplement sa partition auprès du texte. Aussi se propose-t-on de dresser un état des lieux de la situation contemporaine de l’illustration des contes des Grimm en France, dans les recueils et dans les albums, entre reprise et création, tradition et innovation. Mots-clés: illustration, Grimm, France, recueil, album

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Kreitz, Michaël. "Trois phénomènes météorologiques exceptionnels durant l'automne 2020." La Météorologie, no. 112 (2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2021-0031.

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Durant cet automne 2020, la France est concernée par trois phénomènes météorologiques exceptionnels. Tout d'abord, le 19 septembre, un épisode cévenol intense apporte 700 mm en 12 heures sur la région de Valleraugue. Puis, le 1er octobre, la tempête Alex traverse le nord-ouest de la France, où les rafales atteignent 186 km/h à Belle-Île-en-Mer en raison de la présence d'un sting jet. Le lendemain, un nouvel épisode fortement précipitant déverse localement 500 mm de pluie sur les Alpes-Maritimes. Ces trois phénomènes ont tous relevé d'une vigilance rouge. During fall 2020, France is concerned by three extreme weather events. First, on september 19th , an intense cévenol event brings 700 mm in 12 hours over Valleraugue area. Then, on October the 1 st , Alex windstorm crosses northwestern France where gusts reach 186 km/h over Belle-Île-en-Mer because of the occurrence of a sting jet. The day after, a new heavy precipitation event spills a 500 mm rainfall locally over Alpes-Maritimes. All those three events received a red warning.

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Loseva, Evgeniya A. "Evolution of cooperation between France and Germany in the field of higher education." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2020-1-69-77.

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For the first time in Russian-language historiography on the basis of an analysis of the most important components of Franco-German cooperation in the field of higher education the evolution of cooperation between higher education institutions of France and Germany in the post-war period is presented. The prerequisites for Franco-German cooperation after the Second World War are determined. The evolution of academic mobility between these countries is considered. The results of activities to create equivalents of documents on higher education in France and Germany are revealed. The Franco-German joint institutions of higher education are characterized. The aim of this work is to consider the evolution of cooperation between France and Germany in the field of higher education in the post-war period of time through the prism of its key aspects. The relevance of this study is due to the lack of research on this issue in Russian-language historiography. In addition, the study of Franco-German relations in the field of science and higher education in the post-war period is also of practical importance, since the experience of this cooperation, or its individual aspects, can be used in the field of higher education and science of our state. As a result of the analysis of key aspects of the Franco-German university cooperation, the following stages were identified in bilateral cooperation. 1. Establishment of Franco-German educational cooperation (1949–1963) – a period of post-war contradictions and the emergence of academic mobility between universities in France and Germany. The intensification of Franco-German cooperation in higher education was due to the unfolding Cold War and the ongoing process of European integration: the cultural sphere acted as a means of overcoming Franco-German antagonism. 2. Franco-German cooperation after the conclusion of the Treaty of Elysee (1963 – the end of the 1970s) – a period of expansion of academic mobility and the creation of new tools for its implementation; at the same time, this period of cooperation was marked by a shift in the attention of the governments of France and Germany towards national education issues. 3. The beginning of the process of institutionalization of Franco-German cooperation (late 1970s – 1993). The transition to the third stage of cooperation is due to the emergence of new trends in bilateral educational partnerships: the creation of coordinating institutes and joint educational institutions and the beginning of solving the problem of equivalence of diplomas. 4. The cooperation of France and Germany after the formation of the EU in 1993 – the Franco-German partnership at the present stage and within the European Higher Education Area. The implementation of the provisions of the Bologna Agreement in practice significantly unified the higher education systems of France and Germany, which facilitated bilateral academic exchanges, and the two countries’ participation in European educational programs became an additional incentive for their intensification.

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Filippov, Vasily. "The Political Crisis of 2020–2021 in Mali." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2021-56-3-42-55.

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The subject of consideration is the 2020 crisis in Mali. The events are viewed in the context of the geopolitical transformations taking place in West Africa. The purpose of the study is to find out the causes and consequences of military and political cataclysms that threaten the state integrity of Mali and the stability of the situation in Tropical Africa. The situation in Mali remains poorly known: it is not clear what forces will determine the vector of its political and military-strategic development. It is obvious that France is losing its influence in the region, which is largely due to the emergence of new actors in international relations here. This, in turn, allows Africans to diversify their foreign economic and political orientations. The author assumes that the named processes will provoke an intense competition for influence in the countries of Tropical Africa.

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Archer, Jean-Yves. "France 2020 : au bord de l’effondrement économique." Hors les murs N° 502, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ehlm.502.0067.

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Greillier, L., and F. Barlesi. "Cours du GOLF 2020 à Marseille, France." Revue des Maladies Respiratoires Actualités 12, no. 2 (October 2020): 2S1–2S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1877-1203(20)30076-8.

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Flori, François. "Démographie médicale en France à l’horizon 2020." médecine/sciences 18, no. 5 (May 2002): 623–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2002185623.

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Knetsch, Jonas, and Zoé Jacquemin. "X. France." European Tort Law Yearbook 10, no. 1 (November 29, 2020): 186–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tortlaw-2020-0010.

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Sorel, Matthieu, Jean-Michel Soubeyroux, Agathe Drouin, Sylvie Jourdain, Maryvonne Kerdoncuff, Béatrice Cassaigne, Marie-Hélène Théron, Patrick Josse, and Christine Lacanal. "Normales climatiques 1991-2020." La Météorologie, no. 119 (2022): 073. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2022-0086.

