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Academic literature on the topic 'Framework RWA'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Framework RWA"

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Hadarics, Márton, and Anna Kende. "A closer look at intergroup threat within the dual process model framework: The mediating role of moral foundations." Psychological Thought 10, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/psyct.v10i1.210.

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In our study we investigated how right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) are related to perceived intergroup threat, and also tested the potential mediating role of individualizing and binding moral foundations within this relationship pattern. According to our results, both RWA and SDO enhanced the perceived threat related to immigration. Furthermore, the effect of SDO was partly mediated by individualizing moral foundations, while the effect of RWA was partly mediated by both kinds of moral foundations. It seems that perceived intergroup threat, at least to some extent, is influenced by personal moral preferences that can be derived from individual dispositions and motivations.
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Mohamad, Siti Nor Amira, Mohamad Yazis Ali Basah, and Muhammad Ridhwan Ab Aziz. "Examining Risk-Weighted Assets (RWA) Performance after Recent Financial Crisis in Malaysian Banking System." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 5 (April 7, 2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n5p129.

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Until recently, there has been only muted debate on the stability of RWA and after the recent financial crisis, the new regulatory framework was introduced that will enrich the quality and level of capital ratios for the banking system. However these capital ratios required to be based on specific risk measurement that permits for appropriate comparison as these gives new prominence to the stability of the underlying RWA. The aim of this paper is to examine the RWA performance after recent global financial crisis in Malaysian banking system. The study uses quantitative approach to examine in detail the RWA performance from year 2012 to 2016 using secondary analysis of bank’s annual report.
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Raju, Chitra, Sudarmani Rajagopal, Kanagaraj Venusamy, Kannadhasan Suriyan, and Manjunathan Alagarsamy. "SDSFLF: fault localization framework for optical communication using software digital switching network." International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v12.i1.pp113-124.

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Optical network is an emerging technology for data communication inworldwide. The information is transmitted from the source to destination through the fiber optics. All optical network (AON) provides good transmission transparency, good expandability, large bandwidth, lower bit error rate (BER), and high processing speed. Link failure and node failure haveconsistently occurred in the traditional methods. In order to overcome the above mentioned issues, this paper proposes a robust software defined switching enabled fault localization framework (SDSFLF) to monitor the node and link failure in an AON. In this work, a novel faulty node localization (FNL) algorithm is exploited to locate the faulty node. Then, the software defined faulty link detection (SDFLD) algorithm that addresses the problem of link failure. The failures are localized in multi traffic stream (MTS) and multi agent system (MAS). Thus, the throughput is improved in SDSFLF compared than other existing methods like traditional routing and wavelength assignment (RWA), simulated annealing (SA) algorithm, attackaware RWA (A-RWA) convex, longest path first (LPF) ordering, and biggest source-destination node degree (BND) ordering. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in terms of network load, wavelength utilization, packet loss rate, and burst loss rate. Hence, proposed SDSFLF assures that high performance is achieved than other traditional techniques.
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Basdogan, Ipek, Laila Mireille Elias, Frank Dekens, and Lisa Sievers. "Predicting the Optical Performance of the Space Interferometry Mission Using a Modeling, Testing, and Validation Methodology." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 129, no. 2 (March 17, 2006): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2202152.

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This paper presents the modeling, testing, and validation methodologies developed to predict the optical performance of the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The modeling methodology combines structural, optical, and control system design within a common state space framework and incorporates reaction wheel assembly (RWA) disturbances to evaluate the end-to-end performance of the system requirements. The validation methodology uses the Micro-Precision Interferometer (MPI) testbed, which is a ground-based, representative hardware model of SIM. In this study, the integrated model of the MPI testbed was used to calculate the transfer functions from RWA input to optical performance output. The model-predicted transfer functions were compared with the MPI testbed measurements, and the accuracy of the integrated model was quantified using a metric that was based on output power of the transfer functions. The RWA disturbances were then propagated through the modeled and measured transfer functions to predict the optical performance of the MPI testbed. This method is called the “decoupled disturbance analysis” and relies on the “blocked” RWA disturbances, measured with the RWA hardmounted to a rigid surface. These predictions were compared with the actual (measured) optical performance of MPI, measured with the RWA mounted to MPI, to evaluate the accuracy of the decoupled disturbance analysis method. The results show that this method is not an accurate representation of the coupled boundary conditions that occurs when the RWA is mounted to the flexible MPI structure. In order to correct for the blocked RWA disturbance boundary conditions, the “coupled disturbance analysis” method was developed. This method uses “force filters” that depend on estimates of the interface accelerances of the RWA and the MPI structure to effectively transform the blocked RWA disturbance measurements into their corresponding “coupled” disturbances (the disturbances that would occur at the coupled RWA-MPI interface). Compared to the decoupled method, the coupled method more accurately predicts the system’s performance. Additionally, the RWA cross-spectral density terms were found to be influential in matching the performance predictions to the measured optical performance of MPI.
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Ricciardi, Sergio, Francesco Palmieri, Ugo Fiore, Davide Careglio, Germán Santos-Boada, and Josep Solé-Pareta. "An energy-aware dynamic RWA framework for next-generation wavelength-routed networks." Computer Networks 56, no. 10 (July 2012): 2420–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2012.03.016.

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Jijun Zhao, Wei Li, Xin Liu, Wenyu Zhao, and M. Maier. "Physical Layer Impairment (PLI)-Aware RWA Algorithm Based on a Bidimensional QoS Framework." IEEE Communications Letters 17, no. 6 (June 2013): 1280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2013.043013.130331.

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Lamprou, Ioannis, Russell Martin, and Paul Spirakis. "Cover Time in Edge-Uniform Stochastically-Evolving Graphs." Algorithms 11, no. 10 (October 2, 2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a11100149.

