Journal articles on the topic 'Fractured rock massif'
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1
Rozov, Konstantin, Vyacheslav Rumynin, Anton Nikulenkov, and Polina Leskova. "Sorption of 137Cs, 90Sr, Se, 99Tc, 152(154)Eu, 239(240)Pu on fractured rocks of the Yeniseysky site (Nizhne-Kansky massif, Russia)." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 10007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199810007.
Abstract:
The study demonstrates the effect of sorption properties of fractured host rocks from the Yeniseysky site (Nizhne-Kansky rock massif, Krasnoyarsk region) on the migration of dissolved radioactive components (137Cs, 90Sr, 79Se, 99Tc, 152(154)Eu, 239(240)Pu) in the deep geological conditions of a high-level radioactive waste repository. Estimates of radionuclide distribution coefficients between the aqueous solution and fractured rocks obtained from sorption experiments. The influence of various petrographic types and fracture-filling substances on the retardation of radioactive components has been investigated. Based on the results of sorption experiments, we concluded that the type and attributes of rock discontinuities, as well as the mineral composition of the material in fractures, are crucial for the immobilization of radionuclides during their migration through a geological environment.
2
Malkovsky, Victor I., Vladislav A. Petrov, Sergey V. Yudintsev, Michael I. Ojovan, and Valeri V. Poluektov. "Influence of Rock Structure on Migration of Radioactive Colloids from an Underground Repository of High-Level Radioactive Waste." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010882.
Abstract:
Studies of leaching of vitrified simulated high-level radioactive waste (HLW) evidence that most of actinides or their simulators enter leaching water in a colloidal form. In this paper, we consider a mechanism of colloid-facilitated migration of radionuclides from an underground repository of HLW located at a depth of a few hundreds of meters in fractured crystalline rocks. The comparison between data of field and laboratory measurements showed that the bulk permeability of the rock massif in field tests is much greater than the permeability of rock samples in laboratory experiments due to an influence of a network of fractures in the rock massif. Our theoretical analysis presents evidence that this difference can take place even in a case when the network is not continuous, and the fractures are isolated with each other through a porous low-permeable matrix of the rock. Results of modelling revealed a possibility of mechanical retention of radionuclide-bearing colloid particles in the frame of rock during their underground migration.
3
Gabov, Viktor V., Denis A. Zadkov, Andrey Yu Kuzkin, and Aleksandr S. Elikhin. "Fractured-Laminar Structure of Formations and Methods of Coal Loosening." Key Engineering Materials 836 (March 2020): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.836.90.
Abstract:
The paper analyzes the structure of coal beds. It is noted that coal beds belong to laminar massifs with characteristic oriented structure and pronounced anisotropy of strength properties, and include rock layers and consolidated hard inclusions. The quality criteria of the coal loosening process are highlighted. A selective method of separating coal from a massif by cutting along weakened surfaces is proposed as an alternative to the existing combine technology with continuous cutting of a massif from the surface.
4
Vergelska, N. V., L. І. Pуmonenko, and I. M. Skopychenko. "MINING AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF FORECASTING DYNAMIC PHENOMENA IN COAL MINES." Mining Geology & Geoecology, no. 1(4) (June 8, 2022): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.59911/mgg.2786-7994.2022.1(4).273777.
Abstract:
The issues of forecasting and preventing dynamic phenomena in coal mines, despite decades of research, remain insufficiently studied. The nature of dynamic phenomena is far from being known, and as the depth of mining of coal seams increases, the phenomena become more and more formidable and, as a rule, unpredictable.Most of the dynamic phenomena are related to the stress state of the massif and the peculiarity of its gas saturation, which is partly explained by the state of sedimentary rocks. In sedimentary rocks or crystalline fractured, the number of parameters characterizing the stress state of rocks at depth increases.Studying the dynamic processes of different intensity in the coal rock massifs of the Donets Basin, it was found that the main factors that provoke them should include anomalously high formation pressures, stress state and gas content of the massif.
5
Kazakov, Aziz, Bobur Bobarakhimov, Muzaffar Haqberdiyev, Shuhrat Muhitdinov, and Hasan Qurbonov. "Rating assessment of rocks and ores in the conditions of the Kyzyl-alma deposit of Angren mine department." E3S Web of Conferences 462 (2023): 03028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346203028.
Abstract:
A comparative analysis of assessing the stability of rock masses was carried out based on rating indicators that are used at foreign underground mining enterprises. An assessment of the state of the rock mass at the Razvedochnaya and Kyzyl Alma mines of the Angren mine was carried out. The method for determining the category of disturbance of an ore and rock massif is effective, gives a quick assessment of the state of the massif - the international Barton rating system is recommended to be used in problem areas (unstable, stressed, weakened, fractured, disturbed (tectonic faults), watered massif, etc.) during excavation, fastening and maintaining workings, for qualitative and quantitative assessment of the state of the ore and rock mass.
6
Ait-Ssi, Lahcen, Jean-Pierre Villeneuve, and Alain Rouleau. "Utilisation d'un modèle stochastique de réseaux de fractures pour étudier les propriétés hydrauliques d'un massif fissuré." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 26, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t89-040.
Abstract:
This study of the hydraulic properties of a fractured rock mass is based on data from field injection tests and fracture measurements, and on simulations of the fracture system in the bedrock upstream from the Daniel Johnson dam at Manic 5. Analysis of water injection tests indicates that the bedrock can be divided into two zones with respect to the permeability. The more permeable zone, which is the object of this study, shows a log-normal distribution of the hydraulic conductivities.Using several stochastic simulations of fracture networks, the fracture aperture has been adjusted gradually to reproduce the rock mass permeability estimated from injection tests. The results show that the fracture system geometry, as well as the fracture porosity and the fracture lengths and densities, influences widely the hydraulic properties of a fractured medium and particularly the fracture porosity. Also, the estimation of the fracture porosity is sensitive to a number of other factors, including the assumed hydraulic boundary conditions, the field estimation of the hydraulic conductivities, and the orientation of the simulation planes. Key words: fissured media, fracture porosity, stochastic model, simulation, sensitivity analysis, dam.
7
Rodionova, Anastasiya A., Vladimir G. Petrov, Irina E. Vlasova, Konstantin B. Rozov, Iurii M. Nevolin, Vasiliy O. Yapaskurt, Vyacheslav G. Rumynin, and Stepan N. Kalmykov. "Sorption and Spatial Distribution of 137Cs, 90Sr and 241Am on Mineral Phases of Fractured Rocks of Nizhnekansky Granitoid Massif." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 7440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197440.
Abstract:
The sorption behavior and spatial microdistribution of Cs-137, Sr-90 and Am-241 onto the surface of a fractured rock sample from the R-11 borehole of the exocontact zone of the Nizhnekansky granitoid massif were studied. The sorption efficiency of the fractured sample increases in the row of Sr < Cs < Am, where americium is the most retained radionuclide. Based on the image processing of radiograms and scanning electron microscopy data, the mineral relative sorption efficiency (RSE) values were determined to quantify the contribution of the mineral phases of the fractured sample to radionuclide retention. It was established that cesium and strontium are predominantly retained in cracks filled with secondary mineral chlorite. Zeolite is a less effective sorbent with respect to cesium and strontium. Americium sorption is uniform over the whole surface of the fractured sample, with close RSE values for all mineral phases (RSE ~1). The behavior of cesium in heterogeneous and monomineral systems of crushed mineral phases of quartz, biotite and zeolite NaA imitating minerals of the fractured rock sample R-11 was determined. It was shown that the fraction of the sorbed cesium in a heterogeneous system of two mineral phases—biotite and quartz—was larger than the sum of sorption values for the same separated mineral phases. Based on the models of radionuclide sorption on illite–smectite minerals, it was able to estimate the depth of the penetration of solution into the fractured rock sample R-11. The variations of penetration depths for solutions of specific radionuclide into the fractured rock sample were established.
8
Colegial-Gutiérrez, Juan Diego, María Camila Forero-Quintero, María Alejandra Fuentes-Rueda, and Sully Gomez Isidro. "Characterization of weathering profiles of the crystal rocks of eastern Bucaramanga and definition of hydrogeological properties." Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, no. 41 (January 1, 2017): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rbct.n41.59347.
Abstract:
In the process of improving the knowledge of the hydrogeological potential of weathered zones in crystalline rocks and compounds that can behave as aquifers, this article is performed whose area of study is located east of the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, Santander Massif consists of two main lithological units; the Neis of Bucaramanga and Santander Group plutonic (diorite, granodiorite-tonalite gray quartz monzonite and monzogranite). These rocks have undergone brittle deformation, physico-chemical weathering mainly influenced by the tropical atmosphere of the area also are jointed and fractured creating conditions that facilitate the flow of water and in turn be optimized weathering processes in the region. He appealed to the identification and location of field weathering profiles made a detailed study of outcrops, presenting a thickness of 90.4 m for the profile of the Gneisic rock weathering and 68.5 m for the profile of granodiorite rock, made up 6 steps weathering of which samples each were taken and carry out macroscopic analysis, petrographic and geochemical using thin films, determining the percentage of porosity, humidity, dry unit weight, X-ray fluorescence, electron microscopy Sweeping and Grading; base characterizing weathering profiles and properties, highlighting the potential hydrogeological found in the Range II: Slightly weathered rock and interval V: Completely weathered rock profile of granodiorite rock and Rock Gneisic profile, the interval III : Moderately weathered rock and the range V: Completely weathered rock, since these stages of weathering, moisture peaks present, regular micro fractures and high porosities.
9
Deline, P., W. Alberto, M. Broccolato, O. Hungr, J. Noetzli, L. Ravanel, and A. Tamburini. "The December 2008 Crammont rock avalanche, Mont Blanc massif area, Italy." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2011): 3307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-3307-2011.
