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Academic literature on the topic 'Fractured election'

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Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Fractured election"

Arthur, Charles. "Fractured state." Index on Censorship 24, no. 4 (July 1995): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030642209502400404.

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Petersen, German. "Elites and Turnovers in Authoritarian Enclaves: Evidence from Mexico." Latin American Politics and Society 60, no. 2 (April 17, 2018): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lap.2018.4.

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AbstractThe year 2010 saw five gubernatorial elections in Mexico in which the PAN and the left built electoral alliances. These alliances were made in states with authoritarian features, where the PRI had never lost the governor’s office. In Oaxaca, Puebla, and Sinaloa the PRI lost, while in Durango and Hidalgo it did not. Why did the electoral outcome differ in similar cases? This article argues that the outcome of each election, turnover or no turnover, depended on the behavior of the elites, both authoritarian and opposition. The PRI lost when the authoritarian elite fractured while the opposition was unified, including the groups that had defected from the established elite.

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Pandey, Dr Aditiya Prakash. "Policies, Programs and Achievements of Ghulam Nabi Azad - led Coalition in Jammu & Kashmir." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 1215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37587.

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Abstract: The coalition government in Jammu and Kashmir during 2002 to 2008 helped build some kind of confidence in the electoral institutions and processes. Breaking the hegemony of the single dominant party also brought an alternative to the PDPCongress coalition power. PDP- Congress formed a coalition government after 2002 Assembly elections as no political party had won majority and it resulted in a fractured mandate. The coalition was significant in the sense that PDP had recently emerged as regional force, and it was its first game in elections as well as coalition politics. The coalition began very well on a good note. The coalition incorporated their election manifestoes with the basic issues which the people were facing. The PDP promised a corruption- free government, unconditional dialogue with militants, providing a healing touch and like. The present paper analyses the performance of PDP- Congress coalition led by Ghulam Nabi Azad. Keywords: Coalition, Jammu and Kashmir, Ghulam Nabi Azad, PDP-Congress.

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Pal, Michael. "The Fractured Right to Vote: Democracy, Discretion, and Designing Electoral Districts." McGill Law Journal 61, no. 2 (August 10, 2016): 231–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037248ar.

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Electoral boundary commissions and Parliament have recently transformed Canada’s federal electoral map. The 2015 federal election was contested on a new map of 338 ridings, after 30 seats were added to the House of Commons by the Fair Representation Act and commissions set the boundaries of each district. The introduction of independent, non-partisan commissions in 1964 to draw the maps has achieved great success in eliminating the previously entrenched practice of gerrymandering. The extensive discretion granted to commissions to set boundaries, however, generates a new series of potential problems that can undermine the fairness of the electoral map. This article takes the new map as an opportune time to analyze the Canadian experience with electoral boundary commissions and, particularly, their exercise of discretionary authority. It demonstrates that the ten provincial commissions have adopted divergent approaches to their common task of establishing electoral boundaries. The commissions are at times in direct conflict with one another on the meaning and scope of fundamental principles of redistricting, such as representation by population, community of interest, and minority representation. These conflicting approaches have gone beyond reasonable disagreements over the specific content of the relevant legislative and constitutional principles. The exercise of the discretion held by the commissions in these competing ways has frustrated the principle of the political equality of all citizens. This article argues that the discretion granted to Canadian electoral boundary commissions should be restructured in order to better achieve a common realization of the right to vote.

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Kaewtathip, Kaewta, Varaporn Tanrattanakul, and Thipthida Kaewtathip. "Preparation and Characterization of Thermoplastic Starch/Wheat Gluten Composites." Key Engineering Materials 531-532 (December 2012): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.531-532.321.

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Thermoplastic starch (TPS) and TPS/wheat gluten composites were prepared using compression molding. The wheat gluten contents ranged from 0 wt% to 20 wt%. The morphology of the fractured surfaces, thermal decomposition temperatures and mechanical properties of the TPS and TPS/wheat gluten composites were investigated using scanning election microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile testing, respectively. The maximum tensile strength of TPS/wheat gluten composites (1.1 MPa) was obtained when 10 wt% of wheat gluten was used. The crosslinking between wheat gluten protein chains caused an increase in the tensile strength of the TPS/wheat gluten composites. The temperature at the maximum weight loss of the TPS/wheat gluten composites was higher than for TPS. Moreover, wheat gluten decreased the water absorption.

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Peou, Sorpong. "Interparty and Intraparty Factionalism in Cambodian Politics." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 39, no. 1 (April 2020): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1868103420906023.

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Cambodia’s hegemonic party system that emerged after the violent removal of First Prime Minister Norodom Ranariddh early in July 1997 has now given way to a one-party state, which still remains prone to tension and instability. The party system has become less factionalised and can be characterised as moving from high to medium factionalism. This development resulted from the growing domination of the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) and the weakening of the opposition parties, such as National United Front for an Independent, Netural, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia, which splintered and become almost irrelevant in Cambodian politics. The Cambodian National Rescue Party (CNRP) emerged as the main opposition party after the 2013 election but was then banned from competing in the 2018 election. Although the CNRP remains united by its anti-CPP position, it is still fractured along political lines between two former opposition parties – the Sam Rainsy Party and the Human Rights Party. Historical institutionalism sheds some new light on the variation of political developments among political parties and within them, but does not supplant the fact that party leaders are rational to the extent that they select strategies in pursuit of their interests defined as power or security under specific institutional constraints or the lack thereof.