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Les normales climatologiques sont des produits statistiques calculés à partir de séries de données sur des périodes de 30 ans. Elles comprennent aussi bien des valeurs moyennes que d'autres paramètres statistiques, les quantiles par exemple. Définies par l'Organisation météorologique mondiale, elles permettent de caractériser le climat sur ces périodes et servent de référence pour analyser les événements climatiques en temps réel. Météo-France a entrepris depuis janvier 2021 le calcul des nouvelles normales climatiques 1991-2020 et les utilise dans l'ensemble de sa production climatologique depuis le 28 juin 2022. Climatological normals are defined as statistical products computed over a 30-year period; they include both mean and other statistical parameters, e.g. quantiles. Defined by the World Meteorological Organization, they are used to define the conditions most likely to be experienced in a given location over a period of time. They also serve as a basis in order to monitor climate events in real time. Météo-France started to compute the new climatological normals 1991-2020 and started to use them in its climatological production from June 28th, 2022.

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Gangahagedara, Ruchira, Shyamantha Subasinghe, Madhushan Lankathilake, Wasantha Athukorala, and Isurun Gamage. "Ecosystem Services Research Trends: A Bibliometric Analysis from 2000–2020." Ecologies 2, no. 4 (December 4, 2021): 366–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecologies2040021.

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The study of ecosystem services (ES) is becoming increasingly popular, as it plays an important role in human wellbeing, economic growth, and livelihoods. The primary goal of this research is to investigate the global trend in ES research using a rigorous systematic review of highly cited articles. The articles for this study were extracted from Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E), Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) databases of Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) covering the period from 2000 to 2020. This study was limited to SCI-E, ESCI, and SSCI databases of the Web of Science. The term “ecosystem service/s” has been used as a research term to filter the study sample and eliminate other databases from the analysis. A citation level equal to or greater than 200 was used to further filtration of articles. This query could restrict to 128 articles that are highly cited in the selected period. Bibliometric analysis results show that, according to the author’s keywords, the “ecosystem service/s” keyword is highly connected to the “biodiversity”, “valuation”, “marine spatial planning”, and “conservation planning”. The U.S.A., Canada, China, France, and Australia are the leading countries in the cumulative number of highly cited articles and networks of co-authors. The U.S.A. is a strong contributor to ES research with China, Canada, and France. The most productive universities linked to the United States were the University of Minnesota, the University of California-Santa Barbara (UC Santa Barbara), and the Chinese Academy of Science. The most significant and compelling author is Halpern S Benjamin, who represents UC Santa Barbara. He has earned international recognition for a model he developed to analyze global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change in marine environments. The most accessed and studied fields in the ES are terrestrial, urban, and marine environments.

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Ariffin, Nur Izzati, and Faridah Hussain. "THE 2020 FRANCE ATTACKS: A FRAMING ANALYSIS OF U.K. AND U.S. NEWSPAPERS." International Journal of Modern Trends in Social Sciences 4, no. 15 (March 31, 2021): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijmtss.4150012.

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The 2020 France attack regarding the controversial issue of the public portrayal of Prophet Muhammad’s caricature had created havoc all over the world. This research focuses on how the 2020 France attacks-related issues were portrayed in the media in the United Kingdom (U.K.) and the United States (U.S.). This analysis aims to determine the dominant issues covered, the news slant, and the newspapers' tone and framing regarding the 2020 France attacks-related issues. Using content analysis, the data from news articles and feature articles collected from two mainstream online daily newspapers, which were The Independent from the U.K. and The New York Times from the U.S. were examined. This study also aims to compare the differences between the U.K. and U.S. media in framing and reporting the 2020 France attacks-related issues. A total of 56 news articles were analysed, from which three major issues were reported in the newspapers during that period. The most frequently reported issue was the Islamist ‘Terrorism’ in France issue. The findings of the study indicated that the news slant of both newspapers was significantly different. The Independent's news slant was balanced towards both France and Islam, while The New York Times' news slant was against Islam.

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Krug, Catarina, Emma Rigaud, Dieyenaba Siby-Diakite, Laetitia Bénézet, Pavlos Papadopoulos, Henriette de Valk, Gaëtan Deffontaines, Alexandra Septfons, and Jean-Marc Reynes. "Seroprevalence of Hantavirus in Forestry Workers, Northern France, 2019–2020." Viruses 15, no. 2 (January 25, 2023): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15020338.

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We aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) among forestry workers in northern France, and to explore sociodemographic risk factors. We conducted a random cross-sectional seroprevalence survey among 1777 forestry workers in 2019–2020. The presence of immunoglobulin G against PUUV antigens in serum was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed using immunofluorescence assay. Poisson regression models were used to explore factors associated with seropositivity. Weighted seroprevalence was 5% (3–6) in northeastern France, 4% (2–6) in north central France, and 1% in two regions located in the center of the country (Auvergne and Limousin). There were no seropositive workers detected in northwestern France. Seropositivity was associated with age, sex, and cumulative seniority in the forestry sector. Seroprevalence was highest in known endemic areas of the northeast and lowest in the northwest. Nevertheless, we found serological evidence of PUUV infection in two regions located in the center of the country, suggesting circulation of the virus in these regions, previously thought to be non-endemic.

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CRAMM, Severin. "The Saar Question as a European Problem From the Trade Union’s Perspective." Journal of European Integration History 26, no. 1 (2020): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2020-1-21.

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The Saar region did not immediately become part of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, but was gradually given the status of a semi-protectorate of France from 1947 onwards. The region's high-quality coal and the iron and steel industries were supposed both to help the reconstruction of France and to weaken German industry by being withdrawn of its control. The region was economically and politically closely tied to France; freedom of opinion and of the press for those who advocated annexation to the FRG were restricted. This happened at the same time when Franco- German reconciliation and the beginning of European integration were seen as a sign of a settlement between Germany and France. The Saar issue thus became a regional problem for European integration. In the absence of political opposition, the trade unions of the Saarland became the voice of the critical population and became victims of state persecution. The article highlights the role of the Saarland, German and international trade unions, which therefore proved to be important mediators in the conflict over the future of the Saar region.