Abstract:
Abstract. We describe a 0.5 Mm3 rock avalanche that occurred in 2008 in the western Alps and discuss possible roles of controlling factors in the context of current climate change. The source is located between 2410 m and 2653 m a.s.l. on Mont Crammont and is controlled by a densely fractured rock structure. The main part of the collapsed rock mass deposited at the foot of the rock wall. A smaller part travelled much farther, reaching horizontal and vertical travel distances of 3050 m and 1560 m, respectively. The mobility of the rock mass was enhanced by channelization and snow. The rock-avalanche volume was calculated by comparison of pre- and post-event DTMs, and geomechanical characterization of the detachment zone was extracted from LiDAR point cloud processing. Back analysis of the rock-avalanche runout suggests a two stage event. There was no previous rock avalanche activity from the Mont Crammont ridge during the Holocene. The 2008 rock avalanche may have resulted from permafrost degradation in the steep rock wall, as suggested by seepage water in the scar after the collapse in spite of negative air temperatures, and modelling of rock temperatures that indicate warm permafrost (T > −2 °C).
10
Lahmili, A., L. Ouadif, A. Akhssas, and L. Bahi. "Rock stability analysis – A case study." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 02072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902072.
Abstract:
The problems of the stability of the mineral-bearing structure ST2 at 560 m of depth in the east zone of Bou-azzer mine disturbs the advance of the exploitation. The geological and structural study based on field observations and the analysis of core drilling shows the presence of altered and fractured diorite surmounted by cobalt mineralization. Based on the empirical methods of Barton (Q-system) and Bieniawski (RMR) the bed rock is classified as poor quality. The analytical study made it possible to dimension supporting by bow-pieces and bolting. The existence of several types of discontinuities (fault, diaclases and joints) has made the realization of numerical simulation by the finite elements method very difficult. These discontinuities create a network of natural fractures which cut out the blocks in various forms likely to be detached or slip into the excavation, thus encouraging the infiltration of water creating pressure on the massif. The classical studies show their limits in practice for installation of supporting because they must take into account the characteristics of discontinuities. Hence a structural analysis of the massif is essential. The cracking survey of ST2 at 560 m of depth in the east zone of Bou-azzer mine at 560m of depth, and their processing by the DIPS software, showed the existence of three main families of discontinuity NW-SE with a dip of 75SW, NS subverticale and NE-SW with a dip of 57NW, and two families of minor joints NW-SE and NE-SW with successive dips of 40SW and 75SE. The analysis of fracturing surveys allowed us to evaluate the risks of falling blocks and the families of discontinuity responsible for them, and to limit the zones presenting a risk of slip and the families responsible for them. The importance of this study is of knowing how and where to put supporting to be opposed to the risk of fall and tilting of the blocks, caused by the network of discontinuities of the massif.
11
Ubit, G. E., I. M. Ibanga, N. E. Bassey, and I. J. Inim. "Structural and Petrographic Study of Crystalline Rocks in Part Of Oban Massif, South-Eastern Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 12 (February 10, 2022): 2021–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i12.4.
Abstract:
The study aims at differentiating lithologic units, general structural trends and orogenic implications of crystalline rocks within part of Oban Massif, Southeastern Nigeria. Field study involve geological mapping, rock description and structural measurement, while laboratory analysis covered photomicrograph. Field observation and microscopic analysis reveal five petrological units; gneisses, schists, granodiorite, pegmatite and quartz veins. The rocks are generally siliceous and quartzo-feldspathic. The schist show foliation planes trending majorly in the NE-SW direction. The gneisses were highly fractured, indicative of a polyphase deformation. Structural elements such as joints, fractures, foliations and veins show series of deformational episodes that affected the area. Rose diagram plot for these structures show the NE-SW direction indicative of the Pan-African orogeny (600±150 Ma) and interpreted as the most recent event affecting the area. NW and NE trending joints are consideredto be tectonic in origin based on their alignments with major structures of the area. Furthermore, the structures also showed weak NW-SE and E-W trends, an imprint of older (Kibaran orogeny) deformational episodes.
12
Kononenko, M., O. Khomenko, I. Sadovenko, and V. Sobolev. "Mathematical simulation of rock mass destruction zones by explosion." Collection of Research Papers of the National Mining University 72 (March 2023): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/crpnmu/72.040.
Abstract:
Purpose. Improving the parameters of the rock mass destruction zones by a blasting, depending on the pressure of the explosion products in the charging cavity and the physical and mechanical properties of rocks by combining analytical and numerical mathematical simulation. The methodology of research. Using the theory of elasticity and the main provisions of the quasi-static wave hypothesis of the mechanism of destruction of a solid medium under the action of an explosion, an analytical simulation of the parameters of the formation of crush zones and grinding of a rock mass around the charging cavity under its explosive load was carried out. After the change in the stress-strain state of the massif under the action of the explosion, numerical simulation of the crushing zones, intensive grinding and cracking by the finite element method was carried out. To establish the suitability of the obtained analytical models for calculating the radii of the indicated zones, the results of analytical and numerical simulation were compared. Findings. Analytical models have been developed for the radii of the zones of crushing, intense grinding and cracking, which are formed around the charging cavity in the rock mass under its explosive load, taking into account the pressure of the explosion products, the tensile-compressive strength of the rocks, their structural structure, and fracturing. Numerical simulation of the destruction of rocks around the charging cavity established the power-law dependences of the change in the radii of the crushing zones and the grinding of the massif depending on the diameter of the charging cavity, the pressure of the explosion products, and the compressive strength of the rocks. By comparing the results of analytical and numerical simulation for rigid boundary conditions of a homogeneous non-fractured massif, the discrepancy between the radii of the indicated zones is found to be 4, 8 and 6%, respectively. The originality. The radii of the zones of crushing, intense grinding and cracking, established by mathematicalsimulation, formed during the explosive destruction of the rock mass, change according to a power law dependence on the diameter of the explosive charge, the pressure of the explosion products in the charging cavity, the strength of the rocks in tension-compression, the coefficients of the rock structure, structural weakening and compaction, determine the increase in the accuracy of estimating the parameters of the destruction of the rock mass up to 50%. Practical implications. Based on mathematical models of the radii of the zones of crushing, intense grinding and cracking, which are formed in the rock mass around the charging cavity under the action of an explosion, improved parameters of drilling and blasting operations are determined for mine workings, special-purpose cavities and breaking of the massif.
13
Shadrina, S. V., A. A. Redina, and E. A. Romanov. "ON THE NATURE OF HYDROCARBONS IN SERPENTINITES." Geology and mineral resources of Siberia a, no. 4 (November 2023): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20403/2078-0575-2023-4a-63-76.
Abstract:
The article presents the unique results of the study and photographs of the core of serpentinites saturated with hydrocarbons (HC). During the core study, the rock mineral composition was investigated, the order of mineral formation as well as the nature of serpentinite saturation with hydrocarbons was determined,pyrolytic analysis of samples was carried out, and the geothermal history of rocks was assessed. The model of reservoir formation in serpentinites and metasomatites based on them, time and stage of its filling with HC was proposed. It was identified that the serpentinite massif at a certain stage of alteration is represented by a porous reservoir, transforming into a porous fractured one under the influence of tectonics. The features of structural and tectonic structure of the massif, its slaty structure, determine the alternation of sites with various reservoir types in the section. Due to the different pore sizes caused by the different mineralogicalrock composition, a natural separation of incoming HC was taken place/is taken place, as a result of of the process, an “interlayering” of intervals with different saturation – oil-saturated, gas-saturated and without saturation in the section is noted. The input of HC into the rock was pulse-coupled and is probably currently coming from deeper rocks.
14
Slashchov, Ihor, Anatolii Bielikov, Olena Slashchova, and Oleksii Yalanskyi. "Regularities of rocks zonal disintegration and methane emissions periodicity in mine roadways." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1348, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1348/1/012042.
Abstract:
Abstract The article presents the results of studies on the establishment of stable relationships between methane emissions into degassing wells and their spatial location, stress-strain state of rock massif and mining operations process. Vibroacoustic and electrometric of mine control methods have been used to establish zoning and alternation of fractured zones in the rock massif during mining operations. Using the finite element method, zones of different permeability in the roof above the longwall face were determined, and a qualitative transition from compressive deformations to tensile deformations was revealed. Based on data from mine experiments at 157 degassing wells, patterns of repeatability of rocks zonal disintegration and periodicity of gas emissions into mine roadways depending on the distance to the moving longwall face have been determined for the first time. It has been established that the concentration of methane gas in a wells with distance from the longwall face changes according to a damped quasi-periodic dependence with recombinant changes in stress-strain states. For wells aimed at the goafs, the period of the quasi-periodic function increases by 40%, the amplitude decreases to 30%. The obtained dependencies make it possible to increase the efficiency of degassing.
15
Fomychov, V., and V. Sotskov. "Determination of parameters of non-uniform fractured rock massif in computing experiment." Вісник Дніпропетровського університету. Геологія, географія 26, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111803.
Abstract:
The purpose of work is creation of the computing model that based on qualifiers of described elements of geomechanical system that having the nonlinear physical nature. The procedure of computing experiment conducting that based on application of net numerical methods with determination of admissible precision limit is developed for various description schemes of mechanical condition of the environment. The iterative computing experiment under control of the system of the external estimated indicators that defining structure and a format of the description of computing area of finite element method during rock massif modeling is conducted. The area of admissible values of parameters of the elements description of geomechanical system during solution of multiple parameter problem of optimization for implicitly set entry conditions is determined. Application limits in computing models of the following groups of characteristics of description elements of computing model are defined: macro -, mini- and mixed. The three-level system of the description of mechanical characteristics of geotechnical system that managing of multiple parameter network of qualifiers of the elements description of computing area is received. Parameters of calculations of contact tasks in difficult structured geomechanical models are qualitatively improved that is provided by increasing in accuracy of the description of geotechnical system elements. Accounting of nonlinear characteristics allows performing optimization of schemes of bolting systems for various mine conditions that based on a computing experiment. The presented studies were carried out on example of conditions of the «Almaznaya” mine, southern conveyor drift, coal seam l1, depth 550m. As a result, preservation of operational characteristics of extraction mine workings of Western Donbas that were drived in complicated mining-and-geological conditions is reached by the choice of optimum parameters of bolting systems that allowing to minimize production expenses. Results that based on the executed computing experiments using the considered procedure allowed to keep operational characteristics of extraction workings with economy of materials and labor costs at the level of 9 – 17%.
16
Lebedev, A. L., and A. V. Lekhov. "Modeling changes in the permeability in a gypsified fractured-porous rock massif." Water Resources 39, no. 7 (December 2012): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0097807812070068.