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Singh, Archana, Ankita Singh, Rajul Vivek, T. P. Chaturvedi, Pankaj Chauhan, and Shruti Gupta. "SEM Analysis and Management of Fracture Dental Implant." Case Reports in Dentistry 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/270385.

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Implant fracture is one of the important biomechanical complications which can present with a considerable problem to the patient as well as the dental surgeon. The aim of this case report is to describe the management of a case of fractured endosseous dental implant in premolar region and microscopic evaluation of the fractured implant segment using scanning electron microscopy. In most of such cases, complete removal of the fractured implant has been a preferred treatment option. In the present case, fractured implant segment was successfully removed and rehabilitated immediately with larger diameter implant. It was found that retrieved fracture segment had a diameter of 3.3 mm, and SEM analysis shows fatigue fractures which may be the result of excessive overloading and use of small diameter implant which enhances fatigue failure.

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Sbordone, Ludovico, Tonino Traini, Sergio Caputi, Antonio Scarano, Claudia Bortolaia, and Adriano Piattelli. "Scanning Electron Microscopy Fractography Analysis of Fractured Hollow Implants." Journal of Oral Implantology 36, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-10-90000.

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Abstract Fracture of the implant is one of the possible complications affecting dental implants; it is a rare event but of great clinical relevance. The aim of the present study was to perform a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fractography evaluation of 7 International Team for oral Implantology (ITI) hollow implants removed because of fracture. The most common clinical risk factors, such as malocclusion, bruxism, and cantilevers on the prosthesis, were absent. Seven fractured ITI hollow implants were retrieved from 5 patients and were analyzed with the use of SEM. SEM analysis showed typical signs of a cleavage-type fracture. Fractures could be due to an association of multiple factors such as fatigue, inner defects, material electrochemical problems, and tensocorrosion.

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Rainey, Mark Justin, and Steve Hanson. "The double return of Friedrich Engels: Towards a dialectics of the trace." Human Geography 14, no. 2 (May 7, 2021): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19427786211014680.

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Two sculptures of Friedrich Engels have recently been installed in Greater Manchester, the city where the social philosopher spent most of his working life and was the focus of his proto-ethnographic account of the early industrial city. The first sculpture is a fibreglass ‘fabricated ruin’ set within a newly rebuilt section of the University of Salford campus. The second is a former Soviet monument that was transported from eastern Ukraine to Tony Wilson Place, a new arts, business and entertainment space in central Manchester. While the appropriation of the city’s radical figures and movements is very much part of Manchester’s narrative of post-industrial regeneration, the ‘homecoming’ of Engels in the decade following the 2008 financial crash and amid the unfolding Brexit crisis raises certain methodological concerns for us. Engels is a figure who has returned and can be returned to. Here, his ‘double return’ can be read in very particular ways. In this paper, we bring Engels back to Manchester as a figure who will immediately re-signify against the contemporary political, economic and cultural landscape. In doing so, we advocate a dialectics of geographical traces that can grasp the social contradictions and fractures of the present in a way that works both within and beyond the writing and practice of Engels. As we move on from the 2019 UK General Election in which the Conservative party formed a substantial majority government into the fractured British landscapes of 2021 and beyond, this practice becomes increasingly necessary.

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Wanna, John. "A MOST PECULIAR IMPLOSION—THE AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL ELECTION SEPTEMBER 2013: A CASE OF A FRACTURED GOVERNMENT THAT INFLICTED DEFEAT UPON ITSELF." Representation 50, no. 2 (April 3, 2014): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2014.934506.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fractured election"

Mozika, Nitesh. "Fractured election mandate and formation of ministries under the Indian constitution." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2014. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/1489.

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CARDOSO, SERGIO G. "Estudo das propriedades mecanicas e dos mecanismos de fratura de fibras sinteticas do tipo nailon e poliester em tecidos de engenharia." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9504.

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Oates, William Sumner. "Fracture of Ferroelectric Materials." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/4769.

