Academic literature on the topic 'Framed local systems'
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Journal articles on the topic "Framed local systems"
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Baldy, Jana. "Framing a Sustainable Local Food System—How Smaller Cities in Southern Germany Are Facing a New Policy Issue." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 21, 2019): 1712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061712.
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Since Agenda 21, the local level has become important in terms of facing global challenges through local action. One of these is ensuring the sustainability of the food system. In German politics, this is a relatively new issue even at the local level. Nevertheless, two smaller cities in southern Germany have decided to change their local food systems towards sustainability. Hence, this paper deals with questions of how local actors are framing the food system and what this means for increasing sustainability. The analysis of qualitative interviews and participant observations based on frame analysis provides deeper insights into understandings of local food systems by actors. This paper aims to explore how framings of problems, solutions and motivations provide or restrict opportunities to increase local food system sustainability. Terms like sustainability or awareness are framed differently. Using the same term to mean different things can have negative effects on the acceptance of policymaking referring to food system transformation. Besides, this paper shows that omissions within the framing counteract the development of sustainable local food policy. Hence, it is important to reflect the political implications of absent framings as well to facilitate mutual understanding and consequently, food system change.
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Moallemi, Enayat A., Edoardo Bertone, Sibel Eker, Lei Gao, Katrina Szetey, Nick Taylor, and Brett A. Bryan. "A review of systems modelling for local sustainability." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 113004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2f62.
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Abstract The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent a holistic and ambitious agenda for transforming the world towards societal well-being, economic prosperity, and environmental protection. Achieving the SDGs is, however, challenged by the performance of interconnected sectors and the complexity of their interactions which drive non-linear system responses, tipping points, and spillover effects. Systems modelling, as an integrated way of thinking about and modelling multisectoral dynamics, can help explain how feedback interactions within and among different sectors can lead to broader system transformation and progress towards the SDGs. Here, we review how system dynamics, as a prominent systems modelling approach, can inform and contribute to sustainability research and implementation, framed by the SDGs. We systematically analyse 357 system dynamics studies undertaken at the local scale where the most important SDG impacts and their initiators are often located, published between 2015 (i.e. SDGs’ inception) and 2020. We analyse the studies to illuminate strengths and limitations in four key areas: diversity of scope; interdisciplinarity of the approaches; the role of stakeholder participation; and the analysis of SDG interactions. Our review highlights opportunities for a better consideration of societal aspects of sustainable development (e.g. poverty, inequality) in modelling efforts; integrating with new interdisciplinary methods to leverage system dynamics modelling capabilities; improving genuine stakeholder engagement for credibility and impacts on the ground; and a more in-depth analysis of SDG interactions (i.e. synergies and trade-offs) with the feedback-rich structure of system dynamics models.
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Michálková, Daniela, and Pavol Ďurica. "Experimental Verification of Thermal Insulation in Timber Framed Walls." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 2040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062040.
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Current environmental crisis calls for sustainable solutions in the building industry. One of the possible solutions is to incorporate timber-framed constructions into designs. Among other benefits, these structures are well established in many countries, originating in traditional building systems. This paper focuses on experimental timber-frame walls. Different wall assemblies vary in thermal insulation materials and their combinations. We investigated ten experimental wall structures that have been exposed to natural external boundary conditions since 2015. The emphasis was on their state in terms of visual deterioration, mass moisture content, and thermal conductivity coefficient. We detected several issues, including defects caused by inappropriate realization, causing local moisture increase. Material settlement in loose-fill thermal insulation was another issue. Concerning was a significant change in the thermal conductivity of wood fiber insulation, where the current value almost doubled in one case compared to the design value determined by the producer.
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Hayes, Samuel J., Adam Barker, and Carys E. Jones. "Re-Examining the Rationale for Strategic Assessment: An Evaluation of Purpose in Two Systems." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 19, no. 04 (December 2017): 1750020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s146433321750020x.
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Strategic forms of impact assessment have seen increased application around the world since their conception. Expansion has produced considerable variation and this range of tools and processes can create practitioner confusion and blurred boundaries in practice. This research draws on empirical data from England and Scotland to examine different systems to understand how the purposes of strategic assessment are framed and to consider how purposes are translated into practice. Four key purposes of strategic assessment are examined; overcoming EIA shortcomings, strategic thinking, representation of the environment and consideration of sustainability. It is concluded that various scales (international, national, local and individual) influence how strategic assessment purpose is framed. We find that as multiple purposes come together they interact, with regulatory compliance potentially dominating. Strategic assessment is also found to be described as information provider, and excluded or distant from strategic thinking as part of plan formulation.
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Das, Sanmay. "Local Justice and the Algorithmic Allocation of Scarce Societal Resources." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 11 (June 28, 2022): 12250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i11.21486.
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AI is increasingly used to aid decision-making about the allocation of scarce societal resources, for example housing for homeless people, organs for transplantation, and food donations. Recently, there have been several proposals for how to design objectives for these systems that attempt to achieve some combination of fairness, efficiency, incentive compatibility, and satisfactory aggregation of stakeholder preferences. This paper lays out possible roles and opportunities for AI in this domain, arguing for a closer engagement with the political philosophy literature on local justice, which provides a framework for thinking about how societies have over time framed objectives for such allocation problems. It also discusses how we may be able to integrate into this framework the opportunities and risks opened up by the ubiquity of data and the availability of algorithms that can use them to make accurate predictions about the future.
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Ali, Christopher. "A broadcast system in whose interest? Tracing the origins of broadcast localism in Canadian and Australian television policy, 1950–1963." International Communication Gazette 74, no. 3 (March 28, 2012): 277–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748048511432608.
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The television systems of Canada and Australia are often assumed to be similar if not synonymous. Both are dominated by American imports; rely on a networking of stations; and trace their media systems to a combination of American and British influence. Moreover, in the past decade, both have implemented tremendous changes to their broadcast policies, particularly with regard to local television. Yet despite these similarities, scholars have never critically reflected on the evolution of these countries’ local television policies. As such, this article concentrates on how Canada and Australia have historically framed, defined, and implemented the concept of localism in broadcast policy. Through an analysis of policy documents from 1950 to 1963, the argument is made that when compared with Australia, localism was not an immediate priority, but rather a taken-for-granted assumption by Canadian policy-makers. Thus, the nationalism debate in Canadian television was fought at the expense of the local.
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Schumacher, John. "The Age-Friendly University Umbrella: New Synergies for Gerontology Programs, Aging Centers, and Health Systems." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1792.
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Abstract Higher education has a tentative relationship with gerontology programs and research centers. Despite demographic shifts, academic gerontology serves a modest student body and attracts limited research/scholarly interest. Our new Age Friendly University (AFU) designation served to motivate our university leaders and faculty to re-imagine how aging issues are fundamental to our mission framed by: 1) Interdisciplinarity; 2) Intergenerational relations; and 3) Inclusiveness of the life course. Additionally, the AFU initiative energized the relationships among our health professions schools, academic departments, and research center to collaborate on grant opportunities. Our AFU also started collaborating with a local health system seeking Age Friendly Health System status. Finally, our AFU designation raised visibility with our three local county governments who had just received Age Friendly Community status. Our AFU efforts have served as an inclusive umbrella to attract new, interested partners in our shared effort to improve the lives of older adults. Part of a symposium sponsored by Directors of Aging Centers Interest Group.
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Allen, Lawrence R., Barry A. Garst, Edmond P. Bowers, and Kennedy K. Onyiko. "Building a Youth Development System in Kenya: Comparing Kenyan Perceptions of Local and National Systems." Journal of Youth Development 11, no. 3 (January 4, 2017): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2016.461.
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The purpose of this paper is to begin a dialogue of developing a integrated and comprehensive system for youth in Kenya by identifying factors impacting the creation of a youth development system and exploring recommendations supporting and advancing such a system. The results of two collaborative assessments of the needs and strengths of Kenyan youth and the youth-serving programs based on the perspectives of practitioners, policy-makers, and scholars of youth-development are presented. The study was framed from the perspective of a systems approach to youth development in Kenya (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006; Overton & Lerner, 2012). Osgood (2012) identifies four steps for developing a systems approach for serving the needs of youth: (1) self-assessment, (2) goal identification, (3) planning, and (4) networking. The first step, self-assessment, was initiated through a SWOT analysis with two different groups of youth development professionals across a 2-year period (2014-2015). The 2014 SWOT analysis presented the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to developing a youth development system from a national level, whereas the 2015 SWOT analysis focused on these same factors but from a more local level of youth development programs and services. The results of these two analyses are presented and initial recommendations for building a more integrated and comprehensive youth development system in Kenya are presented. The need for further input and investigation is also discussed.