17
Ishchenko, Kostiantyn, Volodymyr Konoval, and Liudmyla Lohvyna. "An effective way to rock mass preparation on metallic and nonmetallic quarries Ukraine." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900031.
Abstract:
A method in experimental studies and industrial-polygon particular conditions justifying the choice of a rational design of an explosive charge. The comparative results of the evaluation of the stress wave’s amplitudes studies and the character of crushing hard media from the explosion of the charge explosives-variable and constant cross section. The dependences of the particle size distribution of various designs explosive charges destroyed by the explosion are constructed. In industrial conditions, the rationale for the explosive boreholes location according to the massif structure. Adjusted boreholes location grid on rational parameters blasting unit, determined using a novel method of breaking rock complex structure. A new design of a combined borehole charge of variable cross section has been proposed. Industrial tests performed and evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed method blasting locally fractured rocks and ore deposits on non-metallic minerals. Recommendations on their use are given.
18
KOZLOV, Sergiy, Oleg TERENTIEV, and Mykola SERGIENKO. "INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF BLASTING WORKS IN THE QUARRY OF BUILDING MATERIALS." Geoengineering, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2707-2096.5.2021.230625.
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the urgent problem of increasing the efficiency of blasting operations in open pits in conditions of high water saturation of minerals.
The idea of solving this problem is to use the effect of draining the local area of the water-saturated block of the mineral due to the ordinal explosion of the well charge.
The purpose of this study was to improve the efficiency of blasting operations on flooded fractured rocks in open pit mining.
Research methodology. The proposed technique makes it possible to determine the parameters of drainage of the watered mass during the explosion of borehole charges and the parameters of an ordinal explosion. This makes it possible to improve the quality of rock crushing and reduce the consumption of explosives per unit cost.
The main direction of research in this work is to reduce the energy intensity of the process of destruction of a water-saturated mineral by using the internal potential of water in the cracks of the massif destroyed by the explosion. The regularities and the role of the drainage funnel in the efficiency of destruction have been established.
The novelty and originality of the work is a developed technology for removing water from the explosion zone, which increases the efficiency of explosion and destruction of rocks using special water-resistant explosives.
The practical value of the work lies in the effectiveness of the proposed method for carrying out blasting operations, which, along with improving the quality of crushing, provides an increase in the output of blasted rock mass from one running meter of the well and reduces the cost of expensive water-resistant explosives.
Conclusions. The introduction of research results and recommendations in open pits made it possible to increase the efficiency of blasting operations in the development of water-saturated rocks. Energy consumption for the destruction of an array of water-saturated minerals is reduced by 10%. The amount of blasted rock mass per running meter of the well increased by 14.1%, and the specific consumption of explosives decreased by (12-14) %.
Keywords: quarry, minerals, well, filtration, water-saturated massif, crushing, explosive, detonation.
19
Okrostsvaridze, Avtandil, David Bluashvili, Salome Gogoladze, and Rabi Gabrielashvili. "The discovery of U mineralization in the late Variscan plagiogranite vein of the Shkhara crystalline massif (Greater Caucasus, Georgia)." Geologica Balcanica 51, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.51.1.3.
Abstract:
The Greater Caucasus belt is the northernmost expression of the Caucasus orogen and is linked to the southern margin of the Precambrian Scythian Platform. In the pre-Jurassic crystalline basement of this belt, a plagiogranite vein, exposed in the headwaters of the Enguri River, with elevated radiation (μSv/h range of ~1–3), has been discovered. The vein is located along the Main Thrust of the Greater Caucasus, in the upper Paleozoic biotite migmatites of the Shkhara crystalline massif. It is ~2–3 m thick and represents hydrothermally altered rock (SiO2 content varies from ~75% to ~85%) predominantly composed of a quartz-plagioclase assemblage. LA-ICP-MS 206Pb/238U dating of zircons from the vein indicates an age of 310.2±7.5 Ma that corresponds to the late Variscan orogenic activity. The vein is slightly fragmented and fractured, and fractures and nests are filled with Th-enriched uraninite veins and impregnations. According to ICP-MS-ES analyses, the Th content varies from ~26 ppm to ~50 ppm, and the U varies between ~55 ppm and ~290 ppm. Based on the conducted research, it was found that there is a full correlation between the studied vein and U-bearing granitic veins of different regions of the world by composition, magma series, geodynamic setting, tectonic location and isotopic age. On this basis, it is supposed that the late Variscan hydrothermally altered plagiogranite veins, which are localized in the shear zones of the Shkhara Massif, and entirely in the Main Range Zone of the Greater Caucasus, are potentially U-bearing.
20
Tulisova, Kristina Y., Tatyana A. Kuleshova, Alexey M. Yannikov, and Nataliya V. Yurkevich. "MODELIND OF THE PROCESS OF DISSOLUTION OF SOILS IN THE BASE OF A HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE BY ATMOSPHERIC WATER." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 3 (May 21, 2021): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-2-3-10-15.
Abstract:
The article presents the results of a flow-through experiment simulating the process of dissolution of soils of the foundation of a dam of a hydraulic structure by groundwater. The object of the study is the tailing dump of the concentrating plant, during the operation of which the permafrost soils of the coastal abutments of the enclosing dam thawed, significant volumes of circulating water leaked into the shunting tank located below. The development of filtration channels in fractured tectonic zones that make up the near-rock massif does not stop. Upon completion of the experiment, which lasted 20 weeks, an array of measured parameters of solutions at the exit from the columns was obtained: pH, specific conductivity and elemental composition. The data obtained made it possible to estimate the rate of dissolution of the soils of the dam foundation.
21
Bondarenko, Liudmyla, Yana Liashenko, and Yuliia Balashova. "CONSIDERATION THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES WHEN INVESTIGATING THE HETEROGENEOUS BEHAVIOR OF A ROCK MASS IN TIME." Automobile Roads and Road Construction, no. 113.1 (2023): 012–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/0365-8171-2023-113.1-012-020.
Abstract:
The paper is devoted to the solution of nowadays relevant issue regarding the scientific substantiation of the most effective methods of mining rocks for various needs of the national economy, including for the construction of highways. The research was carried out on the basis of mathematical modeling methods, taking into account the rheological properties of rocks, heterogeneity of their structure, microdamage and behavior of the rock massif over time. As part of the work, geological material consisting of an isotropic viscoelastic matrix with stochastically placed inclusions in different directions was considered. The change in the stress-strain state of rocks with viscoelastic properties and containing randomly placed inclusions is determined. Provided that the size of the body is much greater than the size of the microinhomogeneities, the area containing the environment is considered infinite. The mathematical model is constructed on the basis of the fact that when homogeneous loads interact on a statistically homogeneous body, the random fields of stresses and strains that arise are also statistically homogeneous, and therefore, volume averaging can be performed as statistical averaging. The derivation of the calculation formulas is connected with the setting of an explicit form of density distribution of inclusions by direction. Based on the constructed mathematical model, microstructural stresses were investigated, effective parameters were calculated, and their dependence on the shape, orientation, and volume concentration of inclusions was determined. In addition, as a particular case, a fractured environment is considered. Taking into account such a significant heterogeneity of the geological rock and the presence of microdamages, the dependence of viscoelastic deformations on time and degree of damage was obtained. The obtained results make it possible to further evaluate the geomechanical situation, as well as to obtain the parameters of development systems for underground or open mining operations, which in turn will allow efficient mining of useful material.
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Pedro, Jorge, António A. Araújo, Patrícia Moita, Massimo Beltrame, Luis Lopes, António Chambel, Edgar Berrezueta, and Júlio Carneiro. "Mineral Carbonation of CO2 in Mafic Plutonic Rocks, I—Screening Criteria and Application to a Case Study in Southwest Portugal." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 4879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144879.
Abstract:
This article describes the screening, ranking and characterization of ultramafic and mafic rocks in southern Portugal for mineral carbonation as an alternative to conventional CO2 storage in sedimentary rocks. A set of criteria including mineralogy, structure, surface area, distance to CO2 sources, expected volume, and socioeconomic conditions was applied to screen ultramafic and mafic rock massifs in the Alentejo region, southern Portugal. Ranking of the massifs indicated that the plutonic massifs of Sines and of Torrão‒Odivelas were the most promising. A characterization was made of the Sines massif, a subvolcanic massif composed mostly of gabbros and diorites, located immediately adjacent to the CO2 sources and outcropping along 300 km2 onshore and offshore. These studies confirmed that these rock samples exhibited the appropriate mineralogical and geochemical features, but also indicated that the secondary porosity provided by the fracture patterns was very small.
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Yannikov, A. M., and A. V. Kharchenko. "Degassing Drilling as an Effective Way to Unload Carbonate Reservoirs of the Host Rock Mass of Primary Diamond Deposits." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 6 (June 2021): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-6-88-94.
Abstract:
The issues are considered related to gas manifestations during the development of primary diamond deposits in Yakutia — «Internatsionalnaya» and «Udachnaya» pipes, which are the most difficult in terms of gas-dynamic conditions. Gas manifestations at the field are associated to a greater extent with gases dissolved in the natural brines, and to a lesser extent — with free and sorbed gases. Due to the fact that when developing the underground mines, the sources of explosive gases were recorded, to ensure the safe conduct of mining operations it is required to unload the rock mass. Analysis of data obtained at the different stages of construction and operation of the fields identified the source of the recorded gas manifestations: reservoirs and local gas reservoirs filled with gas-saturated brines. It was revealed that the sources of gas release are zones consisting of cavernous and fractured carbonate rocks complicated by fracturess and low-amplitude tectonics. The analysis of the dynamics of changes in the gas-dynamic, hydrogeological and mining-geological conditions of mines allowed to propose a two-stage advanced degassing of the host rocks as a rather effective method of combating gas manifestations. At the first stage, vertical advance wells are drilled for the entire capacity of the production block. At the second stage, 3–7 horizontal and slightly inclined (up to 10°) wells are drilled in front of the borehole of the underground working under construction. Thus, there is an interval unloading of the massif and the involvement of undeveloped natural gas reserves at the first stage. Actual observations of gas inflows in the underground mine workings showed a significant drop in gas production rates. In such a way, at the «Internatsionalnaya» mine the average gas flow rate per well (per year) decreased from 12.67 to 1.06 m3/h, which confirms the success of the selected two-stage degassing.