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We define a general model of stochastically-evolving graphs, namely the edge-uniform stochastically-evolving graphs. In this model, each possible edge of an underlying general static graph evolves independently being either alive or dead at each discrete time step of evolution following a (Markovian) stochastic rule. The stochastic rule is identical for each possible edge and may depend on the past k ≥ 0 observations of the edge’s state. We examine two kinds of random walks for a single agent taking place in such a dynamic graph: (i) The Random Walk with a Delay (RWD), where at each step, the agent chooses (uniformly at random) an incident possible edge, i.e., an incident edge in the underlying static graph, and then, it waits till the edge becomes alive to traverse it. (ii) The more natural Random Walk on what is Available (RWA), where the agent only looks at alive incident edges at each time step and traverses one of them uniformly at random. Our study is on bounding the cover time, i.e., the expected time until each node is visited at least once by the agent. For RWD, we provide a first upper bound for the cases k = 0 , 1 by correlating RWD with a simple random walk on a static graph. Moreover, we present a modified electrical network theory capturing the k = 0 case. For RWA, we derive some first bounds for the case k = 0 , by reducing RWA to an RWD-equivalent walk with a modified delay. Further, we also provide a framework that is shown to compute the exact value of the cover time for a general family of stochastically-evolving graphs in exponential time. Finally, we conduct experiments on the cover time of RWA in edge-uniform graphs and compare the experimental findings with our theoretical bounds.
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Sudama, I. Nyoman. "Conflict within tri hita karana’s fields: A conceptual review." International journal of linguistics, literature and culture 6, no. 6 (October 4, 2020): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v6n6.992.

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The study on Tri Hita Karana mostly focuses on the application of the concept in particular area. Its lack of conjectural discussion opens opportunities for further research. Specifically, conflict is infrequently embraced, despite the fact that dispute is inevitably part of another Balinese balance concept, namely, rwa bhineda. This paper aims to draft a discourse of THK within the standpoint of cultural sociology by tailoring several concepts to identify the raise and possibility of conflict in Balinese social systems. Thence, the paper first reviews THK literatures to examine research conceptions on THK within Balinese customs. Second, the paper proposes extended THK framework to illustrate how conflict can emerge in Balinese practices and explain further understanding of interrelation of THK’s worlds. This paper highlights how the THK can be seen from cultural sociology perspectives to frame the dynamic of Balinese traditions within the contestation of spiritual, nature, and human fields. This study shows that capital play important roles on the Balinese life balance. Capital determines the positions, statuses, competitions, and hence symbolic values of agents in the fields. The paper advocates future theory developments to construct on different framework of THK to better describe the Balinese transitions toward modern cultures.
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Vozzella, Pietro, and Giampaolo Gabbi. "What is good and bad with the regulation supporting the SME’s credit access." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 28, no. 4 (May 1, 2020): 569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-10-2019-0132.

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Purpose This analysis asks whether regulatory capital requirements capture differences in systematic risk for large firms and micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). The authors explore whether bank capital regulations intended to support SMEs’ access to borrowing are effective. The purpose of this paper is to find out whether the regulatory design (particularly the estimate of asset correlations) positively affects the lending process to small and medium enterprises, compared to large corporates. Design/methodology/approach The authors investigate the appropriateness of bank capital requirements considering default risk of loans to MSMEs and distortions in capital charges between MSMEs and large firms under the Basel III framework. The authors compiled firm-level data to capture the proportions of MSMEs and large firms in Italy during 2000–2014. The data set is drawn from financial reports of 708,041 firms over 15 years. Unlike most empirical studies that correlate assets and defaults, this study assesses a firm’s creditworthiness not by agency ratings or by sampling banks but by a specific model to estimate one-year probabilities of default. Findings The authors found that asset correlations increase with firms’ size and that large firms face considerably greater systematic risk than MSMEs. However, the empirical values are much lower than regulatory values. Moreover, when the authors focused on the MSME segment, systematic risk is rather stable and varies significantly with turnover. This analysis showed that the regulatory supporting factor represents a valuable attempt to treat MSME loans more fairly with respect to banks’ capital requirements. Basel III-internal ratings-based approach results show that when the supporting factor is applied, the Risk-Weighted-Assets (RWA) differences between MSMEs and large firms increase. Research limitations/implications The implications of this research is that banking regulators to make MSMEs support more effective should review asset correlation estimation criteria, refining the fitting with empirical evidence. Practical implications The asset correlation parameter stipulated by the Basel framework is invariant with economic cycles, decreases with borrowers’ probability of default and increases with borrowers’ assets. The authors found that those relations do not hold. This way, asset correlations fall below parameters defined by regulatory formula, and SMEs’ credit risk could be overstated, resulting in a capital crunch. Originality/value The original contribution of this paper is to demonstrate that the gap between empirical and regulatory capital charge remains high. When the authors examined the Basel III-IRBA, results showed that when the supporting factor is applied, the RWA differences between MSMEs and large firms increase. This is particularly strong for loans to small- and medium-sized companies. Correctly calibrating asset correlations associated with the supporting factor eliminates regulatory distortions, reducing the gap in capital charges between loans to large corporate and MSMEs.
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Romanov, Dmitry B., Kira G. Serdakova, Olga V. Smirnikova, Ilya I. Khersonsky, and Svetlana E. Kovaleva. "Formation of authoritarian personality within the framework of educational models involving soviet and post-soviet philosophical and ideological specifics." Perspectives of Science and Education 50, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32744/pse.2021.2.3.