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Ferroelectric materials continue to find increasing use in actuator, sensor and transducer design. Questions regarding lifetime and reliability remain a concern due to the inherent low fracture toughness and complex material behavior. The poling procedure required for use in actuator and sensing devices introduces anisotropy in elastic and dielectric coefficients as well as piezoelectric coupling between the mechanical and electrical fields. This introduces complex fracture behavior which necessitates advanced analytical techniques and fracture characterization. In this dissertation, fracture mechanics of ferroelectric materials is evaluated by employing different analytical techniques and experimental methodology. The theoretical work has focused on linear piezoelectric coupling that accounts for the influence of anisotropy and heterogeneity on fracture. A new orthotropic rescaling technique is presented that explicitly solves the anisotropic linear elastic piezoelectric crack problem in terms of material coefficients. The effects of heterogeneities on electric field induced microfracture are analyzed by implementing a crack at the edge of a heterogeneous piezoelectric inclusion. A positive, flaw-localized driving force is realized when permeable crack face boundary conditions are considered. The experimental portion of the work evaluates fracture behavior in the ferroelectric ceramic, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), and the ferroelectric relaxor single crystal PZN-4.5%PT. Relative humidity and electric boundary conditions are shown to have significant effects on crack kinetics in PZT. Fracture anisotropy in single crystal PZN-4.5%PT is characterized using the Single-Edge V-notch Beam (SEVNB) method and Vickers indentations. Scanning electron micrographs are used to determine the crack profile which leads to a prediction of crack tip toughness and local energy release rate. A weak cleavage plane is identified in the single crystal relaxor which contains a significantly lower toughness in comparison to the ferroelectric ceramic PZT.

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Bäckström, Ann. "Investigation of the correlation of fracture frequency and electric resistivity in impact craters in crystalline rocks." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Land and Water Resources Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1725.

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Impact craters are formed when a large meteorite or comethits the Earth. At the impact a shock wave is released causingabundant fracturing in the surrounding bedrock. This type offracturing is intense and occurs throughout a very large volume(>100 km³) of the bedrock. Fractures of this type have beenobserved in deep drilling, to 5 km depth, in thePuchezh-Katunki Impact Crater. At theses depths the ambienttemperature is high. Thus impact structures are candidates forpotential heat-exchange sources for extraction of geothermalenergy.

There is a relation between fracture intensity and electricresistivity in bedrock predominated by impact-generatedfractures. In crystalline bedrock changes in electricresistivity is mainly due to fracturing which is the mainsource of porosity in these rocks. Electric resistivity methodsare highly sensitivity to porosity. Furthermore highfracture-intensities have generally been associated with lowelectric resistivity. Electro-magnetic methods like Very LowFrequency Resistivity (VLF-R) and Magnetotellurics (MT) canindirectly measure electric resistivity to relatively largedepths in the bedrock.

This study will quantify the relationship between fractureintensity and electric resistivity which can be used as aprospecting tool for geothermal energy resources at largedepth.

To meet that end, a method for fracture mapping on outcropsin Swedish terrain and a method to calculate thethree-dimensional fracture frequency from two-dimensionalfracture data has been developed. The fracture traces measuredin two dimensions on outcrops are assumed to represent avertical surface and must be converted to a three-dimensionalmeasure of the fracture frequency per unit volume. Spacing, dipand trace length of fractures have been accounted for. Thebiases associated with the mapping method have also beenaccounted for (II).

The correlation between impact-induced fracturing andelectric resistivity in crystalline rocks in the Lockne Areashows that the extent of impact fracturing in crystalline rockscan be measured with electro-magnetic or electric techniques.In addition the electric resistivity of crystalline basementand impact generated Tandsby Breccia from the Lockne Craterwere determined (I).

The relation between fracture frequency and electricresistivity in fresh water conditions using the VLF-R method isestablished from data collected from both two drill holes andfrom numerous outcrops in the Björkö region. Apreliminary quantification of the fracture frequency has beenmade. The MT resistivity models, related to the two drillholes, show that porosity and mineral-conductivity variationsof the bedrock affect this relation more than the salinityvariations in the bore-hole fluid. Further research is neededto establish a firm relation between fracture frequency,salinity of rock fluid, conductivity and porosity in order tovalidate the MT resistivity models (III).

Keywords:Electric resistivity, Fracture frequency,Impact generated fractures, Electro-magnetic techniques, VLF-Rmethod, MT method, Window-mapping technique, Three-dimensionalfracture calculations, heat-exchange structure, geothermalenergy.

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Allen, Robert Michael. "A study of the processes involved in the formation of nano-structures inorganic materials, using high brightness electron beams." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240887.

