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Academic literature on the topic 'Fractures, Open'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Fractures, Open"

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Blease, Robert, and Enes M. Kanlić. "Management of Open Fractures." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 5, no. 4 (November 20, 2005): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2005.3224.

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The large spectrum of open fractures is an amalgamation of injuries with the single variable in common of communication of the fractured bone with the outside environment, and thus an increased risk for infection. Contributing to the presence of bacteria within the fracture site is devascularized soft tissue, the degree of which can be directly attributed to the amount of energy imparted to the tissues. The currently used classification system aids in defining the degree of severity of these injuries and their subsequent risk for infection. The basic management principal for all of these injury patterns remains essentially the same, however: prevention of infection through debridement, wound management, antibiotic usage, and fracture stabilization. Frequently multiple surgical procedures will be required in order to obtain an infection free, united fracture with adequate soft tissue coverage (1).
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Wennberg, O. P., G. McQueen, P. H. Vieira de Luca, F. Lapponi, D. Hunt, A. S. Chandler, A. Waldum, G. Nery Camargo, E. Castro, and L. Loures. "Open fractures in pre-salt silicified carbonate reservoirs in block BM-C-33, the Outer Campos Basin, offshore Brazil." Petroleum Geoscience 27, no. 4 (March 18, 2021): petgeo2020–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2020-125.

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Natural open fractures are present in sidewall cores and in whole-core samples from pre-salt reservoirs in the licence block BM-C-33 in the Campos Basin, Brazil. Open fractures are also observed in borehole image logs, and fracture densities are in general high. The highest density of open fractures is seen in the damage zones above and below larger cavities (amalgamated cavern damage zones (ACDZs)). Outside the ACDZs the fracture density is high in silicified carbonates, where it tends to increase with decreasing porosity. Clean dolomites are less fractured than the silicified interval, while the less brittle argillaceous dolomites have the lowest fracture density. Some fractures appear vuggy on borehole image logs, and fracture densities are high close to vugs and larger cavities. The positive correlation between fractures and vugs is caused by flow of dissolving fluids through open fractures, and fracturing at stress concentrations around vugs. Two major fault zones have been interpreted from borehole image logs that have damage zones with very high fracture density. The well-test permeability is much greater than the matrix permeability estimated from sidewall core and log measurements. This excess permeability is attributed to fractures, in combination with caverns and intervals with frequent vugs.
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Hadfield, James N., Tomisin S. Omogbehin, Charlotte Brookes, Reece Walker, Alex Trompeter, Christopher P. Bretherton, Andrew Gray, and William G. P. Eardley. "The Open-Fracture Patient Evaluation Nationwide (OPEN) study." Bone & Joint Open 3, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2633-1462.310.bjo-2022-0079.r1.

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Aims Understanding of open fracture management is skewed due to reliance on small-number lower limb, specialist unit reports and large, unfocused registry data collections. To address this, we carried out the Open Fracture Patient Evaluation Nationwide (OPEN) study, and report the demographic details and the initial steps of care for patients admitted with open fractures in the UK. Methods Any patient admitted to hospital with an open fracture between 1 June 2021 and 30 September 2021 was included, excluding phalanges and isolated hand injuries. Institutional information governance approval was obtained at the lead site and all data entered using Research Electronic Data Capture. Demographic details, injury, fracture classification, and patient dispersal were detailed. Results In total, 1,175 patients (median age 47 years (interquartile range (IQR) 29 to 65), 61.0% male (n = 717)) were admitted across 51 sites. A total of 546 patients (47.1%) were employed, 5.4% (n = 63) were diabetic, and 28.8% (n = 335) were smokers. In total, 29.0% of patients (n = 341) had more than one injury and 4.8% (n = 56) had two or more open fractures, while 51.3% of fractures (n = 637) occurred in the lower leg. Fractures sustained in vehicle incidents and collisions are common (38.8%; n = 455) and typically seen in younger patients. A simple fall (35.0%; n = 410) is common in older people. Overall, 69.8% (n = 786) of patients were admitted directly to an orthoplastic centre, 23.0% (n = 259) were transferred to an orthoplastic centre after initial management elsewhere, and 7.2% were managed outwith specialist units (n = 81). Conclusion This study describes the epidemiology of open fractures in the UK. For a decade, orthopaedic surgeons have been practicing in a guideline-driven, network system without understanding the patient features, injury characteristics, or dispersal processes of the wider population. This work will inform care pathways as the UK looks to the future of trauma networks and guidelines, and how to optimize care for patients with open fractures. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(10):746–752.
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Golubovic, Zoran, Predrag Stojiljkovic, Lana Macukanovic-Golubovic, Dragan Milic, Sasa Milenkovic, Marko Kadija, Zoran Matovic, et al. "External fixation in the treatment of open tibial shaft fractures." Vojnosanitetski pregled 65, no. 5 (2008): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0805343g.

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Background/Aim. Besides the conquasant fractures, open tibia shaft fractures belong to the group of the most severe fractures of tibia. Open tibia shaft fracture is one of the most common open fractures of long bones. They most frequently occur as a result of traffic accidents caused by the influence of a strong direct force. Methods. Within the period from January, 2000 to December 31, 2005. at the Clinic for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Clinical Center Nis, 107 patients with open tibial fractures were treated. We analyzed 96 patients with open tibial fracture. In the series analyzed, the male sex was prevalent - there were 74 men (77.08%). The mean age was 47.3 years. The youngest patient was 17 years old, while the oldest patient was 79. According to the classification of the Gustilo et al. in the analysed group there were 30 (31.25%) open tibial fractures of the I degree, 31 (32.29%) of the II degree, 25 (26.05%) of the III A degree, 8 (8.33%) of the III B degree and 2 (2.08%) of the III C degree. In 95 of the patients the treatment of open tibia shaft fractures consisted of the surgical treatment of wound and the external fixation of the fractured bone using "Mitkovic" type external fixator with a convergent method of pin applications. One primary amputations had been done in patients with grade IIIC open tibial fracture with large soft tissue defect. Results. Of the 96 open tibial fractures available for follow-up, 73 (76.04%) healed without severe complications (osteitis, pseudoarthrosis, valgus malunion and amputation). Ther were nine (9.38%) soft tissue pin track infections and six (6.25%) superficial wound infections. The mean time of union was 21 (14-36) week. Among severe local complications associated with open tibial fractures, in eight patients (8.33%) was registered osteitis, and in nine patients (9.38%) fracture nonunion and the development of pseudoarthrosis. Three of the patients (3.13%) had more than 10 degree valgus malunion. In one patients (1.04%) deep pin track infection developed. Two patients (2.08%) had below the knee amputation (one primary in patient with type III C open fracture and one secondary after the development of deep infections). Conclusion. Surgical treatment of wounds, external fixation, leaving the wounds open and performing necessary debridements, adequate drug therapy administration are essential for obtaining good results in patients with open tibial shaft fractures.
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Gray, Sarah N., Mathieu Spriet, Tanya C. Garcia, Francisco A. Uzal, and Susan M. Stover. "Preexisting lesions associated with complete diaphyseal fractures of the third metacarpal bone in 12 Thoroughbred racehorses." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 29, no. 4 (April 19, 2017): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638717704866.