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Introduction. The study of authoritarian personality formation factors is becoming increasingly important in connection with the need to assess the efficacy of democratisation and humanisation of the socio-cultural environment. Despite the fact that the dominant trend in modern education is the striving to maximise the resource domain for due realisation of the individual, the authoritarian type of management is quite frequent, continuing to develop in many spheres of social relations. Materials and methods. The authors, in the course of the empirical research, explore the authoritarian personality potential in respondents representing different learning models, by measuring pronouncement of traits characteristic of the authoritarian syndrome, assessing the disposition towards choosing the authoritarian regime as a way to get protected against danger, along with the levels of manifestation of three types of authoritarianism: interpersonal, organisational and socio-political. The designated parametric characteristics are surveyed in respondents with the use of a set of standardised valid diagnostic methods: T. Adorno’s questionnaire “The Authoritarian Personality (F-scale)” (adapted by Denisova); Altemeyer’s questionnaire “Right-Wing Authoritarianism” (RWA) (adapted by Dyakonova); Dakkit’s questionnaire “Faith in a Dangerous World” (adapted by Gulevich, Anikeenok, Bezmenova); Bayazitov’s and Alishev’s questionnaire “The Authoritarian Stereotype”. Results. Following the comparative analysis of the empirical data obtained in the course of the study, a connection was established between the extent of individual’s authoritativeness and the specificity of learning models. It was found out during the analysis of the obtained data, that the level of right-wing authoritarianism measured according to Altemeyer’s method was higher in the elder learners group than in the younger group (the younger group – 15.24 points, the older group – 19.12 points). The level of authoritarianism in the group of older respondents turned out to be statistically much higher according to the consolidated figures under the “Authoritarian stereotype” methodology by Bayazitov and Alishev (the younger group – 4.10 points, the elder group – 4.55 points). Conclusions. The philosophical and ideological platform of educational models influences the process of formation of the authoritarian personality. The influence of the philosophical and ideological platform on the personality may be corrected only through extension of individual resources for comprehending the global sociocultural situation and one’s place in it. The progress in this domain may be facilitated by increasing the credibility of fundamental disciplines, philosophy in the first place, and by the introduction of psychological competence courses in schools for schoolchildren, their parents and teaching staff.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Framework RWA"

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Study, Daniell Jean. "INVESTIGATING EMPLOYABILITY: TESTING THE RAW FRAMEWORK." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/764.

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In a recent model of employability, Hogan, Chamorro-Premuzic, and Kaiser (2013) defined employability as the ability to gain and maintain employment and find new employment when necessary. The authors presented employability as a formative construct containing an ability dimension (the ability to do the job), a social skills dimension (being rewarding to work with), and a motivational dimension (being willing to work hard). There is no question as to whether these three dimensions affect one’s level of employability; research is abundant on the positive relationships between intelligence, social and emotional skills, motivation and career success. However, little research has been conducted to empirically test employability models in their entirety. Thus, the purpose of this research was to test the RAW model of employability, using various indicators of the three RAW dimensions of employability using structural equation modelling. Surveys were administered electronically eliciting both a student and community sample. Marginal support was found for the hypothesized model with post hoc modifications producing an acceptable fitting model. Findings suggest that having the ability and motivation to do the job are related to being employable. However, being rewarding to work may not impact levels of employability, suggesting that employers may be asking for one thing while rewarding another.
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Calçada, Leonardo Ismael Silva. "Robotic process automation e a auditoria financeira : modern framework." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20874.

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Mestrado em Gestão de Sistemas de Informação
A tecnologia está em constante evolução, aparecendo diariamente novas formas de simplificar as atividades humanas, contribuindo para a evolução do tecido empresarial. O impacto desta evolução é visível em todas as áreas de negócio, não sendo diferente na área de auditoria, onde o grande recurso para o efetivo desempenho da função, é o recurso humano. Esta dissertação usa uma nova tecnologia denominada Robotic Process Automation (RPA) e estuda a possibilidade de desenvolver e implementar um protótipo, aplicado a um subprocesso específico do processo de auditoria, com o propósito de combinar a Inteligência Artificial e o RPA. Tendo isto em consideração, o projeto tem os seguintes objetivos: i) propor uma abordagem de implementação de um RPA no processo de auditoria (Framework); ii) validar e analisar a metodologia proposta através da utilização da ferramenta UiPath; e iii) estudar o impacto da implementação desta ferramenta nas diversas fases, desde o seu desenvolvimento até a pós-implementação. De forma a atingir estes objetivos, o projeto tem por base a metodologia Design Science in Information Systems Research que visa resolver um problema permite propor uma solução para um problema organizacional relacionado com a alocação dos recursos humanos a tarefas padrão e repetitivas libertando esforço para atividades cognitivas, mais produtivas e orientadas à criação de valor. Este estudo conclui que é possível desenvolver e implementar um RPA efetivamente no processo de auditoria, recorrendo a um recurso externo.
Technology is constantly evolving, with new ways of simplifying daily human activities, contributing to the evolution of the business. The impact of this evolution is visible in all business areas, even in the audit area, where the greatest resource for the effective performance of the function, is the human resource. This thesis uses a new technology called Robotic Process Automation (RPA) and studies the possibility of developing and implementing a prototype, applied to a specific sub-process of the audit process, with the purpose of combining Artificial Intelligence with RPA. Having this in mind, the project has the following objectives: i) propose an RPA implementation approach in the audit process (Framework); ii) validate and analyse the proposed methodology using the UIPATH tool; and iii) study the impact of implementing this tool at different levels, from development to post-implementation. In order to achieve this, the project uses a Design Science in Information Systems Research methodology that aims to solve an issue related to repetitive and standard tasks executed by human resources in an organisation, towards more productive, value-oriented and cognitive tasks. Furthermore, it develops a prototype for a sub-process selected together with the said company, using UiPath (RPAs development tool), according to a framework developed by us. This study concludes that it is possible to effectively develop and implement an RPA in the audit process resorting to an external source, and without changes to previous procedures and documentation.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Hu, Yin. "A NOVEL COMPUTATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS WITH RNA-SEQ DATA." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cs_etds/17.