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Beltek, M., and O. Frolov. "Determination of the influence of the degree of fracturing of the rock mass on the index of reduction of its strength." Collection of Research Papers of the National Mining University 74 (September 2023): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/crpnmu/74.007.
Abstract:
Purpose. The purpose of research of the presented scientific publication is to establish the regularity of changes in the generalized coefficient of strength reduction of disturbed rock massif depending on the degree of rock fracturing. Research methodology. To solve the set tasks we applied a complex approach, which consists in the analysis and generalization of previous studies on the study of the change in the strength of the rock massif depending on the degree of fracturing, scientific and technical justification of the possibility of generalizing the studied strength indicators of the disturbed massif, approximation of graphs of the change in the structural weakening coefficient, RQD and RMR depending on the fracture modulus. Research results. Scientific data of domestic scientists on determining the value of the structural weakening coefficient depending on the factors affecting the overall strength of the rock massif, and foreign scientists on establishing indicators of the state of disturbed rock massifs have been analyzed. To summarize the results of the presented assessment methods, the changes in the structural weakening coefficient, RQD and RMR indices depending on the fracture modulus of the rock massif are combined in one graph. Alignment of the mentioned graphical dependences showed the identical character of their changes. The curve of approximation (trend) for graphical dependences of the structural weakening coefficient, RQD and RMR on the fracture modulus, which can be described by a polynomial of the 3rd degree, has been obtained and the value of approximation reliability R²= 0.8975 has been established. Scientific novelty. The idea of methods and indicators for assessing the state of disturbance of rock massifs depending on various factors has been developed. The analytical dependence of the change of the generalized coefficient of strength reduction of a rocky rock massif on the fracture modulus has been obtained. Practical significance. The established influence of rock fracture modulus on the degree of strength reduction of rock massif allows to determine reliable data on the condition of ledges and sides of the quarry and to develop organizational and technical measures for further development of technology of their mining.
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Shestopalov, V. M., and L. I. Petrenko. "FRACTURING AND PERMEABILITY OF CRYSTAL ROCKS AND THEIR FRACTURE ZONES, HYDROGEOLOGICAL ASPECT." Geological Journal, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 46–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.1025-6814.2022.2.254153.
Abstract:
Fractured rock aquifers are regarded as of particular scientific and practical interest because of their importance for underground water supply, energy storage and safety radioactive waste disposal. The study of fissure waters of crystalline rocks in the context of global warming to address issues of drinking water supply is highly relevant today. It has potential practical importance for the future.The sustainable use of groundwater in fractured rock aquifers requires a detailed knowledge of their hydraulic properties. The complexity of hydrogeological conditions in massive fractured rocks results from uncertainties about the configuration of the fractures, while the potential for groundwater movement in such rocks is primarily determined by their permeability and, consequently, hydraulic conductivity. Fractures (fracture networks) have different permeability properties, which is one of the key parameters required for understanding and predicting fluid and water flow. This paper reviews and analyses the results of global studies of fracturing and permeability of crystalline rock massifs and the fault zones occurring in them. Since the study of permeability of crystalline rocks concerns many disciplines — including structural geology, tectonophysics, petrophysics, hydrogeology, and hydrology — this review highlights information about the distribution of groundwater in fractured crystalline rocks in the context of their potential exploitation. This study consists of two parts: generalization of research results concerning fracturing and permeability of crystalline rocks, and particularities of structure of fracture zones in crystalline rocks and of the presence of groundwater in them. Based on this review of the structure and development of fracture zones (including their evolution under the influence of weathering and other secondary processes), recommendations are given for using tectonophysical reconstructions to improve hydrogeological field works and mathematical modeling.
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Rafail Mehdiev, Alekber Mehdiyev, Rafail Mehdiev, Alekber Mehdiyev, and Vurgun Gakhramanov Vurgun Gakhramanov. "DESTRUCTION OF ROCKS BY EXPLOSION DURING OIL TRANSPORTATION." ETM - Equipment, Technologies, Materials 19, no. 01 (February 26, 2024): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/etm19012024-23.
Abstract:
When oil and gas wells are ready for operation, when drilling is carried out at the bottom of the well to establish contact with the formation, it is considered that the degree of crushing of the rocks is proportional to the speed of application of the load. As a result of the stresses created by them, the degree of fragmentation is higher. In the article, it is proposed to take into account the quality of crushing of the necessary rock by using some empirical coefficients in the calculation formulas. The dynamics of the rock dispersion process is studied on the basis of the hydrodynamic hypothesis. Here, the solution of the system of differential equations is given based on the fundamental laws of conservation of mass, energy and momentum. Based on the strength properties of mountain rocks, broken lines are found in the continuum of the whole environment, which determines the final effect of rock crushing. However, the accepted assumptions about the incompressibility of the rock and the transfer of the explosive impulse to the immediate environment significantly reduce the practical value of the results. It should be noted that in the immediate area directly adjacent to the load, the mountain rock is under uneven volume compression. In this case, the largest tangential stresses occur mainly in planes oriented at an angle of 450 to the radial direction. Thanks to this, a system of spiral sliding lines breaks the rock into small blocks. Outside this zone, a system of radial cracks is formed as a result of the expansion of the massif. When the pressure in the gas cavity decreases and the mass moves back in the direction of the load, tangential cracks appear. The combination of the volume compression zone and the reach zone constitutes the controlled crushing area. When the compression wave reaches the bare surface, it becomes a stress wave. As this wave travels from the surface to the load, it forms a system of jump cracks. The high explosive effect of explosive gases with sufficient explosion energy causes the release of such shattered rock. Obviously, this concept is very important for the development of the theory of explosive disintegration of mountain rocks. Because there is no unequivocal relationship between the nature of the dissolution of the rock and the acoustic hardness. One of the first to clearly describe the mechanism of shock wave formation and its transformation into a more explosive and seismic wave when detonation reaches the boundary of the charge cavity. In rocks, shock waves are formed during the entire time of expansion of the gas cavity. It explains in detail the mechanism of cracking phenomena by considering the cracks as a source of multiple reflections of the stress wave. Keywords: rock strength, constant material, scale effect, rocks, destruction probability, fractured, robustness theory, microcrack, mineral, experience constant, density of defects, displacement, compression.
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Kozyrev, Anatolii, Iuliia Fedotova, and Eduard Kasparyan. "Management of geomechanical processes - the basis for selecting the optimal technologies for the development of mineral deposits." E3S Web of Conferences 56 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185602005.
Abstract:
When carrying out mining operations, a rock massif responds to technological impacts in the form of developing strains and fractures. Under certain conditions, this response occurs as dynamic and gas dynamic destructions of rocks with intensive release of energy, which creates threats to security and disrupts a working technology. To substantiate the optimal mining technology, which would be maximum adequate to the specific geological and geomechanical conditions of a deposit development, it is necessary to organize a comprehensive monitoring of geomechanical processes in rock massifs. The paper considers general principles to organize the geomechanical monitoring under conditions of the hierarchically-blocked rock massifs in the gravitational-tectonic field of the natural stress state. The authors give main recommendations for managing geomechanical processes in the rock mass for various mining methods.
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KUBETSKII, V. L., and M. V. KOROLEV. "INCREASE OF INFORMATION CONTENT WHEN TESTING THE METHOD OF RING LOADING." Engineering survey 12, no. 7-8 (November 20, 2018): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25296/1997-8650-2018-12-7-8-26-37.
Abstract:
In the construction of essential structures for the determination of the mechanical properties of large-scale heterogeneous fractured rock soils, people usually rely on the results of more representative large-scale field testing when assigning expected performances. Such large-scale field testing is conducted with the help of concrete stamps or rock pillars, usually with a square in plan outsole, for compression and flat shear, in galleries or in open sites. However, there are drawbacks: the complexity in the implementation and interpretation of the testing data, low informativeness, etc. Due to the rectangular shape of the stamp, a very uneven stress state is implemented at its base during shear. In order to eliminate these drawbacks in 1979 V.L. Kubetskiy offered the method of the ring loading, in which the square base of a stamp (a pillar) was replaced by a ringone, and the shift was carried out by applying a torque load to the stamp. This gives the possibility to realize various stress-strain state in the soil massif, to provide a more uniform contact stress diagram at its base, to obtain technological advantages and additional information during the experiment and to interpret the experimental data more reasonably and reliably using more modern models. Adescription of the method, loading schemes, developed field and laboratory equipment, results and interpretation of field experiments using isotropic and transversally isotropic soil models is given. The ways of method modernization using inventory installations are described. Taking into consideration that the common trend of improving the methods of geomechanical testings is aimed to increase the accuracy and informativity and at the same time to decrease the labor intensity, the method of ring loading which is being improving nowadays is still competitive.
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Anikeev, A. V. "Accumulation capacity of soluble rocks as the main stability index in covered karst areas." Геоэкология. Инженерная геология. Гидрогеология. Геокриология, no. 5 (September 20, 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-7809201953-14.
Abstract:
For an engineering geologist, covered karst areas are of special interest, not only because these are the most widespread on the Earth. More important, unlike the areas of bare karst, these areas are more favorable and suitable for economic development and human life as a whole. And the study shows that the greater is the thickness of the cover series, the more true is this statement.
The local forecast of sinkholes appears to be the most important and difficult engineering geological problem in these areas. It is especially acute there, where collapses and subsidence are absent, not registered, or poorly expressed in the relief, that is, in the areas of unrealized (potential, expected) sinkhole hazard. One of the possible approaches to solving this problem is discussed in the paper. It is based on comparing the volume of incoherent and fractured rock removed from the cover deposits with the accumulation capacity of the karst massif, i.e., the volume of hollow space in the karstic massif capable of receiving and accumulating clastic material.
The most common result of soils outflow in fissure-karst reservoirs is their loosening in the deformed-destructed area of the overburden. For the three canonical schemes of this area structure, the critical values of clastic matter volume were obtained from the equation for soil mass balance before and after loosening, the further removal of which will lead to the failure of the earth's surface. Some techniques and methods for assessing the accumulation capacity of soluble rocks are considered and serious differences in the use of the discussed approach in predicting the stability of karstified and undermined territories are revealed. In particular, it is shown that in karst areas, when performing calculations, one should be guided by the maximum values of the coefficient of primary loosening of soils. Otherwise, the predicted stability of the overburden will prove to be unjustifiably underestimated. The results obtained and the procedure for assessing the stability of covered karst terrains by the proposed method are exemplified by the construction site of the main buildings of the Nizhny Novgorod NPP (3.25 km2), where there are no collapse and subsidence sinkholes. However, the entire construction site (20 km2) is located in the area of active sulphate-carbonate karst. From the engineering-geological point of view, this is the main feature of the facility design.
