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1

Bates, Jane. "Frail elderly." Nursing Standard 22, no. 28 (March 19, 2008): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.22.28.27.s31.

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2

Ondeck, Deborah Mariano. "“The Frail Elderly”." Home Health Care Management & Practice 14, no. 2 (February 2002): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1084822302014002015.

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3

Goodman, Catherine Chase. "Th Elderly Frail:." Journal of Gerontological Social Work 11, no. 3-4 (October 29, 1987): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j083v11n03_08.

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4

GRAY-DONALD, KATHERINE. "The Frail Elderly." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95, no. 5 (May 1995): 538–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(95)00147-6.

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5

Erlen, Judith A. "The Frail Elderly." Orthopaedic Nursing 26, no. 6 (November 2007): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nor.0000300951.73247.60.

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6

Anonymous. "GRANTS BENEFIT FRAIL ELDERLY." Journal of Gerontological Nursing 12, no. 4 (April 1986): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0098-9134-19860401-13.

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7

Hogstel, Mildred O., and Nell B. Robinson. "Feeding the FRAIL ELDERLY." Journal of Gerontological Nursing 15, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0098-9134-19890301-06.

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8

Megitasari, Vina, Rachmat Zulkarnain Goesasi, and Irma Ruslina Defi. "Dysphagia in Frail Elderly." Indonesian Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 11, no. 02 (December 28, 2022): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36803/ijpmr.v11i02.262.

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Effective and safe swallowing is one of the basic needs for human survival. Dysphagia or swallowing disorders often occur in the elderly and increase with age. Patients often do not complain of dysphagia and compensate by modifying the texture of the food. Frailty is associated with an increased prevalence of dysphagia. Difficulty of chewing, formation and positioning bolus are associated with dysphagia. In addition, dysphagia can cause weakness because there is a disturbance due to decrease nutritional status, muscle function, and can cause recurrent aspiration pneumonia. Frailty and dysphagia can be described as a cycle and affect each other. Several interventions were carried out to overcome dysphagia, either compensatory, rehabilitative, or a combination of both.
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9

Galán-Mercant, Alejandro, and Antonio I. Cuesta-Vargas. "Differences in Trunk Kinematic between Frail and Nonfrail Elderly Persons during Turn Transition Based on a Smartphone Inertial Sensor." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/279197.

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Objective. Firstly, to, through instrumentation with theiPhone4smartphone, measure and describe variability of tridimensional acceleration, angular velocity, and displacement of the trunk in the turn transition during the ten-meter Extended Timed-Get-up-and-Go test in two groups of frail and physically active elderly persons. Secondly, to analyse the differences and performance of the variance between the study groups during turn transition (frail and healthy).Design. This is a cross-sectional study of 30 subjects over 65 years, 14 frail subjects, and 16 healthy subjects.Results. Significant differences were found between the groups of elderly persons in the accelerometry (P<0.01) and angular displacement variables (P<0.05), obtained in the kinematic readings of the trunk during the turning transitions. The results obtained in this study show a series of deficits in the frail elderly population group.Conclusions. The inertial sensor found in theiPhone4is able to study and analyse the kinematics of the turning transitions in frail and physically active elderly persons. The accelerometry values for the frail elderly are lower than the physically active elderly, whilst variability in the readings for the frail elderly is also lower than the control group.
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10

Okab, PHD, Ammar A. "KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES OF NURSING STUDENTS ABOUT AGEING AND FRAIL-ELDERLY CARING AT COLLEGE OF NURSING IN UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD." Journal of Advanced Research in Medical and Health Science (ISSN 2208-2425) 9, no. 10 (October 26, 2023): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/bmv1mq81.