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Trebukh, Faina Ivanovna, Ilya Andreevich Serov, and Evgeniia Aleksandrovna Panova. "The economy of France during the pandemic 2020." Nedelya nauki Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo morskogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta 2, no. 4 (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52899/9785883036070_467.

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Nakara, K., A. Nosbaum, F. Berard, and J. F. Nicolas. "La formation en allergologie en France en 2020." Revue Française d'Allergologie 60, no. 5 (September 2020): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reval.2020.05.008.

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Picot, Pauline. "2005-2020 : 15 ans d’antiracisme postcolonial en France." Les cahiers de la LCD 16, no. 1 (April 19, 2023): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/clcd.016.0057.

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Benhajkassen, N., S. Soing-Altrach, A. Léon, Y. Savitch, I. Poujol, and A. Berger-Carbonne. "Description des clusters de Covid-19 nosocomiaux chez des patients, France 2020-2022." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses Formation 1, no. 2 (June 2022): S1—S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mmifmc.2022.03.028.

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Blanié, Antonia, Matthieu Kurrek, Sophie Gorse, Dimitri Baudrier, and Dan Benhamou. "Use of Cognitive Aids: Results from a National Survey among Anaesthesia Providers in France and Canada." Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2020 (May 6, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1346051.

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Introduction. The use of cognitive aids (CAs) during critical events is thought to be useful. However, whether CAs are known and used by French and Canadian anaesthesia providers is not clear. Methods. A survey was emailed to French and Canadian anaesthesia providers in 2017 through their respective national societies. It consisted of 23 questions about the participants’ demographics and their knowledge, use, and impact of CAs. A second survey was sent to French simulation centres. Results. 912 responses were recorded in France and 278 in Canada (overall response rate: 7% and 11%, respectively). Among the respondents, 700/899 in France (78%) versus 249/273 (91%) in Canada were familiar with the concept of cognitive dysfunction during a crisis and 501/893 (56%) in France versus 250/271 (92%) in Canada knew the concept of CAs. Amongst those respondents who knew about CAs, 189/492 (38%) in France versus 108/244 (44%) in Canada stated that they had already used a CA in real life and 225/493 (45%) in France versus 126/245 (51%) in Canada had received training in their use. Simulation was the principal modality for training in 150/225 (67%) of cases in France versus 47/126 (37%) in Canada. Among the 28/50 French simulation centres which responded (2018 January), 27 organised sessions in anaesthesia and 22 used CAs. Conclusion. CAs were better known in Canada than in France, but their actual use in real life was low in both countries. Simulation appears to play a potentially important role training anaesthesia providers in the use of CAs.

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Delord, Marc. "100 Years of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Prevalence in France." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.2380.2380.

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Abstract Purpose: Imatinib and other rationally designed tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has dramatically changes the fate of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. Almost always fatal a few years ago, CML is now associated to a near-normal life expectancy for a majority of patients, provided a lifelong adherence to TKI-based treatment. This situation where CML can be regarded as a chronic disease have had mechanical consequences on the disease prevalence and overall costs supported by health care systems. We present here a fully detailed and comprehensive analysis of the French CML prevalence from 1960 to 2060. Methods: We use the cohort component methodology to evaluate the CML prevalence from French population projection and different hypothesis on age- and sex-specific incidence rate, and relative survival of CML patients. Figure 1 gives an illustration of intermediate results at different time points. Results: The CML prevalence in France, expressed in cases per 100,000 inhabitants, was estimated to be around 3 from 1960 to the 80's, 6 before the 2002, 17 in 2016, 25 in 2030 where the tendency inflects, and 30 after 2040. Considering the 100% relative survival hypothesis, a target CML prevalence were defined, the level of which will be nearly reached by 2060. Based on an annual cost of 40000 euros per patient, the cost per 100,000 inhabitants-year is then estimated to be around 700,000 euros. Figure 2 summarize results: the blue line represents the estimated CML prevalence for France. It corresponds to 10 years relative survival hypothesis as reported in the literature for the different periods and our hypothesis for the future: 5% before the 70's, 10% by the late 80's, 35% before imatinib introduction, 47% in 2002 , 80% in 2006, 84% in 2016 and 90% in 2060. The black line corresponds to the 100% relative survival hypothesis. It is the target CML prevalence, that is, the prevalence of CML if the disease have had no impact on the relative survival of affected people. Green line corresponds in relative survival observed before imatinib use and the gray line corresponds to levels of relative survival observed in the 70's. These different estimates clearly show that not only the increase in CML prevalence is attributable to the use of TKI soon after 2002 but also to populations aging as illustrated by the target CML prevalence line. Conclusion: Due to high rates in relative survival observed in CML patients after introduction of imatinib, the trajectory of the CML prevalence in France, as in other western countries, has changed. Given particular hypothesis on CML incidence rates, this trajectory will bring the CML prevalence to levels fully determined by population aging by the mid century, that is, when the proportion of the population aged 60 or more will stabilized in western countries. For France, we have estimated this level above 30 cases per 100,000 inhabitant. Figure 1 Estimated number of CML patients by single age and sex, corresponding legal or projected population (and period specific relative survival hypothesis) in france in 1970 (A), 1980 (B), 2000 (C), 2010 (D), 2020 (E) and 2040 (F). Figure 1. Estimated number of CML patients by single age and sex, corresponding legal or projected population (and period specific relative survival hypothesis) in france in 1970 (A), 1980 (B), 2000 (C), 2010 (D), 2020 (E) and 2040 (F). Figure 2 CML prevalence estimate in France from 1970 to 2060 (see text). Figure 2. CML prevalence estimate in France from 1970 to 2060 (see text). Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Garenne, Michel, and Nancy Stiegler. "Covid-19 demography in France and South Africa: A comparative study of morbidity and mortality in 2020–2022." PLOS ONE 19, no. 2 (February 5, 2024): e0294870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294870.