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Silva, Nathália Thaís Cosmo da, Urbano Fra.Paleo, and José Ambrósio Ferreira Neto. "Conflicting Discourses on Wildfire Risk and the Role of Local Media in the Amazonian and Temperate Forests." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 10, no. 4 (December 2019): 529–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-019-00243-z.
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AbstractThis article examines how risk is communicated by different actors, particularly local print newspapers and actors at the community level, in two different geographical contexts that are severely affected by wildfires—the Brazilian Amazon and Atlantic Spain. We analyzed how wildfire risk is framed in local print media and local actor discourse to elucidate how wildfire risk is interpreted and aimed to identify the main priorities of these risk governance systems. The main findings reveal that the presentation of wildfire as a spectacle is a serious obstacle to the promotion of coherent risk governance and social learning, which involves recognizing wildfire risk as a social, political, economic, and environmental problem. Proactive risk governance should communicate the multifaceted nature of risk and stimulate dialogue and negotiation among all actors to build consensus regarding land use and the creation of risk.
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Banda, Felix, and Dennis Banda. "Framing Theoretical/Conceptual Frameworks and Research Processes in African Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Everyday Experiences." Excellence in Higher Education 8 (January 17, 2019): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ehe.2018.156.
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This article shows how indigenous knowledge systems and everyday experiences can be used to scaffold theoretical and analytical frameworks as well as to teach aspects of research processes and procedures in a non-intimidating way. We use everyday African experiences and proverbs to show that production of new knowledge does not have to be in English and associated exogenous culture; rather it will be more expedient and have lifelong impact on students if expressed in familiar language practices and knowledge systems. Eurocentric-based epistemologies and knowledge systems will only have profound meaning in Africa if framed in and expressed through local indigenous knowledge systems. We conclude that there is need for research protocols and theoretical/analytical frameworks to be filtered through African socio-cultural contexts and knowledge systems for comprehensive and culturally-relevant meaning making. This would dispel the current obsession with ritualized research, the mysticism associated with Eurocentric research, and perceptions that only formally-educated people are eligible to do research.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Framed local systems"
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Kineider, Clarence. "Partial abelianization of GLn-local systems and non-commutative A-coordinates." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023STRAD059.
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Dans cette thèse, nous avons pour objectif d'étudier les espaces de modules des G-systèmes locaux sur une surface ciliée S pour divers groupes de Lie G. Nous généralisons une construction de Gaiotto-Moore-Neitzke appelée « abélianisation », permettant que cette procédure soit réalisée de manière « partielle ». Le résultat de cette procédure généralisée nous permet de décrire la topologie de sous-espaces ouverts denses à dans l'espace de modules des GL_2n-systèmes locaux, et en collaboration avec Eugen Rogozinnikov, nousavons étendu davantage la procédure d'abélianisation aux systèmes locaux symplectiques, nous permettant de décrire la topologie des sous-espaces ouverts denses à l'intérieur de l'espace de modules des systèmes locaux symplectiques. En particulier, nous décrivons la topologie de l'ensemble des représentations maximales d'un groupe de surface percée dans un groupe symplectique Sp(A, s) sur une algèbre symétrique (A, s).Étant donné les liens étroits entre la construction originale de Gaiotto-Moore-Neitzke et les coordonnées de cluster de Fock-Goncharov, un autre avantage de la construction d'abélianisation généralisée est qu'elle nous aide à définir et étudier une généralisation non-commutative des coordonnées A de Fock-Goncharov. Lorsque G = GL_2n(R), nous montrons que ces coordonnées A non commutatives définissent une représentation de l'algèbre non commutative A_S introduite par Berenstein-Retakh. Ces coordonnées A non commutatives se restreignent également à des coordonnées non commutatives sur l'espace des représentations symplectiques avec un encadrement lagrangienIn this thesis, we aim to study moduli spaces of G-local systems over a ciliated surface S for various Lie groups G. We generalize a construction of Gaiotto-Moore-Neitzke called abelianization, allowing this procedure to be conducted ''partially''. The result of this generalized procedure allow us to describe the topology of open dense subspaces inside the moduli space of GL_2n-local systems, and together with Eugen Rogozinnikov we extended further the abelianization procedure to symplectic local systems, allowing us to describe the topology of open dense subspaces inside the moduli space of symplectic local systems. In particular, we describe the topology of the set of maximal representations of a punctured surface group into a symplectic group Sp(A,s) over a symmetric algebra (A,s). Given the strong relations between the original construction by Gaiotto-Moore-Neitzke andFock-Goncharov cluster coordinates, another benefit of the generalized abelianization construction is that it help us define and study a non-commutative generalization of Fock-Goncharov A-coordinates. When G = GL_2n(R), we show that these non-commutative A-coordinates define a representation of the non-commutative algebra A_S introduced by Berenstein-Retakh. These non-commutative A-coordinates also restrict to non-commutative coordinates on the space of symplectic representations with lagrangian framing
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Telue, Yaip K. "Behaviour and design of plasterboard lined cold-formed steel stud wall systems under axial compression." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.
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Gypsum Plasterboard is « commonrliningimateriaL It is often used. with cold+ formed steel in wall, frame systems.'· It is used eitheD with lipped or- unlipped- (plain) C-·
sections in the construction of both the load bearing and non-load bearing walls in residential, industrial and commercial buildings. This type of construction is
common in Australia, the USA and Europe. In Australia plasterboard is commonly used in external walls with brick veneer as the outer skin of buildings. Plasterboard, however, is considered as a non-structural material and in the design of the studs in wall frames, the strengthening effects of the plasterboard in carrying axial (or other) loads is ignored. The Australian standard for cold-formed steel structures AS/NZS 4600 ( 1996) permits the use of lateral and rotational support to the steel studs in the plane of the wall provided by the lining material. However, it does not specify the magnitude of lateral or rotational support that can be used for the stud wall frames. Miller and Pekoz (1994a) have carried out experiments on studs
subjected to axial compression loads and concluded that the experimental results contradict the shear diaphragm model assumed by American specification (AISI, ... , ,..,. ..
1986).
A suitable design method to accurately predict the structural behaviour of studs under axial compression, bending and combined ·.axial compression and bending is
required. As a first step in the development of the design methods, the axial compression loads must be studied. The objective of this research is therefore to determine a design model for the gypsum plasterboard lined cold-formed steel stud walls that can accurately represent their behaviour and to accurately predict the ultimate strength of the stud walls under axial compression. For this purpose, an extensive research project was undertaken using the following: 20 full scale tests on typical cold-formed steel stud wall frames (unlined, one side and both sides lined), 24 short stud column tests to study the effects of plasterboard lining on local buckling of flanges, fmite element analysis (FEA) of full scale cold-
Y.K Telue: Behaviour and design of plasterboard lined cold-formed steel studwall·systems formed steel stud wall frames including validation with full scale test results and a
detailed parametric study using FEA. It has been shown in this research that lining the plasterboard on one or both sides can increase the ultimate load of the' stud considerably. The Australian -and AISI specifications were found to be inadequate in predicting the ultimate loads and
failure modes of the studs. This research has shown that by using appropriate effective length factors, the ultimate load and the failure modes of both the unlined and the. lined studs can be accurately .predicted using the provisions of AS/NZS 4600 (1996). In the case of lined studs, it has been shown that the effective length factors in the plane of the wall and· .for torsion can be related to the ratio of the fastener spacing to the total unbraced height' of the studs. The thesis also presents design rules
that can accurately predict the ultimate load and the failure mode of slender web studs lined on one or both sides.
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Gunalan, Shanmuganathan. "Structural behaviour and design of cold-formed steel wall systems under fire conditions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/49799/1/Shanmuganathan_Gunalan_Thesis.pdf.