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Furlan, Renan Diego. "Comparison of mechanical behavior between conventional NiTi, CM, M-Wire and CM-EDM alloy instruments for cyclic fatigue and torsion fracture - evaluation of fracture surface in scanning electron microscope." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25147/tde-23012019-161605/.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the cyclic and torsional fatigue resistance of Nickel-Titanium rotary instruments manufactured by different thermal treatments. Were tested a total of 140 rotary instruments (n=20): Genius (GN size 25, .04 taper), Trushape (TS size 25, .06 taper), Logic (LOG size 25, .06 taper), Vortex Blue (VB size 25, .06 taper), ProTaper Gold (PTG size 25, .08 taper), Hyflex CM (HCM size 25, .06 taper) and Hyflex EDM (EDM size 25, .08 taper). Cyclic fatigue resistance testing was performed using an artificial stainless steel canal with a curvature (60° angle and 5- mm radius) located at 5 mm from the tip. The files (n=10) rotated until fracture and time was recorded in seconds. The torsional test evaluated the angular deflection and torque at failure of the instruments (n=10) at 3 mm from the tip according to ISO 3630- 1. The fractured surface of five instruments of each brand was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests, and the level of significance was set at 5%. The cyclic fatigue resistance value of EDM size 25, .08 taper was significantly higher than those of all instruments tested (P<0.05). The LOG size 25, .06 taper showed a higher cyclic fatigue resistance than those of GN size 25, .04 taper; TS size 25, .06 taper (P<0.05). There was no difference among the others groups. The torsional test showed that PTG size 25, .08 taper had the highest torsional strength value of all instruments tested followed by VB size 25, .06 taper and EDM size 25, .06 taper (P<0.05). The LOG size 25, .06 taper showed significant difference only with GN size 25, .04 taper (P<0.05). No difference was found among the others groups (P>0.05). In relation to angular deflection, the GN size 25, .04 taper; TS size 25, .06 taper; HCM size 25, .06 taper, and EDM size 25, .08 taper showed significantly higher values until fracture than the others groups (P<0.05). No difference was found among PTG size 25, .08 taper, LOG size 25, .06 taper, and VB size 25, .06 taper (P<0.05). The EDM size 25, .08 taper presented the highest cyclic fatigue resistance among all the tested instruments. For the torsional test, the PTG size 25, .08 taper showed highest torsional strength and lowest angular deflection values.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência às fadigas cíclica e torsional de instrumentos rotatórios de Níquel - Titânio fabricados por diferentes tratamentos térmicos. Foram testados o total de 140 instrumentos (n=20): Genius (GN diâmetro 25, conicidade .04), Trushape (TS diâmetro 25, conicidade .06), Logic (LOG diâmetro 25, conicidade .06), Vortex Blue (VB diâmetro 25, conicidade .06), ProTaper Gold (PTG diâmetro 25, conicidade .08), Hyflex CM (HCM diâmetro 25, conicidade .06) e Hyflex EDM (EDM diâmetro 25, conicidade .08). O teste de resistência à fadiga cíclica foi realizado utilizando um canal artificial de aço inoxidável com curvatura (ângulo de 60° e raio de 5mm) localizada a 5 mm da ponta. Os instrumentos (n=10) foram rotacionados até a fratura e tempo foi registrado em segundos. O teste torsional avaliou a deflexão angular e torque até a falha dos instrumentos (n=10) a 3 mm da ponta de acordo com a ISO 3630-1. A superfície da fratura de 5 instrumentos de cada fabricante foi observado utilizando o microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). A análise-estatística foi realizada utilizando o teste de análise de variância com um fator ANOVA e teste de Tukey, o nível de significância foi de 5%. O valor de resistência a fadiga cíclica do EDM diâmetro 25, conicidade .08 foi significantemente maior que todos os instrumentos testados (P<0.05). A LOG diâmetro 25, conicidade .06 mostrou maior resistência à fadiga cíclica que o GN diâmetro 25, conicidade .04; TS diâmetro 25, conicidade .06 (P<0.05). Não houve diferença significante entre os outros grupos. O teste torsional mostrou que PTG diâmetro 25, conicidade .08 obteve o maior valor de torque até a fratura de todos os instrumentos testados seguido por VB diâmetro 25, conicidade .06 e EDM diâmetro 25, conicidade .06 (P<0.05). O LOG diâmetro 25, conicidade .06 mostrou diferença significativa apenas com com GN diâmetro 25, conicidade .04 (P<0.05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os outros grupos (P>0.05). Em relação a deflexão angula, o GN diâmetro 25, conicidade .04; TS diâmetro 25, conicidade .06; HCM diâmetro 25, conicidade .06 e EDM diâmetro 25, conicidade .08 apresentou significantimente o maior valor até a fratura que os outros grupos (P<0.05). Nao foi encontrado diferença significativa entre PTG diâmetro 25, conicidade .08, LOG diâmetro 25, conicidade .06, e VB diâmetro 25, conicidade .06 (P<0.05). O EDM diâmetro 25, conicidade .08 apresentou a maior resistência a fadiga cíclica entre todos os instrumentos testados. Para o teste torsional, o PTG diâmetro 25, conicidade .08 apresentou o maior valor de torque e menor deflexão angular.

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MORCELLI, APARECIDO E. "Estudo dos micromecanicos de deformacao e fratura da liga de titanio Ti-6Al-4V utilizando-se tecnicas de microscopia eletronica e difracao de raios X." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9505.

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Tu, Haoyun Verfasser], and Siegfried [Akademischer Betreuer] [Schmauder. "Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of the fracture behaviour of an electron beam welded steel joint / Haoyun Tu ; Betreuer: Siegfried Schmauder." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1118368576/34.

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Tu, Haoyun [Verfasser], and Siegfried [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmauder. "Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of the fracture behaviour of an electron beam welded steel joint / Haoyun Tu ; Betreuer: Siegfried Schmauder." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1118368576/34.

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Islam, Md Shafiqul. "Shear Fracture and Delamination in Packaging Materials : A study of Experimental Methods and Simulation Techniques." Licentiate thesis, Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-13340.