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Introduction: The issue of an ageing population is a significant one now confronting international healthcare systems. The aging population is associated with a higher probability of experiencing health issues, the aims of this study are to assess the knowledge and attitudes of nursing students about ageing and frail-elderly caring at college of nursing in university of Baghdad. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive investigation carried out among a cohort of nursing students, study sample included 154 nursing students and was distributed according to department. A researcher used a direct interview sheet to gather the data from January 2023 to March 2023, questionnaire consisted of three major parts, data analysis by utilization of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26, Qualitative data was presented using frequency, percentage distribution and Chi-square test. Results: Results study show knowledge nursing students about ageing and elderly caring all of their answer were know, attitude nursing students about ageing and elderly caring most of their answer were agree, positive significant relationship between nursing students’ knowledge and attitude about ageing and frail-elderly caring. Conclusion: The nursing student’s assessment of knowledge about ageing and frail-elderly caring and is good in all items, good level of attitude about ageing and frail-elderly caring in all items,, age, department and participated in lectures on aging and frail-elderly care, and show high positive significant relationship between nursing students’ attitude about ageing and frail-elderly caring and age, marital status, economic status, and participated in lectures on aging and frail-elderly care.
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11

Malaguarnera, Giulia, Vito Emanuele Catania, Claudia Bonfiglio, Gaetano Bertino, Enzo Vicari, and Michele Malaguarnera. "Carnitine Serum Levels in Frail Older Subjects." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 19, 2020): 3887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123887.

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Frailty is an expression that reconciles and condenses loss of autonomy, both physical and cognitive decline and a wide spectrum of adverse outcomes due to aging. The decrease in physical and cognitive activity is associated with altered mitochondrial function, and energy loss and consequently morbidity and mortality. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the carnitine levels in frailty status. The mean serum concentrations of total carnitine (TC) were lower in frail elderly subjects than in prefrail ones (p = 0.0006), higher in frail vs. robust subjects (p < 0.0001), and higher in prefrail vs. robust subjects (p < 0.0001). The mean serum concentrations of free carnitine (FC) were lower in frail elderly subjects than in prefrail ones (p < 0.0001), lower in frail vs. robust subjects (p < 0.0001) and lower in prefrail vs. robust subjects (p = 0.0009). The mean serum concentrations of acylcarnitine (AC) were higher in frail elderly subjects than in prefrail ones (p = 0.054) and were higher in pre-frail vs. robust subjects (p = 0.0022). The mean urine concentrations of TC were lower in frail elderly subjects than in prefrail ones (p < 0.05) and lower in frail vs. robust subjects (p < 0.0001). The mean urine concentrations of free carnitine were lower in frail elderly vs. robust subjects (p < 0.05). The mean urine concentrations of acyl carnitines were lower in frail elderly subjects than those in both prefrail (p < 0.0001) and robust subjects (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: high levels of carnitine may have a favorable effect on the functional status and may treat the frailty status in older subjects.
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12

Ida Ayu Putu Diana Janaki Sari, Erna Setiawati, and Lisa Nurhasanah. "Effectiveness of Expiratory Muscle Strength Training on Dysphagia Risk in Pre-Frail Elderly." Jurnal Profesi Medika : Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan 17, no. 2 (November 27, 2023): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33533/jpm.v17i2.6653.

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Pre-frail dan frail elderly are susceptible to dysphagia. Dysphagia leads to vulnerability to aspiration pneumonia, undernutrition, and dehydration, which negatively affect physical condition and quality of life. Expiratory muscle strength training (EMST) is an intervention for dysphagia. However, the effects of EMST on pre-frail elderly are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate effectiveness of expiratory muscle training on dysphagia risk of pre-frail elderly. The study design was a randomized clinical trial. Twenty-four pre-frail elderly at Rindang Asih I and II Elderly Social Service Institution randomly assigned into experimental group (n=12) or control group (n=12). The experimental group received expiratory muscle training using PEP Threshold® device 5 times per week for 6 weeks. Both of group also received typical multicomponent exercise for elderly 3 times per week for 6 weeks. Outcome measure was risk of dysphagia assessed using Swallowing Disturbance Questionnaire (SDQ). The intra-group analysis showed significant differences pre- and post-intervention in experimental group but not in control group (p<0,001 and p=0,107, respectively). Inter-group analysis showed significant differences between experimental and control group post-intervention (p<0,001). This finding indicate that expiratory muscle training effective on reducing dysphagia risk in pre-frail elderly.
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13

Jeoung, Bog Ja. "Exercise Rehabilitation for Frail Elderly." Korean Journal of Clinical Geriatrics 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15656/kjcg.2014.15.1.9.