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Background Covid-19 epidemics raged around the world in years 2020–2022. The dynamics of the epidemics and their mortality varied by country depending on prevention, treatments, vaccination and health status of the population. Objective The study compares Covid-19 morbidity and mortality in South-Africa and in France, two countries with similar population size and with reliable reporting systems, in order to better understand the dynamics and impacts of the epidemics and the effects of health policies and programs. Data and methods Data on cases, deaths, hospitalizations, vaccinations were drawn from national statistics. Published data on cases and deaths were corrected for undercount. Results Results show a different epidemiology in the two countries in the first three years of the epidemic (2020–2022). Incidence was higher in South Africa, and some 44% more people were infected by December 2022 than in France. Mortality and case-fatality were also higher in South Africa despite a favourable age structure. The age pattern of mortality showed higher values in South Africa among the young adults. Young women appeared somewhat disadvantaged in South Africa. Lastly, vaccination appeared to have had no effect on incidence, but a large effect on case-fatality in France. Conclusions Despite about the same population size and the same crude death rate at baseline, South Africa exhibited more cases and more deaths from Covid-19 over the 2020–2022 period. Prevention strategies (lockdown and vaccination) appear to have had large impacts on morbidity and mortality.

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Timofeev, P., and M. Khorolskaya. "Project Potential of the Franco-German Defense Cooperation." Analysis and Forecasting. IMEMO Journal, no. 4 (2020): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/afij-2020-4-62-75.

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The article is devoted to the role of Franco-German tandem in the development of the European defense by 2020, including EU PESCO projects as well as bilateral initiatives outside of PESCO framework. The study uses an innovative approach applying the methods of statistical and cluster analysis to the three waves of PESCO projects. It enables to identify the contribution and the level of cooperation of the Franco-German tandem in the PESCO implementation process. It is demonstrated that besides France and Germany, EU Mediterranean states are also leading in terms of the number of projects so it would be more exact to talk about the central role of the European “big four” (France, Italy, Spain, Germany) as an engine of PESCO process. At the same time, France and Germany actively develop two ambitious bilateral projects outside of the PESCO framework – these are Future Combat Air System (FCAS) and Main Group Combat System (MGCS), the models of innovative fighter jet and tank, based on the “system of systems” principle. These projects demonstrate the two countries’ ambitious plans, although it is too early to evaluate the results since the projects are to be implemented by the mid-2030s. Nevertheless, several factors complicating the military cooperation of the two sides are identified. Those include the lack of a common approach towards conceptual issues causing the development of new weapons; the absence of a joint view on the participation of third states in French-German projects outside of PESCO (only Spain is accepted to work on FCAS, no third state is allowed to participate in MGCS construction); the competition between French and German manufacturing companies regarding the projects’ leadership and the two countries’ different export policies. Although the idea of the EU strategic autonomy promoted by the Franco-German tandem has been actively developing since 2017, today these two countries do not determine the PESCO process and do not agree on all the issues. Thus France and Germany still have a significant amount of work to do in this area.

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Grover, Sandeep, B. M. Gupta, and K. K. Mueen Ahmed. "COVID-19 and Substance Use: A Scientometric Assessment of Global Publications During 2020 and 2021." Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics 13, no. 1 (March 2022): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976500x221080393.

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Aim: This study aimed to assess the characteristics and trends of research on substance use and COVID-19. Methods: Keywords related to “Covid-19” and “Substance Use” were used in a search query formulated for the Scopus search engine. The articles published during the years 2020 and 2021, through early November 2021, were considered. Results: A total of 2184 publications were published on this topic, averaging 9.69 citations per paper. About one-seventh (13.96%) share of global publications was supported by extramural funding support. The maximum number of publications emerged from the United States of America (USA) ( n = 831; 38.05%), followed by the United Kingdom (UK) ( n = 212; 9.71%), India ( n = 165; 7.55%), and Canada (155 papers; 7.10%). In terms of citation impact, publications emerging from China (24.42 and 2.52) had the highest citation impact, followed by publications emerging from Australia (18.83 and 1.94), France (16.48 and 1.70), the UK (15.44 and 1.59), Italy (13.36 and 1.38), and Canada (12.73 and 1.31). When the data in terms of specific institutes were evaluated, Harvard Medical School, USA ( n = 52), was ranked first in productivity, followed by the University of Toronto, Canada ( n = 47); the Yale School of Medicine, USA ( n = 35); INSERM, France ( n = −29); and the University of British Columbia, Canada ( n = 2s). The University College London, UK (30.24 and 3.12), ranked first in citation impact, followed by INSERM, France (22.0 and 2.27); the Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (17.4 and 1.8); and the University of Toronto, Canada (13.68 and 1.41). When the journals were evaluated, the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ( n = 83) ranked first in publication productivity, followed by the Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment ( n = 73), Frontiers in Psychology ( n = 39), Drug and Alcohol Dependence ( n = 28), and International Journal of Drug Policy ( n = 26). Conclusion: This bibliometric study suggests that a large amount of literature has accumulated during the COVID-19 pandemic on substance use disorders, both from developed and developing countries.

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Prohorov, Ruslan. "ПАКИСТАНО-ФРАНЦУЗСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ В ХХI в." Eastern Analytics, no. 2 (2020): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2020-02-103-110.