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In recent times, light gauge steel framed (LSF) structures, such as cold-formed steel wall systems, are increasingly used, but without a full understanding of their fire performance. Traditionally the fire resistance rating of these load-bearing LSF wall systems is based on approximate prescriptive methods developed based on limited fire tests. Very often they are limited to standard wall configurations used by the industry. Increased fire rating is provided simply by adding more plasterboards to these walls. This is not an acceptable situation as it not only inhibits innovation and structural and cost efficiencies but also casts doubt over the fire safety of these wall systems. Hence a detailed fire research study into the performance of LSF wall systems was undertaken using full scale fire tests and extensive numerical studies. A new composite wall panel developed at QUT was also considered in this study, where the insulation was used externally between the plasterboards on both sides of the steel wall frame instead of locating it in the cavity. Three full scale fire tests of LSF wall systems built using the new composite panel system were undertaken at a higher load ratio using a gas furnace designed to deliver heat in accordance with the standard time temperature curve in AS 1530.4 (SA, 2005). Fire tests included the measurements of load-deformation characteristics of LSF walls until failure as well as associated time-temperature measurements across the thickness and along the length of all the specimens. Tests of LSF walls under axial compression load have shown the improvement to their fire performance and fire resistance rating when the new composite panel was used. Hence this research recommends the use of the new composite panel system for cold-formed LSF walls. The numerical study was undertaken using a finite element program ABAQUS. The finite element analyses were conducted under both steady state and transient state conditions using the measured hot and cold flange temperature distributions from the fire tests. The elevated temperature reduction factors for mechanical properties were based on the equations proposed by Dolamune Kankanamge and Mahendran (2011). These finite element models were first validated by comparing their results with experimental test results from this study and Kolarkar (2010). The developed finite element models were able to predict the failure times within 5 minutes. The validated model was then used in a detailed numerical study into the strength of cold-formed thin-walled steel channels used in both the conventional and the new composite panel systems to increase the understanding of their behaviour under nonuniform elevated temperature conditions and to develop fire design rules. The measured time-temperature distributions obtained from the fire tests were used. Since the fire tests showed that the plasterboards provided sufficient lateral restraint until the failure of LSF wall panels, this assumption was also used in the analyses and was further validated by comparison with experimental results. Hence in this study of LSF wall studs, only the flexural buckling about the major axis and local buckling were considered. A new fire design method was proposed using AS/NZS 4600 (SA, 2005), NAS (AISI, 2007) and Eurocode 3 Part 1.3 (ECS, 2006). The importance of considering thermal bowing, magnified thermal bowing and neutral axis shift in the fire design was also investigated. A spread sheet based design tool was developed based on the above design codes to predict the failure load ratio versus time and temperature for varying LSF wall configurations including insulations. Idealised time-temperature profiles were developed based on the measured temperature values of the studs. This was used in a detailed numerical study to fully understand the structural behaviour of LSF wall panels. Appropriate equations were proposed to find the critical temperatures for different composite panels, varying in steel thickness, steel grade and screw spacing for any load ratio. Hence useful and simple design rules were proposed based on the current cold-formed steel structures and fire design standards, and their accuracy and advantages were discussed. The results were also used to validate the fire design rules developed based on AS/NZS 4600 (SA, 2005) and Eurocode Part 1.3 (ECS, 2006). This demonstrated the significant improvements to the design method when compared to the currently used prescriptive design methods for LSF wall systems under fire conditions. In summary, this research has developed comprehensive experimental and numerical thermal and structural performance data for both the conventional and the proposed new load bearing LSF wall systems under standard fire conditions. Finite element models were developed to predict the failure times of LSF walls accurately. Idealized hot flange temperature profiles were developed for non-insulated, cavity and externally insulated load bearing wall systems. Suitable fire design rules and spread sheet based design tools were developed based on the existing standards to predict the ultimate failure load, failure times and failure temperatures of LSF wall studs. Simplified equations were proposed to find the critical temperatures for varying wall panel configurations and load ratios. The results from this research are useful to both structural and fire engineers and researchers. Most importantly, this research has significantly improved the knowledge and understanding of cold-formed LSF loadbearing walls under standard fire conditions.
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Baleshan, Balachandren. "Numerical and experimental studies of cold-formed steel floor systems under standard fire conditions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/53096/1/Balachandren_Baleshan_Thesis.pdf.
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Light gauge cold-formed steel frame (LSF) structures are increasingly used in industrial, commercial and residential buildings because of their non-combustibility, dimensional stability, and ease of installation. A floor-ceiling system is an example of its applications. LSF floor-ceiling systems must be designed to serve as fire compartment boundaries and provide adequate fire resistance. Fire rated floor-ceiling assemblies formed with new materials and construction methodologies have been increasingly used in buildings. However, limited research has been undertaken in the past and hence a thorough understanding of their fire resistance behaviour is not available. Recently a new composite panel in which an external insulation layer is used between two plasterboards has been developed at QUT to provide a higher fire rating to LSF floors under standard fire conditions. But its increased fire rating could not be determined using the currently available design methods. Research on LSF floor systems under fire conditions is relatively recent and the behaviour of floor joists and other components in the systems is not fully understood. The present design methods thus require the use of expensive fire protection materials to protect them from excessive heat increase during a fire. This leads to uneconomical and conservative designs. Fire rating of these floor systems is provided simply by adding more plasterboard sheets to the steel joists and such an approach is totally inefficient. Hence a detailed fire research study was undertaken into the structural and thermal performance of LSF floor systems including those protected by the new composite panel system using full scale fire tests and extensive numerical studies.
Experimental study included both the conventional and the new steel floor-ceiling systems under structural and fire loads using a gas furnace designed to deliver heat in accordance with the standard time- temperature curve in AS 1530.4 (SA, 2005). Fire tests included the behavioural and deflection characteristics of LSF floor joists until failure as well as related time-temperature measurements across the section and along the length of all the specimens. Full scale fire tests have shown that the structural and thermal performance of externally insulated LSF floor system was superior than traditional LSF floors with or without cavity insulation. Therefore this research recommends the use of the new composite panel system for cold-formed LSF floor-ceiling systems.
The numerical analyses of LSF floor joists were undertaken using the finite element program ABAQUS based on the measured time-temperature profiles obtained from fire tests under both steady state and transient state conditions. Mechanical properties at elevated temperatures were considered based on the equations proposed by Dolamune Kankanamge and Mahendran (2011). Finite element models were calibrated using the full scale test results and used to further provide a detailed understanding of the structural fire behaviour of the LSF floor-ceiling systems. The models also confirmed the superior performance of the new composite panel system. The validated model was then used in a detailed parametric study.
Fire tests and the numerical studies showed that plasterboards provided sufficient lateral restraint to LSF floor joists until their failure. Hence only the section moment capacity of LSF floor joists subjected to local buckling effects was considered in this research. To predict the section moment capacity at elevated temperatures, the effective section modulus of joists at ambient temperature is generally considered adequate. However, this research has shown that it leads to considerable over- estimation of the local buckling capacity of joist subject to non-uniform temperature distributions under fire conditions. Therefore new simplified fire design rules were proposed for LSF floor joist to determine the section moment capacity at elevated temperature based on AS/NZS 4600 (SA, 2005), NAS (AISI, 2007) and Eurocode 3 Part 1.3 (ECS, 2006). The accuracy of the proposed fire design rules was verified with finite element analysis results. A spread sheet based design tool was also developed based on these design rules to predict the failure load ratio versus time, moment capacity versus time and temperature for various LSF floor configurations.
Idealised time-temperature profiles of LSF floor joists were developed based on fire test measurements. They were used in the detailed parametric study to fully understand the structural and fire behaviour of LSF floor panels. Simple design rules were also proposed to predict both critical average joist temperatures and failure times (fire rating) of LSF floor systems with various floor configurations and structural parameters under any given load ratio.
Findings from this research have led to a comprehensive understanding of the structural and fire behaviour of LSF floor systems including those protected by the new composite panel, and simple design methods. These design rules were proposed within the guidelines of the Australian/New Zealand, American and European cold- formed steel structures standard codes of practice. These may also lead to further improvements to fire resistance through suitable modifications to the current composite panel system.
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Athanasiadis, Michail, and Sahi Hussein Al. "Val av stomsystem för en offentlig lokal : Fallstudie avseende entreprenadformen partnering och beaktade av miljöperspektiv." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-79415.
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Produktion och drift av byggnader står för en stor del av de globalakoldioxidutsläppen och därför är det viktigt att utreda vilken betydelse valet avbyggnaders stomsystem har avseende energiförbrukning och klimatpåverkan underen livscykel. Syfte med denna studie är dels att visa hur olika delar av ett stomsystemi en offentlig lokal kan utvärderas och väljas med hänsyn till miljöpåverkan och delsatt utreda hur entreprenad-/samarbetsformen partnering fungerar vid utvecklingen aven offentlig lokal. En fallstudie på en nyligen uppförd psykiatrilokal genomfördes och studien somomfattade genomgång av projekthandlingar, intervjuer med aktörer i projektet ochberäkningar visade att byggnaden till stor del kunde har byggts med trästommeistället för med betongstomme. Detta hade kunnat leda till såväl minskadetransmissioner som minskade koldioxidutsläpp från tillverkningen av material.Orsaker till att man i partneringprojektet valde prefabricerade betongytterväggar,snarare än en lösning med trästomme, var framför allt byggentreprenörens störrevana vid att arbeta med betong, i kombination med att beställaren inte ville riskera enlång produktionstid eller oväntade kostnader. Mer tid för dialog, analys och störreöppenhet för att arbeta med nya lösningar hade kunnat leda till en mer miljövänligstomlösning.Production and operation of buildings accounts for a large part of global carbondioxide emissions, and it is therefore important to investigate the importance of thechoice of buildings' frame systems in terms of energy consumption and climateimpact over a lifecycle. The purpose of this study is partly to show how differentparts of a frame system in a public premise can be evaluated and chosen on the basisof environmental impact and partly to investigate how the contractual-/collaborativepartnership work in the development of a public premise. A case study of a newly established psychiatric clinic was conducted, and the studyincluded review of project documents, interviews with project participants andcalculations. The results showed that the building could, to a large extent, beconstructed with wood rather than with concrete. This would have resulted in bothreduced transmissions of heat and reduced carbon dioxide emissions from theproduction of materials. The reasons for choosing the prefabricated concrete slabs inprefabricated concrete walls, rather than a wood-based solution, were above all thecontractor's greater experience of working with concrete, coupled with the fact thatthe client would not risk a long production time or unexpected costs. More time fordialogue, analysis and greater openness for working with new solutions could haveled to a more environmentally friendly solution.