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The advance of high-throughput sequencing technologies and their application on mRNA transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) have enabled comprehensive and unbiased profiling of the landscape of transcription in a cell. In order to address the current limitation of analyzing accuracy and scalability in transcriptome analysis, a novel computational framework has been developed on large-scale RNA-seq datasets with no dependence on transcript annotations. Directly from raw reads, a probabilistic approach is first applied to infer the best transcript fragment alignments from paired-end reads. Empowered by the identification of alternative splicing modules, this framework then performs precise and efficient differential analysis at automatically detected alternative splicing variants, which circumvents the need of full transcript reconstruction and quantification. Beyond the scope of classical group-wise analysis, a clustering scheme is further described for mining prominent consistency among samples in transcription, breaking the restriction of presumed grouping. The performance of the framework has been demonstrated by a series of simulation studies and real datasets, including the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast cancer analysis. The successful applications have suggested the unprecedented opportunity in using differential transcription analysis to reveal variations in the mRNA transcriptome in response to cellular differentiation or effects of diseases.
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Honar, Elnaz, and Jahromi Seyed AmirHossein Mortazavi. "A Framework for Call Graph Construction." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Computer Science, Physics and Mathematics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-6629.

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In object oriented programming, a Call Graph represents the calling relationships between the program’s methods. To be more precise, a Call Graph is a rooted directed graph where each node of the graph represents a method and each edge (u, v) represents a method call from method u to method v.

Focus of this thesis is on building a framework for Call Graph construction algorithms which can be used in program analysis. Our framework is able to be initialized by different front-ends and constructs various Call Graph algorithms. Here, we instantiate framework with two bytecode readers (ASM and Soot) as front-ends and implement three Call Graph construction algorithms (CHA, RTA and CTA).

At first, we used two above mentioned bytecode readers to read the bytecode of a specific Java program, then we found reachable methods for each invoked method; meanwhile we kept obtained details on our own data structures.  Creating data structures for storing required information about Classes, Methods, Fields and Statements, gives us a great opportunity to implement an independent framework for applying well known Call Graph algorithms. As a result of these data structures, Call Graph construction will not depend on bytecode readers; since, whenever we read the bytecode of a program, we accumulate all necessary points in pre-defined data structures and implement our Call Graphs based on this accumulated data.

Finally, the result is a framework for different Call Graph construction algorithms which is the goal of this thesis. We tested and evaluated the algorithms with a variety of programs as the benchmark and compared the bytecode readers besides the three Call Graph algorithms in different aspects.

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Giljum, Stefan, Martin Bruckner, and Aldo Martinez. "Material Footprint Assessment in a Global Input-Output Framework." Wiley, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12214.

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Material flow-based indicators play an important role in indicator sets related to green and resource-efficient growth. This paper examines the global flows of materials and the amounts of materials directly and indirectly necessary to satisfy domestic final demand in different countries world-wide. We calculate the indicator Raw Material Consumption (RMC), also referred to as Material Footprint (MF), by applying a global, multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model based on the GTAP database and extended by material extraction data. We examine world-wide patterns of material extraction and materials embodied in trade and consumption, investigating changes between 1997 and 2007. We find that flows of materials related to international trade have increased by almost 60% between 1997 and 2007. We show that the differences in Material Footprints per capita are huge, ranging from up to 100 tonnes in the rich, oil-exporting countries to values as low as 1.5 to 2 tonnes in some developing countries. We also quantify the differences between the indicators Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) and RMC, illustrating that net material exporters generally have a DMC larger than RMC, while the reverse is observed for net importers. Finally, we confirm the fact that most countries with stable or declining DMCs actually show increasing RMCs, indicating the occurrence of leakage effects, which are not fully captured by DMC. This challenges the world-wide use of DMC as a headline indicator for national material consumption and calls for the consideration of upstream material requirements of international trade flows.
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Ahmad, Nazri Azree Shahrel. "Towards development of a combined mathematical and experimental framework for cell reprogramming by RNA silencing." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283898.

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Sohiya, Yotsukura. "Computational Framework for the Dissection of Cancer Genomic Architecture and its Association in Different Biomarkers." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/217149.

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Bura, Cotiso Andrei. "Mathematical frameworks for quantitative network analysis." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/95034.

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This thesis is comprised of three parts. The first part describes a novel framework for computing importance measures on graph vertices. The concept of a D-spectrum is introduced, based on vertex ranks within certain chains of nested sub-graphs. We show that the D- spectrum integrates the degree distribution and coreness information of the graph as two particular such chains. We prove that these spectra are realized as fixed points of certain monotone and contractive SDSs we call t-systems. Finally, we give a vertex deletion algorithm that efficiently computes D-spectra, and we illustrate their correlation with stochastic SIR-processes on real world networks. The second part deals with the topology of the intersection nerve for a bi-secondary structure, and its singular homology. A bi-secondary structure R, is a combinatorial object that can be viewed as a collection of cycles (loops) of certain at most tetravalent planar graphs. Bi-secondary structures arise naturally in the study of RNA riboswitches - molecules that have an MFE binary structural degeneracy. We prove that this loop nerve complex has a euclidean 3-space embedding characterized solely by H2(R), its second homology group. We show that this group is the only non-trivial one in the sequence and furthermore it is free abelian. The third part further describes the features of the loop nerve. We identify certain disjoint objects in the structure of R which we call crossing components (CC). These are non-trivial connected components of a graph that captures a particular non-planar embedding of R. We show that each CC contributes a unique generator to H2(R) and thus the total number of these crossing components in fact equals the rank of the second homology group.
Doctor of Philosophy
This Thesis is divided into three parts. The first part describes a novel mathematical framework for decomposing a real world network into layers. A network is comprised of interconnected nodes and can model anything from transportation of goods to the way the internet is organized. Two key numbers describe the local and global features of a network: the number of neighbors, and the number of neighbors in a certain layer, a node has. Our work shows that there are other numbers in-between the two, that better characterize a node. We also give explicit means of computing them. Finally, we show that these numbers are connected to the way information spreads on the network, uncovering a relation between the network’s structure and dynamics on said network. The last two parts of the thesis have a common theme and study the same mathematical object. In the first part of the two, we provide a new model for the way riboswtiches organize themselves. Riboswitches, are RNA molecules within a cell, that can take two mutually opposite conformations, depending on what function they need to perform within said cell. They are important from an evolutionary standpoint and are actively studied within that context, usually being modeled as networks. Our model captures the shapes of the two possible conformations, and encodes it within a mathematical object called a topological space. Once this is done, we prove that certain numbers that are attached to all topological spaces carry specific values for riboswitches. Namely, we show that the shapes of the two possible conformations for a riboswich are always characterized by a single integer. In the last part of the Thesis we identify what exactly in the structure of riboswitches contributes to this number being large or small. We prove that the more tangled the two conformations are, the larger the number. We can thus conclude that this number is directly proportional to how complex the riboswitch is.
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Bilski, Mateusz. "Migration from blocking to non-blocking web frameworks." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för datalogi och datorsystemteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-5932.