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Serebryakov, Evgenii, and Andrei Gladkov. "Geological and structural characteristics of deep-level rock mass of the Udachnaya pipe deposit." Записки Горного института 250 (September 29, 2021): 512–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2021.4.4.
Abstract:
For hard rock massifs, structural disturbance is a key indicator of mining structure stability. The presence of intersecting structural elements in the massif reduces rock strength and leads to formation of potential collapse structures. In addition to that, disjunctive deformations that penetrate rock strata serve as channels for fluid migration and connect aquifers into a single system. It was established that the largest of them –faults of east-northeastern, northeastern and northwestern directions – form the kimberlite-bearing junction of the Udachnaya pipe. These faults represent zones of increased fracturing, brecciation and tectonic foliation, distinguished from adjacent areas by increased destruction of the rock mass. Specifics of tectonic fracture distribution within structural and lithological domains are determined by the presence of multidirectional prevailing systems of tectonic fracturing, as well as by differences in their quantitative characteristics. With some exceptions, the main systems form a diagonal network of fractures (northeastern – northwestern orientation), which is typical for larger structural forms – faults. Despite the differences in dip orientation of the systems, most of them correspond to identified directions, which is typical for both kimberlites and sedimentary strata. Overall disturbance of the massif, expressed in terms of elementary block volume, reaches its peak in the western ore body. For such type of deposits, friction properties of fracture structures have average values. Consideration of geological and structural data in the design and development of new levels of the deposit will allow to maintain the necessary balance between efficiency and safety of performed operations.
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Balcewicz, Martin, Benedikt Ahrens, Kevin Lippert, and Erik H. Saenger. "Characterization of discontinuities in potential reservoir rocks for geothermal applications in the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area (Germany)." Solid Earth 12, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-35-2021.
Abstract:
Abstract. The importance of research into clean and renewable energy solutions has increased over the last decade. Geothermal energy provision is proven to meet both conditions. Therefore, conceptual models for deep geothermal applications were developed for different field sites regarding different local conditions. In Bavaria, Germany, geothermal applications were successfully carried out in carbonate horizons at depths of 4000 to 6000 m. Matrix permeability and thermal conductivity was mainly studied in karstified carbonates from the Late Jurassic reef facies. Similar to Bavaria, carbonates are located in the east of the Rhenohercynian Massif, in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), for which quantification of the geothermal potential is still lacking. Compared to Bavaria, a supraregional carbonate mountain belt is exposed at the Remscheid-Altena anticline (in NRW) from the Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous times. The aim of our study was to examine the potential geothermal reservoir by field and laboratory investigations. Therefore, three representative outcrops in Wuppertal, Hagen-Hohenlimburg, and Hönnetal were studied. During field surveys, 1068 discontinuities (139 open fractures without any filling, 213 joints, 413 veins filled with calcite, and 303 fractures filled with debris deposits) at various spatial scales were observed by scanline surveys. These discontinuities were characterized by trace length, true spacing, roughness, aperture, and filling materials. Discontinuity orientation analysis indicated three dominant strike orientations in NNW–SSE, NW–SE, and NE–SW directions within the target horizon of interest. This compacted limestone layer (Massenkalk) is approximately 150 m thick and located at 4000 to 6000 m depth, dipping northwards at a dip angle of about 30 to 40∘. An extrapolation of the measured layer orientation and dip suggests that the carbonate reservoir could hypothetically extend below Essen, Bochum, and Dortmund. Our combined analysis of the field and laboratory results has shown that it could be a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir. We evaluated the potential discontinuity network in the reservoir and its orientation with respect to the prevailing maximum horizontal stress before concluding with implications for fluid flow: we proposed focusing on prominent discontinuities striking NNW–SSE for upcoming geothermal applications, as these (1) are the most common, (2) strike in the direction of the main horizontal stress, (3) have a discontinuity permeability that significantly exceeds that of the reservoir rock matrix, and (4) only about 38 % of these discontinuities were observed with a calcite filling. The remaining discontinuities either showed no filling material or showed debris deposits, which we interpret as open at reservoir depth. Our results indicate that even higher permeability can be expected for karstified formations related to the reef facies and hydrothermal processes. Our compiled data set, consisting of laboratory and field measurements, may provide a good basis for 3D subsurface modelling and numerical prediction of fluid flow in the naturally fractured carbonate reservoir.
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Gaynanov, Sharibzan Kh, Valeriy N. Aptukov, and Valeriy V. Seredin. "Mathematical modeling of rocks fracture within local structures." Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering 335, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2024/1/4541.
Abstract:
Soil massif fracturing has a significant impact on change in engineering and geological conditions and, as a result, on stability of structures. Development of tectonic fracturing of local structures, taking into account the history of the process, its mechanism, resulting stresses in the massif and subsequent deformations of the rocks, led to a change in their structure, composition and strength characteristics, activation of hypergenesis and exogenous processes. The above circumstances require careful attention to identification of areas of increased fracturing, as the most dangerous in terms of risks during the construction of engineering structures. Field methods for assessing the fracturing of rock masses are laborious. It is not always possible to conduct instrumental surveys that allow solving the final problem – establishing patterns and sizes of damaged areas within local structures. The existing mathematical models for assessing fracturing, as a rule, are used to solve local problems: assessing the stability of developed pits, water content of rock masses, degree of fragmentation of individual blocks, etc. This information is not sufficient when assessing the areal distribution of weakened zones and clarifying their boundaries, since it does not take into account the history of the development of the structure, its parameters (dimensions, amplitude of the foundation block uplift, deformation properties of rocks). Aim. To develop a mathematical model of formation of the red-colored strata tectonic fracturing zones based on deformation criterion of destruction and mechanism of development of local structures. Results. The authors have developed a new mathematical model for predicting damage (fracturing) of terrigenous rocks of the red-colored strata that make up local structures, based on the mechanism of formation of local tectonic structures of the 3rd order and the deformation criterion of destruction. The paper introduces the mathematical dependencies that make it possible to predict the size (area) of taxa based on the data on the uplift amplitude of local structures. The results of the research can be used in assessing the fracturing of massifs composed of terrigenous rocks, and make it possible to judge the regularities in distribution of weakened zones within the entire massif being assessed.
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Arno, V. V., N. E. Lomakina, I. Yu Garifulina, E. A. Elnikova, E. A. Elnikova, Е. A. Mikkelsen, and I. A. Golubev. "Verification of the structural and tectonic framework of the Nezhdaninskoye open-pit mine rock massif." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 2/2024 (May 15, 2024): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2024-2-139-142.
Abstract:
The article analyses the studies of factors affecting bench stability in the Nezhdaninskoye open-pit mine. It is determined that the fundamental factors are the vector location and characteristics of faults and cracks in the rock massif. The following three main systems of extended block-forming fractures were defined: (1) subvertical fractures with strike azimuth A = 290°; (2) fractures with strike azimuth A = 50° and dip angle into the massif P = 70°; (3) fractures with strike azimuth A = 50° and dip angle into the pit P = 40°. Basically, the extended surfaces of the rock massif discontinuities lie at an angle of 40-50° towards the mined-out space of the open pit. Individual extended fractures have the angle of 60-65°. The most probable fracture systems involved in bench collapse in case of unfavourable combination of the slope direction and the fracture system's dip are traced in the south-eastern walls of the open pits. There are no unfavourable surfaces in the northern and north-western walls. At the same time, faults running parallel to the benches create potential collapse zones, which requires additional measures to ensure their stability. The structural and tectonic framework of the rock massif has a significant impact on the formation and stability of the open-pit benches. Taking these factors into account when planning and developing open-pit mines will help ensure occupational safety and high efficiency of the mining process.
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Chernyshev, Sergey Nikolaevich, Tat’yana Valentinovna Zommer, and Andrey Aleksandrovich Lavrusevich. "Method of determining the filtration heterogeneity of a rock mass of hydraulic structure foundation." Vestnik MGSU, no. 2 (February 2016): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2016.2.116-125.