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Jatheeshan, Varathananthan. "Numerical and experimental studies of cold-formed steel floor systems made of hollow flange section joists in fire." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/120145/1/Varathananthan_Jatheeshan_Thesis.pdf.
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The cold-formed steel utilization in buildings has increased globally due to its higher strength to weight ratio, ease of transportation and rapid erection and dismantlement.
However, cold-formed steel buildings must be designed with adequate Fire Resistance Ratings (FRR). Hence cold-formed Light gauge Steel Frames (LSF) are assembled using channel sections and lined with fire resistive plasterboards to provide load-bearing wall and floor systems. There is an industry need to develop LSF floor systems with improved FRR. Adding multiple layers of plasterboard to increase the FRR of LSF floor systems is not an efficient method. Past research has focused on investigating the behaviour of LSF floor systems made of Lipped Channel Section (LCS) joists. No attempt has been made to use an improved joist section in LSF floor systems. The Hollow Flange Sections (HFS) with torsionally rigid hollow flanges and no free edges have higher local and lateral distortional buckling capacities than the conventional LCSs. This research focuses on investigating the structural and fire performance of LSF floor systems made of HFS joists with a goal to improve their FRRs.
Four full scale standard fire tests were undertaken on non-insulated dual and single plasterboard lined LSF floor panels and cavity insulated dual plasterboard lined floor panel made of welded HFS joists known as LiteSteel beams (LSB). Fire tests of these panels undertaken for varying load ratios provided valuable results, which included failure times, joist temperatures and modes, and deflection versus time curves. The floor panels failed due to the section failures of joists. Both non-insulated and cavity insulated LSF floors made of LSB joists showed a significant improvement in the FRRs in comparison to Baleshan's (2012) results for LSF floors made of LCS joists.
Another experimental study was undertaken to determine the elevated temperature mechanical properties of the steel used in LSB web and flange elements. The mechanical property reduction variation of LSB steel elements was found to be quite different to that of normal cold-formed steels and was even dissimilar amongst them.
The yield strength reduction factors of Eurocode 3 Part 1.2 (ECS, 2005) were proposed for the web elements since they closely followed them whereas a new yield strength reduction factor model was proposed for the flange elements. An identical variation was proposed for the elastic modulus reduction factors of both web and flange elements. Suitable modifications were made to Dolamune Kankanamge and Mahendran's (2011) stress-strain model for improved predictions of LSB web and flange elements' stress-strain curves.
A Finite Element (FE) model of an individual simply supported LSB joist was developed and validated using the cold-formed steel design standards and Anapayan et al.'s (2011b) section moment capacity test results. By using the accurate mechanical property reduction factors of LSB steel elements, the FE model was then extended to simulate the full scale fire tests. Finite element analyses (FEA) showed reasonably good agreements in terms of failure times, temperatures and modes, and the mid-span deflection versus time curves. Such good agreements verified the accuracy of the developed FE model to simulate the LSF floor panels made of HFS joists under fire conditions.
Thermal FE models of LSF floor systems made of HFS joists were then developed and the time-temperature profiles were compared with the fire test results. They showed better agreements for Tests 1 and 4 whereas there were some discrepancies for Tests 2 and 3. Thermal FEA results obtained using appropriate thermal properties of plywood showed a reasonably good agreement with Baleshan's (2012) fire test results. Parametric studies using the validated model showed that joist section depth and profile had no significant impact on the thermal performance of LSF floor systems whereas steel joist thickness had a significant influence.
An extensive FEA based parametric study was then undertaken to investigate the effects of joist thickness, depth, section profile, steel grade and mechanical property reduction factors, and web openings on the structural and fire performances (FRR) of LSF floor systems. Steel joist thickness significantly influenced the FRR of LSF floor systems due to different temperature developments in the steels for varying thicknesses. Joist section depth, section profile and web openings had no significant impact on the FRRs of LSF floor systems. Steel type affected the FRRs of LSF floor systems significantly due to different mechanical property reduction factors, especially different yield strength reduction factors. It was shown that Baleshan's (2012) critical average joist temperature method can be used to determine the FRR of non-insulated dual and single plasterboard lined floor panels made of HFS joists.
However, it can be used for cavity insulated floor panels when the load ratio is less than 0.3. Fire test and FEA results showed that LSF floor panels made of LSB joists gave higher FRRs due to improved elevated temperature mechanical properties of LSB plate elements and lower temperature development due to thicker joists.
Fire design rules were developed to predict the FRRs of LSF floor systems made of HFS joists based on Eurocode 3 Part 1.3 (ECS, 2006), AS/NZS 4600 (SA, 2005) and Direct Strength Method (DSM). For this purpose, Baleshan's (2012) three fire design rules of LCS joists were used and suitable modifications were made in order to use them for HFS joists. A good agreement was observed between the FRR predictions using two design methods and FEA, and thus they were recommended. In addition, the FRR predictions of HFS joists using the fire design method developed based on DSM were modestly conservative and therefore they were also recommended.
Finally, the spread sheet based design tool was developed to undertake the complex calculations in predicting the FRR of LSF floors made of HFS joists with varying sizes and steel types, and subjected to varying load ratios.
In summary, this research has significantly improved the knowledge and understanding of the fire performance of LSF floor systems made of hollow flange section joists and developed accurate fire design rules. Structural and fire design engineers can use the developed spread sheet based design tool to predict the fire performance of LSF floor systems made of HFS joists with varying sizes and steel types for a range of applications in commercial and residential buildings.
Books on the topic "Framed local systems"
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Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: State and local compliance with IRS' information reporting requirements : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce, Consumer, and Monetary Affairs, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.
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Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: State and local compliance with IRS' information reporting requirements : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce, Consumer, and Monetary Affairs, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.
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Purcell, Carl. The Politics of Children's Services Reform. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447348764.001.0001.
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Comparative research has identified two broad types of child welfare system. In child protection systems the principal remit of welfare agencies is to identify and respond to actual or potential incidences of child abuse or maltreatment. In contrast family service systems are characterised by a stronger spirit of partnership between the state and families and an emphasis on working to prevent the need for coercive state intervention. This book examines the development of children’s services reform in England over recent decades to explain a shift from family service polices towards a narrower child protection approach. Successive waves of reform in England have invariably been framed as responses to high-profile child abuse inquires and media generated scandal including the cases of Victoria Climbié and Baby P. However, this book challenges the idea that it is the apparent failings of local agencies, including child and family social workers, that drive successive waves of reform. Instead, it turns the spotlight on the process of policy-making at the national level, and highlights the role played by party political leaders and senior government ministers in driving reform. The book is informed by 45 interviews with key decision-makers including ministers, senior civil servants, children’s charity leaders, local authority directors and social work researchers.
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Voice Over Frame Relay. cmp, 1997.
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Flanagan, William A. Voice over Frame Relay. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 1997.
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Cartan for Beginners: Differential Geometry Via Moving Frames and Exterior Differential Systems. American Mathematical Society, 2016.
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From Frenet to Cartan: The Method of Moving Frames. American Mathematical Society, 2017.
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Molinari, Alessandra. Riflessioni sulle economie dei secoli X e XI. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0014.
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Chris Wickham has recently turned his attention to the economic and social transformations of the central Middle Ages. In the same period relations between the Christian and Muslim worlds have been presented primarily in terms of holy war or raids, and hardly ever framed in economic terms. Archaeology can help to answer questions about exchange routes, systems of production and settlement patterns, and pottery provides a key element in reconstructing the complexity of pre-modern economic networks. In this paper I want to compare two case studies. I will first examine the role of Palermo in the internal economy of Sicily and beyond. Recent excavations have provided much new information on the Muslim and Christian periods in its history, and particularly on the city’s planned growth and development as a centre of pottery production and export in the tenth century. I will then turn to the archaeological evidence for Rome, which Chris has described as the most complex city between the tenth and twelfth centuries, both economically and socially, in the whole Italian peninsula. In fact, based on the material evidence, Rome was far less complex than Palermo, and unlike Milan, it failed to take off economically in the thirteenth century. Chris has suggested that the success of the latter city was due to its specialized products, local exchange system and connections with a hierarchy of smaller settlements in the locality. Whilst the archaeological evidence for Milan is much scarcer, these features can usefully be tested as a model against which to compare other cities. Comparing Rome and Palermo it is the Sicilian city that can be said to have had the more vibrant economy, with its exports to multiple rural centres some distance away. Whilst a recent conference has underlined the existence of specialized artisans serving Rome’s elite and its numerous pilgrims, unlike Palermo it did not base its economy on production and mercantile activities.