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The problem of performance and scalability of web applications is challenged by most of the software companies. It is difficult to maintain the performance of a web application while the number of users is continuously increasing. The common solution for this problem is scalability. A web application can handle incoming and outgoing requests using blocking or non-blocking Input/Output operation. The way that a single server handles requests affects its ability to scale and depends on a web framework that was used to build the web application. It is especially important for Resource Oriented Architecture (ROA) based applications which consist of distributed Representational State Transfer (REST) web services. This research was inspired by a real problem stated by a software company that was considering the migration to the non-blocking web framework but did not know the possible profits. The objective of the research was to evaluate the influence of web framework's type on the performance of ROA based applications and to provide guidelines for assessing profits of migration from blocking to non-blocking JVM web frameworks. First, internet ranking was used to obtain the list of the most popular web frameworks. Then, the web frameworks were used to conduct two experiments that investigated the influence of web framework's type on the performance of ROA based applications. Next, the consultations with software architects were arranged in order to find a method for approximating the performance of overall application. Finally, the guidelines were prepared based on the consultations and the results of the experiments. Three blocking and non-blocking highly ranked and JVM based web frameworks were selected. The first experiment showed that the non-blocking web frameworks can provide performance up to 2.5 times higher than blocking web frameworks in ROA based applications. The experiment performed on existing application showed average 27\% performance improvement after the migration. The elaborated guidelines successfully convinced the company that provided the application for testing to conduct the migration on the production environment. The experiment results proved that the migration from blocking to non-blocking web frameworks increases the performance of web application. The prepared guidelines can help software architects to decide if it is worth to migrate. However the guidelines are context depended and further investigation is needed to make it more general.
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Dziadzio, Pavel. "Framework pro dynamické vytváření informačního systému." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-235469.

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This thesis analyzes and defines requirements of framework, which helps with quick and effortless development of business information systems. The main goal of the framework is development acceleration, price reduction and overall improvement of product quality. The thesis also compares and evaluates existing tools. The result is detailed design and implementation of own flexible solution that fulfills all defined requirements and removes disadvantages of existing solutions. In the scope for further studies framework development possibilities and directions are listed.
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Books on the topic "Framework RWA"

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Peterson, George L. An improved framework for estimating RPA values. Fort Collins, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1987.

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Peterson, George L. An improved framework for estimating RPA values. Fort Collins, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1987.

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Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), ed. Conceptual framework for minerals analysis in the RPA assessment. Fort Collins, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1993.

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South Africa. Agricultural Marketing Policy Evaluation Committee. A framework for a future agricultural marketing policy for the RSA and the implementation thereof. [Pretoria]: Agricultural Marketing Policy Evaluation Committee, 1994.

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Sergey, Ilinsky, and ebrary Inc, eds. Backbase 4 RIA development: Create enterprise-grade rich Internet applications using the Backbase Client Framework. Birmingham, U.K: Packt Pub., 2009.

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Griffiths, Ian. Programming C# 4. 0: Building Windows, Web, and Ria Applications for the . Net with C#4.0. 6th ed. Cambridge: O'Reilly Media, Incorporated, 2010.

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Poletaeva, Vladislava. Economics of sustainable industrial growth: concept, problems and possible mechanisms of formation. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1086387.

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The monograph examines the issues of transformation of the Russian economy from raw materials export model to a model of sustainable industrial growth. In the first Chapter of the work the author formulates the definition of sustainable economy growth and the expediency of its formation, analyzes the problems that hinder the transformation of national economic system into a model for sustainable industrial growth, and identified possible mechanisms of such transformation. In the second Chapter, in order to determine the sources of the implementation of the financial mechanism of forming of economy of sustainable industrial growth, the author assesses financial potential of economic entities and analyzes the role of the banking sector and the state to invest resources in the Russian economy. In the third Chapter the author provides the rationale (for the decision of task of forming of economy of industrial growth) for the development of cooperation in the banking sector and the state in the financing of manufacturing industry on the basis of realization of interests of all key stakeholders of such projects, identifies the interests of the state, banking sector and manufacturing industries and estimated the fullness of their realization in the framework of the existing mechanisms of the banking and government lending to the economy. Designed for teachers, students of economic specialties, as well as anyone interested in the problems of development of economy in modern conditions.
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Agency, International Atomic Energy, and Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture., eds. Improving animal productivity by supplementary feeding of multinutrient blocks, controlling internal parasites and enhancing utilization of alternate feed resources: A publication prepared under the framework of an RCA project with technical support of the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006.

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Agency, International Atomic Energy, ed. Improving artificial breeding of cattle and buffalo in Asia guidelines and recommendations: A manual prepared under the framework of an IAEA Technical Cooperation Regional RCA Project on "Improving animal productivity and reproductive efficiency", with technical support of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2005.