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14

Eyigör, Sibel, and Yeşim Gökçe Kutsal. "Approach to the Frail Elderly." Türkiye Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 56, no. 3 (October 4, 2010): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/tftr.56.135.

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15

Hattori, Hideyuki. "Psychological symptoms of frail elderly." Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 50, no. 6 (2013): 759–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.50.759.

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16

Shephard, Roy J. "Exercise for the frail elderly." Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation 1, no. 4 (April 1990): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15438629009511884.

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17

Features Submission, Haworth Continuing. "CAREGIVERS OF THE FRAIL ELDERLY." Journal of Nutrition For the Elderly 8, no. 3-4 (July 31, 1989): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j052v08n03_10.

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18

Artz, Andrew S. "Anemia and the Frail Elderly." Seminars in Hematology 45, no. 4 (October 2008): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.seminhematol.2008.06.002.

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19

Baker, Roger. "Housing for the Frail Elderly." Journal of Gerontological Social Work 8, no. 3-4 (May 22, 1985): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j083v08n03_17.

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20

Katsikas, James L., Frances V. Nelson, Shaffeeulah Bacchus, and Allen R. Nissenson. "Applying Frail-Elderly Care Principles." Seminars in Dialysis 22, no. 1 (January 2009): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-139x.2008.00513.x.

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21

Tinker, A. M. "Housing for frail elderly people." Public Health 106, no. 4 (July 1992): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3506(05)80423-8.

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22

Falsey, Ann R., and Janet E. McElhaney. "Influenza burden in frail elderly." Lancet Respiratory Medicine 6, no. 1 (January 2018): e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(17)30442-3.

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23

MAHONEY, DIANA. "Bisphosphonates Benefit Elderly, Frail Patients." Internal Medicine News 38, no. 2 (January 2005): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(05)70556-4.

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24

Materson, Barry J., Manuel Garcia-Estrada, and Richard A. Preston. "Hypertension in the frail elderly." Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 10, no. 6 (June 2016): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2016.03.187.

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25

Wicclair, Mark R. "Caring for Frail Elderly Parents." Social Theory and Practice 16, no. 2 (1990): 163–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract19901627.

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26

Cardin, Fabrizio, Nadia Minicuci, Paola Siviero, Serena Bertolio, Giulia Gasparini, Emine Meral Inelmen, and Oreste Terranova. "Esophagitis in Frail Elderly People." Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 41, no. 3 (March 2007): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mcg.0000225611.48728.1e.

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27

Toye, Christine, Kate White, and Karen Rooksby. "Fatigue in frail elderly people." International Journal of Palliative Nursing 12, no. 5 (May 2006): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijpn.2006.12.5.21172.

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28

Schrijnemaekers, Veron J. J., and Meindert J. Haveman. "Depression in Frail Dutch Elderly." Clinical Gerontologist 13, no. 3 (August 18, 1993): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j018v13n03_06.

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29

McCloskey, Lois J. "Music and the Frail Elderly." Activities, Adaptation & Aging 7, no. 2 (October 19, 1985): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j016v07n02_09.

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30

Opdam, F. L., A. S. Modak, S. P. Mooijaart, M. Louwerens, M. W. M. de Waal, H. Gelderblom, and H. J. Guchelaar. "CYP2D6 Metabolism in Frail Elderly Compared to Non-Frail Elderly: A Pilot Feasibility Study." Drugs & Aging 32, no. 12 (November 23, 2015): 1019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40266-015-0319-0.