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Scott, W. Richard, and Raymond E. Levitt. Institutional Challenges and Solutions for Global Megaprojects. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.4.
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Megaprojects are characterized by complex technical interdependencies—both compatible and contentious—novel technologies and systems, cross-cutting regional and political forces, and the presence of multiple institutional frameworks. This chapter stresses the role played by institutions. Employing a broad conception, it views institutions as consisting of three types of elements: regulatory (rules, laws, orders), normative (norms and values) and cultural-cognitive (beliefs, schemas, frames). As a form, megaprojects incorporate and are subject to a diverse, complex, and conflicting combination of elements. Viewed as an organization field, megaprojects confront a highly diverse set of participants who exhibit varying degrees of embeddedness in their local environment and are obliged to manage their operations across multiple changing phases which entail shifts over time in their power and influence. These challenges require that successful megaprojects develop flexible legal-contractual managerial controls, common norms and values, and shared identities anchored in a robust project culture.
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Jones, Peter, and Steven King, eds. Navigating the Old English Poor Law. British Academy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266816.001.0001.
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This edition of 599 letters written by, for or about the poor to the early nineteenth century Cumbrian town of Kirkby Lonsdale provides a unique window onto the experiences, views and conditions of a much neglected group in English social history. The letters provide a sense of the emotional landscape of people who have so far largely escaped our attention, telling the intensely human stories of their hardships and the efforts they made to survive, often against considerable odds. However, they also give a real sense of the agency of the poor and their advocates, demonstrating time and again that they were willing and able – indeed, that they saw it as their right – to challenge those who administered welfare locally in an attempt to shape a system which (notionally, at least) afforded them no power at all. The letters are framed by a scholarly introduction which explains the structural conditions under which they were produced and gives essential local and national context for readers wishing to understand them better. The volume as a whole will be of interest to students and scholars of the Old Poor Law and the history of welfare. It will equally appeal to the general reader with an interest in local and national social history, covering at is does everything from the history of literacy or clothing through to histories of health, disability and the postal service.
Book chapters on the topic "Framed local systems"
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Rodrigues, Daniel Delatin, and Marco Grasso. "Social Tipping Processes in the Transformation of Civitavecchia’s Socio-energy System." In Springer Climate, 151–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50762-5_8.
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AbstractThe chapter introduces the notion of ‘social tipping processes’, an interdisciplinary framework for the analysis of complex transformation processes which helps to identify the sequence of, broadly understood, socio-political events that can trigger positive or negative dynamics of transformations of current social-ecological systems. Social tipping processes are first framed and delineated, then this category is applied to a spatially and temporally delimited empirical case, the long-standing Italian energy city of Civitavecchia—near Rome—to investigate the transformation to renewables of the local socio-energy systems as a dynamic and relational process. The chapter concludes by outlining the main paths forward for a sustainable future, as advocated by the social tipping processes perspective put into action in the case under scrutiny.
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Kostusiak, Aleksander. "Frame-to-Frame Visual Odometry: The Importance of Local Transformations." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 357–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59162-9_37.
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Murali, Adithya, Lucas Peña, Christof Löding, and P. Madhusudan. "A First-Order Logic with Frames." In Programming Languages and Systems, 515–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44914-8_19.
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AbstractWe propose a novel logic, called Frame Logic (FL), that extends first-order logic (with recursive definitions) using a construct $$\textit{Sp}(\cdot )$$ Sp ( · ) that captures the implicit supports of formulas— the precise subset of the universe upon which their meaning depends. Using such supports, we formulate proof rules that facilitate frame reasoning elegantly when the underlying model undergoes change. We show that the logic is expressive by capturing several data-structures and also exhibit a translation from a precise fragment of separation logic to frame logic. Finally, we design a program logic based on frame logic for reasoning with programs that dynamically update heaps that facilitates local specifications and frame reasoning. This program logic consists of both localized proof rules as well as rules that derive the weakest tightest preconditions in FL.
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Alexandrov, A. N., S. L. Parnovsky, and V. I. Zhdanov. "Relativistic Reference Frames of Local Observer and Space Radiointerferometer." In Inertial Coordinate System on the Sky, 115–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0613-6_38.
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Treuhaft, R. N., and S. T. Lowe. "The Definition and Stability of Local Inertial Reference Frames." In Inertial Coordinate System on the Sky, 253–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0613-6_83.
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Miao-Fu, He, and Huang Cheng. "Realization of the Local Inertial Geocentric Frame in Relativity." In Inertial Coordinate System on the Sky, 430. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0613-6_114.
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Gharbi, Hana, Mohamed Massaoudi, Sahbi Bahroun, and Ezzeddine Zagrouba. "Key Frames Extraction Based on Local Features for Efficient Video Summarization." In Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems, 275–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48680-2_25.
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Rötter, Reimund P., Mandla Nkomo, Johannes Meyer zu Drewer, and Maik Veste. "Agricultural Land-Use Systems and Management Challenges." In Sustainability of Southern African Ecosystems under Global Change, 551–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10948-5_20.
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AbstractThis chapter aims at providing an overview of the diversity of agroecological conditions, features of main farming systems, agricultural land use, its dynamics and drivers during the last two decades as well as major threats in ten countries of southern Africa (SA10). Based on this, we attempt to identify the resultant challenges for sustainable land management and outline potential interventions with a focus on smallholder farmers. By analyzing cropland dynamics during 2000–2019, we show how land use has been shaped by climate, demographic development, economic imperatives and policy realities. Concrete examples of these complex interactions illustrate both considerable shrinkage in South Africa and Zimbabwe or expansion of cropland in Mozambique and Zambia. During the past 20 years, cropland increased by 37% on average across SA10 mainly at the expense of forestland—showing huge spatiotemporal heterogeneity among countries. Most smallholders face shrinking farm size and other resource limitations that have resulted in soil nutrient mining and low agricultural productivity—a highly unsustainable situation. We conclude with an outlook on potential transformation pathways (“TechnoGarden” and “AdaptiveMosaic”) for the near future and thereby provide a frame for further studies on sustainable land management options under given local settings.
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Nishikawa, Yoshiaki. "Integration of Endogenous Development Theory into the Study of Seed Governance." In Seeds for Diversity and Inclusion, 41–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89405-4_3.
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AbstractIn the 1970s, the Japanese sociologist Kazuko Tsurumi developed endogenous development theory—the idea of ‘development from within’, which frames human wellbeing, ecological viability and community agency as central to sustainable modernisation. In this study of Tsurumi’s ideas vis-à-vis seed governance, Yoshiaki Nishikawa first traces the broader debate over seed systems, from polarised stances such as traditional vs modern to more nuanced mixed approaches. Nishikawa shows how Tsurumi’s thinking on values, communication, local autonomy and tradition can illuminate understanding of humanity’s relationship with seeds across cultures and regions. Many farmers, for instance, consider crop diversity and seed production as naturally integral to their stewardship of local ecologies, rather than politicised acts of sovereignty. Wise governance is based on an understanding of seeds as a biocultural legacy, and ensures that autonomy and respect are interwoven in the concept and practice of seed sovereignty.
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Nesterova, Nina, L. Hoeke, J. A. L. Goodman-Deane, S. Delespaul, Bartosz Wybraniec, and Boris Lazzarini. "Framing Digital Mobility Gap: A Starting Point in the Design of Inclusive Mobility Eco-Systems." In Towards User-Centric Transport in Europe 3, 235–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26155-8_14.
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AbstractDigital transport eco-systems worldwide provide great advantages to many but also carry a risk of excluding population groups that struggle with accessing or using digital products and services. The DIGNITY project (DIGital traNsport In and for socieTY) delves into the development of such eco-systems to deepen the understanding of the full range of factors that lead to disparities in the uptake of digital transport solutions in Europe. A starting point for developing digitally inclusive transport systems is to obtain state-of-the-art knowledge and understanding of where local transport eco-systems are in relation to the digital gap and digital mobility gap in terms of their policies, transport products and services, and population digital literacy. This chapter presents the methodology developed in the DIGNITY project to frame this digital gap, incorporating a self-assessment framework that may be used by public authorities to identify potential gaps in the development of local digital transport eco-systems. This framework is informed by results from customer journey mapping exercises that provide insights into the daily activities and trips of users, and larger scale surveys on digital technology access, use, attitudes and competence in the area. In the DIGNITY approach as a whole, the results from the framing phase are then used to inform subsequent work on bridging the digital gap through the co-creation of more inclusive policies, products and services. The chapter provides concrete results from the framing exercise in four DIGNITY pilot areas: Barcelona, Tilburg, Flanders and Ancona. The results clearly show that a digital transport gap exists in these areas, and that this is manifested in different ways in different local situations, requiring tailored approaches to address the gap.