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Packages are the means of preservation, distribution and convenience of use for food, medicine and other consumer products. Package opening is becoming complicated in many cases because of cutting cost in design and production of opening techniques. Introduction of new package opening technique, material or geometry for better opening experience, forces new design measurements which require a large number of prototype developments and physical testing. In order to achieve more rapid and accurate design, Finite Element Method (FEM) Simulations are widely used in packaging industries to compliment and reduce the number of physical testing. The goal of this work is to develop the building blocks towards complete package opening simulation. The study focuses on testing and simulation of shear fracture and shear delamination of packaging materials. A modified shear test specimen was developed and optimized by finite element simulation. Test method was validated for High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and Polypropylene (PP). The developed method has been accepted by international standards organization ASTM. Based on linear elastic fracture mechanics, a geometry correction factor of shear fracture toughness for the proposed specimen was derived. The study concluded that, for ease of opening, HDPE is a more favorable material for screw caps than PP. When performing the experiment with the shear specimen to find essential work of fracture, the ligament length should be varied between twice of the thickness and half of the width of the specimen ligament. Multi-layered thin laminate of Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and aluminum (Al), also known as Al/LDPE laminate, is another key object addressed in this study. Continuum and fracture testing of individual layers provided the base information and input for numerical modeling. The propagation of an interfacial pre-crack in lamination in Al-LDPE laminate was simulated using several numerical techniques available in the commercial FEM solver ABAQUS, and it was concluded that using the combination of VCCT technique to model the interfacial delamination and coupled elasto-plastic damage constitutive for Al and LDPE substrates can describe interfacial delamination and failure due to necking. It was also concluded that the delamination mode in a pre-crack tip is influenced by the ratio of fracture energy release rate of mode I and II. To address the challenge in quantifying shear energy release rate of laminate with very thin substrate, a convenient test technique is proposed. Additionally, scanning electron microscopic study provided useful information on fractured and delaminated surfaces and provided evidence that strengthened the conclusions of this work. The proposed test methods in this work will be crucial to measure the shear mechanical properties in bulk material and thin substrates. Laminates of Al and LDPE or similar material can be studied using the developed simulation technique which can be effectively used for decision support in early package development.

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Books on the topic "Fractured election"

1935-, Hui Sek Wen, ed. Freeze-fracture studies of membranes. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1989.

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Campillo, Juan Reyes del, Liliana López Levi, and Gerardo Zamora Fernández de Lara. 2012: Procesos políticos, continuidades y fracturas. México, D.F: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, 2012.

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J, Severs Nicholas, and Shotton David, eds. Rapid freezing, freeze fracture, and deep etching. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1995.

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1931-, Kessel Richard G., and Tung Hai-Nan, eds. Freeze fracture images of cells and tissues. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

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Rodríguez, Florisabel. Anatomía de una fractura: Desintegración social y elecciones del 2018 en Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: FLACSO, 2019.

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Tu, Haoyun. Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of the Fracture Behaviour of an Electron Beam Welded Steel Joint. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67277-9.

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Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research, ed. Sem measurement of stretched zone width (szw) for determination of initiation fracture toughness in ductile materials. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2005.

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N, Shenoy R., and Langley Research Center, eds. Microstructural characterization of aluminum-lithium alloys 1460 and 2195. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1998.

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L, Bernasek S., Venkatesan T, Temkin H, and Materials Research Society, eds. Advanced surface processes for optoelectronics: Symposium held April 5-8, 1988, Reno, Nevada, U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa: Materials Research Society, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fractured election"

da Silva, Pedro Pinto, M. L. F. Barbosa, and A. P. Aguas. "A Guide to Fracture Label: Cytochemical Labeling of Freeze-Fractured Cells." In Advanced Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy III, 201–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71135-0_5.

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Tsuchiya, Koji. "Freeze-Fracture Transmission Electron Microscopy." In Measurement Techniques and Practices of Colloid and Interface Phenomena, 87–92. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5931-6_13.

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Chapman, Russell L., and L. Andrew Staehelin. "Freeze-Fracture (-Etch) Electron Microscopy." In Ultrastructure Techniques for Microorganisms, 213–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5119-1_8.

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Kotake, Shigeo, Hiroyuki Kimata, Takashi Aoki, Yasuyuki Suzuki, and Masafumi Senoo. "Catastrophic Transformation of Electron Stress and Electron Stiffness Parameter on Metal and Semiconductor." In Mesoscopic Dynamics of Fracture, 195–209. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-35369-1_17.

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Cho, Chong Du, and Byung Ha Lee. "Analysis of Electro-Statically Driven Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems." In Fracture and Strength of Solids VI, 1247–52. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-989-x.1247.

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Phakey, Prem, Gerald Dollinger, and John Christie. "Transmission Electron Microscopy of Experimentally Deformed Olivine Crystals." In Flow and Fracture of Rocks, 117–38. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm016p0117.

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Giannoudis, Peter V., Emilio Delli Sante, and Fragkiskos N. Xypnitos. "Treatment of Nonunion of Clavicle Fractures." In Practical Procedures in Elective Orthopedic Surgery, 3–7. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-820-1_1.