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31

Varela, Flávia Regina de Andrade, Rozana Mesquita Ciconelli, Alessandro Gonçalves Campolina, and Patricia Coelho de Soarez. "Quality of life evaluation of frail elderly in Campinas, São Paulo." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 61, no. 5 (October 2015): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.61.05.423.

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Summary Objective: describe the quality of life of frail elderly assisted by the Centro de Referência à Saúde do Idoso (CRI), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: the convenience sample included 122 frail elderly being treated from January 2010 to July 2011, out of a total of 668 frail elderly who were referred to the CRI after application of the brief evaluation form of the elderly, recommended by Ministry of Health, which identifies the elderly with some degree of frailty. Descriptive observational study collected data through sociodemographic questionnaire and quality of life questionnaires: WHOQOL-BREF, WHOQOLOLD and SF-36. Results: the study included 122 frail elderly. Of these, 74.6% (91) were female, mean age 73 years, 46.7% (57) were married, 51.6% (63) had less than 3 years of schooling and 87.7% (107) reported income of one to four minimum wages. The mean total score of the WHOQOL-BREF was 56.6, the WHOQOL-OLD 57.6 and SF-36 Physical Component Summary 34.5 and Mental Component Summary 43.6. Conclusion: knowledge of the impairment profile of quality of life among frail elderly is, therefore, essential for planning health care to this population.
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Constantin, Bogdan, and Mihaela Ceucă. "Observations and reflections based on the experience of elderly caregiving." Romanian Medical Journal 63, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rmj.2016.3.2.

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Studies dedicated to the process of frailty in geriatrics and gerontology, and also the attempts to individualize a new geriatric syndrome it was a concern in the last years. The authors of this paper, having an unique experience in caring for frail elderly (one of us directly cared frail elderly patients for more than thirty years) have accumulated many observation – clinical, laboratory, nursing and prevention – opportunity for reflection based on author’s opinions. The most important reflection expresses primarily the difficulty to mark off such a syndrome, to have a consensus, which is a condition to integrate a new entity. The rich semiology of elderly patients, the (multi) functional decline inspired over the years many researchers who elaborated nosological descriptions overlapped, more or less to the frailty syndrome. UNO proposed from several years a classification of elderly in the “active elderly” and “frail elderly”. Others described the psycho-motor regression has described as “elder’s multiple vulnerabilities syndrome”. Moreover, frailty is not a specific status of the elderly, but it could be interpreted rather as a “state” than a syndrome, such as bedridden condition, terminal condition, state of dependence, severe stages of dementias and so on. Despite the difficulties of defining the concept of frailty brings some benefit concerning the understanding of the specificity of elderly patient, the holistic approach of his problems, not least provides tools to indicate the need of preventive measures, with good effects on the longevity and the quality of life.
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33

Costa, Júlia Guimarães Reis da, Natália Camargo Rodrigues Iosimuta, and Daniela Cristina Carvalho de Abreu. "Accuracy of functional tests to identify frail community elderly." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): e49111326766. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i3.26766.

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Objective: To verify the accuracy of functional tests in identifying frail older adults in two different regions. Methods: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study with the participation of 120 community older adults. Fried Phenotype and Edmonton Frail Scale were used to classify the frailty and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and gait speed tests to identify the frail older adults. Results: In Ribeirão Preto and Lagarto, frail older adults performed TUG test in a longer time than pre-frail (p = 0.001) and non-frail (p < 0.001). As for gait speed, frail older adults had lower speed than non-frail (p = 0.01). The TUG test had moderate accuracy for the identification of frail older adults in Ribeirão Preto (AUC = 0.86, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.95, p < 0.001) and in Lagarto (AUC = 0.76, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.88, p = 0.001). Gait speed, on the other hand, is not accurate to discriminate frail older adults. The cut-off points for TUG with the highest sensitivity and specificity were 11.5 seconds for both older adults living in Ribeirão Preto and Lagarto. Conclusion: The TUG was capable of identifying frail older adults of two different regions, even when two different diagnostic methods of frailty were applied, standing out as a simple screening to be used in clinical practice.
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Sikder, Tarifin, Nadia Sourial, Geva Maimon, Mehdi Tahiri, Debby Teasdale, Howard Bergman, Shannon A. Fraser, Sebastian Demyttenaere, and Simon Bergman. "Postoperative Recovery in Frail, Pre-frail, and Non-frail Elderly Patients Following Abdominal Surgery." World Journal of Surgery 43, no. 2 (September 18, 2018): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-018-4801-9.