Conference papers on the topic "Framed local systems"
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Zhu, Xiang Q., and Wan S. Yoo. "New Construction of Reference Frame for Underwater Cable." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24297.
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The choice of reference frame applied in a multibody system and finite element method analysis assists in describing the motion of bodies. Two non-collinear vectors are prerequisite for the creation of a local reference frame for three-dimensional cases. The Frenet frame, which is constructed with tangential and normal vectors, is widely used for continuous, differentiable space curves, and the local reference frame for underwater cable systems. However, because underwater cables experience external loads originating from the surrounding environment, it is inappropriate to only treat an underwater cable as a spatial curve. Furthermore, the lumped-mass method involves classical discretized modeling, which is not suitable for continuous, differentiable space curves, and its application complicates the calculation of rotational transformation matrices. This paper proposes a new method for the construction of local reference frames which considers both the cable geometry and external environment. The model of the cable consists of discretized cable elements, of which the orientation of each cable element is described by vectors that describe the local reference frame. Taking advantage of the expression of hydrodynamic drag forces, this paper provides the prerequisite for two non-collinear vectors by replacing the normal vector with one representing the relative velocity of the fluid. The construction of local reference frames is meant to easily express all the loads acting upon a cable. To reveal the advantages of this new local reference frame, we create three classifications for the loads acting upon the cable. Because the axial extension occurs along the orientation of the cable element, the calculation of the first type of loads benefits from the Frenet frame according to the classification. Meanwhile, both the first and second types of loads are expressed easily and accurately with respect to the new local reference frame. Because of the participation of relative fluid velocity in our reference frame, the formulation of the hydrodynamic drag forces can be simplified and its accuracy improved. Moreover, the calculation of the rotational transformation matrix is made less complex and the computational error is reduced. The cable model created by this new reference frame is compared with that based on a Frenet frame and the commercial simulation code ProteusDS. The simulation results show that cable modeling using our novel reference frame is much more stable and accurate than that using a Frenet frame.
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Lamando, Arvin, and Gino Angelo Velasco. "Adaptive Frames from Quilted Local Time-Frequency Systems." In 2019 13th International conference on Sampling Theory and Applications (SampTA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sampta45681.2019.9030819.
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Eckstein, Miguel, Steven Shirnozaki, James P. Thomas, and James S. Whiting. "Efficiency of motion-compensated temporal integration in the human visual system." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1993.wrr.2.
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Previous work assessed the efficiency of temporal integration by human observers for detection of static signals embedded in spatiotemporal (dynamic) noise. In a new paradigm, the signal is spatially displaced form frame to frame. For an ideal observer that integrates the responses of matched filters at different signal locations through time, the performance (d’) remains the same as if the signal were static, improving as the square root of the number of frames in the sequence. We evaluated motion compensated integration by human observers using a 4 AFC detection of a moving (.37 c/frame) Gabor patch (5.5 c/degree) embedded in spatiotemporal Gaussian noise. Observers fixated during the experiment. Performance was measured for increasing number of frames in the sequence (1 to 40). The sequences were displayed at 20 frames/sec; however, each sequence was repeatedly displayed for a total display time of 4 sec. For comparison the experiment was repeated with a non-moving signal embedded in dynamic noise and a signal embedded in static/spatial noise (single frame). Results: For equivalent signal to noise ratios for the ideal observer, the corresponding statistical efficiencies (d’2human/d’2ideal) for human observers were approximately 30% for the static noise, 10% for the non-moving signal in dynamic noise and 7% for the moving signal in dynamic noise. The critical time for the motion compensated integration is in the same range as the spatially local temporal integration; 700-1000 msec.
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He, Di, Chang Liu, and Jun Qiu. "Light Field Local Surface Feature Detection." In Imaging Systems and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/isa.2022.ith3d.8.
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A light field local surface features detection method is proposed based on the scale space established on the moving frame determined by the depth information. Experimental results show more detected features than SIFT and LiFF.
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Rivera Vidal, Amanda, and Carmen Gomez Maestro. "Heritage and community centre in Matta Sur, Chile." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.14527.
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The Matta Sur neighbourhood in Santiago acquired official protection for its heritage value in 2016. It is the largest protected area in the city and one of the few in which vernacular architecture, local lifestyles and community networks withstand the city's rapid urban development. It has a regular urban structure of wide streets framed by continuous facades, which predominantly belong to one-storey homes, organised around a central courtyard. They are built combining burnt or raw masonry and wood and earth traditional building systems, which are now discontinued and often misunderstood, leading to poor interventions which deteriorate the quality of buildings and liveable spaces. The Heritage and Community Centre Project attends the need for comprehensive interventions to approach appropriate conservation of Matta Sur under these circumstances. This project aims, on one hand, to provide a suitable community space within the neighbourhood and, on the other, to set an example for appropriate intervention, management and maintenance of the vernacular constructions in the neighbourhood. All of the process is developed through community-based design and intervention, attending to the role of community organisations in Chile, which have been traditionally responsible for filling the gap between public policies and community wellbeing, particularly in urban contexts, through strong solidarity networks. Through a process of co-design and co-management, the project aims to refurbish a traditional house of the neighbourhood into a community centre in which various community initiatives converge and which allows for these solidarity networks to keep functioning in a contemporary context.
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Brack, Samuel, Stefan Dietzel, and Bjorn Scheuermann. "ANONUS: Anonymous Bonus Point System with Fraud Detection." In 2017 IEEE 42nd Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcn.2017.50.
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Sonneville, Valentin, Olivier A. Bauchau, and Olivier Brüls. "A Motion Formalism Approach to Modal Reduction for Flexible Multibody System Applications." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86143.
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Multibody systems are often modeled as interconnected multibody and modal components: multibody components, such as rigid bodies, beams, plates, and kinematic joints, are treated via multibody techniques whereas the modal components are handled via a modal reduction approach based on the small strain assumption. In this work, the problem is formulated within the framework of the motion formalism. The kinematic description involves simple, straightforward frame transformations and leads naturally to consistent deformation measures. Derivatives are expressed in local frames, which results in the remarkable property that the tangent matrices are independent of the position and orientation of the modal component with respect to an inertia frame. This implies a reduced level of geometric non-linearity as compared to standard description. In particular, geometrically non-linear problems can be solved with the tangent matrices of the reference configuration, without re-evaluation and re-factorization.
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Rathod, Cheta M., and Ahmed A. Shabana. "Rail Geometry and Euler Angles." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13965.
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In railroad vehicle dynamics, Euler angles are often used to describe the track geometry (track centerline and rail space curves). The tangent and curvature vectors as well as local geometric properties such as the curvature and torsion can be expressed in terms of Euler angles. Some of the local geometric properties and Euler angles can be related to measured parameters that are often used to define the track geometry. The Euler angles employed, however, define a coordinate system that may differ from the Frenet frame used in the classical differential geometry. The relationship between the track frame used in railroad vehicle dynamics and the Frenet frame used in the theory of curves is developed in this paper and used to shed light on some of the formulas and identities used in the geometric description in railroad vehicle dynamics. The conditions under which the two frames (track and Frenet) become equivalent are presented and used to obtain expressions for the curvature and torsion in terms of Euler angles and their derivatives with respect to the arc length.
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Kim, Min Seong, Jeon Hyeok Lee, Taek Lim Kim, and Tae-Hyoung Park. "Frenet Frame Based Local Motion Planning in Racing Environment." In 2023 23rd International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/iccas59377.2023.10316803.
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Huang, Yi, Jianing Zhao, Weiyao Lan, and Xiao Yu. "Bearing-Only Formation Control of Nonholonomic Mobile Agents With Local Reference Frames." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Unmanned Systems (ICUS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icus55513.2022.9986967.
Full textReports on the topic "Framed local systems"
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Kranefeld, Robert. Beyond the grid : post-network energy provision in Rwanda. Goethe-Universität, Institut für Humangeographie, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.53186.
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In many parts of the world, the centralized grid provides energy to the population only to a limited extent. The electrification for sub-Saharan Africa countries is the lowest in the world, representing half of the world's population withoutelectricity. However, during the last years there has been an increased attention to rural areas in the Global South beyond the centralised grid, especially with respect to improved possibilities of solar power systems. The transition from one dominant form of energy provision to various alternatives includes different dimensions and depends on specific socio-spatial contexts. Energy systems are framed within systems of spatial practices, performed by a variety of involved actors, like consumers, local suppliers, international for-profit companies, international development donors as well as national and regional authorities. As such power systems arealways cause and effect of socio-technical change This study takes the example of Rwanda to analyse the marketization of decentralised energy systems. Based on empirical field work with energy entrepreneurs it combines Post-Colonial Theory with Science and Technology-Studies to theorise the role of energy to the social production of space beyond the grid.