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We characterized features of complete diaphyseal fractures of third metacarpal bones in Thoroughbred racehorses. Given that stress fractures are known to occur in the third metacarpal bone, an additional aim was to determine if complete fractures are associated with signs of a preexisting incomplete stress fracture. Bilateral metacarpi from 12 Thoroughbred racehorses euthanized because of complete unilateral metacarpal diaphyseal fracture were examined visually and radiographically. Open, comminuted, transverse or short oblique fractures occurred in the middle of the diaphysis or supracondylar region. Periosteal surface discoloration and bone callus formation contiguous with the fracture line were present in fractured bones. All contralateral intact metacarpi had gross anatomic lesions, and 10 had radiographic abnormalities similar to those observed on fractured metacarpi. Catastrophic metacarpal fractures occurred in racehorses with bilateral evidence of preexisting bone injury.
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Babhulkar, Sudhir, and HKT Raza. "Open fractures." Indian Journal of Orthopaedics 42, no. 4 (2008): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5413.43370.

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Muñoz Vives, J. M., P. Caba Doussoux, and D. Martí i Garín. "Open fractures." Revista Española de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología (English Edition) 54, no. 6 (January 2010): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1988-8856(10)70270-4.

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Mohiuddin, M., M. Hasan, M. Shohag, R. N. Ferdousy, M. M. Alam, and N. S. Juyena. "Surgical management of limb fractures in calves and goats." Bangladesh Veterinary Journal 52, no. 1-4 (December 25, 2018): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32856/bvj-2018.06.

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The study was conducted to determine the occurrence of fractures in calves and goats at Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) and to compare the efficacy of fracture treatment with external and internal fixation using splints and bone plate/wire suture respectively. Patients brought to VTH with the history of automobile accident, trauma and clinical signs suggestive of fractures were subjected to detailed physical, orthopaedic and radiographic examinations to confirm fractures. A total of 6 calves and 4 Black Bengal goats were presented to VTH with limb fractures. Fractures were treated with close reduction and external fixation with splints and bandage, and open reduction and internal fixation with wire suture and bone plate. 50% and 75% fracture cases healed properly in calves and goats respectively. Among the affected animals, 60% were females irrespective of species. Metacarpal bone was the most susceptible for limb fracture. Three were open fractures and 7 cases were closed fracture with the occurrence of 70%. The healing percentage of open fracture treated with external fixation was very poor and amputation was needed in the fractured limb. Overall treatment success rate was 60 %. Biochemical analysis revealed very significant (p<0.01) difference in serum calcium level before and after healing due to hard callus formation. This study shows that bone plating fixation give a satisfactory results to calves with fracture. Moreover, the study could help veterinarians to set up proper treatment method depending on location of fracture.
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C. Hiremath, Mallayya, SK Srinath, Aarcha S. Kumar, and Pushpalatha Shivashankar. "Management of minimally displaced mandibular fracture with customized open cap splint in an 11-year child: A case report." Contemporary Pediatric Dentistry 3, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.51463/cpd.2022.103.

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Mandibular fractures are the most common type of facial skeletal injury in children. In descending order, the most common is the condylar region then angle, and thirdly body fractures. Most of the fractures are greenstick type in children, because of the presence of permanent tooth buds which hold the fractured mandibular fragments like glue. Hence, conservative management is preferred and the fractures heal well and rapidly in children. The condylar neck in children being short and thick helps to resist the fracture, making most of them the nondisplaced type of fractures. The purpose of this case report is to present a conservative and effective treatment technique for pediatric mandibular fractures using a customized acrylic cap splint. This method has many advantages like simplicity of design, ease of fabrication, and reliability. This method takes care of anatomical, physiological, and psychological aspects as well as the complexity of developing jaws in children. Keywords: Children; Closed Fracture Reduction; Mandibular Fracture; Splint
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Golubovic, Ivan, Branko Ristic, Predrag Stojiljkovic, Milan Ciric, Ivana Golubovic, Zoran Radovanovic, Sladjana Petrovic, Nina Djordjevic, Zoran Golubovic, and Stevo Najman. "Results of open tibial fracture treatment using external fixation." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 144, no. 5-6 (2016): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1606293g.

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Introduction. Open lower leg fractures are the most common open fractures of the locomotor system and their treatment is associated with a number of complications. Objective. The aim of the paper was to present the results of the treatment of 68 patients with open lower leg fractures, as well as the complications that accompany the treatment of these fractures. Methods. In the analyzed group, there were 45 (66.18%) men and 23 (33.82%) women. The majority of patients - 33 (48.53%) of them - were injured in motor vehicle accidents, whereas 24 (35.29%) patients sustained injuries due to falls from heights. In two (2.94%) patients the cause of open tibial fractures was gunshot injuries. In the analyzed group, there were 18 (26.47%) type I open fractures, 21 (30.88%) type II open fractures, 19 (27.94%) type IIIA open fractures, seven (10.29%) type IIIB open fractures, and three (4.41%) type IIIC open fractures. Results. The tibial shaft fracture healed without serious complications in 50 (73.53%) patients, whereas in 18 (26.47%) patients we observed some complications. Nonunion was found in 10 (14.71%) patients, osteitis in four (5.88), malunion in two (2.94%) patients. Milder complications such as soft tissue pin tract infection developed in 13 (19.12%) patients, infection of the open fracture wound soft tissue was observed in four (5.88%) patients. Conclusion. Basic principles in the treatment of open lower leg fractures in this study are thorough primary open fracture wound treatment followed by the delayed wound closure, stable fracture fixation using unilateral external skeletal device, proper antibiotic treatment and tetanus prophylaxis. The results correlate with similar studies.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fractures, Open"

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Aird, J. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus and open fractures : is wound or fracture healing affected in surgically stabilised open fractures? : a prospective study." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1343913/.