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Noble, Joshua J. Flex 3 cookbook. Beijing: O'Reilly, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Framework RWA"

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Röder, Konstantin, and Samuela Pasquali. "RNA Modeling with the Computational Energy Framework." In RNA Scaffolds, 49–66. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1499-0_5.

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Herzberg, Amir, and Yosi Mass. "Relying Party Credentials Framework." In Topics in Cryptology — CT-RSA 2001, 328–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45353-9_25.

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Davies, Gareth T., and Martijn Stam. "KDM Security in the Hybrid Framework." In Topics in Cryptology – CT-RSA 2014, 461–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04852-9_24.

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Win, Maung Nyan, Joe C. Liang, and Christina D. Smolke. "Frameworks for Programming RNA Devices." In The Chemical Biology of Nucleic Acids, 323–38. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470664001.ch15.

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Lin, Da, Zejun Xiang, Xiangyong Zeng, and Shasha Zhang. "A Framework to Optimize Implementations of Matrices." In Topics in Cryptology – CT-RSA 2021, 609–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75539-3_25.

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Manfredonia, Ilaria, and Danny Incarnato. "RNA Post-Transcriptional Modification Mapping Data Analysis Using RNA Framework." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 3–13. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1374-0_1.

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Jossinet, Fabrice, and Eric Westhof. "S2S-Assemble2: a Semi-Automatic Bioinformatics Framework to Study and Model RNA 3D Architectures." In Handbook of RNA Biochemistry, 667–86. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527647064.ch31.

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Oh, JungHwan, JeongKyu Lee, Sanjaykumar Kote, and Babitha Bandi. "Multimedia Data Mining Framework for Raw Video Sequences." In Mining Multimedia and Complex Data, 18–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39666-6_2.

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Sarkar, Santanu. "Partial Key Exposure: Generalized Framework to Attack RSA." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 76–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25578-6_7.

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Ponty, Yann, and Cédric Saule. "A Combinatorial Framework for Designing (Pseudoknotted) RNA Algorithms." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 250–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23038-7_22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Framework RWA"

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Sanfedino, Francesco, Daniel Alazard, Valérie Pommier-Budinger, Fabrice Boquet, and Alexandre Falcoz. "A Novel Dynamic Model of a Reaction Wheel Assembly for High Accuracy Pointing Space Missions." In ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-8918.

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This paper proposes a novel dynamic model of a Reaction Wheel Assembly (RWA) based on the Two-Input Two-Output Port framework, already presented by the authors. This method allows the user to study a complex system with a sub-structured approach: each sub-element transfers its dynamic content to the other sub-elements through local attachment points with any set of boundary conditions. An RWA is modelled with this approach and it is then used to study the impact of typical reaction wheel perturbations on a flexible satellite in order to analyze the micro-vibration content for a high accuracy pointing mission. This formulation reveals the impact of any structural design parameter and highlights the need of passive isolators to reduce the micro-vibration issues. The frequency analysis of the transfer between the disturbance sources and the line-of-sight (LOS) jitter highlights the role of the reaction wheel speed on the flexible modes migration and suggests which control strategies can be considered to mitigate the residual micro-vibration content in order to fulfil the mission performances.
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Lau, Nathan, and David Powers. "System-Task Analytical Framework for Monitor Assessment." In 2016 Resilience Week (RWS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rweek.2016.7573330.

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Abdelmalak, Michael, Sean Ericson, Jordan Cox, Mohammed Ben-Idris, and Eliza Hotchkiss. "A Power Outage Data Informed Resilience Assessment Framework." In 2022 Resilience Week (RWS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rws55399.2022.9984016.

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Li, Mingzhe, Xiaoyi Lu, Khaled Hamidouche, Jie Zhang, and Dhabaleswar K. Panda. "Mizan-RMA: Accelerating Mizan Graph Processing Framework with MPI RMA." In 2016 IEEE 23rd International Conference on High Performance Computing (HiPC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hipc.2016.015.

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Patel, Mayank, and Minal Bhise. "Raw Data Processing Framework for IoT." In 2019 11th International Conference on Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/comsnets.2019.8711408.

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Amarasinghe, Kasun, Chathurika Wickramasinghe, Daniel Marino, Craig Rieger, and Milos Manicl. "Framework for Data Driven Health Monitoring of Cyber-Physical Systems." In 2018 Resilience Week (RWS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rweek.2018.8473535.

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Gourisetti, Sri Nikhil Gupta, Michael Mylrea, Travis Ashley, Roger Kwon, Jerry Castleberry, Quinn Wright-Mockler, Penny McKenzie, and Geoffrey Brege. "Demonstration of the Cybersecurity Framework through Real-World Cyber Attack." In 2019 Resilience Week (RWS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rws47064.2019.8971822.

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Fard, Amin Y., Mohammad B. Shadmand, and Sudip K. Mazumder. "Holistic Multi-timescale Attack Resilient Control Framework for Power Electronics Dominated Grid." In 2020 Resilience Week (RWS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rws50334.2020.9241270.

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Phillips, Tyler, Vishvas Chalishazar, Timothy McJunkin, Manisha Maharjan, S. M. Shafiul Alam, Thomas Mosier, and Abhishek Somani. "A Metric Framework for Evaluating the Resilience Contribution of Hydropower to the Grid." In 2020 Resilience Week (RWS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rws50334.2020.9241249.

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Wei, Longfei, Aditya Sundararajan, Arif I. Sarwat, Saroj Biswas, and Erfan Ibrahim. "A distributed intelligent framework for electricity theft detection using benford's law and stackelberg game." In 2017 Resilience Week (RWS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rweek.2017.8088640.

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Reports on the topic "Framework RWA"

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Pichler, Rupert. The Research Financing Act. A New Framework for Publicly Funded Research in Austria and its Impact on Evaluation. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2021.514.