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Cherepanov, G. P. "Relativistic Electron Beams in a Solid." In Methods of Fracture Mechanics: Solid Matter Physics, 227–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2262-9_7.

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McLaren, A. C., and B. E. Hobbs. "Transmission Electron Microscope Investigation of Some Naturally Deformed Quartzites." In Flow and Fracture of Rocks, 55–66. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm016p0055.

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Enomoto, Y., and M. M. Chaudhri. "Fracto-Electron Emission During Fracture of Engineering Ceramics." In Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 503–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3650-1_73.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fractured election"

Fan, Yongdong, Huiwen Pang, Yan Jin, and Hui Zhang. "Fractures Extraction from Core SEM Images Based on Double-Side Inspection and Morphological Completion." In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0599.

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ABSTRACT Accurate identification and extraction of fractures in core scanning electron microscope (SEM) images are particularly important for understanding and evaluating fractures in rocks. At present, most of the fracture extraction methods do not take into account the characteristics of fractures extension trend and edge change, resulting in many noise points and breakpoints in the extracted fractures. In view of the above problems, this paper proposes a new method of core SEM image fracture extraction based on double-side inspection and morphological completion. Double-side inspection fractures extraction grids the image and judges the micro-element containing fracture elements. There are many discontinuities in the preliminary extracted fracture image. The study presents a fractures completion algorithm based on the combination of long-short-term memory neural network (LSTM) and Similarity-matching to achieve rapid completion of the fracture discontinuities. Compared with threshold segmentation, the recall rate and precision rate of the proposed method are greatly improved. This method is the application of digital image processing and machine learning algorithm in rock fracture image processing and has important application value in rock fracture quantitative characterization and digital core establishment. INTRODUCTION Among the proven oil and gas reserves in the world, the reserves of fractured oil and gas reservoirs account for more than 60%. At present, there are many research methods for fractures reservoirs. It is an important direction of current research to extract fractures through core image recognition for analysis. The SEM scan can achieve continuous non-destructive imaging of the core, so the current core fracture extraction is mainly based on the SEM core scan image to extract fractures through image segmentation technology (Zou et al, 2016; Ma et al, 2014). At present, fracture segmentation is mainly based on threshold segmentation to binarize the core image, where the fracture area and non-fracture area show two different colors (Wang et al, 2022; Purswani et al, 2020; Zhang et al, 2017). The level set segmentation algorithm can obtain closed contour curves, so this method is also a common algorithm in image segmentation. Through this algorithm, the approximate contour curves of fractures can be obtained from core SEM images. In view of the shortcomings of the level-set algorithm, many scholars have improved it. The improvement is mainly to improve the accuracy of the segmented contour by combining other algorithms with the algorithm (Yang et al, 2012; Xu and Peng, 2012). The improvement of the image binarization algorithm can also effectively extract fractures. Pixels are divided based on the maximum inter-class variance method so that the maximum variance of different categories can effectively reduce the noise points in the image after fractures extraction (Wang, 2006). Through the Beamlet transform, the core image after threshold segmentation can effectively extract the linear features of fractures from the two-dimensional image, thus improving the accuracy of fractures extraction (Gao and Wang, 2010). With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, the accuracy of core image segmentation can also be improved with the help of a machine learning algorithm. Effective image segmentation can also be achieved based on BP neural network, but the convergence speed of the BP neural network is slow, so some scholars have made a series of improvements to the BP neural network through genetic algorithm, fuzzy set theory, and other methods (Zhou, 2014; Xiong et al,1999; Yang et al, 2007). The binarization of an image can also be understood as the clustering of image pixels. The pixels in the image are grouped into two categories according to their characteristics. The clustering algorithms such as support vector machine (SVM) and centerless fuzzy clustering have also been used for the binary segmentation of images (Wei et al, 2007; Ma et al, 2013). Combining clustering algorithms with threshold segmentation can effectively improve the extraction accuracy of natural fractures (Fan et al, 2022).

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Ahmad, Sayyid, Peter Barrett, Ahmed Fouda, Baris Guner, Venkat Jambunathan, Eric Van Beest, István Nagy-Korodi, Botond Kemény, Jon Haugestaul, and Ádám Spitzmüller. "Use of Impedivity and Permittivity-Dominated Images to Identify and Characterize Fractures in Altered Basement Rocks – A Case Study From the Norwegian North Sea." In 2022 SPWLA 63rd Annual Symposium. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2022-0102.