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Background: 33 million people worldwide are infected with HIV, a complex disease that affects many of the processes involved in wound and fracture healing. There is little evidence available to guide acute management of open fractures in these patients and fears of acute and delayed sepsis often inhibit the use of surgical fixation, which may be the most effective way of achieving union. This study addresses the hypothesis that the presence of either HIV or advanced HIV (CD4 count <=350) leads to an increased risk of complications in patients with open fractures treated with surgical stabilization. South Africa has one of the highest rates of both HIV and high energy trauma in the world, so was deemed an appropriate place for the study of this interaction. Methods: This prospective observational study compared surgical fixation of open fractures in HIV positive and negative patients. 133 patients with 135 open fractures fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 86 fractures were in HIV negative and 33 in HIV positive patients. The remaining 16 patients refused HIV tests. 12 HIV positive patients had advanced disease (CD4 <=350), 14 had early disease (CD4 >350), 7 refused CD4 count testing. This cohort was three times larger (number of HIV positive patients) than any similar previously published study. There was no randomised allocation; the treatment of these patients was based on locally developed protocols and was dependent on; fracture type, location and the grade of wound. Patients were followed up either till union had been achieved or for 6 months in tibia/femur fractures, and 3 months in other fractures. The primary outcome was acute wound infection, secondary outcomes tested were fracture union and pin site sepsis. The analysis of the binary nominal data was done using the Chi squared test. In cases where the expected value was less than 5, then the Fisher’s exact test was used. In the assessment of multiple potential risk factors, binary logistic regression was used. Results: Analysis of background characteristics showed that HIV positive and negative populations were broadly similar with regard to demographics, injury type/location and grade of wound. In the analysis of the primary outcome, the risk of wound infection was marginally higher in patients without HIV (22%) as compared to patients with HIV (15%). This difference was small and did not reach statistical significance (n=135, Risk Ratio 0.7, p value 0.40). However, as hypothesized, the infection risk was higher in patients with advanced HIV (26%), compared to patients with early HIV (5%). The numbers, however, were small and this did not reach statistical significance (n=33, Risk Ratio=4.8, P value= 0.12). Sub group analyses, conceived prior to the study, provided strong evidence that patients with Gustilo Anderson grade 1 injuries had a higher risk of wound infection in patients with advanced HIV than controls (HIV negative and early HIV) (n=46, Risk Ratio=6.3, P value =0.02). Of note, departmental guidelines meant that patients with grade 1 injury were not prioritised for theatre and had, on average, a delay of 3.5 days to surgery. The average delay was similar in both HIV positive and negative groups. Analysis of the secondary outcome, nonunion, provided strong evidence that the risk of nonunion was higher in HIV positive than HIV negative patients (n=115, Risk Ratio=4.1, P value=0.04). Interestingly, the patients with advanced HIV had a slightly lower nonunion risk (13%) than patients with early HIV (20%). However the numbers were small and the difference was not statistically significant (n=33, Risk Ratio=0.8, P value=1). The incidence of nonunion was not correlated with the presence of wound infection. The risk of mild pin site sepsis in fractures treated with external fixation was similar in both HIV positive (60%) and negative (67%) patients (n=31, Risk Ratio=0.9, P value=1). An increased risk of severe pin site sepsis was noted in patients with advanced HIV (50%), compared to controls (25%). Although the difference is large, the numbers are small and the difference was not statistically significant (n=28, Risk Ratio=2, P value= 0.31). It would require 160 patients to prove a difference of this size. Conclusions: Data from this study appears to dispute the conclusion of previous studies that suggest that all patients with HIV are at higher risk of wound infection, and therefore internal fixation should be considered with caution. In this study it was only the patients with advanced HIV that showed a small increase in the risk of wound infection. Based on this study the author suggests that early HIV should not be a contraindication to either internal or external fixation in open fractures, due to concerns of wound infection. However, advanced HIV should continue to be considered a relative contraindication to internal fixation, until further data becomes available. Since this finding applied equally to grade 1 (Gustilo Anderson) injuries, the data suggests that any theatre delays in patients with advanced HIV may be detrimental to outcomes. This is contrary to published data that suggests that grade 1 injuries do not need to be prioritised. The data provides strong evidence that HIV leads to an increased risk of non unions. Interestingly, the risk of non union is less in patients with advanced HIV. This may fit with recently published laboratory studies suggesting that the absence of lymphocytes is beneficial to bone healing. Based on this evidence the author suggests that in patients with HIV treatment strategies should be aimed at achieving union, rather than on potentially unfounded concerns of preventing infection. In patients treated with external fixation, the data provides weak evidence of an increased risk of severe pin site sepsis in advanced HIV. This observation may be due to an increased susceptibility to infection, or to problems with bone healing in these patients. Based on this evidence, and the evidence that patients with HIV may be at increased risk of non union, the author suggests that HIV positive patients being treated with external fixators, should be considered for treatment strategies that will prolong the life of the pin bone interface. These may include additional pins, wires and/or the use of hydroxyapatite coated half pins.
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Nussbaum, Marcy Lauren. "Meta-Analysis of Open vs Closed Surgery of Mandibular Condyle Fractures." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1397.

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A review of the literature reveals a difference of opinion regarding whether open or closed reduction of condylar fractures produces the best results. It would be beneficial to critically analyze past studies that have directly compared the two methods in an attempt to answer this question. A Medline search for articles using the key words 'mandibular condyle fractures' and 'mandibular condyle fractures surgery' was performed. The articles chosen for the meta-analysis contained data on at least one of the following: postoperative maximum mouth opening, lateral excursion, protrusion, deviation on opening, asymmetry, and joint pain or muscle pain. Several common statistical methods were used to test for differences between open and closed surgery, including the weighted average method for fixed and random effects as well as the Mantel-Haenszel method for fixed effects. Some of the outcome variables were found to be statistically significant but were interpreted with caution because of the poor quality of the studies assessed. There is a need for more standardized data collection as well as patient randomization to treatment groups.
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Worlock, Peter Harrison. "The prevention of infection in open fractures : an experimental study of the effects of fracture stability and of antibiotic therapy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13676/.

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An experimental model of a contaminated open fracture has been developed in rabbits, using a reproducible midshaft fracture of the tibia. This model has been used to: 1) Test the hypothesis that stable fixation of an open fracture will reduce its susceptibility to infection. 2) Assess the effect of antibiotics on infection rate, with particular reference to the delay in administering the initial dose. The pattern of fracture healing was initially determined for stable and unstable fixation, without inoculation with bacteria. Fractures fixed with a dynamic compression plate ("stable" group) healed by primary bone union, while fractures stabilised with a loose-fitting intramedullary rod ("unstable" group) healed by external callus formation. Forty- one rabbits were used in the definitive study of the effect of stability. All fractures were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus in a standard concentration. There were twenty rabbits in the stable group (compression plate) and osteomyelitis developed in seven (35%). Of the twenty- one rabbits in the unstable group (loose- fitting intramedullary rod), fifteen (71%) became infected. This difference in infection rate is statistically significant (p<0.02). The "rod- fixed fracture" model had the highest infection rate and was therefore used to study the effect of antibiotics. Fifty-one rabbits were used; a single intramuscular injection of cephradine was given to each animal at varying times in relation to inoculation with bacteria. Although the maximal reduction in infection rate was observed when the antibiotic was given before inoculation with bacteria, a 40% decrease in the infection rate was still seen when the antibiotic was given after bacterial inoculation. This effect persisted even if the initial dose of antibiotic was delayed four hours after inoculation. These findings support the concept of stabilisation of open fractures in man; and suggest that appropriate systemic antibiotics should be routinely used in the management of open fractures in man, even if the treatment is delayed up to four hours after injury.
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П`ятикоп, Геннадій Іванович, Геннадий Иванович Пятикоп, Hennadii Ivanovych Piatykop, Дмитро Володимирович Шищук, Дмитрий Владимирович Шищук, Dmytro Volodymyrovych Shyshсhuk, and Л. О. Самодахова. "Тактика лікування відкритих переломів кісток." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2005. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7298.

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Boriani, Filippo <1977&gt. "The "Orthoplastic" combined surgical approach to open tibia fractures: a multicentric prospective outcome study." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6754/.