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35

Koesnoe, Sukamto, Ummu Habibah, Edy Rizal Wahyudi, and Murdani Abdullah. "Hubungan Status Frailty dengan Serokonversi dan Seroproteksi Vaksin Influenza pada Populasi Usia Lanjut." Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia 3, no. 4 (January 27, 2017): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/jpdi.v3i4.55.

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Pendahuluan. Infeksi masih merupakan ancaman yang serius bagi dunia kesehatan saat ini, terutama bagi populasi khusus seperti usia lanjut. Usia dinyatakan sebagai salah satu faktor prediktor dalam keberhasilan vaksinasi. Semakin tua usia seseorang, respon imunnya akan semakin buruk. Respon yang berbeda pada usia lanjut ini diperkirakan karena frailty dan kejadian immunosenescense yang mendasarinya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan status frailty dengan respon imun pascavaksinasi influenza pada populasi usia lanjut.Metode. Studi kohort retrospektif ini mengambil data dari penelitian induk dengan subjek usia lanjut berusia ≥60 yang tergabung dalam Posyandu Lansia di 4 kelurahan di Kecamatan Pulo Gadung, Jakarta Timur. Status frailty ditentukan berdasarkan kuisoner Frailty Index 40 Items (FI-40). Vaksin Influenza yang dievaluasi adalah vaksin influenza trivalen inaktif. Serokonversi didefinisikan sebagai peningkatan titer inhibisi hemagglutinin sebanyak 4x lipat. Seroproteksi didefinisikan sebagai titer inhibisi hemagglutinin ≥1:40.Hasil. Terdapat 140 subjek penelitian. Tingkat serokonversi vaksin influenza pada kelompok frail, pre-frail dan sehat adalah 37,9%, 39% dan 60%. Tingkat seroproteksi vaksin influenza pada kelompok frail, pre-frail dan sehat adalah 80%, 92,2% dan 94,8% . Risiko relatif (RR) kelompok pre-frail/frail untuk kejadian tidak serokonversi adalah 0,93 (IK 95% 0,72-1,02) dan RR untuk kejadian tidak seroproteksi adalah 1,7 ( IK 95% 0,5-6,2).Simpulan. Tidak ditemukan hubungan antara status frailty dengan serokonversi dan seroproteksi vaksin influenza pada populasi usia lanjut.Kata Kunci: Frailty, pre-frail, frail, serokonversi, seroproteksi, usia lanjut, vaksin influenza Correlation of Frailty Status with Influenza Vaccine Seroconversion and Seroprotection among Elderly PopulationIntroduction. Infection is still considered as a serious health threat in the world, especially among the elderly. Age was identified as one of the predictor factors for successfull vaccination. Immune response would decrease in older people. A different response in the elderly is expected from frailty and underlying immunosenescense events. This study was conducted to determine the relationship with the Frailty status after the vaccination immune response of influenza in the elderly population. Methods. This retrospective cohort study was conducted using secondary data from the parent study of elderly subjects age ≥60 years who live in the community of Posyandu lansia in Pulo Gadung Region, East Jakarta. Frailty status was stated by Frailty Index 40 Items (FI-40). The influenza vaccine evaluated was the Trivalent Inactivated Vaccine. Seroconversion defined as four fold increase hemagglutinin inhibition titre. Seroprotection defined as Hemagglutinin Inhibition titer ≥1:40. Results. There are 140 subject included in this study. Seroconversion influenza vaccine rate in frail, pre-frail, and robust group are 37.9%, 39%, 60%, respectively. Seroprotection rate in frail, pre-frail, and robust group are 80%, 92.2%, 94.8%, respectively. Relative Risk (RR) pre-frail/frail group for not seroconverted is 0.93 (CI 95% 0.72-1.02), and RR for not seroprotected is 1,7 ( CI 95% 0.5-6.2). Conclussions. There is no association between frailty status and seroconversion nor seroprotection of influenza vaccine in elderly population. Keywords: elderly, frail, influenza vaccine, pre-frail, seroconversion, seroprotection
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Zhang, Yaqun, and Xin Jiang. "The effects of physical activity and exercise therapy on frail elderly depression: A narrative review." Medicine 102, no. 34 (August 25, 2023): e34908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000034908.