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May, Julian, Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Lídia Cabral, Dominic Glover, Claudia Job Schmitt, Márcio Mattos de Mendonça, and Sérgio Sauer. Connecting Food Inequities Through Relational Territories. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.087.
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This paper explores how food inequities manifest at a territorial level, and how food territories are experienced, understood, and navigated by stakeholders to address those inequities. We interpret ‘food territory’ as a relational and transcalar concept, connected through geography, culture, history, and governance. We develop our exploration through four empirical cases: (i) the Cerrado, a disputed Brazilian territory that has been framed and reframed as a place for industrial production of global commodities, to the detriment of local communities and nature; (ii) urban agroecology networks seeking space and recognition to enable food production in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (iii) informal food networks forming a complex web of intersecting local and global supply chains in Worcester, a secondary South African city; and (iv) periodic food markets in Ghana that synchronise trade systems across space and time to provide limited profit-making opportunities, but nonetheless accessible livelihood options, for poorer people. Examining these four cases, we identify commonalities and differences between them, in terms of the nature of their inequities and how different territories are connected on wider scales. We discuss how territories are perceived and experienced differently by different people and groups. We argue that a territorial perspective offers more than a useful lens to map how food inequities are experienced and interconnected; it also offers a tool for action.
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Hall, Mark, and Neil Price. Medieval Scotland: A Future for its Past. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.165.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings. Underpinning all five areas is the recognition that human narratives remain crucial for ensuring the widest access to our shared past. There is no wish to see political and economic narratives abandoned but the need is recognised for there to be an expansion to more social narratives to fully explore the potential of the diverse evidence base. The questions that can be asked are here framed in a national context but they need to be supported and improved a) by the development of regional research frameworks, and b) by an enhanced study of Scotland’s international context through time. 1. From North Britain to the Idea of Scotland: Understanding why, where and how ‘Scotland’ emerges provides a focal point of research. Investigating state formation requires work from Medieval Scotland: a future for its past ii a variety of sources, exploring the relationships between centres of consumption - royal, ecclesiastical and urban - and their hinterlands. Working from site-specific work to regional analysis, researchers can explore how what would become ‘Scotland’ came to be, and whence sprang its inspiration. 2. Lifestyles and Living Spaces: Holistic approaches to exploring medieval settlement should be promoted, combining landscape studies with artefactual, environmental, and documentary work. Understanding the role of individual sites within wider local, regional and national settlement systems should be promoted, and chronological frameworks developed to chart the changing nature of Medieval settlement. 3. Mentalities: The holistic understanding of medieval belief (particularly, but not exclusively, in its early medieval or early historic phase) needs to broaden its contextual understanding with reference to prehistoric or inherited belief systems and frames of reference. Collaborative approaches should draw on international parallels and analogues in pursuit of defining and contrasting local or regional belief systems through integrated studies of portable material culture, monumentality and landscape. 4. Empowerment: Revisiting museum collections and renewing the study of newly retrieved artefacts is vital to a broader understanding of the dynamics of writing within society. Text needs to be seen less as a metaphor and more as a technological and social innovation in material culture which will help the understanding of it as an experienced, imaginatively rich reality of life. In archaeological terms, the study of the relatively neglected cultural areas of sensory perception, memory, learning and play needs to be promoted to enrich the understanding of past social behaviours. 5. Parameters: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches should be encouraged in order to release the research potential of all sectors of archaeology. Creative solutions should be sought to the challenges of transmitting the importance of archaeological work and conserving the resource for current and future research.
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Aguiar Borges, Luciane, and Ana de Jesus. SiEUGreen White Paper with best practices. Nordregio, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2023:81403-2503.
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This report explores the potential of Urban Agriculture (UA) to enhance food security, improve resource efficiency, and promote smart, resilient, and circular cities. The discussion is framed within the scope of the Horizon 2020 project ‘Sino-European Innovative Green and Smart Cities’ (SiEUGreen) which explored different pathways to turn waste into resources for growing food in cities through the combination of different technologies. These technologies were tested in five showcases: Campus Ås, in Ås, Norway; World Gardens and Brabrand Fællesgartneriet community gardens in Aarhus, Denmark; Turunçlu greenhouse in Atakya, Turkey; Sanyuan Farm, in Beijing, and Futiancangjun residential area in Changsha, China. The insights and knowledge gained with these showcases were the basis to discuss the barriers and drivers of UA in the transition to more sustainable and resilient circular cities, across five aspects (1) environmental, (2) technological, (3) economic, (4) social and cultural and (5) regulatory and institutional issues. The results suggest that city food provision and UA systems can be designed considering circular economy regenerative cycles, but it is important to promote local research that can highlight policy solutions to address context-related barriers and limitations. Among the main lessons learned across the different aspects, we highlight: - The need for more evidence-based research, clear monitoring tools and evaluation/assessment of the different UA typologies and their impact on the environment, society and economy; - The implementation of innovative technological developments that support and promote UA for reduce; reuse, recycle/recover resources require more experimentation, large-scale tests and validation both concerning their efficiency, positive environmental impacts, as well as economic viability; - The need for high investments, difficulties accessing financial support, underdeveloped business case for circular resource models, and limited recognition of the positive and indirect economic, environmental benefits of UA are among the main barriers that limit the uptake of agriculture in cities; - Despite the significant role UA can play in advancing a circular economy (e.g., by supporting sustainable local food systems, promoting community resilience and reducing waste), behaviour and cultural barriers were found to have a deep impact when fostering a closed-loop approach to UA, especially concerning overcoming prejudice against waste as a resource, - Local governance and public policy play a central role in framing and supporting UA (e.g., incentives, funding, regulatory frameworks) as a pathway that enables close loops in cities.
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Parker, Rachel, Jennie Chainey, Payal Goundar, Sarah Richardson, Anna Dabrowski, Amy Berry, and Claire Scoular. Summary report. Being and becoming global citizens: Measuring progress toward SDG 4.7. Phase I: Monitoring teacher and school readiness to enact global citizenship in the Asia-Pacific region. Australian Council for Educational Research; Asia-Pacific Centre of Education for International Understanding (APCEIU), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-721-2.
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The relationship between global citizenship and education quality was established almost a decade ago, when it was described as a target under United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4.7 – to ‘ensure all learners acquire knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development.’ Despite efforts to define and frame global citizenship education (GCED), systems continue to grapple with understanding, enacting, and measuring it in ways that reflect changing local and global conditions for students, teachers and schools. This study responds to an identified need for tools and resources for systems to enact, monitor and evaluate GCED, particularly in primary school in the Asia-Pacific region. Presented here is a draft framework for monitoring effective GCED, which is relevant to systems, schools, and staff supporting upper primary school students. This was developed through a review of existing instruments and literature, consultation with experts, and data collected through questionnaires and focus group workshops with teachers from Australia, South Korea, and the Philippines.
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Wani, Shahrukh, Hina Shaikh, and Oliver Harman. Urban property taxes in Pakistan’s Punjab. The International Growth Centre, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-igc-pb_2020/1.
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Property tax is a significantly under-utilised tax instrument in Punjab, accounting for only 6% of the total provincial tax. With a population of over 100 million, all of Punjab collects less urban property tax than the city of Chennai in India, home to about 10 million people. Punjab's cities have significant service delivery deficits. For example, only 35% of urban households in Punjab have piped water. These deficits will worsen in the absence of local financing that can be used to make public investments. This policy brief outlines the current landscape of property taxation in Punjab, highlights the significance of this source of public finance, and frames future policy direction, particularly the trade-offs between various valuation systems.
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Carter, Becky, and Paul Harvey. A Literature Review on Social Assistance and Capacity in Yemen. Institute of Development Studies, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2023.003.