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On 7 July 2020, the National Council – the first chamber of the Austrian Parliament – passed a package of legislation introducing a new framework for the methods of allocating federal budgets to research, technology, and innovation (RTI). Its core is the Research Financing Act (RFA), complemented by several amendments to existing laws that are necessary for its implementation. Entry into force was on 25 July 2020, the amendments became effective as of 1 January 2021 (BGBl1. I No. 75/20202). The RFA is the biggest legislative project in the field of RTI policy since 2004 when the Research Funding Agency (FFG) was established (Pichler et al. 2007, pp. 329-336; Stampfer et al. 2010, pp. 775-776). For the first time, budget law regulations are now aligned with the needs of institutions performing or funding RTI (Pichler 2021). This article outlines the background and content of the RFA and concludes with a view on the significance of evaluation within the new system.
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Lewis, S., and R. Aadland. Hydrogeologic settings of A/M Area: Framework for groundwater transport. Book 5, Geophysical Logs MSB-55TA to RWM-16. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/69348.

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Niebler, Rebecca. Abfallwirtschaftliche Geschäftsmodelle für Textilien in der Circular Economy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627833.

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This master thesis explores the challenges for waste management business models in the field of textiles regarding the requirements of the circular economy, as well as improvement potentials in the current framework conditions. It is concerned with the research question: "Is it advisable to change the frame-work conditions at meso or macro level, with regard to business models for waste management companies in the textile sector that are oriented towards the requirements of the circular economy, and - if so - in what way?” The approach of the study is based on the delta analysis of the e Society for Institutional Analysis at the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences. It compares the target state of the normative requirements with the actual state of the textile and waste management framework conditions and attempts to identify the gaps (the delta). Based on the delta, it develops approaches that are intended to help reduce the gaps. The thesis develops three business models for the target year 2025 in different areas: an exchange platform for sorters, recyclers and designers, an automatic sorting plant and a plant for fibre-to-fibre recycling of mixed materials. It is becoming clear that these business models cannot meet the target requirements for the circular economy. The analysis identifies the remaining gaps in the framework conditions as the main problem. For example, insufficient innovation impulses and the lack of competitiveness of secondary raw materials inhibit the actors from applying and using new technologies and business models. Restricted access to knowledge and information, as well as a lack of transparency between the actors, also prove to be problematic. In order to answer the research question, the study recommends altering the framework conditions at meso and macro level. It proposes a platform for cooperation between designers, the introduction of a material declaration system and an eco-design guideline for textiles as possible development options. In addition, this work offers a matrix of criteria to help the actors test and improve their new waste management business models regarding their suitability for the circular economy. The analysis is carried out from an outsider's perspective on the entire textile industry. It therefore cannot cover and deal with all aspects and individual circumstances of each player in detail. The necessary changes in the framework conditions that have been identified can therefore be used as a basis for further investigations.
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Skalski, John R., and Roger F. Ngouenet. Monitoring and Evaluation of Smolt Migration in the Columbia Basin : Volume VII : Evaluation of the Compliance Testing Framework for RPA Improvement as Stated in the 2000 Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS) Biological Opinion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/961873.

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Berube, Paul M., Scott M. Gifford, Bonnie Hurwitz, Bethany Jenkins, Adrian Marchetti, and Alyson E. Santoro. Roadmap Towards Communitywide Intercalibration and Standardization of Ocean Nucleic Acids ‘Omics Measurements. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/28054.

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In January 2020, the US Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry (OCB) Project Office funded the Ocean Nucleic Acids 'omics Intercalibration and Standardization workshop held at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. Thirty-two participants from across the US, along with guests from Canada and France, met to develop a framework for standardization and intercalibration (S&I) of ocean nucleic acid ‘omics (na’omics) approaches (i.e., amplicon sequencing, metagenomics and metatranscriptomics). During the three-day workshop, participants discussed numerous topics, including: a) sample biomass collection and nucleic acid preservation for downstream analysis, b) extraction protocols for nucleic acids, c) addition of standard reference material to nucleic acid isolation protocols, d) isolation methods unique to RNA, e) sequence library construction, and f ) integration of bioinformatic considerations. This report provides a summary of these and other topics covered during the workshop and a series of recommendations for future S&I activities for na’omics approaches.
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Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Exploring General and Specific Regulators of Phase Transitions for Crop Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699851.bard.

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The transition of plants from a juvenile to adult growth phase entails a wide range of changes in growth habit, physiological competence and composition. Strikingly, most of these changes are coordinated by the expression of a single regulator, micro RNA 156 (miR156) that coordinately regulates a family of SBP genes containing a miR156 recognition site in the coding region or in their 3’ UTR. In the framework of this research, we have taken a broad taxonomic approach to examine the role of miR156 and other genetic regulators in phase change transition and its implication to plant development and crop improvement. We set to: Determine the common and unique factors that are altered upon juvenile to adult phase transition. Determine the functions of select miR156 target genes in tomato and maize, and identify those targets that mediate phase transition. Characterize the role of miR172 and its targets in tomato phase change. Determine the relationships between the various molecular circuits directing phase change. Determine the effects of regulated manipulation of phase change genes on plant architecture and if applicable, productivity. In the course of the study, a new technology for gene expression was introduced – next generation sequencing (NGS). Hence some of the original experiments that were planned with other platforms of RNA profiling, primarily Affymetrix arrays, were substituted with the new technology. Yet, not all were fully completed. Moreover, once the initial stage was completed, each group chose to focus its efforts on specific components of the phase change program. The Israeli group focused on the roles of the DELAYED SYMPODIAL TERMINATION and FALSIFLORA factors in tomato age dependent programs whereas the US group characterized in detail the role of miR156 (also termed Cg) in other grasses and in maize, its interplay with the many genes encoding miR172.
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Corlin Christensen, Rasmus, Martin Hearson, and Tovony Randriamanalina. At the Table, Off the Menu? Assessing the Participation of Lower-Income Countries in Global Tax Negotiations. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.004.