Abstract:
N THE ARTICLE THE AUTHOR’S TECHNIQUE OF ESTIMATING THE FLOW HETEROGENEITY OF A ROCK MASS OF WATERWORKS FOUNDATION IS CONSIDERED. THE METHOD FOR ALLOCATING THE ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL ELEMENTS ON THE BASIS OF THE FILTRATION HETEROGENEITY OF ROCKY SOILS IS UPDATED ON THE EXAMPLE OF BOGUCHANSKAYA HPP ON THE ANGARA RIVER. THE AUTHORS INVESTIGATED THE APPLICABILITY OF THE PROPOSED METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE FILTRATION INHOMOGENEITY OF A ROCK FOUNDATION OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES IN ORDER TO BETTER HIGHLIGHT THE ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL ELEMENTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BOGUCHANY HYDROELECTRIC COMPLEX. WHEN ANALYZING THE FACTUAL MATERIAL BY THE RESULTS OF ABOUT 1000 FILTRATION EXPERIMENTS FROM GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND IN ORDER TO SEPARATE THE DATA, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THREE ROCKY SOIL MASSES. THE FIRST MASSIF IS THE RIGHT BANK OF THE FOLDED THICKNESS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS THAT SLOPE TOWARDS THE RIVER AND IS SUBJECT TO SIGNIFICANT SUPERGENE CHANGES. THE SECOND MASSIF INCLUDES UNDERFLOW AND LEFT-COAST SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, WHICH ARE LESS ALTERED BY SUPERGENE PROCESSES THAN THE RIGHT COAST FOR A NUMBER OF REASONS. THE THIRD ARRAY CONSISTS OF DOLERITE UNDER THE RIVERBED AND ON THE RIGHT BANK. FOR THESE THREE ARRAYS ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF THE FILTRATION EXPERIMENTS, WE HAVE BUILT HISTOGRAMS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF LGQ AND DIFFERENTIAL CURVES OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIFIC ABSORPTION FOR DOLERITES IN THE AREA KODINSKY OF THE BOGUCHANSKAYA HPP. THEN IN THE HISTOGRAM WE IDENTIFIED THE CORRESPONDING VALUES OF THE MODAL COMPONENTS OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND FOUND THE STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR EACH OF THE SELECTED DISTRIBUTIONS, AS WELL AS THE MEAN VALUE AND THE VARIANCE. FOR FURTHER OPERATIONS, WE COMPUTED THE STANDARD DEVIATION S FOR EACH OF THE DISTRIBUTIONS. THE DEGREE OF FRACTURE IS EVALUATED BY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE INDICATOR OF PERMEABILITY, THEREFORE, THE MAIN GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CRACKS ARE THEIR WIDTH AND LENGTH, AND ONLY AFTER ALL THIS WILL TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THEIR FREQUENCY. THEN WE BEGIN SEARCHING THE LOCATIONS ON A SECTION OF FRACTURE ZONES, WHICH CORRESPOND TO THE COMPONENTS IN THE DISTRIBUTION FORMULA. SO WE DISTINGUISH THE SUMMANDS OF THE SUM ON THE FORMULA DISTRIBUTION: FOR SEDIMENTARY ROCKS OF THE RIVERBED - 3; FOR DOLERITE - 3; FOR A MASSIF OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ON THE RIGHT BANK WITH THE MOST COMPLEX STRUCTURE - 6 ZONES WITH DIFFERENT FRACTURE. THE DETERMINATION OF ZONES WITH DIFFERENT FRACTURING IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE DESCRIBED PROCEDURE ALLOWED US TO CONSTRUCT A RESULTING FILTRATION SECTION FOR THE THREE MASSIFS. AS A RESULT, ACCORDING TO THE ABOVE METHOD, BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF FACTUAL MATERIAL, INCLUDING THE RESULTS OF NUMEROUS FILTRATION EXPERIMENTS, THE AUTHORS CONSTRUCTED THE RESULTING FILTRATION HYDROGEOLOGICAL SECTION. THIS TECHNIQUE IS STATISTICAL AND GENETIC IN NATURE, THEREFORE IT SEEMS MORE EFFECTIVE COMPARED WITH THE METHOD OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS RECOMMENDED IN THE APPENDIX TO SNIP. THUS, THE PROPOSED FORMALIZED METHODOLOGY FOR THE SEPARATION OF ROCK SOILS LOCATED AT THE BASE OF HPP TO INDIVIDUAL ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL ELEMENTS ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL MASS FILTRATION TESTING OF DRILLING WELLS HAS ALLOWED US TO ISOLATE THE HETEROGENEOUS FRACTURE PERMEABILITY AND GEOTECHNICAL ELEMENTS IN THE BASIS OF HPP (IN THE CASE OF THE BOGUCHANSKAYA HPP, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED 11 ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL ELEMENTS), AND ALLOWED US TO FIND THE BOUNDARIES OF ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONS. IN ADDITION, WE DETERMINED THE EFFECTIVE VALUES OF FILTRATION COEFFICIENT FOR EACH ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL ELEMENT INDICATING THE CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR THE MEAN VALUE AT THE 95 % CONFIDENCE LEVEL.
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Попков, Вячеслав Иванович, and Александр Моисеевич Штеренберг. "Post-sedimentation structure of zhiguli dislocation and neo-tectonics of cis-urals domaniks. Geological risks of development." Нефтяная провинция, no. 4(8) (December 28, 2016): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25689/np.2016.4.1-22.
Abstract:
Представлена феноменологическая модель геомеханики структурирования гетерогенно-равновесной постседиментации геофизической синергии ритмов массива горных пород Жигулевской дислокации. Представлены дополнительные исследования, сейсмологи-ческая, тектонофизическая, геологическая, геофизическая информация поиска и разведки нетрадиционных месторождений и геогидродинамического моделирования этапов разработки сложнопостроенных коллекторов динамического порового пространства. Исследовано напряженно-деформированное состояние горного массива и скважин в процессе подземной разработки для крупномасштабных объектов Жигулевской дислокации. Научно обоснован инерционно-капиллярный закон сохранения количества движения Дарси-Стокса и квадратичного уплотнения структуры нефтенасыщения тангенциальной упаковки геофизической синергии ритмов фильтрации и поровой диффузии нормального распределения Гаусса. На основании решения уравнений массопереноса и сохранения количества движения для сейсмической эмиссии различных структур энергетически сопряжены фильтрация, подчиняющаяся закону Дарси и структурно-топологическая дислокация импульсов по Эйлеру мобилистической неотектоники порово-кавернозно-трещиноватой диссипации фазового осаждения глобальной аккумуляции углеводородов. The author presents the heterogenetic balanced volumetric geo-mechanical model for the structural massif of mountain rock post-sedimentation in view of geo-physical synergy and petro-migration. The paper provides a set of additional studies for seismic, tectono-physical, geological, geo-physical information in a process of search and exploration of hydrocarbon fields and large-scaled construction of surface and subsurface equipment, well drilling and their completion, as well as geo-dynamic studies, geo-hydrogeological simulation of their development stages. The author has studied the change in stress-deformed status of mountain massifs and the wells in a process of their subsurface operation. He also has studied the stress fields for the large-scaled reef formations in Zhiguli dislocation and the Cis-Ural region. The author has scientifically proved the inertia-capillary law of movement conservation (by Darcy-Stokes) and stress-deformed status of square compaction and structural packs of geo-physical rhythms during filtration, petro-migration diffusion and mass-transfer (Bessel’s ray-path and Gaussian distribution). Basing upon the solution of equations related to number of movements (of Navier-Stokes type) for the deformed porous media and conjugated seismic emission of various mass transfer structures he, in a form of a system, has combined filtration as per Darcy and diffusion of structural-topological dislocation of impulses as per Euler with mobile neo-tectonics in porous-cavernous-fractured dissipative accumulation of spectral-phase sedimentation and accumulation of hydrocarbons
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Serhiienko, Оlexander, Liana Serhiienko, and Oleksandr Isaienkov. "STUDY OF THE DESTRUCTION PROCESS OF SANDSTONE AND MOUNTAIN SAMPLES." JOURNAL of Donetsk mining institute 54, no. 1 (2024): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/1999-981x-2024-1-133-139.
Abstract:
Purpose. To compare laboratory and numerical studies of the process of destruction of rocks and mountain massif. Comparison of the results of laboratory and numerical studies of the process of destruction of rocks and mountain massif. Method. Laboratory tests of sandstone samples for uniaxial compression, physical modelling of the destruction and collapse of the roof rocks above the cleaning pothole, numerical modelling of the flat and three-dimensional stress-strain state of the rock massif (finite element method), continuous media method, surface contact interaction method, “restoration” method and “removal” of finite elements to simulate the process of destruction of the studied models. Results. The article presents the results of numerical modelling of both flat and three-dimensional stress-strain state of rock samples and massif, with determination of fracture zones and the fracture process itself. The processes of destruction of sample models for numerical research are compared with the processes of destruction of rock samples during laboratory tests. The results of the destruction process for the numerical modelling of the planar and three-dimensional stress-strain state of the rock massif around the created space are presented. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the results of the destruction zones of the mountain massif were obtained in a three-dimensional interpretation. For the first time, the results of the peculiarities of the process of destruction of sandstone samples under uniaxial compression were obtained. For the first time, the reshaping of the stress-strain state during the process of destruction of the coal massif was determined. Practical significance. The practical significance lies in the possibility of determining the parameters of the step-by-step process of the destruction of the coal massif during the working of coal seams and during mining operations. It is possible to predict the formation: coal seam squeeze zones in stages; the immediate roof collapse (the nature of the collapse); the main roof collapse.
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Slashchov, Ihor. "Estimation of fracture systems parameters in rock massif by the finite element method." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900094.
Abstract:
Results of analytical, laboratory and mine studies of parameters of disintegration zones in structurally-heterogeneous rocks and fracture systems around of the deep mine roadways are presented. A mathematical model is proposed, which is realized with the help of the procedures of simulation modeling by finite element method. Based on the calculation of possible directions of the rock shearing (the “rock shear sites”) and breakage of bonds between the elements, the model allows determining orientation of dominant master fracture system development with taking into account natural structural defects in the rock massif. A new algorithm was created for determining master cracks and boundaries of disintegration zones with the layered rock, which differs by determining directions of rock shear sites in the elastoplastic problem considering residual strength and main structural defects of the structurally-heterogeneous rock massif. Regularities of organization of unidirectional rock shear sites and their distribution under the influence of mining operations in zones with inelastic deformations were established.
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Marques, J. M., P. M. Carreira, L. A. Aires-Barros, F. A. Monteiro Santos, M. Antunes da Silva, and P. Represas. "Assessment of Chaves Low-Temperature CO2-Rich Geothermal System (N-Portugal) Using an Interdisciplinary Geosciences Approach." Geofluids 2019 (February 25, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1379093.
Abstract:
This paper reviews the results of a multi- and interdisciplinary approach, including geological, geomorphological, tectonic, geochemical, isotopic, and geophysical studies, on the assessment of a Chaves low-temperature (77°C) CO2-rich geothermal system, occurring in the northern part of the Portuguese mainland. This low-temperature geothermal system is ascribed to an important NNE-trending fault, and the geomorphology is dominated by the “Chaves Depression,” a graben whose axis is oriented NNE-SSW. The study region is situated in the tectonic unit of the Middle Galicia/Trás-os-Montes subzone of the Central Iberian Zone of the Hesperic Massif comprising mainly Variscan granites and Paleozoic metasediments. Chaves low-temperature CO2-rich geothermal waters belong to the Na-HCO3-CO2-rich-type waters, with pH≈7. Total dissolved solids range between 1600 and 1850 mg/L. Free CO2 is of about 500 mg/L. The results of SiO2 and K2/Mg geothermometers give estimations of reservoir temperature around 120°C. δ18O and δ2H values of Chaves low-temperature CO2-rich geothermal waters indicate a meteoric origin for these waters. No significant 18O-shift was observed, consistent with the results from the chemical geothermometry. δ13CCO2 values vary between −7.2 and −5.1‰ vs. V-PDB, and CO2/3He ratios range from 1×108 to 1×109, indicating a deep (upper mantle) source for the CO2. 3He/4He ratios are of about 0.9 (R/Ra). The Chaves low-temperature CO2-rich geothermal waters present similar 87Sr/86Sr ratios (between 0.728035 and 0.716713) to those of the plagioclases from granitic rocks (between 0.72087 and 0.71261) suggesting that water mineralization is strongly ascribed to Na-plagioclase hydrolysis. Geophysical methods (e.g., resistivity and AMT soundings) detected conductive zones concentrated in the central part of the Chaves graben as a result of temperature combined with the salinity of the Chaves low-temperature CO2-rich geothermal waters in fractured and permeable rock formations. This paper demonstrates the added value of an integrated and multi- and interdisciplinary approach for a given geothermal site characterization, which could be useful for other case studies linking the assessment of low-temperature CO2-rich geothermal waters and cold CO2-rich mineral waters emerging in a same region.