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Introduction: Open fractures of the leg represent a severe trauma. The combined approach, shared between plastic and orthopaedic surgeons, is considered to be important, although this multidisciplinary treatment is not routinely performed. Aim of this study was to verify whether the orthoplastic treatment is of any advantage over the traditional simply orthopedic treatment, through a multicentric inclusion of these unfrequent injuries into a prospective study. Material and methods: The following trauma centres were involved: Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute/University of Bologna (leading centre) and Maggiore Hospital (Bologna, Italy), Frenchay Hospital (Bristol, United Kingdom), Jinnah Hospital (Lahore, Pakistan). All patients consecutively hospitalized in the mentioned centres between January 2012 and December 2013 due to tibial open fractures were included in the study and prospectively followed up to December 2014. Demographics and other clinical features were recorded, including the type of treatment (orthopaedic or orthoplastic). The considered outcome measures included duration of hospitalization, time for bone union and soft tissue closure, Enneking score at 3, 6 and 12 months, the incidence of osteomyelitis and other complications. Results: A total of 164 patients were included in the study. Out of them 68% were treated with an orthoplastic approach, whereas 32% received a purely orthopedic treatment. All considered outcome measures showed to be improved by the orthoplastic approach, compared to the orthopaedic one: time for soft tissue closure (2 versus 25 weeks), duration of hospital stay (22 versus 55 days), time for bone union (6 versus 8.5 months) , number of additional operations (0.6 versus 1.2) and functional recovery of the limb at 12 months (27 versus 19, Enneking’s score). All results were statistically significant. Conclusion: The combined orthoplastic approach to the treatment of open tibia fractures, in particular for high grade injuries (Gustilo 3B), is proven to improve the outcome of these severe injuries.
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Melin, Hanna. "Controlling parameters for normal and shear behaviour of rock fractures-a study of direct shear test data from SKB." Thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-93976.

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The deep mining and civil engineering industry need to perform rock stability analyses during excavation projects. The stability is mainly controlled by the shear strength of the rock fractures, which are the weakest point of the rock mass. In turn, the shear strength is governed by the mechanical properties of the fractures. It is both time and cost demanding to determine the properties of the rock fractures in laboratory. Also, the interpretation of the results requires a deep understanding of the normal and shear behaviour of rock fractures. This study aims to investigate if it is possible to determine the peak shear strength of rock fractures by merely estimating fracture parameters during field mapping and core logging. SKB supplied test results on drilled bore cores from site investigations in Forsmark and Laxemar for deep nuclear waste deposits. SKB generated data of high quality and in large quantity, which made it very valuable for the purpose of the study. The study begins with a literature review and an interaction matrix, clarifying the relationships between mechanical properties and affecting parameters of rock fractures. The predicted relationships of the parameters are then tested in an analysis based on the compiled data from SKB. The results show that the peak friction angle, the residual friction angle and the dilation angle are possible to approximate for open granite fractures in deep mining projects. Further on, the study proposes that the joint matching coefficient is included in the field mapping and core logging since it has a strong influence on the mechanical behaviour of the fracture, notably the normal and shear stiffness. Finally, the study questions estimations of JRC on small samples.
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Lanka, Gopi Krishna. "Stability of the Mandible–Strut Plate Complex in Isolated Angle Fractures: A Finite Element Study." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535382405124984.

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Barouni, Elyas. "Soft tissue Reconstruction of Gustilo-Anderson Grade IIIB Open Extra-Articular Tibial Fractures at a Tertiary Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa: A Retrospective Case Series." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32588.