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The article discusses the political, economic and cultural cooperation of Pakistan with France in the twenty-first century. Attention is drawn to a peculiar bias towards France in the frequency of political and diplomatic visits by representatives of Pakistan. Due to the fact that France is a traditional donor of the Pakistani economy, attention is drawn to the desire of the partiesto increase the role of public diplomacy in the development of trade and economic relations. Meanwhile, France is Pakistan’s long-standing export partner, one of the top ten countries in which Pakistan exports its goods. The importance of developing such areas of cooperation as energy and transport is emphasized. Military-technical cooperation is singled out as a traditional area of cooperation between Pakistan and France. The role of France in the creation and development ofthe naval forces of Pakistan isindicated. The complicated relations between countries on the issue of nuclear cooperation are shown. The article also discussessecurity issues, namely, current bilateral documents, joint effortsto combat terrorism, and the regime of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons are presented. Interaction in the field of culture is presented on the example of the work of the three centers of the French public organization Alliance de Frances. Separately, attention is drawn to the interaction of state structures of the two countries regarding the return of relics illegally exported from Pakistan. In conclusion, it is assumed that Pakistan’s orientation towards France is quite justified, since this European state has always been friendly to it, is powerful in its economic potential and resources, and the development of relations with this country does not conflict with the orientation towards the United States.

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Gerbaud, Laurent, Candy Guiguet-Auclair, Franck Breysse, Joséphine Odoul, Lemlih Ouchchane, Jonathan Peterschmitt, Camille Dezfouli-Desfer, and Vincent Breton. "Hospital and Population-Based Evidence for COVID-19 Early Circulation in the East of France." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 7175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197175.

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Background: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 dynamics and transmission is a serious issue. Its propagation needs to be modeled and controlled. The Alsace region in the East of France has been among the first French COVID-19 clusters in 2020. Methods: We confront evidence from three independent and retrospective sources: a population-based survey through internet, an analysis of the medical records from hospital emergency care services, and a review of medical biology laboratory data. We also check the role played in virus propagation by a large religious meeting that gathered over 2000 participants from all over France mid-February in Mulhouse. Results: Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 was circulating several weeks before the first officially recognized case in Alsace on 26 February 2020 and the sanitary alert on 3 March 2020. The religious gathering seems to have played a role for secondary dissemination of the epidemic in France, but not in creating the local outbreak. Conclusions: Our results illustrate how the integration of data coming from multiple sources could help trigger an early alarm in the context of an emerging disease. Good information data systems, able to produce earlier alerts, could have avoided a general lockdown in France.

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Kempin, Ronja. "Frankreich und die Türkei – Machtpoker ohne Sieger." integration 44, no. 3 (2021): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0720-5120-2021-3-177.

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In the summer of 2020, Franco-Turkish relations deteriorated dramatically. Since then, Paris has accused Ankara of deliberately influencing the Turkish diaspora in France in order to undermine the values of the French Republic. In terms of foreign policy, France criticizes Turkey for encircling the European Union (EU) and its member states with the consequence of deliberately acting against their interests. Neither the ideological nor the geopolitical power poker of the two states has produced a winner. The Franco-Turkish rivalries offer the EU the opportunity to undertake a comprehensive reorientation of its Turkey policy. The expansion of its conditionality to include domestic political issues is just as important as an improved division of roles and work in its institutions and the geopolitical view of the respective neighbourhood.

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Caussanel, S. "France ·Sandra Caussanel." European State Aid Law Quarterly 19, no. 4 (2020): 522–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/estal/2020/4/12.

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Galmiche, Simon, Tiffany Charmet, Arthur Rakover, Laura Schaeffer, Olivia Chény, Cassandre von Platen, Faïza Omar, et al. "Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Households With Children in France, 2020-2022." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 9 (September 15, 2023): e2334084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.34084.

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ImportanceUnderstanding the contribution of children to SARS-CoV-2 circulation in households is critical for designing public health policies and mitigation strategies.ObjectiveTo identify temporal changes in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people living with children.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis case-control study included online questionnaire responses from French adults between October 2020 and October 2022. Eligible cases were adults with ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection with an email address on record with the national health insurance system, which centralized all new diagnoses in France. Eligible controls were adults who had never tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 until February 2021, when eligibility was extended to all adults without ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection.ExposureTransmission of SARS-CoV-2 from a child (aged under 18 years) within the household in the descriptive analysis, as reported by the participating case. Sharing household with a child (of any age or broken down by school level) in the case-control analysis.Main Outcome and MeasuresOngoing SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or supervised rapid antigen test (ie, not self-tests).ResultsA total of 682 952 cases were included for the descriptive analysis (68.8% female, median [IQR] age, 44 [34-55] years). Among those, 45 108 (6.6%) identified a household child as the source case; this proportion peaked at 10.4% during the Omicron BA.1 wave (December 20, 2021, to April 8, 2022). For the case-control analysis, we matched 175 688 cases (with a 4:1 ratio) for demographic characteristics with 43 922 controls. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, household exposure to children was associated with an increased risk of infection mainly at the end of summer 2021 (receding Delta wave) and during winter 2022 (Omicron BA.1 wave). In subgroup analysis by school level of the child, living with children under the age of 6 was associated with increased odds of infection throughout the study period, peaking at an odds ratio (OR) 1.8 (95% CI, 1.6-2.1) for children looked after by professional in-home caregivers, 1.7 (95% CI, 1.5-1.7) for children in day care facilities, and 1.6 (95% CI, 1.4-1.8) for children in preschool. The ORs associated with household exposure to children aged 6 to 14 years increased during the Delta (August 14, 2021, to December 19, 2021) and Omicron BA.1 waves, reaching 1.6 (95% CI, 1.5-1.7) for primary school children and 1.4 (95% CI, 1.3-1.5) for middle school children. Exposure to older children aged 15 to 17 years was associated with a moderate risk until April 2021, with an OR of 1.2 (95% CI, 1.2-1.3) during curfew in early 2021 (December 4, 2020, to April 8, 2021).Conclusions and RelevanceThe presence of children, notably very young ones, was associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in other household members, especially during the Delta and Omicron BA.1 waves. These results should help to guide policies targeting children and immunocompromised members of their household.