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Less than a decade has passed since altered and fractured basement rocks were found to be commercial hydrocarbon reservoirs, and also to be possible providers of migration pathways in some of the fields, which are situated on the Norwegian North Sea. These fractured basement reservoirs are underlying thick clastic successions from Triassic to Quaternary. Recently, a modern oil-based mud resistivity imaging log with ultra-high-resolution was run in two appraisal wells with the aim to understand the complex fracture network in these basement rocks (in off-set wells: biotite-muscovite schist, garnet schist, albite-microcline gneiss, microcline gneiss to sericite-bearing quartzite and cataclasite) which will help in understanding the migration paths, which are deemed vital for further development of this area. This latest generation of oil-based mud imagers required us to question the traditional assumptions that open fractures would have a “Bright” response due to being filled with resistive mud and thus the role drilling mud has in the electro-magnetic response. To gain an image in oil-based mud, high frequencies and short current paths allow capacitive coupling of the formation to the buttons. The signal received is measured by two components, the phase and amplitude. These are affected by resistivity, permittivity, and stand-off. By dealing with the phase and amplitude as complex numbers, we can generate a resistivity dominated impedivity image and a permittivity dominated “imaginary” image. These impedivity and permittivity dominated images plus an understanding of the mud behaviour help to differentiate between the types of fractures to create a more robust localized fracture model. It also proves that the assumption that a fracture has to be “bright” to be open is now invalid (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 The fractures above have a “Conductive” response in tracks 2 and 3, without further aid, these traditionally would have been assumed to be mineralized. The standoff image generated through a hybrid inversion process challenges this view. This paper provides several examples of fractures and how traditional thinking falls down when the effects of solids in the mud and the behaviour of the water phase are considered. The use of permittivity dominated images is to help identify and classify fractures, which may be missed by just looking at resistivity-based images is also demonstrated.

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Yong, W., G. Bae, K. Kang, and C. Lee. "The Effect of Fracture-Induced Ceramic Free Surfaces for Vacuum Kinetic Spray Bonding." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and A. McDonald. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p0874.

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Abstract The new kinetic spray coating technique, vacuum kinetic spray (aerosol deposition), utilizes the pressure gap between powder hopper and coating chamber which is vacuumed. In this study, to investigate the deposition mechanisms present in the vacuum kinetic spray coatings, α-Al2O3 and glass were chosen as the powder and substrate materials, respectively, and these were considered as the reference materials to examine the effect of free surfaces after particle fractures. Based on the finite-element modeling (using an AUTODYN-2D 12.1), single particle impacts were simulated, and the results elucidated the material shape, temperature variation and mass change of particle due to its fracture during impact. The plots of total mass change as a function of particle impact velocity demonstrate the deposition-optimized velocity zone (DOVZ) for successful deposition. Compared to as-received powders, from the transmission electron microscope (TEM) images, the defects such as dislocations of the ball-milled powders might increase the tendency of the powder particles to fracture upon impact. The cross-section images of the coating showed that the particle sizes of the coating were drastically decreased compared to those of initial powders. During coating, fractured particles enlarged the thermodynamically unstable free surface area and have a tendency of formation of bonding.

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Özkul, Canalp, Ismail Omer Yilmaz, Fethi Bensenouci, Kirill Ezhov, Mehmed Ekrem Yazaroglu, and Ahmet Ergun Mengen. "Integrated Approach for Efficient Reservoir Characterization and Completion of the Silurian Unconventional Formation in Southeastern Turkey." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23309-ms.

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Abstract The Silurian age Dadaş Shale in the Diyarbakır basin, SE Anatolian Basin are the most prospective unconventional reservoir in Turkey. However, the potential of this unconventional formation still remained ambiguous. Thus, sedimentological analysis on cores and cuttings, petrographic analysis on thin sections and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, well log data interpretation, natural fracture characterization using Borehole Images (BHI) and cores are conducted to unlock the potential of Dadaş unconventional reservoir. The results revealed that the Dadaş-I member of the Dadaş formation has potential of source rock for the Paleozoic oil system and has considerable unconventional reservoir potential. Dadaş-I member is characterized and subdivided into four lithofacies L1, L2, L3, and L4 using the well logs information, supported by core data such as porosity, permeability, saturation, pyrolysis, SEM and X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD) interpretation results. Petrophysical properties of the highlighted lithofacies reveal that L1 (High TOC & Quartz rich zone) and L3 (TOC rich zone) have the highest hydrocarbon potential whereas L4 (Carbonate rich zone) shows reasonable properties. However, hydrocarbon potential of the L2 (Lean Shale zone) is poor and not considered to be a good candidate for unconventional reservoir. Considered as the main permeability driver in unconventional reservoir, natural fractures characterization from logs and cores is performed in the four lithofacies. Borehole images results show that fracture orientations are unique in facies L4, striking parallel to an E-W major faults group whereas fractures in other facies are striking NNE-SSW, parallel to the second group of faults in the area. As the E-W faults are known to be formed first, L4 facies seems to be naturally fractured before the rest of facies, due to its higher elastic properties and brittleness. The two major fault groups are clearly defining the natural fractures orientations in the study area. However, the second faulting episode seems to have more impact on fracture intensity due to higher stress conditions. Many fractures interpreted as open fractures on image logs are in fact fully or partially infilled with calcite in cores. This inconsistency is explained by the different stress conditions near wellbore, where natural fractures can reopen locally under Hoop stresses, and far field conditions captured better in this case by coring. The fracture aperture from borehole images have been corrected after comparison with direct measurements on cores and based on high definition core photos. Overall, the petrophysical and geomechanical properties as well as fracture analysis, show that the four facies behave as distinct mechanical stratigraphy units. The integration of natural fractures and in-situ stresses shows that fractures oriented NNE-SSW with lower dips angles are more critically stressed than the rest. The post-mortem analysis of offset wells has proven that only combination of several factors, like high values of Gross Thickness, Pore Pressure, Dynamic Porosity, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Brittleness as well as the presence of critically stressed fractures can increase the chance of success by defining the best interval to be targeted by stimulation operation, and enhance production from Dadaş shale reservoirs.