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Introduction: Management of Gustilo-Anderson grade 3b tibia fractures are challenging due to the high rate of complications which includes infection, nonunion and possible amputation. Due to limited soft tissue coverage of the tibia antero-medially, open fractures remain a treatment challenge. Despite many advances, the ideal time delay to definitive soft tissue cover remains controversial. Aim: We aimed to investigate the management strategy and the outcome of soft tissue reconstruction of Gustilo-Anderson grade 3b tibia fractures at a tertiary hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 22 patients who underwent soft tissue reconstruction for grade 3b tibia fractures from January 2014 to July 2017. Patient demographics, comorbidities, injury characteristics and management practices such as time to debridement, relook time, Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT), soft tissue coverage and complications were recorded. Results: Most patients were males (n=18; 81.8%) with an average age of 39.3 years. Pedestrian vehicle accidents accounted for 45.4%(n=10), motor-vehicle accidents (n=6; 27.3%) and gunshot wounds (n=2; 9.1%). The commonest site of injury was the middle third of the tibia (n=13; 59.1%), distal third (n=7; 31.8%) and proximal third (n=2; 9.1%). Most patients (n=18; 81.8%) were debrided within 24 hours. The mean times for NPWT prior to cover was 12.5 days and for soft tissue cover 13.7 days (range 2-35), respectively. Fasciocutaneous flaps (n=11; 50%) were predominantly used as cover, then pedicled muscle flaps (n=8; 36.4%), free flaps (n=2) and skin graft(n=1). Most patients (n=13; 59.1%) received satisfactory outcomes. Seven (31.8%) required soft tissue revisions. Three patients (13.6%) suffered complications namely, complete flap loss resulting in amputation, partial skin graft loss and soft tissue infection, respectively. Patients who underwent debridement after 24 hours reported the least complications and there appeared to be better outcomes in the relooks beyond 48 hours. Conclusion: Despite achieving outcomes which concur with other published studies, the BOAST 4 guidelines were not fully reflected in our management strategy. We will require larger numbers in future studies to formulate a standardized management protocol going forward.
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Nemanja, Gvozdenović. "Rana prognoza kvaliteta života politraumatizovanih bolesnika sa prelomima dugih kostiju." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Medicinski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=99961&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Pod pojmom politraume se podrazumeva teška istovremena povreda najmanje dve regije tela sa anatomskom težinom povrede AIS koja je jednaka ili veća od tri kao i ukupna izračunata anatomska težina povreda izražena ISS zbirom mora da bude veća od 15. Cilj istraživanja je da se primenom upitnika (SF36, PTSD–testa i Glazgov skale ishoda) proceni kvalitet života između politraumatizovanih pacijenata sa prelomomima dugih kostiju i politraumatizovanih bez preloma duge kosti kao i da se uoče rani pokazatelji loše prognoze kvaliteta života nakon završetka lečenja. Istraživanje je prospektivnog karaktera i obuhvatilo je 202 politraumatizovana pacijenta koji su bili povređeni u periodu 2010-2014 godine i bili lečeni u Urgentnom Centu Kliničkog Centra Vojvodine. Od 202 politraumatizovana pacijenta na kontrolne preglede se odazvalo ukupno 72 pacijenta, 37 sa prelomima dugih kostiju - ispitivana grupa i 35 politraumatizovanih pacijenata bez preloma duge kosti koji su činili kontrolnu gupu. Godinu dana nakon završetka hospitalizacije svaki ispitanik je popunjavao upitnik( SF36, PTSD test i Glazgov skala ishoda ), načinjen je klinički pregled i standardna radiografija predela preloma duge kosti. Rezultati ukazuju da ukupni kvalitet života nakon završetka lečenja se ne razlikuje značajno između ispitivanih grupa, iako politraumatizovani sa prelomima dugih kostiju imaju niži kvalitet života, odnosno značajno lošije fizički funkcionišu i imaju značajno češće psihičke poremećaje (postraumatski stresni poremećaj, depresija) u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Tip preloma duge kosti nije uticao na krajnji kvalitet života politraumatizovanih, dok su oni sa dva i više preloma imali značajno lošiji kvalitet života. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata konstatovali smo da veću šansu za bolji kvalitet života imaju pacijenti mlađi od 44 godine, ukoliko su inicjalno imali vrednost ISS skora manji od 30,5 bodova, vrednosti sistolnog i dijastolnog arterijskog pritiska u referentnim vrednostima, kao i broja eritrocita i trombocita, i ukoliko su primili manje od 4 jedinica transfuzije krvi u prva 24 časa.
The term of polytrauma means, a patient with multiple severe injuries in at least two regions of the body with anatomical severity of trauma AIS equal or greater than three and the total calculated weight anatomical injuries expressed by ISS score must be greater than 15. The aim of our study is early estimate of quality of life in polytrauma patients with multiple fractures of the long bones and polytrauma patients without fractures of long bones as well as to detect early indicators of poor prognosis of quality of life after treatment, using questionnaires (SF 36, PTSD test and Glasgow Outcome Scale). This was prospective study and included 202 polytrauma patients who were injured during the period 2010-2014 and were treated in the Emergency Center of Clinical Center of Vojvodina. From 202 polytrauma patients, on control examinations responded 72 patients, 37 with fractures of long bones - study group and 35 polytrauma patients without fractures of long bones and they were control group. One year after the end of hospitalization each patient filled out a questionnaire (SF36, PTSD test and Glasgow Outcome Scale), made a clinical examination and standard X-rays of long bone fractures. Our results indicate that the overall quality of life after treatment is not significantly different between the groups, although polytraumatized patients with fractures have a lower quality of life and significantly worse physical functioning and have significantly more mental disorders (post-traumatic stress disorder, depression) compared to the control group. Type of long bone fractures did not affect on the final quality of life, while those patients with two or more fractures had a significantly poorer quality of life. Based on these results we concluded that greater chance for a better quality of life have patients younger than 44 years, unless they had initially ISS score less than 30.5 points, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the reference values as well as the number of red blood cells and platelets, and if they received less than 4 units of blood transfusions in the first 24 hours.
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Carvalho, Vladimir Cordeiro de. "Osteomielite por bacilos Gram-negativos: estudo comparativo das características clínico-microbiológicas e fatores de risco com as infecções por Staphylococcus aureus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5140/tde-14082013-105434/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: As infecções osteoarticulares permanecem como um grande desafio para os profissionais de saúde envolvidos no seu manejo, a despeito do sucesso obtido com a introdução dos antimicrobianos para o tratamento das doenças infectocontagiosas no final da década de 1930. O Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) é o agente mais frequentemente encontrado nestas infecções e também é o agente mais estudado, porém possuímos poucas informações disponíveis na literatura médica a respeito das osteomielites por bacilos Gram-negativos (BGN). OBJETIVOS: A caracterização clínica e microbiológica dos episódios de osteomielite causadas por bacilos Gram-negativos. A determinação das diferenças evolutivas e dos fatores de risco para a ocorrência de osteomielite por bacilos Gram-negativos, quando comparadas à osteomielite causada por S. aureus. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva dos casos de osteomielite causadas por bacilos Gram-negativos atendidos no Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo no período de janeiro de 2007 a janeiro de 2009. Apenas amostras de osso ou aspirado de canal medular foram consideradas válidas. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 89 pacientes no grupo S. aureus e 101 pacientes no grupo BGN. Os pacientes do grupo BGN eram predominantemente do sexo masculino (63%), com mediana de 42 anos de idade. Apresentaram-se com osteomielite crônica (43%) e osteomielite aguda associada à fratura exposta (32%), nos membros inferiores (71%), cuja principal sintomatologia inicial foi a fistulização (69%). Quando comparado ao grupo S. aureus, o grupo BGN estava estatisticamente associado com o antecedente de fratura exposta (35% vs. 18%; p=0,0064), apresentando ainda um maior tempo de internação hospitalar (mediana 41 vs. 24 dias; p=0,0114), maior tempo para a obtenção da primeira cultura positiva (mediana 10 vs. 6,5 dias; p=0,0042), antibioticoterapia mais prolongada (mediana 40 vs. 24 dias; p=0,0329), maior número de procedimentos cirúrgicos (média 3,41 vs. 2,47; p=0,0173) e maior uso de reparo do revestimento cutâneo (31% vs. 9%; p=0,0005). O grupo S. aureus estava estatisticamente associado com as osteomielites da coluna vertebral (23,6% vs. 6,9%; p=0,0008). Foram isolados 121 agentes Gram-negativos de 101 amostras clínicas e os agentes mais frequentes foram Enterobacter spp. (24,7%), Acinetobacter baumannii (21,4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19,8%) e Klebsiella pneumoniae (8,2%). CONCLUSÕES: Os 101 pacientes portadores de osteomielite por BGN eram na sua maioria jovens, do sexo masculino, vítimas de traumas nos membros inferiores e que desenvolveram osteomielite aguda e crônica associadas a fraturas expostas. Os pacientes do grupo BGN necessitaram de um número maior de procedimentos cirúrgicos, maior uso de reparo do revestimento cutâneo, permaneceram internados por mais tempo, necessitaram de um número de dias maior para o isolamento do agente infeccioso e utilizaram antibioticoterapia mais prolongada, quando comparados aos pacientes do grupo S. aureus. O antecedente de fratura exposta foi o principal fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de osteomielite por um BGN, quando comparado ao grupo S. aureus
INTRODUCTION: Bone and joint infection remains a serious therapeutic challenge, despite the high success rate observed with antibiotic therapy in most bacterial disease since the end of 1930 decade. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most studied and the most frequently isolated pathogen, but there is insufficient information in medical literature regarding Gram- negative bacilli (GNB) osteomyelitis. OBJECTIVES: Describe clinical and microbiological characteristics of Gram-negative bacilli osteomyelitis. Establish evolving differences and risk factors for the occurrence of GNB osteomyelitis, compared to S. aureus osteomyelitis. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of all patients with GNB osteomyelitis treated at Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital das Clínicas - School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo from january 2007 to january 2009. Only bone or bone marrow aspirate samples were included. RESULTS: 89 patients were included in S. aureus group and 101 patients were included in GNB group. Patients in GNB group were mostly male (63%), with median age of 42 years. At presentation, they had chronic osteomyelitis (43%) and acute open-fracture associated osteomyelitis (32%), in the lower limbs (71%), with a discharging sinus as the main clinical sign (69%). When compared to S. aureus group, GNB group was statistically associated with a previous history of open-fracture (35% vs. 18%; p=0.0064), showed a longer length of hospital stay (median 41 vs. 24 days; p=0.0114), a higher number of days to isolate the infective bacteria (median 10 vs. 6,5 days; p=0.0042), a longer use of antibiotics (median 40 vs. 24 days; p=0.0329), a higher number of surgical procedures (mean 3,41 vs. 2,47; p=0.0173) and a higher rate of soft- tissue reconstruction (31% vs. 9%; p=0.0005). S. aureus group was statistically associated with spine osteomyelitis (23,6% vs. 6.9%; p=0.0008). 121 Gram-negative pathogens were isolated from 101 clinical samples and the most frequent agents were Enterobacter spp. (24.7%), Acinetobacter baumannii (21.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with GNB osteomyelitis were mainly young, male, with lower limb trauma and developed chronic and open- fracture associated osteomyelitis. Patients in GNB group had a higher number of surgical procedures, a higher rate of soft-tissue reconstruction, a longer length of hospitalization, a longer time to isolate the infective bacteria and a prolonged use of antibiotics, when compared to patients in S. aureus group. A previous history of open-fracture was the main risk factor to development of GNB osteomyelitis, compared to S. aureus group
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Books on the topic "Fractures, Open"

1

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, ed. Open fractures. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2010.

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Hackett, William R. Land-surface subsidence and open bedrock fractures in the Tully Valley, Onondaga County, New York. Reston, Va.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2009.

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Moss, A. C. Fracture characteristics of carbon and aramis unidirectional composites in interlaminar shear and open hole tensile tests. Amsterdam: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1986.