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Since 2013, the formal structure of global corporate tax policymaking at the OECD has changed. Decisions are no longer made by 37 OECD members, but by 137 countries from all regions and levels of development through the ‘Inclusive Framework’ (IF). Official documentation emphasises that all countries participate on an ‘equal footing’, but some participants and observers have emphasised that developing countries in particular face practical obstacles that lead to unequal participation in practice. In this paper, we assess these claims, drawing primarily on 48 interviews with negotiators, policymakers and stakeholders involved in global tax discussions. We find that the explosion in formal membership has not in itself led to the step-change in developing country influence that the raw numbers imply. This is because of a combination of structural obstacles that are not unique to the IF, and some challenging aspects of the OECD’s way of working. Yet, lower-income countries have made some modest achievements to date, and there are signs of incremental progress towards a more effective presence. We develop a typology of mechanisms through which successes have been achieved: association with the efforts of more powerful states, anticipation of lower-income countries’ needs by the OECD secretariat and others, collaboration to form more powerful coalitions, and the emergence of expert negotiators with individual authority.
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Ruiz de Gauna, Itziar, Anil Markandya, Laura Onofri, Francisco (Patxi) Greño, Javier Warman, Norma Arce, Alejandra Navarrete, et al. Economic Valuation of the Ecosystem Services of the Mesoamerican Reef, and the Allocation and Distribution of these Values. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003289.

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Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth. The Mesoamerican Reef contains the largest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. However, its health is threatened, so there is a need for a management and sustainable conservation. Key to this is knowing the economic value of the ecosystem. “Mainstreaming the value of natural capital into policy decision-making is vital” The value of environmental and natural resources reflects what society is willing to pay for a good or service or to conserve natural resources. Conventional economic approaches tended to view value only in terms of the willingness to pay for raw materials and physical products generated for human production and consumption (e.g. fish, mining materials, pharmaceutical products, etc.). As recognition of the potential negative impacts of human activity on the environment became more widespread, economists began to understand that people might also be willing to pay for other reasons beyond the own current use of the service (e.g. to protect coral reefs from degradation or to know that coral reefs will remain intact in the future). As a result of this debate, Total Economic Value (TEV) became the most widely used and commonly accepted framework for classifying economic benefits of ecosystems and for trying to integrate them into decision-making. This report estimates the economic value of the following goods and services provided by the MAR's coral reefs: Tourism & Recreation, Fisheries, Shoreline protection. To our knowledge, the inclusion of non-use values in the economic valuation of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System is novel, which makes the study more comprehensive.
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Desiderati, Christopher. Carli Creek Regional Water Quality Project: Assessing Water Quality Improvement at an Urban Stormwater Constructed Wetland. Portland State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.78.

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Stormwater management is an ongoing challenge in the United States and the world at-large. As state and municipal agencies grapple with conflicting interests like encouraging land development, complying with permits to control stormwater discharges, “urban stream syndrome” effects, and charges to steward natural resources for the long-term, some agencies may turn to constructed wetlands (CWs) as aesthetically pleasing and functional natural analogs for attenuating pollution delivered by stormwater runoff to rivers and streams. Constructed wetlands retain pollutants via common physical, physicochemical, and biological principles such as settling, adsorption, or plant and algae uptake. The efficacy of constructed wetlands for pollutant attenuation varies depending on many factors such as flow rate, pollutant loading, maintenance practices, and design features. In 2018, the culmination of efforts by Clackamas Water Environment Services and others led to the opening of the Carli Creek Water Quality Project, a 15-acre constructed wetland adjacent to Carli Creek, a small, 3500-ft tributary of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, OR. The combined creek and constructed wetland drain an industrialized, 438-acre, impervious catchment. The wetland consists of a linear series of a detention pond and three bioretention treatment cells, contributing a combined 1.8 acres of treatment area (a 1:243 ratio with the catchment) and 3.3 acre-feet of total runoff storage. In this study, raw pollutant concentrations in runoff were evaluated against International Stormwater BMP database benchmarks and Oregon Water Quality Criteria. Concentration and mass-based reductions were calculated for 10 specific pollutants and compared to daily precipitation totals from a nearby precipitation station. Mass-based reductions were generally higher for all pollutants, largely due to runoff volume reduction on the treatment terrace. Concentration-based reductions were highly variable, and suggested export of certain pollutants (e.g., ammonia), even when reporting on a mass-basis. Mass load reductions on the terrace for total dissolved solids, nitrate+nitrite, dissolved lead, and dissolved copper were 43.3 ± 10%, 41.9 ± 10%, 36.6 ± 13%, and 43.2 ± 16%, respectively. E. coli saw log-reductions ranging from -1.3 — 3.0 on the terrace, and -1.0 — 1.8 in the creek. Oregon Water Quality Criteria were consistently met at the two in-stream sites on Carli Creek for E. coli with one exception, and for dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper (with one exception for copper). However, dissolved total solids at the downstream Carli Creek site was above the Willamette River guidance value 100 mg/L roughly 71% of the time. The precipitation record during the study was useful for explaining certain pollutant reductions, as several mechanisms are driven by physical processes, however it was not definitive. The historic rain/snow/ice event in mid-February 2021 appeared to impact mass-based reductions for all metals. Qualitatively, precipitation seemed to have the largest effect on nutrient dynamics, specifically ammonia-nitrogen. Determining exact mechanisms of pollutant removals was outside the scope of this study. An improved flow record, more targeted storm sampling, or more comprehensive nutrient profiles could aid in answering important questions on dominant mechanisms of this new constructed wetland. This study is useful in establishing a framework and baseline for understanding this one-of-a-kind regional stormwater treatment project and pursuing further questions in the future.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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