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Petrov, V. A., M. Lespinasse, V. V. Poluektov, S. A. Ustinov, and V. A. Minaev. "Scale effect in a fluid-conducting fault network." Геология рудных месторождений 61, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-77706143-14.
Abstract:
The data presented in the article consistently outlines the methodology for studying the orientation and morphogenetic characteristics of fracture systems of four scale levels including kilometers, meters, centimeters and millimeters. The Urtuisky granite massif, located in the South-Eastern Transbaikalia to the west of the Streltsovsky caldera, containing uranium deposits unique in their reserves was chosen as the object of the research. The massif is composed of Late Riphean granites and granite-gneisses, affected by dynamometamorphic and hydrothermal-metasomatic transformations in various degrees, and dissected by numerous faults with traces of fluid activity of various tectogenesis episodes. The interrelation between such geometrical parameters of fractures systems as specific density and specific length was established. It is shown that such geostructural data should be used for conceptual and numerical modeling of fluid filtration and radionuclides transport processes occurring in a three-dimensional fractured-pore space of crystalline rocks, as applied to the reconstruction and modeling of uranium ore formation and use of geological space for radioactive materials isolation.
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Golik, V. I., I. Yu Garifulina, A. G. Abdulkhalimov, I. A. Zasseev, and Yu A. Maystrov. "To the Problem of Safety of Tyrnyauz Deposit Combined Development." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 1 (January 2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-1-14-20.
Abstract:
The results are presented related to the retrospective analysis of the stability of Tyrnyauz deposit massifs during combined open-cast and underground mining for the development of measures to improve occupational safety. The information about Russian reserves of the tungsten and molybdenum is given. The characteristics of Tyrnyauz tungsten-molybdenum deposit and technologies for its development in the historical cross-section are provided. The distinctive features of the development of high-altitude deposits are described on the example of the Caucasus. Brief information is given on the method of measuring the displacement deformations of the mined ore mass by geometric leveling using profile lines of the reference marks. The result of the experience of the deposit combined development and the idea of the rock mass as a heterogeneous medium of structural blocks limited by the fractures in the form of agitators with the glide planes and filling with the secondary material are formulated in the article. The methodology is given concerning identification of the regularities of the massif deformation based on the data of surveying measurements with the location of reference marks on the surface, at the bottom of the open-cast and in the underground horizons with graphical construction of hazardous zones. Information about the mechanism of destruction of the massif is generalized and systematized differentially for the composing elements: Blind deposit, Main scarn, Mukulansky open-cast It is shown that the deposit is located in the zone of tectonic forces effect, the stress state of its massif differs from geostatic in magnitude and direction of stresses, genesis and technogenic changes facilitated the transformation of the ore massif into a discrete medium, the formation of voids in the rock massifs was accompanied by the development of deformation with massif destruction. Studies of the history of the development of Tyrnyauz deposit testify the adequacy of massif behavior during technogenic intervention, which is a prerequisite for optimizing the technologies for industrial development of the deposit with an economic and environmental benefits.
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Malich, Mykola, Volodymyr Katan, Dmytro Vasyliev, and Ihor Chuhunkov. "Method of calculating the parameters of the mountain pressure epure." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900055.
Abstract:
Elevated bearing load pressure is formed near the exposed part of the coal seam, compared with static stresses normal to the reservoir. The loading of the near-bottom part of the coal seam is formed by linearly damped, according to the principle of Saint-Venant, from the bottom of the face to the massif of the tangential stresses from contact friction between the formation and lateral enclosing rocks in the form of a reference rock pressure, the epure of which is described by a convex quadratic function whose initial value is normal stress at the top of the bottom hole fracture, and the final stress is to the rock pressure in the zone of the intact massif. In connection with the above scientific position, a method has been developed for determining the vertical normal stress at the top of the bottom hole fracture, the length of the epure, and the distance from the bottom to the maximum of the reference pressure.
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В.М., Макеев,, Ревазов, М.О., and Болотаева, А.Г. "Structural and geodynamic studies of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus in the region of the Dvaletsky uplift in respect of the assessment of fractured zones." Геология и геофизика Юга России, no. 4 (December 21, 2022): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2022.75.43.003.
Abstract:
Актуальность работысвязана с определением геодинамических условий формирования зон нарушений для обеспечения безопасности территорий инженерных сооружений. Эти зоны не всегда уточняются в аспекте их геодинамического происхождения и развития, что сказывается на реальной оценке территорий, в т.ч. в связи с землетрясениями и опасными экзогенными геологическими процессами. Цель исследований – структурно-геодинамические исследования в связи с оценкой пространственного распределения зон нарушений и особенностей современного развития. Метод исследований – структурно-геодинамический, включающий литологический (структурно-вещественный), структурно-геоморфологический, геодинамический (структурно-кинематический) и дистанционный. Результатом работ является выявление форм и типов рельефа, тектонических структур и интенсивных экзогенных процессов (селей, лавин и оползней), как показателей активности зон нарушений. Были установлены новейшие поднятия, прогибы и исследованы зоны нарушений (дислокации). По морфологии и возрасту разноранговые структуры не согласуются друг с другом, что может указывать на их разнотипность по напряженному состоянию и происхождению. Двалетское и Мтиулетское поднятия рассматриваются как новейшие антиклинали, формирующиеся в условиях напряжений сжатия. В приповерхностных условиях они подвергаются воздействию напряжений растяжения, возможно, в связи с ростом поднятий и нахождением на южном крыле сводового поднятия Большого Кавказа. В осевой части Главного Кавказского хребта в районе Двалетского поднятия исследованы локальные разрывные зоны – взбросы в юрско-нижнемеловом флише. Они являются активизированными преимущественно в условиях напряжений растяжения. Это подтверждается результатами полевых наблюдений – к ним приурочены трещины растяжения и сбросы. По этим нарушениям развиваются эрозионные процессы: промоины, водотоки и так называемые«поноры». Причиной подвижности Кударского каменного глетчера, по которому проложен высокогорный участок газопровода Дзуарикау-Цхинвал, является активность зон нарушений и погребенные в каменном массиве линзы льда. Эти факторы негативно влияют на состояние газопровода. Для безопасной его эксплуатации принято решение о строительстве тоннеля через главный водораздел. Современные геодинамические условия южного склона Большого Кавказа являются одной из причин концентрации в зонах нарушений напряжений и развития опасных геологических процессов. Relevance. The work is related to the determination of the geodynamic conditions for the fractured zones formation to ensure the safety of the territories of engineering structures. These zones are not always specified in terms of their geodynamic origin and development, which affects the real assessment of territories, including the cases connected with earthquakes and dangerous exogenous geological processes. The aim of the research is structural and geodynamic studies in connection with the assessment of the spatial distribution of fractured zones and the features of modern development. Methods. Structural and geodynamic method, including lithological (structural-material), structural and geomorphological, geodynamic (structural-kinematic) and remote methods are used in the research. The result of the work is the identification of forms and types of landscape, tectonic structures and intense exogenous processes (mudflows, avalanches and landslides) as indicators of the activity of fractured zones. The newest uplifts, downfolds were identified and the zones of disturbances (dislocations) were investigated. According to the morphology and the age, structures with different ranks do not conform to each other, which may indicate their diversity of types in stress condition and origin. The Dvaletsky and Mtiuleti uplifts are considered as the newest anticlines formed under the conditions of compressive stresses. Under the near-surface conditions, they are exposed to tension stresses, possibly due to the growth of uplifts and the location of the arched uplift of the Greater Caucasus on the southern flank. In the axial part of the Main Caucasian Range in the area of the Dvaletsky uplift, local fault zones – reverse faults in the Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous flysch, were studied. They are activated mainly under tension stress conditions. This is confirmed by the results of field observations, i.e. they are associated with tension cracks and faults. Erosion processes develop along these disturbances: water galls, watercourses and the so-called “ponors”. The reason for the mobility of the Kudar rock glacier, along which the high-mountain section of the Dzuarikau-Tskhinval gas pipeline was laid, is the activity of fractured zones and ice lenses buried in the rock massif. These factors negatively affect the condition of the gas pipeline. For its safe operation, a decision was made to build a tunnel through the main divide. The current geodynamic conditions of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus are one of the reasons for the concentration of stress disturbances and the development of dangerous geological processes in the zones
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Zertsalov, Michail, and Kirill Minin. "Numerical modeling in determining deformation characteristics of fractured rock massifs." E3S Web of Conferences 363 (2022): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236302012.
Abstract:
The article proposes a method for determining the deformation modulus of fractured-block rock masses, weakened by mutually-orthogonal systems of cracks within the linear section (after the closure of cracks) of the deformation curve σ= f (ε). The values of normal - kn and tangential - ks stiffness are used as elastic characteristics of joints. It is shown that in such rocky structures it is impossible to apply the laws of mechanics of a solid elastic body to calculate their deformation characteristics, since the opening of interblock joints is observed when performing numerical experiments. The discrepancy between the results of numerical and analytical calculations is up to 40%. For these purposes, it is proposed to use the regression equation obtained on the basis of regression analysis based on the results of numerical modeling and the method of experiment planning. The presented equation allows, depending on three independent factors: the modulus of elasticity of the rock block - Eo, the rock quality designation index - RQD and the dip angles of systems of mutually orthogonal ioints – α, to determine the modulus of deformation ofthe rock mass.