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Taylor, Andrew C. Material characterisation and fracture behaviour of an open mesh CFRP triaxial composite for lightweight space reflectors. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2000.

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(Editor), Charles M. Court-Brown, Margaret M. McQueen (Editor), and Awf A. Quaba (Editor), eds. Management of Open Fractures. C.V. Mosby, 1996.

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McMaster, John. Management of open fractures. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.012007.

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Mollan, Small. Severe Open Tibial Fractures. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, 1992.

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Court-Brown, Charles M. Management of Open Fractures. 2nd ed. Martin Dunitz Ltd, 2007.

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Standards for the Management of Open Fractures. Oxford University Press, 2020.

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Eccles, Simon, Bob Handley, Umraz Khan, Jagdeep Nanchahal, Selvadurai Nayagam, and Iain McFadyen, eds. Standards for the Management of Open Fractures. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198849360.001.0001.

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Standards for the Management of Open Fractures provides an evidence-based approach for the management of open fractures, focusing on lower limb injuries. It builds on and expands the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Guidelines to provide a practical approach with supporting evidence. The new edition has been extensively updated and expanded to include key aspects of management, ranging from setting up an orthoplastic service, through to dealing with bone and soft tissue injuries, including in young and older people, patient rehabilitation and psychological care, blast injuries, as well as complications such as infection. The book provides an important resource for orthopaedic and plastic surgeons managing patients with these challenging injuries.
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Book chapters on the topic "Fractures, Open"

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Schatzker, J., and M. Tile. "Open Fractures." In The Rationale of Operative Fracture Care, 23–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02483-6_3.

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Johnson, Joey P. "Open Fractures." In The Orthopedic Consult Survival Guide, 7–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52347-7_2.

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Kanakaris, Nikolaos K., and Peter V. Giannoudis. "Open Fractures." In Trauma and Orthopaedic Classifications, 487–93. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6572-9_111.

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Freeland, Alan E., Michael E. Jabaley, and James L. Hughes. "Open Fractures." In Stable Fixation of the Hand and Wrist, 134–51. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8640-7_39.

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Kamath, Atul F., John G. Horneff, John L. Esterhai, Wesley G. Lackey, Kyle J. Jeray, and J. Scott Broderick. "Open Fractures." In Evidence-Based Orthopedics, 617–26. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444345100.ch70.

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Schatzker, J., and M. Tile. "Open Fractures." In The Rationale of Operative Fracture Care, 39–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-88443-6_3.

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Spiessl, Bernd. "Open Fractures." In Internal Fixation of the Mandible, 241–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71034-6_12.

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Court-Brown, C. M., A. C. Masquelet, and B. Schenck. "Open Fractures." In Practice of Intramedullary Locked Nails, 29–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56337-9_5.

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Ratliff, A. H. C., J. H. Dixon, P. A. Magnussen, and S. K. Young. "Open Fractures." In Selected References in Orthopaedic Trauma, 9–10. London: Springer London, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1695-0_4.

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Steffner, Robert J., and Philip R. Wolinsky. "Open Fractures." In Encyclopedia of Trauma Care, 1121–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29613-0_560.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fractures, Open"

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Dashti, Jalal, Bader Al-Ajmi, Hawas Farwan, Ahmad Shoeibi, Milton Sanclemente, Alberto Martocchi, and Eliana R. Russo. "IDENTIFICATION OF NATURAL OPEN FRACTURES, INDUCED FRACTURES AND MATRIX PERMEABILITY IN CARBONATES WHILE DRILLING." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0084.

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The economic feasibility of a well drilled in tight carbonates is extremely dependent on the level of fracture permeability; hard and dense carbonate formations may not be considered as net pay without the presence of fractures. The evaluation of fractures is a key to reservoir effectiveness characterization for well drilling, completion, development and stimulation of fractured reservoirs. While knowledge of the geological conditions and regional stress is helpful to estimate the characteristics of the natural fracture system in a given reservoir, the true extent of the natural open fracture system in any specific location is typically unknown. Several methods are available to the industry to identify natural fractures near the wellbore, including acoustic and resistivity image logs. In some cases, the poor-quality results of these techniques do not provide reliable information and such data cannot be available in all the wells. When minor downhole losses are accurately detected, it is possible to locate and characterize the natural open fractures intersected by the drill bit while drilling operations. The differential flow (Flow-out minus Flow-in) and the Active Volume System are continually monitored during drilling and integrated with drilling and hydraulic parameters. These readings are processed in a computer-based, data-acquisition system to form a compensated delta-flow signal that identifies the occurrence of downhole fluid losses. The differential flow is measured accurately through a dedicated Coriolis type flow-meter with a Limit Of Detection up to 10 l/min. By accurately detecting and measuring the downhole micro-losses instantaneously at the surface, the responses would be compared to predefined models for fracture characterization; that enables identification of different types of fractures (open natural, induced fractures). The system can detect very fine micro-fractures that might not be visible with wireline images; fracture density plots can then be created to highlight the fracture concentration along the well. Drilling deep wells in Kuwait is challenging due to high pressure, high-temperature formations, with the Bottom Hole Pressure of +15kpsi and Bottom Hole Temperature of +150 Centigrade degrees. In conventional surface systems, the loss detection relies on the Active Volume System and the Paddle type Flow-out sensor; however, these systems usually fail to identify the minor mud losses associated to open fractures. Especially for active pits with a big surface, it is almost impossible to identify few millimetres of mud level decrease and during fluid transfers, mud conditioning will make the job even more difficult to identify minor losses. With flow paddle type of sensors, the flow out information is not displayed as a calibrated value but rather as a percentage of full scale, which can be difficult to interpret. Instead, dedicated Coriolis type flowmeters properly installed, can identify flow rate changes accurately, regardless of any transfer of mud, water or diesel between pits. By applying this technique, it is possible to identify fractures while drilling in different types of wells, such as vertical, highly deviated and horizontal. The data were validated initially through core and image logs and further applied in next drilling campaigns.
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Trammell, Terry R., Christopher S. Weaver, and Henry Bock. "Spine Fractures in Open Cockpit Open Wheel Race Car Drivers." In Motorsports Engineering Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-3630.

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He, Xupeng, Marwa AlSinan, Hyung Kwak, and Hussein Hoteit. "Analytical and Numerical Assessment of Hydraulic Properties of 3D Partially-Open Rock Fractures." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22465-ms.