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Due to aging, decreased immune function, and an increase in various diseases, frail elderly people are prone to symptoms of depression, which may seriously affect their quality of life. Physical activity and exercise therapy have been identified as a promising method for preventing and treating depression in the elderly. This narrative review assesses the relationship between physical activity and depressive symptoms in frail elderly people, the mechanisms by which physical activity affects depressive symptoms, and the effectiveness of exercise therapy on the health status of frail elderly people. Through searches on the web of science, scopus, PubMed, and CNKI databases, there are a large number of studies on the relationship between physical activity and depression; However, few of them give us a mechanism for how physical activity affects depression. Although all progress has been made in developing appropriate exercise therapy to treat depression, the mechanisms underlying the effects of different types of exercise therapy on depression in frail elderly people have not been satisfactorily addressed, and the optimal effect of exercise therapy on depression cannot be achieved. In this way, future research should more effectively clarify the mechanism of physical activity affecting depression in frail elderly people in China, in order to understand which exercise therapy or how to formulate exercise prescriptions can make exercise therapy play the greatest role in treating depression in vulnerable elderly people in China.
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37

Sharma, Upasana, and K. S. Meena Iyer. "Addressing the Mental Health Care Needs of the Frail Elderly." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 9 (June 1, 2012): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/sep2013/115.

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38

Bharati, Kaushik. "Challenges in Management of Elderly and Frail Alzheimer’s Disease Patients." Open Access Journal of Frailty Science 2, no. 1 (2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajfs-16000105.

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Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which is responsible for the majority of dementia cases across the globe. Approximately 50 million people are currently suffering from Alzheimer’s worldwide
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39

Agnihotri, V., A. Gupta, S. Bajpai, S. Singhal, A. B. Dey, and S. Dey. "Serum Proteomic Approach for Differentiation of Frail and Non-Frail Elderly." Advances in Gerontology 11, no. 2 (April 2021): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079057021020028.

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40

Banning, Louise B. D., Linda Visser, Clark J. Zeebregts, Barbara L. van Leeuwen, Mostafa el Moumni, and Robert A. Pol. "Transition in Frailty State Among Elderly Patients After Vascular Surgery." World Journal of Surgery 44, no. 10 (June 3, 2020): 3564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-020-05619-7.

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Abstract Background Frailty in the vascular surgical ward is common and predicts poor surgical outcomes. The aim of this study was to analyze transitions in frailty state in elderly patients after vascular surgery and to evaluate influence of patient characteristics on this transition. Methods Between 2014 and 2018, 310 patients, ≥65 years and scheduled for elective vascular surgery, were included in this cohort study. Transition in frailty state between preoperative and follow-up measurement was determined using the Groningen Frailty Indicator (GFI), a validated tool to measure frailty in vascular surgery patients. Frailty is defined as a GFI score ≥4. Patient characteristics leading to a transition in frailty state were analyzed using multivariable Cox regression analysis. Results Mean age was 72.7 ± 5.2 years, and 74.5% were male. Mean follow-up time was 22.7 ± 9.5 months. At baseline measurement, 79 patients (25.5%) were considered frail. In total, 64 non-frail patients (20.6%) shifted to frail and 29 frail patients (9.4%) to non-frail. Frail patients with a high Charlson Comorbidity Index (HR = 0.329 (CI: 0.133–0.812), p = 0.016) and that underwent a major vascular intervention (HR = 0.365 (CI: 0.154–0.865), p = 0.022) had a significantly higher risk to remain frail after the intervention. Conclusions The results of this study, showing that after vascular surgery almost 21% of the non-frail patients become frail, may lead to a more effective shared decision-making process when considering treatment options, by providing more insight in the postoperative frailty course of patients.
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41