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Lutz, Matthias, David Messika-Zeitoun, Tanja K. Rudolph, Eberhard Schulz, Jeetendra Thambyrajah, Guy Lloyd, Alexander Lauten, et al. "Differences in the presentation and management of patients with severe aortic stenosis in different European centres." Open Heart 7, no. 2 (September 2020): e001345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2020-001345.

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BackgroundAn investigation into differences in the management and treatment of severe aortic stenosis (AS) between Germany, France and the UK may allow benchmarking of the different healthcare systems and identification of levers for improvement.MethodsPatients with a diagnosis of severe AS under management at centres within the IMPULSE and IMPULSE enhanced registries were eligible.ResultsData were collected from 2052 patients (795 Germany; 542 France; 715 UK). Patients in Germany were older (79.8 years), often symptomatic (89.5%) and female (49.8%) and had a lower EF (53.8%) than patients in France and UK. Comorbidities were more common and they had a higher mean Euroscore II.Aortic valve replacement (AVR) was planned within 3 months in 70.2%. This was higher (p<0.001) in Germany than France/ UK. Of those with planned AVR, 82.3% received it within 3 months with a gradual decline (Germany>France> UK; p<0.001). In 253 patients, AVR was not performed, despite planned. Germany had a strong transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) preference (83.2%) versus France/ UK (p<0.001). Waiting time for TAVI was shorter in Germany (24.9 days) and France (19.5 days) than UK (40.3 days).Symptomatic patients were scheduled for an AVR in 79.4% (Germany> France> UK; p<0.001) and performed in 83.6% with a TAVI preference (73.1%). 20.4% of the asymptomatic patients were intervened.ConclusionPatients in Germany had more advanced disease. The rate of intervention within 3 months after diagnosis was startlingly low in the UK. Asymptomatic patients without a formal indication often underwent an intervention in Germany and France.

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Prohorov, Ruslan. "Pakistan-French Relations in the 21st Century." Eastern Analytics, no. 2 (2020): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2020-02-137-142.

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The article discusses the political, economic and cultural cooperation of Pakistan with France in the twenty-first century. Attention is drawn to a peculiar bias towards France in the frequency of political and diplomatic visits by representatives of Pakistan. Due to the fact that France is a traditional donor of the Pakistani economy, attention is drawn to the desire of the parties to increase the role of public diplomacy in the development of trade and economic relations. Meanwhile, France is Pakistan’s long-standing export partner, one of the top ten countries in which Pakistan exports its goods. The importance of developing such areas of cooperation as energy and transport is emphasized. Military-technical cooperation is singled out as a traditional area of cooperation between Pakistan and France. The role of France in the creation and development of the naval forces of Pakistan is indicated. The complicated relations between countries on the issue of nuclear cooperation are shown. The article also discusses security issues, namely, current bilateral documents, joint efforts to combat terrorism, and there gime of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons are presented. Interaction in the field of culture is presented on the example of the work of the three centers of the French public organization Alliance de Frances. Separately, attention is drawn to the interaction of state structures of the two countries regarding the return of relics illegally exported from Pakistan. In conclusion, it is concluded that Pakistan’s orientation towards France is quite justified, since this European state has always been friendly to it, is powerful in its economic potential and resources, and the development of relations with this country does not conflict with the orientation towards the United States.

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Kreitz, Michaël. "2020, année la plus chaude en France depuis 1900." La Météorologie, no. 112 (2021): 008. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2021-0005.

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Luciani, Léa, Aurélie Morand, Christine Zandotti, Géraldine Piorkowski, Aurélie Boutin, Julie Mazenq, Philippe Minodier, Laetitia Ninove, and Antoine Nougairède. "Circulation of enterovirus A71 during 2019–2020, Marseille, France." Journal of Medical Virology 93, no. 8 (March 2021): 5163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26893.

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Lombard-Bohas, Catherine, Christine Do Cao, Jean-Philippe Metges, Philippe Ruszniewski, Denis Smith, Rosine Guimbaud, Côme Lepage, et al. "French patient-reported experience of diagnosis, management and burden of neuroendocrine tumors." International Journal of Endocrine Oncology 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): IJE31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/ije-2020-0013.

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Background: There is a lack of knowledge regarding the experience of patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NET) in France. Materials & methods: A patient survey that captured information on diagnosis, disease impact/management and awareness was conducted. Data of respondents from France were analyzed and compared with US data as a reference. Results: Key topics included delays in diagnosis, negative impact on quality of life, patient access to NET medical experts and treatments, and information on NET and treatments. Significant differences were observed between France and the USA regarding NET diagnosis. Conclusion: This survey highlights the considerable burden experienced by patients in France with NET and differences in patient experience between France and the USA that may result from different healthcare and social systems.

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Jourdi, Georges, Alexandre Mansour, Caroline Vayne, Alexandre Godon, Charles Tacquard, Virginie Siguret, Pierre Albaladejo, Yves Gruel, and Isabelle Gouin-Thibault. "Anticoagulation therapy in France: state-of-the-art in 2020." Annals of Blood 5 (March 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/aob.2020.02.04.

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Beaufils, F., T. Benet, N. Canu, I. Leparc-Goffart, and C. Decouchon. "Épidémie de méningo-encéphalite à tiques alimentaire en France, 2020." Infectious Diseases Now 51, no. 5 (August 2021): S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idnow.2021.06.059.