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Abstract Modeling fractured reservoirs requires an accurate assessment of the hydraulic properties of discrete fractures. High-resolution Navier-Stokes simulations provide an accurate description of the flow within the fractures, including fracture upscaling. However, its excessive computational requirements make it impractical. The traditionally used cubic law for fracture upscaling is known for its poor accuracy. This work introduces a new analytical model based on cubic law to estimate hydraulic properties of 3D rock fractures with the irregular contact-area distribution. We first briefly review the applicability of the existing models in the literature. Most of the current models exhibit major limitations related to prediction accuracy and practicality. For instance, most models neglect the effect of contact-area distribution. As a result, they fail to capture properly the heterogeneous and anisotropic flow behaviors caused by irregular contact-area distribution. In addition, some models work well only for idealized cases, such as parallel-smooth fractures with specific shapes of contact areas. Others are only valid for cases with fractional contact area and relative roughness less than certain values. Alternatively, we propose a dynamic indicator using a particle-percolation approach to quantify the effect of the contact-area distribution. We then introduce a more general modified cubic law, which accounts for different factors, including variable aperture, roughness, flow tortuosity, and contact-area distribution. The proposed model predictions are then compared with the solutions of the 3D high-resolution Navier-Stokes simulations and experimental measurements collected from public resources. We assess the predictability of our model and benchmark it with other existing models from the literature with dozens of fracture cases. We show significant superiority of our model compared with other existing models, especially for cases with pronounced fracture anisotropy where the impact of the fracture contact area is dominant. Moreover, results show that the hydraulic aperture decreases with the increase of frictional contact area almost linearly. The contact-area distribution shows a significant impact on hydraulic properties even with the same size of contact regions. We introduce a new analytical model to estimate the hydraulic properties of 3D partially-open rock fractures. Based on our benchmark that included dozens of fractures, our model is superior to commonly used models in the literature. The proposed model also retains the simplicity and efficiency of the cubic law, and can be easily implemented in workflows for reservoir characterization and modeling.
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Wang, Rujun, Wei Zhou, Shiti Cui, Yiming Wu, Hanbing Xu, Hui Ma, Liming Lian, et al. "Fully Coupled 3D Geomechanical and Natural Fracture Modeling for Fracture Propagation Simulation in Unconventional Resources." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22345-ms.

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Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is one of the major production enhancement measures for low permeability fractured reservoirs, where a large amount of oil and gas is stored worldwide. In recent years, during the development and research of these reservoirs, it has been found that the hydraulic fractures formed are no longer the single planar fractures produced by fracturing in homogeneous reservoirs, but complex, non-planar, multiple hydraulic fractures are formed, and the post-fracturing production often shows a positive correlation with the fracture complexity. A large amount of hydraulic fracturing diagnostic data indicates that the interaction between pre-existing natural fractures and induced hydraulic fractures is the key condition leading to the formation of complex hydraulic fractures. Simulation of hydraulic fracture extension in fractured reservoirs requires simulation of fluid pressure changes after the intersection of hydraulic fractures and natural fractures, as well as hydraulic fracture steering and other complex conditions. The traditional hydraulic fracture extension simulation models and theories are no longer suitable for such inhomogeneous reservoir conditions, but the relevant theoretical research is still immature and the interaction between hydraulic fractures and natural fractures during hydraulic fracture extension in fractured reservoirs is still not well understood. It is necessary to further develop theoretical research on hydraulic fracture expansion in fractured reservoirs to understand the mechanism and influencing factors of complex fracture formation, in order to promote the development of field development and theoretical research system of similar reservoirs. In this paper, we simulate and analyze the factors influencing hydraulic fracture expansion in fractured reservoirs. Through a series of numerical simulations, we found that horizontal bedding may open up during hydraulic fracturing to form horizontal fractures, and horizontal and vertical fractures intersect each other to form a complex volumetric fracture network; The distribution length of volumetric fractures increases and the distribution width decreases when the horizontal principal stress difference increases, and the aspect ratio of volumetric fractures increases; the distribution length of volumetric fractures decreases and the width increases when the fracturing construction displacement increases, and the aspect ratio of fractures increases. The residual tensile strength of natural fractures increases, the distribution width of volumetric fractures decreases, the distribution length increases, and the aspect ratio of volumetric fractures increases. The research results can provide some reference and reference for the fracture design and construction of fractured reservoirs.
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Irawan, Debby, Icuk Dwi Wibowo, Bertha Martinauly, Linda Fransiska, Leonora Ludwina Lilasari, Dian Permanasari, and Jhonny Jhonny. "Comprehensive Fracture Characterization in Tight Carbonate Reservoir Using LWD High-Resolution Image and Multi-Pole Sonic Measurement; A Case Study from Offshore North West Java, Indonesia." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206244-ms.

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Abstract Tapping into an unconventional reservoir such as naturally fractured tight carbonate or basement has become more common in the industry. Open natural fractures, when present are the major contributor to production flow in such formation. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of fracture properties including aperture, intensity, and permeability is required to identify the productive fractures and optimize production. In this paper, we discuss the first application of the latest Logging-While Drilling (LWD) high-resolution laterolog resistivity image in combination with LWD multi-pole sonic to provide comprehensive fracture characterization in Pre-Talang Akar Formation tight carbonate reservoir, in the offshore North West Java Basin, Indonesia. The methodology involved identification of borehole breakouts, natural or drilling-induced fractures, faults and vugs from the high-resolution LWD image data, which were then interpreted further to provide the fracture attributes and the secondary porosity distributions from each of the identified features. The Stoneley measurement from LWD multi-pole sonic log enabled the analysis of the fracture system producibility using the sonic fracture technique. The characterization of fractures and faults (open/closed) from the integration of these two independent methods were complemented by the triple combo measurements, caliper, and drilling loss data, as well as sonic compressional and shear data. This methodology has successfully managed to differentiate open fracture zones and closed fracture zones along with their computed fracture properties. The open fracture zones were characterized by a cluster of conductive fractures with large fracture aperture and fracture porosity value. These fractures were also associated with positive fracture indication from the sonic data, decrease in density logs, shallow - deep resistivity log separation and drilling loss occurrence. Whereas, closed fracture zones were characterized with minor fracture dip development. It also showed negative open fracture indication from sonic data, flat density log response and overlaying resistivity log response with no drilling loss occurrence. The case study in this paper shows excellent LWD data quality and fracture characterization result, on par with wireline conveyed data that were commonly used to quantify fracture attributes. The results provide invaluable information for volumetric calculation, well completion and production planning in this area.
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Falk, J., and J. Groenenboom. "Numerical Studies on Wave Scattering at Open Fractures." In 60th EAGE Conference and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201408289.

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Poon, Selina, Ashley Olson, Alexa Vetere, Rachel Porter, and Jon-Paul DiMauro. "Management of Pediatric Grade 1 Open Forearm Fractures." In Selection of Abstracts From NCE 2016. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.141.1_meetingabstract.674.

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Hu, Jialiang, Pradeep Menon, Amna Al Yaqoubi, Mohamed Al Shehhi, Mahmoud Basioni, Fabio Roncarolo, and Natela Belova. "Fracture Characterization in Deep Gas Reservoirs to Identify Fracture Enhanced Flow Units, Offshore Abu Dhabi." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207646-ms.