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Yemen is experiencing one of the worst crises in the world in terms of levels of suffering and humanitarian need. Intense civil war since 2014 has devastated the national economy, and approximately two-thirds of the population (21.6 million people) were assessed as being in need of humanitarian assistance and protection services in 2023 (OCHA 2023a). In response to such huge levels of need, a substantial humanitarian aid operation has been ongoing for the past eight years. The social assistance landscape in Yemen is a complex mix of humanitarian aid and the legacies of social protection systems, with local institutions still playing a role in the delivery of assistance. This paper reviews the literature, looking at the following issues: how best to balance humanitarian and social protection approaches; how to balance meeting acute immediate needs and support for longer-term systems in an ongoing conflict; and how to maintain support in the face of donor fatigue, and a complex and dynamic political landscape in Yemen. In a context where aid actors are committed to localisation, and in order to strengthen the nexus between development, humanitarian and peace-building approaches, it is vital to understand how local capacities have been affected by conflict and how the international aid effort is trying to engage with national and local actors. However, efforts to strengthen local capacities also need to take into account the divided governance in Yemen, ongoing conflict, and tensions between the main donor governments’ funding of assistance and the de facto authorities in the north of Yemen. This paper provides an empirical building block that will help to inform efforts to engage with local capacities by comprehensively mapping the complex mix of local and national actors involved in the management, delivery and regulation of social assistance. This review summarises the key literature and evidence on the capacities of national and international actors involved in providing social assistance in Yemen. It has been undertaken to inform a Yemen study on social assistance capacities and systems, part of the Better Assistance in Crises (BASIC) Research programme.[1] The primary audience is donors providing social assistance in Yemen, to help their decision-making on how to support local actors’ capacities for social assistance. Social assistance refers to the non-contributory transfers (provided as food, cash or vouchers) to poor and vulnerable households and individuals. Today in Yemen these transfers support millions of people, funded by humanitarian and development aid, and implemented by international aid agencies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) with national quasi-governmental bodies and national and local NGOs. Other local stakeholders (national and local governance authorities in the north and south of the country, and community members and beneficiaries) are also involved. This Yemen study feeds into broader BASIC Research work on the resilience of social protection systems in crises. We draw on the inception review by Slater, Haruna and Baur (2022) to frame our understanding of capacity along three interlinked dimensions: institutional, organisational and individual capacities. We found a small published literature on capacities for social assistance in Yemen (mainly donor and aid agency strategic and programme documents and some independent analysis of aid effectiveness). In this report, we summarise the political economy of international support in Yemen (Section 2). We map the social assistance landscape (Section 3), as well as the capacities of key national actors (Section 4) and international actors (Section 5 and Annexe). Section 5 sets out some preliminary conclusions.
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Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.
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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.
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Hammad, Ali, and Mohamed Moustafa. Seismic Behavior of Special Concentric Braced Frames under Short- and Long-Duration Ground Motions. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zont9308.
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Over the past decade, several long-duration subduction earthquakes took place in different locations around the world, e.g., Chile in 2010, Japan in 2011, China in 2008, and Indonesia in 2004. Recent research has revealed that long-duration, large-magnitude earthquakes may occur along the Cascadia subduction zone of the Pacific Northwest Coast of the U.S. The duration of an earthquake often affects the response of structures. Current seismic design specifications mostly use response spectra to identify the hazard and do not consider duration effects. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of the duration of the ground motion on structural performance and its design implications is an important issue. The goal of this study was to investigate how the duration of an earthquake affects the structural response of special concentric braced frames (SCBFs). A comprehensive experimental program and detailed analytical investigations were conducted to understand and quantify the effect of duration on collapse capacity of SCBFs, with the goal of improving seismic design provisions by incorporating these effects. The experimental program included large-scale shake table tests, and the analytical program consisted of pre-test and post-test phases. The pre-test analysis phase performed a sensitivity analysis that used OpenSees models preliminarily calibrated against previous experimental results for different configuration of SCBFs. A tornado-diagram framework was used to rank the influence of the different modeling parameters, e.g., low-cycle fatigue, on the seismic response of SCBFs under short- and long-duration ground motions. Based on the results obtained from the experimental program, these models were revisited for further calibration and validation in the post-test analysis. The experimental program included three large-scale shake-table tests of identical single-story single-bay SCBF with a chevron-brace configuration tested under different ground motions. Two specimens were tested under a set of spectrally-matched short and long-duration ground motions. The third specimen was tested under another long-duration ground motion. All tests started with a 100% scale of the selected ground motions; testing continued with an ever-increasing ground-motion scale until failure occurred, e.g., until both braces ruptured. The shake table tests showed that the duration of the earthquake may lead to premature seismic failure or lower capacities, supporting the initiative to consider duration effects as part of the seismic design provisions. Identical frames failed at different displacements demands because of the damage accumulation associated with the earthquake duration, with about 40% reduction in the displacement capacity of the two specimens tested under long-duration earthquakes versus the short-duration one. Post-test analysis focused first on calibrating an OpenSees model to capture the experimental behavior of the test specimens. The calibration started by matching the initial stiffness and overall global response. Next, the low-cycle fatigue parameters were fine-tuned to properly capture the experimental local behavior, i.e., brace buckling and rupture. The post-test analysis showed that the input for the low-cycle fatigue models currently available in the literature does not reflect the observed experimental results. New values for the fatigue parameters are suggested herein based on the results of the three shake-table tests. The calibrated model was then used to conduct incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) using 44 pairs of spectrally-matched short- and long-duration ground motions. To compare the effect of the duration of ground motion, this analysis aimed at incorporating ground-motion variability for more generalized observations and developing collapse fragility curves using different intensity measures (IMs). The difference in the median fragility was found to be 45% in the drift capacity at failure and about 10% in the spectral acceleration (Sa). Using regression analysis, the obtained drift capacity from analysis was found to be reduced by about 8% on average for every additional 10 sec in the duration of the ground motion. The last stage of this study extended the calibrated model to SCBF archetype buildings to study the effect of the duration of ground motion on full-sized structures. Two buildings were studied: a three-story and nine-story build that resembled the original SAC buildings but were modified with SCBFs as lateral support system instead of moment resisting frames. Two planer frames were adopted from the two buildings and used for the analysis. The same 44 spectrally-matched pairs previously used in post-test analysis were used to conduct nonlinear time history analysis and study the effect of duration. All the ground motions were scaled to two hazard levels for the deterministic time history analysis: 10% exceedance in 50 years and 2% exceedance in 50 years. All analysis results were interpreted in a comparative way to isolate the effect of duration, which was the main variable in the ground-motion pairs. In general, the results showed that the analyzed SCBFs experienced higher drift values under the long-duration suite of ground motions, and, in turn, a larger percentage of fractured braces under long-duration cases. The archetype SCBFs analysis provided similar conclusions on duration effects as the experimental and numerical results on the single-story single-bay frame.
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Cichorowski, Georg. Städteforschung: Stadt als Gegenstand interdisziplinärer Forschung - nur ein einfacher Perspektivwechsel? Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627147.
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Die Darmstädter Städteforschung nimmt nicht den Blickwinkel ein, dass die Stadt ausschließlich eine Schaubühne allgemeiner gesellschaftlicher Prozesse sei, die aufgrund ihrer Verdichtung in der Stadt hier besonders augenfällig und besser zu analysieren seien, sondern stellt das Charakteristische einzelner Städte, ihre Individualität in den Mittelpunkt ihrer Untersuchungen (s. z.B. Berking/Löw 2008). Daraus könnte in einer weiteren Phase eine Systematik von Städte- ‚Charakteren‘ entstehen. Die aus Innen- wie Außensicht evidenten Differenzen zwischen Städten gehen zurück auf vielfältige lokal vorfindbare Prägungen materieller, sozialer und kultureller Art. Sie manifestieren sich im äußeren Erscheinungsbild, aber auch in Kultur und Mentalität der jeweiligen Stadt. „Städtische Eigenlogik bezeichnet die dauerhaften Dispositionen, die an die Sozialität und Materialität von Städten gebunden sind, und konstituiert sich in einem relationalen System globaler, lokaler und nationaler Bezüge“ (Löw 2008a: 49). Das Konzept zielt also auf die Frage, wie eine Stadt „tickt“, wie sie sich in ihren Wahrnehmungs- und Handlungsmustern von einer anderen Stadt unterscheidet (s.a. FGB 2010). Für die beteiligten Forscher stellt sich die Frage, wie die eigensinnige, lokal spezifische Wirklichkeit dieser Stadt im Unterschied zu jener Stadt theoretisch und empirisch erfasst werden kann. Als grundlegender Untersuchungsschritt bietet sich der Städtevergleich an, weil Unterschiede zwischen Städten hier am klarsten sichtbar und damit für die wissenschaftliche Erforschung operationalisierbar werden. „Das Eigene der Städte entwickelt sich sowohl aufgrund historisch motivierter Erzählungen und Erfahrungen als auch im relationalen Vergleich zu formgleichen Gebilden, das heißt zu anderen Städten. Städtische Eigenlogik betont sowohl die eigensinnige Entwicklung einer Stadt als auch deren daraus resultierende kreative Kraft der Strukturierung von Praxis“ (LÖW 2008a: 43). Die Logik einer Stadt wird also in anderen Städten mitgeformt, sie ist ein „ortsbezogener Prozess, der nicht nur an einem Ort stattfindet“ (Löw 2008b: 100) und erfordert daher ein komparatives Forschungsdesign, da das Eigene nur in der Differenz erkannt werden kann (Frank 2010: 14f)“FGB 2010.