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Citeau, J. M., and S. Chazot. "Aqua 2020 : une démarche prospective sur l’eau unique en France." Techniques Sciences Méthodes, no. 9 (2008): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/tsm/200809024.

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Mahfudhah, Nariswari, Rodiah Rodiah, and Maukar Maukar. "Phylogenetic Tree Formation Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a Protein using Neighbor-Joining." Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies 3, no. 11 (November 20, 2023): 2008–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.59188/eduvest.v3i11.927.

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SARS-CoV-2 or coronavirus disease is the cause of the world pandemic in 2019 (Adnan et al., 2020). In its development, SARS-CoV-2 has occurred mutations, resulting in the emergence of several new variants (Hartono and Yusuf, 2021). One of the efforts made to determine the occurrence of mutations is to build and analyze phylogenetic tree (van Dorp et al., 2020). ORF3a protein is one of the constituent genes of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (Ahmad et al., 2022). The dataset was obtained through a database that has been publicly published on the NCBI website (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). The data used are homo sapiens from China (Wu et al., 2020), USA (Daniel et al., 2020), France (Shannon et al., 2020), Indonesia (Rantam et al., 2021), Australia (Caly et al., 2020), and Mexico (Mendoza-Salazar et al., 2022). The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining method. The result is ORF3a from Mexico and France are closely related. ORF3a from Mexico and France have the same level of distance and similarity with ORF3a from China and ORF3a from Indonesia have proximity to ORF3a USA.

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Gómez-Bernal, Gemma, Núria García-Muñoz, and Matilde Delgado-Reina. "The role of cartoons on European generalist televisions between 2010 and 2020." Communication & Society 35, no. 4 (October 3, 2022): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/003.35.4.147-163.

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Cartoons have been and still are a fundamental genre in children’s television programming and are a key product for the media industry due to their easy interpretation by children and their presence in distribution channels. This paper presents an analysis of the supply of children’s and cartoons broadcast over the last decade on 25 European general-interest television channels, both public and private, of Germany, Spain, France, Italy and the United Kingdom. The research findings focus on the genre programming strategies applied in terms of channels, broadcasting time slots and types of production in a multiplatform context driven by the consumption of digital content through streaming and SVOD services. The results show the continued leadership of cartoons in an environment of scarcity of children’s supply on European generalist television channels, reaffirming itself as a morning and weekend product highly shaped by commercial logics. However, distinctive programmatic policies are prominent in the role of public broadcasters in the supply of domestic products, both due to the broadcasting quotas of local cartoons and the consistency of their strategy over the period 2010-2020.

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Kreitz, Michaël, and Isabelle Doudelle. "Nouveau site « Vigilance » de Météo-France." La Météorologie, no. 110 (2020): 007. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2020-0073.

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Witkowski, Didier. "Le nucléaire et les valeurs des Français en 2020." Revue Générale Nucléaire, no. 4 (July 2020): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rgn/20204028.

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Le Baromètre des Énergies, réalisé chaque année par le CSA pour EDF, permet de suivre l’évolution de l’opinion sur la production d’électricité en France. Mais il enregistre également, avec des questions plus générales, la toile de fond sociologique sur laquelle s’impriment les thématiques énergétiques. L’énergie nucléaire s’inscrit-elle en écho ou en résistance avec les dynamiques sociales actuelles ?

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Randleman, J. Bradley. "The Most Cited Modern Articles in Refractive Surgery (2010–2020)." Journal of Refractive Surgery 39, no. 11 (November 2023): 784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081597x-20230925-01.

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Purpose: To provide a comprehensive analysis of the most highly cited modern articles in refractive surgery, those published between 2010 and 2020, and compare these results to a list of the most highly cited articles in refractive surgery from all timepoints. Methods: The Scopus database was searched for articles pertaining to refractive surgery using multiple search terms to identify the top 100 most cited articles in refractive surgery published between 2010 and 2020. Articles were reviewed for relevance and ranked based on total citations accrued. Results: The 100 most cited modern articles in refractive surgery were identified. The article with the most citations by Sekundo et al has garnered nearly 600 citations to date. Almost all articles (88%) included in the top 100 had 200 or more citations. Intraocular lens (34 articles), keratorefractive lenticule extraction (ie, small incision lenticule extraction) (27 articles), and laser in situ keratomileusis (17 articles) were the predominant topics. Aarhus University in Denmark generated the most articles (5), whereas numerous articles originated from multiple countries, including the United States (16), United Kingdom (10), France (8), Spain (8), China (7), and Germany (7). Conclusions: This list provides a comprehensive assessment of the most cited modern articles in refractive surgery and demonstrates key focuses and trends in the field over the past decade. Intraocular lens and keratorefractive lenticule extraction were the primary topics. There was a broader representation of procedures, topics, authors, and country of origin as compared to prior work. [ J Refract Surg . 2023;39(11):784–790.]

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O’Flaherty, Niamh, Louise Bryce, James Nolan, and Mark Lambert. "Changing Strategies for the Detection of Bacteria in Platelet Components in Ireland: From Primary and Secondary Culture (2010–2020) to Large Volume Delayed Sampling (2020–2023)." Microorganisms 11, no. 11 (November 14, 2023): 2765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112765.