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Abstract High gas flow rates in deep-buried dolomitized reservoir from an offshore field Abu Dhabi cannot be explained by the low matrix permeability. Previous permeability multiplier based on distance to major faults is not a solid geological solution due to over-simplifying reservoir geomechanics, overlooking folding-related fractures, and lack of detailed fault interpretation from poor seismic. Alternatively, to characterize the heterogeneous flow related with natural fractures in this undeveloped reservoir, fracture network is modelled based on core, bore hole imager (BHI), conventional logs, seismic data and test information. Limited by investigation scale, vertical wells record apparent BHI, and raw fracture interpretation cannot represent true 3D percolation reflected on PLT. To overcome this shortfall, correction based on geomechanics and mechanical layer (ML) analysis is performed. Young's modulus (E), Poisson ratio (ν), and brittleness index are calculated from logs, describing reservoir tendency of fracturing. Other than defining MLs, bedding plane intensity from BHI is also used as an indicator of fracture occurrence, since stress tends to release at strata discontinuity and forms bed-bounded fractures observed from cores. Subsequently, a new fracture intensity is generated from combined geomechanics properties and statistics average of BHI-derived fracture occurrence within the ML frame, which improves match with PLT and distinguishes fracture enhance flow intervals consistently in all wells. Seismic discontinuity attributes are used as static fracture footprints to distribute fractures from wells to 3D. The final hybrid DFN comprises large-scale deterministic zone-crossing fractures and small-scale stochastic bed-bounded fractures. Sub-vertical open fractures are dominated by NE-SW wrenching fractures related with Zagros compression and reactive salt upward movement. There is no angle rotation of fractures in different fault blocks. Open fractures in other strikes are supported by partial cements and mismatching fracture walls on computerized tomography (CT) images. ML correlation shows vertical consistence across stratigraphic framework and its intensity indicates fracture potential of vertical zones reflected by tests. Fracture-enhanced flow units are further constrained by a threshold in both combined geomechanics properties and statistics average of raw BHI fracture intensity in ML frame. As a result, final fracture network maps reservoir brittleness and flow potential both vertically and laterally, identifying fracture regions along folding axis not just major faults, evidenced by wells and seismic. According to the upscaling results, the case study reveals a type-III fractured reservoir, where fractures contribute to flow not to volume. Fracture network enhances bed-wise horizontal communication but also opens vertical feeding channels. Fracture permeability is mainly influenced by aperture and intensity, while aspect ratio, fracture length, and proportion of strikes and dips mainly influence permeability distribution rather than absolute values. This study provides a production-oriented characterization workflow of natural fracture heterogeneity based on correction of raw BHI in undeveloped fields.
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Nguyen, Kim Long, Fawaz Saqran, Ramdane Bouchou, and Eduardo Cazeneuve. "Through Casing Fractures Mapping Using Acoustic Measurements: A Case Study in Najmah-Sargelu Formation, West Kuwait." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21880-ms.

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Abstract The Jurassic Najmah-Sargelu formations in Kahlula field of West Kuwait is a tight carbonate fractured reservoir. In such tight environment, the fractures are the most contributing to oil production. Therefore, fracture characterization is required to optimize reservoir production. However, because of the difficult drilling environment, the acquisition of open-hole logging data is not guaranteed. Moreover, as the conventional imaging tools (resistivity or ultrasonic) can only be operated in open-hole, any fracture evaluation would be a significant challenge after the well is cased. This paper presents a method how to characterize geological features such as natural fractures, faults and beddings in cased-hole, in the absence of conventional open-hole image logs. The Deep Shear Wave Imaging (DSWI) is the method used to characterize fractures network in this case study. The method consists of using through casing borehole acoustic measurements to map fractures, or any other geological features such as faults and beddings. Standard wireline acoustic and cement bond log services were logged in a cased well covering Najmah-Sargelu formations. The acquired acoustic data are monopole, in-line dipole and cross-line dipole waves. The dipole waves were used to map the fractures, and the other geological features, crossing the wellbore and none-crossing the wellbore when they are in the area of investigation. The cement bond log data were acquired to evaluate cement bond quality behind casing for well integrity purpose, and also for well completion purpose. The fracture mapping technique is basically the analysis of the very weak wave signals reflected back from the formation when the transmitted waves hit a reflector with an acoustic impedance contrast. This reflector can be a fracture, a bedding plane, or a fault. The low attenuation property of the flexural waves allowed us to see fractures up to 100 feet away from the wellbore. The analysis allowed locating the fractures along the wellbore, their extension in the formation, their dip angle, and their location relative to the wellbore. Well-X sidetrack in Kahlula field was selected to evaluate DSWI technique. If the result is promising then it will be implemented widely across West Kuwait fields. The benefit of using Well-X is that it already had open-hole image logs in the main bore to validate DSWI results. The result illustrated that fractures picked from DSWI matched well with what has been observed from the main bore of Well-X. Consequently, the DSWI result were used to select the most fractured intervals for testing and completion design in Well-X sidetrack. The tested interval showed commercial oil production with minor water cut. The successful application of DSWI enabled the deployment of this technique in West Kuwait fields to replace open-hole image logs in case the acquisition of openhole logging data cannot be conducted due to harsh well conditions.
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P. Wennberg, O., G. Casini, and S. Jonoud. "The Characteristics of Open Fractures in Carbonate Reservoir Rocks." In 73rd EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2011. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20149445.

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Reports on the topic "Fractures, Open"

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Jeray, Kyle J. Fluid Lavage of Open Wounds (FLOW): A Multicenter, Blinded, Factorial Trial Comparing Alternative Irrigating Solutions and Pressures in Patients with Open Fractures. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada591549.

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Archambeau, C. B. Non-linear hydrotectonic phenomena: Part I - fluid flow in open fractures under dynamical stress loading. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/227036.

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Mazurek, Michael, Joseph Carney, Carl Carrano, and Dale Chatfield. Antibiotic Impregnated Bone Cement for the Treatment of Osteomelitis and Severe Open Fractures: Expanded Options for Surgeons. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada586569.

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guo, wenxuan, WH Chen, F. Wu, WQ Qian, SY Zhang, JS Yu, K. Tian, RJ Zhuang, and Y. Pan. Can locked fibula nail replace plate fixation for treatment of acute ankle fracture? A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0094.

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Review question / Objective: We seek to conduct a meta-analysis of relevant studies to evaluate and compare functional outcomes and complication rates between locked fibula intramedullary nail fixation and plate fixation for treatment of ankle fractures. Condition being studied: Ankle fractures, with an incidence rate of 4.22/10, 000 person-years in the United States, are one of the most common lower extremity fractures. Currently, the standard surgical treatment approaches for unstable ankle fractures involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with plates and screws. However, ORIF has resulted in little efficacy during treatment of fractures since the 1960s, while plate and screw fixation has also been associated with several complications. Previous studies have shown that closed reduction and internal fixation (CRIF) with fibula intramedullary nail (IMN) has achieved satisfactory efficacy in treatment of ankle fractures, and is associated with low complication rates. Additionally, a systematic review showed that a locked intramedullary nail (LIMN) device provides better stability and rotation control, thereby reducing the risk of nail migration and loss of fixation, compared to unlocked nails. Therefore, a meta-analysis is imperative to provide evidence on whether LIMN can replace PF for treatment of ankle fractures, owing to an increase in related studies that have been published in recent years.
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Archambeau, C. B. Nonlinear hydrotectonic phenomena: Part I - fluid flow in open fractures under dynamical stress loading. Special report No. 12. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/196550.

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Chen, Zhao. External fixation versus intramedullary nailing for the treatment of open tibial shaft fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0061.

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Hao, Zhang, and Feng Ting. Systematic review and Meta-analysis of early and late open reduction and internal fixation in the treatment of multiple rib fractures. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.12.0101.

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Qin, Yi, Zhihong Liang, and Jian Li. Closed reduction Percutaneous Screw Fixation and open reduction plate internal fixation for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.1.0081.

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Xuan, Wen-Kai, Teng-Jia Ma, and Ying-Hui Hua. Outcome Comparison of Rehabilitation, Open Operation and Endoscopic Surgery on Treatment of Avulsion Fracture of Lateral Malleolus, a Systematic Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.5.0042.

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Buys, Michael J. Use of the TRPV1 Agonist Capsaicin to Provide Long-Term Analgesia in a Rat Limb Fracture/Open Repair, Internal Fixation Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada569521.

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