Katayama, Pedro Lourenço, Daniel Penteado Martins Dias, Luiz Eduardo Virgilio Silva, Jair Sindra Virtuoso-Junior, and Moacir Marocolo. "Cardiac autonomic modulation in non-frail, pre-frail and frail elderly women: a pilot study." Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 27, no. 5 (February 12, 2015): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40520-015-0320-9.

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42

Ferri, Claudio, Livia Ferri, and Giovambattista Desideri. "Management of Hypertension in the Elderly and Frail Elderly." High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention 24, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40292-017-0185-4.

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43

Fujita, Yoshiaki, and Tomoko Ohzeki. "Energy Requirements for Frail Elderly Females." Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 30, no. 7 (1993): 568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.30.568.

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44

EL Said, Salma, Somaia Ebeid, Manar Mamoun, Hala Sweed, Karim Shaheen, and Mohamed Elbanouby. "Luteinizing Hormone in Frail Elderly Individuals." Egyptian Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology 1, no. 1 (November 30, 1999): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejgg.2014.5334.

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45

Jacob, Glen M., and Robert M. Palmer. "Tools for assessing the frail elderly." Postgraduate Medicine 104, no. 1 (July 1998): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.1998.07.542.

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46

Cano-Escalera, Guillermo, Manuel Graña, Jon Irazusta, Idoia Labayen, and Ariadna Besga. "Survival of Frail Elderly with Delirium." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042247.

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This study aims to determine when frailty increases the risks of delirium mortality. Hospital patients falling into the elderly frail or pre-frail category were recruited, some without delirium, some with delirium at admission, and some who developed delirium during admission. We screened for frailty, cognitive status, and co-morbidities whenever possible and extracted drug information and mortality data from electronic health records. Kaplan–Meier estimates of survival probability functions were computed at four times, comparing delirium versus non delirium patients. Differences in survival were assessed by a log-rank test. Independent Cox’s regression was carried out to identify significant hazard risks (HR) at 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. Delirium predicted mortality (log-rank test, p < 0.0001) at all four censoring points. Variables with significant HRs were frailty indicators, comorbidities, polypharmacy, and the use of specific drugs. For the delirium cohort, variables with the most significant 2-year hazard risks (HR(95%CI)) were: male gender (0.43 20 (0.26,0.69)), weight loss (0.45 (0.26,0.74)), sit and stand up test (0.67 (0.49,0.92)), readmission within 30 days of discharge (0.50 (0.30,0.80)), cerebrovascular disease (0.45 (0.27,0.76)), head trauma (0.54 22 (0.29,0.98)), number of prescribed drugs (1.10 (1.03,1.18)), and the use of diuretics (0.57 (0.34,0.96)). These results suggest that polypharmacy and the use of diuretics increase mortality in frail elderly patients with delirium.
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TOBA, Kenji. "Frail Elderly: Concept and Preventive Approach." Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 52, no. 1 (2015): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2490/jjrmc.52.51.

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48

&NA;. "Family Caregivers of the Frail Elderly." Nurse Practitioner 19, no. 5 (May 1994): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-199405000-00001.

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Segal, Refael, Auni Khahil, Arthur Leibovitz, Israel Gil, Mustafa Annuar, and Beno Habot. "Barium Enema in Frail Elderly Patients." Gerontology 46, no. 2 (2000): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000022138.

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Fawcett, R., and P. McCoubrie. "Pitfalls in imaging the frail elderly." British Journal of Radiology 88, no. 1045 (January 2015): 20140699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20140699.

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