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Bacterial contamination of platelet components (PC) poses the greatest microbial risk to recipients, as bacteria can multiply over the course of PC storage at room temperature. Between 2010 and 2020, the Irish Blood Transfusion Service (IBTS) screened over 170,000 buffy coat-derived pooled (BCDP) and single-donor apheresis platelets (SDAPs) with the BACT/ALERT 3D microbial detection system (Biomerieux, L’Etoile, France), using a two-step screening protocol which incorporated primary and secondary cultures. Although the protocol was successful in averting septic transfusion reactions (STRs), testing large sample volumes at later time points was reported to improve detection of bacterial contamination. A modified large-volume delayed sampling (LVDS)-type protocol was adopted in 2020, which in the case of SDAP was applied to collections rather than individual splits (2020–2023, 44,642 PC screened). Rates of bacterial contamination for BCDP were 0.125% on Day-2, 0.043% on Day-4 vs. 0.191% in the post-LVDS period. SDAP contamination rates in the pre-LVDS period were 0.065% on Day-1, 0.017% on Day-4 vs. 0.072% in the post-LVDS period. Confirmed STRs were absent, and the interdiction rate for possibly contaminated SDAP was over 70%. In the post-LVDS period, BCDPs had a higher total positivity rate than SDAPs, 0.191% (1:525) versus 0.072% (1:1385), respectively, (chi-squared 12.124, 1 df, p = 0.0005). The majority of organisms detected were skin-flora-type, low pathogenicity organisms, including coagulase-negative staphylococci and Cutibacterium acnes, with little change in the frequency of clinically significant organisms identified over time. Both protocols prevented the issue of potentially harmful components contaminated (rarely) with a range of pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Serratia marcesens, Staphylococcus aureus, and streptococci. Culture positivity of outdates post-LVDS whereby 100% of expired platelets are retested provides a residual risk estimate of 0.06% (95% CI 0.016–0.150). However, bacterial contamination rates in expired platelets did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference between the pre-LVDS 0.100% (CI 0.033–0.234) and post-LVDS 0.059% (0.016–0.150) periods (chi-squared = 0.651, 1 df, p = 0.42).

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Nagy, Szeréna. "Gazdaságszerkezet vizsgálata Romániában és az Európai Unió egyes tagállamaiban." Economica 15, no. 1-2 (April 26, 2024): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47282/economica/2024/15/1-2/13278.

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In Romania agriculture plays a crucial role, contributes a large share to GDP production and has a high agricultural potential. The aim of the study is to analyse the farm structure of Romania and of some EU Member States (Hungary, Poland, France, Italy) on the basis of the data of the 2016 Farm Structure Census, the 2010 General Agricultural Census and the preliminary data of the 2020 Agricultural Census. Draw conclusions by processing the aforementioned data, in particular by processing the preliminary data of the 2010 General Agricultural Census and the 2020 General Agricultural Census.

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Olena, SALIKHOVA, and GONCHARENKO Darya. "THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY OF FRANCE." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 109, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2020(109)05.

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RATMANOV, PAVEL. "The representative office of the People's commissariat of health of Soviet Russia in France (1925-1928)." Vestnik obŝestvennogo zdorovʹâ i zdravoohraneniâ Dalʹnego Vostoka Rossii, no. 3 (2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.35177/2226-2342-2020-3-2.

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The paper is devoted to the activities of the Representative Office of the People's Commissariat of Health of the Soviet Russia in France during the period of active economic and scientific and technical cooperation in the second half of the 1920s. After the establishment of bilateral diplomatic relations, official contacts between the USSR and France on medical and health issues became possible. The permanent head of the Representative Office of the People's Commissariat for Health the Soviet Russia in France was Dr. A.N. Rubakin. The representative office of the People's Commissariat of Health of the Soviet Russia in France collected and systematized information material from France on medicine and health care, served doctors sent from the USSR to France, and participated in the publication of joint Soviet-French journals. In 1928 the Representative Office of the People's Commissariat of Health in France was merged with the Representative Office of the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

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NOGAREDA, F., Y. LE STRAT, I. VILLENA, H. DE VALK, and V. GOULET. "Incidence and prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in women in France, 1980–2020: model-based estimation." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 8 (November 14, 2013): 1661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813002756.

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SUMMARYToxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis due to Toxoplasma gondii, a ubiquitous protozoan parasite of warm-blooded animals including humans. In pregnant women, primary infection can cause congenital toxoplasmosis resulting in severe malformations in the newborn. Since 1978, public health authorities in France have implemented a congenital toxoplasmosis prevention programme, including monthly serological screening of all seronegative pregnant women, and treatment in case of seroconversion. However, this programme does not produce systematic surveillance data on incidence and prevalence. Our objective was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of T. gondii infection, and the incidence of seroconversion during pregnancy in women in France. We used a catalytic model to estimate incidence and prevalence of Toxoplasma infection between 1980 and 2020 in women of childbearing age. We used age- and time-specific seroprevalence data obtained from the National Perinatal Surveys (NPS) conducted in 1995, 2003 and 2010. We assumed that incidence depends both on age and calendar time, and can be expressed as the product of two unknown functions. We also estimated incidence of seroconversion during pregnancy in 2010 from the NPS and the National Surveillance of Congenital Toxoplasmosis (ToxoSurv). We combined data of 42208 women aged 15–45 years with serology available from the three NPS. For women aged 30 years the modelled incidence decreased from 7·5/1000 susceptible women in 1980 to 3·5/1000 in 2000. In 2010 the incidence was 2·4/1000. The predicted incidence and prevalence for 2020 was 1·6/1000 and 27%, respectively. The incidence of seroconversion during pregnancy in 2010 was estimated at 2·1/1000 susceptible pregnant women (95% CI 1·3–3·1) from the NPS and 1·9 (95% CI 1·8–2·1) from ToxoSurv. Incidence and prevalence of Toxoplasma infection has decreased markedly during the last 30 years. This decrease may be explained by a lower exposure to the parasite by changes in food habits and by improved hygiene practices in meat production. Modelled estimations were consistent with estimates observed in other studies conducted previously in France. The catalytic modelling provides reliable estimates of incidence and prevalence of Toxoplasma infection over time. This approach might be useful for evaluating preventive programme for toxoplasmosis.

Journal articles on the topic 'France (2020)'

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