44
Golik, V. I., V. V. Vernigor, V. B. Kelekhsaev, and Yu Mystrov. "UNDERGROUND DEVELOPMENT OF ORE DEPOSITS WITH CONSERVATION OF THE GROUND SURFACE." Mining science and technology, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2018-3-3-13.
Abstract:
Introduction. In a market economy of particular importance are indicators of the quality of raw materials. Loss and decontamination of ores can be achieved by controlling stresses and strains using the residual bearing capacity of the fractured rocks with the primary condition of preserving the earth's surface of destruction. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the rational parameters of the technology of the geodynamic safety criterion. The goal is achieved by solving a complex of production due to technical problems, ensuring the correctness of the results, the assessment of geomechanical condition before the development of preventive measures of the impact of mining operations on the environment. Methods. Research methods include system and analysis of theory and practice results, experimental research and scientific forecasting. Results. The value of the criterion of optimum processing technology in the form of preservation of the earth's surface of destruction, such as guarantees of contact of the zone of destruction of the massif of mining, the zone of living matter, flora, fauna and Humans. A detailed understanding of the mechanism of interaction of the structural blocks of a discrete gravitational-tectonic-structural field. The mechanism of manifestation of the residual bearing capacity of the destroyed structural rock separations, the limitation of the degree value, the optimization of the mixture strength and the size of the pillars, the creation of geomechanical balanced segments with the minimization of the costs of the earth's surface condition control are specified. The proposed classification of methods of calculation of extent of the flat roof. The given classification of the methods of array management differs from the assessment of the state of the developed space during the work, after the end of the redemption, and not during the cleaning dredging. An example of the earth's surface conservation is given for the development of a flat-falling field, preserving the earth's surface without filling voids. Conclusion. The processes of control of the state of the masses and the earth's surface are their equivalent, which allows monitoring of the development of the field at all stages of the enterprise's existence. The use of geomechanical factors for the organization of mineral raw materials, mining tool for the implementation of resource-saving and environmental protection trends of mining production and reserve to improve the quality of the extracted ores when to ensure the competitiveness of the enterprise.
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Rasskazov, M. I., I. Yu Rasskazov, M. I. Potapchuk, D. I. Tsoi, and A. A. Tereshkin. "Modeling of stress fields and estimation of the impact hazard of structural elements of the mining system of the Yuzhno-Khingansk manganese ore deposit." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 5S/2023 (December 20, 2023): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2023-5s-72-79.
Abstract:
Large-scale and intensive anthropogenic activity, which includes excavation and transportation of large volumes of rocks during the development of solid minerals deposits, has a significant impact on the natural stress-strain state of the rock massif and often leads to activation of geodynamic processes. The forecast of geodynamic activation, which is manifested through rock-tectonic bursts, man-made and induced seismicity and other hazard geodynamic phenomena, is an urgent and a very difficult problem. Geomechanical studies to assess the potential impact hazard of the rock mass at the Yuzhno-Khingansk manganese ore deposit are presented in the article. The mining, geological and technical conditions of the deposit development were studied, the parameters of the physical and mechanical properties of the host rocks and ores were determined. The degree of impact hazard of the rock samples under triaxial compression was determined as well as susceptibility of rocks to dynamic fractures was assessed according to the Stavrogin's criterion. Numerical modeling methods were used to assess the impact hazard of structural elements of the field mining system.
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Potapchuk, Marina, Gennady Kursakin, Viktor Krukov, and Mikhail Lomov. "Justification of safe and effective working conditions for pit reserves of “Pioner” gold deposit." E3S Web of Conferences 56 (2018): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185602013.
Abstract:
Further prospects for the development of “Pioner” gold deposit are associated with the development of deep-seated ore bodies by an underground method. When assessing the bump hazard of proposed technological solutions for stripping and working out the pit reserves of the deposit and substantiating the safe working conditions, some comprehensive studies were carried out, including an analysis of the geological and geomechanical conditions of deposit's development, detailed study of the physical and mechanical properties of rocks and ores, investigation of the fracture tectonics of the deposit and stress and strain state of the rock massif of the deposit. The performed modeling of the geomechanical processes of the rock massif with the use of numerical methods made it possible to identify the safe parameters of the guarding safety pillars under the pit bottom, and also to identify areas and elements of rock structures characterized by a minimum margin of stability according to the criteria of the acting maximum compressive and tangential stresses after complete mining of ore bodies. Recommendations were developed on the rational order of mining of ore bodies and on effective ways to protect and maintain mine workings.
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Efremovtsev, N. N., and I. E. Shipovskii. "Numerical Simulation of the Failure Localization for Rock Massive Under Rock Pressure Conditions During Explosive Mining with Charges of Industrial Explosives." Reviews on Advanced Materials and Technologies 5, no. 3 (2023): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17586/2687-0568-2023-5-3-24-29.
Abstract:
The complication of geomechanical conditions with an increase in the depth of field development requires improved calculations of drilling and blasting parameters based on studies of the patterns of changes in the stress-strain state and fragmentation of the blasted massif with an increase in rock pressure in various directions. This paper presents the results of studies of a section of a rock mass with a bare surface under conditions of flat deformation by the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method when blasting blasthole charges of sparing and crushing action. Regularities of change in time and space of the destruction zones of the massif and stresses with the formation of cracks as a result of the impact of an explosion in the presence of external pressure and in its absence are established. The results of calculations of the influence of physical and mechanical properties on the trigger effect of the destruction of the blasted rock are presented. To obtain preliminary estimates of the growth and branching of crack-like defects in real rocks under plane deformation conditions, numerical experiments were carried out. Diffraction patterns of fracture development on cracks filled with sand are obtained.
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KISIN, Aleksandr Yur’evich, Valeriy Vasil’evich MURZIN, Elizaveta Sergeevna KARASEVA, Vitaliy Nikolaevich OGORODNIKOV, Yuriy Alekseevich POLENOV, Sergey Gennad’evich SELEZNEV, and Danil Aleksandrovich OZORNIN. "Issues of structural control of demantoid mineralization at the Poldnevskoye deposit (Middle Urals)." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University 1, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2020-2-64-73.
Abstract:
Relevance of the work is due to the need to establish structural control of the mineralization of jewelry demantoid in ultrabasites of the Korkodinsky massif for forecasting, prospecting and exploration of its deposits. Purpose of the work: identification the criteria for structural control at the Poldnevsky demantoid field. Research methodology: analysis of literature data on research topics, studying the geology of the field and the nature of the distribution of mineralization, the conditions of occurrence of mineralized zones, the features of fault tectonics in the quarry of the Poldnevskoye field, the study of thin sections and thin sections by optical methods Results. A geotectonic model for the formation of the Korkodinsky ultrabasite massif represented by a crust-mantle mixture from the depth of 50–60 km is proposed. In the process of rock hoisting, decompression, metamorphism and hydrothermal-metasomatic transformations, decompression fracturing were experienced. The earliest fractures were made by hydrothermal-metasomatic clinopyroxenite, which then also underwent decompression fracturing. Ultrabasic rocks and clinopyroxenites underwent local antigoritization. Later decompression fractures are made by antigorite, clinochrysotile, carbonate, sometimes magnetite and demantoid. All of them were formed under conditions of continuous decrease in allround pressure and synchronous opening of decompression fractures. The largest fractures are oriented subparallel to the wings of the enclosing fault and have a steep fall. The fractures are sinuous and can be arranged en echelon. Mineral-forming fluids were released from the massif as a result of decompression and mixed with meteoric waters penetrating along tensile cracks in the roof of the massif. Late low-temperature serpentinization of the massif is accompanied by the manifestation of “serpentinite tectonics”, which can destroy bunches with demantoid mineralization when superimposition. The demantoid mineralization in weakly serpentinized dunites is preserved from destruction by “serpentinite tectonics”. Conclusion. Since demantoid mineralization is confined to decompression fractures, the possibilities of structural control are very limited. The largest fractures are oriented subconcordantly to the sides of the fault enclosing the massif. This pattern of the distribution of demantoid mineralization in ultrabasites is favorable for the formation of deluvial-alluvial placers, but is unfavorable for development in bedrock depth.
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Krukovska, Viktoriia, and Yurii Vynohradov. "Water stability influence of host rocks on the process of water filtration into mine working with frame and roof-bolting support." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900041.
Abstract:
The water stability influence of host rocks on water filtration process from the undermined aquifer to the mine working, depending on the way of its fastening has been studied in the paper. When solving the problem of water filtration in a deformable massif, the finite element method was used. The results of calculations are presented of the filtration permeability of the coal-bearing massif, the water pressure and the value of the water inflow into mine working in the cases of mining operations in sandstone and argillite. It is shown that the use of roof-bolting support prevents the development of the fractures formation process in the mine working roof, preserving the rocks in a natural, monolithic state. As a result, the process of water filtration from water bearing rock layers is constrained, which prevents or significantly reduces the soaking of border roof rocks. The use of roof-bolting fastening several times reduces the water inflow into mine working, located even in water-permeable rocks. The application of the roof-bolting support as a technological method for reducing the water inflow into mine workings has been substantiated.
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Gasmi, H., M. Touahmia, A. Torchani, E. Hamdi, and A. Boudjemline. "Determination of Fractured Rock’s Representative Elementary Volume by a Numerical Simulation Method." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 4 (August 10, 2019): 4448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2854.
Abstract:
The present study aims at developing a numerical program called DISSIM which can analyze the homogenization of rock massifs using a new subroutine which calculates Representative Elementary Volume (REV). The DISSIM methodology consists of two steps. The first step involves the modeling of the fractured network in order to provide a surface simulation that represents the real fracture of the examined front. The second step is to numerically model the wave propagation through the simulated fracture network while characterizing the attenuation of vibrations due to the effect of discontinuities. This part allows us to determine in particular the wave propagation velocity through the fractured mass, from which we can determine the homogenized Young's modulus. However, after extensive bibliographic research, it was realized that a third step appeared to be necessary. In fact, it is necessary to look for a representative elementary volume on which we apply the proposed homogenization method. Two types of the representative elementary volume are proposed in this article, the geometric REV and the mechanical REV. The presentation of these two types of REV and the DISSIM methodology are detailed in this paper. Then, this methodology was applied to the study of a real case. The present research provides a method allowing the calculation of both types of REV for fissured rocks. The case study yielded comparable results between the mechanical REV and the geometric REV, which is compatible with previous research studies.