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Abd Karim, Rahimah, Roberto Aguilera, Franco Juan Vittore, and Maria Florencia Rincon. "Vaca Muerta: Integrated Characterization of Natural Fractures and Oil Wettability Using Cores, Micro-Resistivity Images and Outcrops for Optimizing Landing Zones of Horizontal Wells." In SPE Canadian Energy Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212725-ms.

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Abstract Understanding natural fracture width distribution, and pore sizes relation to thermal maturity, permeability and wettability is important in assessing shale reservoir quality and determining the productive landing zones for horizontal wells. Natural fractures and pore systems in Vaca Muerta are complex with significant lateral and vertical variations. This study provides an integrated characterization using cores, micro-resistivity images and outcrops that reveal the vertical variability of natural fractures and oil-wet characteristics of Vaca Muerta shale. The proposed method describes first the distribution of fracture widths from cores, micro-resistivity images and outcrops using a Variable Shape Distribution (VSD) model. The VSD provides a good fit of the data, which improves fracture width and intensity prediction. Subsequently, porosity, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and water saturation (Sw) are modeled and calibrated with core data. Values of the porosity exponent m and the water saturation exponent n reflect the complexity of the pore system and wettability characteristics of Vaca Muerta. The method also incorporates for the first time, thin bed heterogeneity that comprises calcite beef, ash beds and nodules. Results indicate that fracture widths at Vaca Muerta range between 0.0003 and 2 mm for cores, 0.01 and 2 mm for micro-resistivity images, and 0.0003 and 7 mm for outcrops. The VSD captures the entire distribution of cores, images and outcrops, which allow pragmatic fracture width extrapolation. The physical widths can also be used to generate synthetic production logs (PLT) that indicate relative productivity from fractured intervals. The study reveals that better reservoir quality lies in the deeper organic-rich units of the Lower Vaca Muerta (LVM) shale. The LVM has lower Sw, larger pores, higher TOC, and greater natural fracture intensity. Pickett plots indicate decreasing m and increasing n values with depth. This suggests increasing natural fractures intensity and oil wettability towards the LVM, which is corroborated by cuttings descriptions, micro-resistivity images and a published Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) study. All these findings support the relation between pore sizes and thermal maturity, permeability and wettability. Finally, the study highlights the importance of incorporating thin bed heterogeneity in the analysis, due to its high occurrence in the organic-rich unit. The integrated analysis using cores, micro-resistivity images and outcrops reveals the variability of natural fracture intensity and oil-wet characteristics in each stratigraphic unit of the Vaca Muerta shale. The analysis considers, for the first time, the internal anatomy of thin bed heterogeneity. This methodology proves powerful for understanding the complex Vaca Muerta shale and for optimizing the landing zones of horizontal wells.

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Birenis, Domas, Yuhei Ogawa, Hisao Matsunaga, Osamu Takakuwa, Junichiro Yamabe, Øystein Prytz, and Annett Thøgersen. "Hydrogen-Assisted Fatigue Crack Propagation in a Commercially Pure BCC Iron." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84783.

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Hydrogen effect on fatigue performance of commercially pure BCC iron has been studied with a combination of various electron microscopy techniques. The fatigue crack growth (FCG) in gaseous hydrogen was found to consist of two regimes corresponding to a slightly accelerated regime at relatively low stress intensity factor range, ΔK, (Stage I) and the highly accelerated regime at relatively high ΔK (Stage II). These regimes were manifested by the intergranular and quasicleavage types of fractures respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations demonstrated an increase in plastic deformation around the crack wake in the Stage I, but considerably lower amount of plasticity around the crack path in the Stage II. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results identified dislocation cell structure immediately beneath the fracture surface of the Stage I sample, and dislocation tangles in the Stage II sample corresponding to fracture at high and low plastic strain amplitudes respectively.

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Lograsso, Barbara K., Thomas A. Lograsso, and Ryan J. Glamm. "Application of a Crystal Orientation Method for Matching Surfaces Along a Fracture Line." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67663.

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The overall objective of this study was to evaluate whether surface crystal orientation can be used to associate metal fracture fragments. This study examined the orientations of the fractured crystals across the fracture plane for two surfaces determined to be a matching fracture by conventional methods. This study used Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction (EBSD), sometimes known as Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM), to determine the crystallographic orientation of individual metal crystals along the length of the fracture on a surface perpendicular to the actual fracture surface. This investigation examined the uniqueness of crystal orientations within a metal and examined the requirements necessary for determination of crystallography using EBSD. This study also examined the crystallographic information as to whether it is sufficiently reliable characteristic from which a quantitative determination could be made that two separate pieces of metal are, in fact, from a single piece.

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Feng, Pan, Jiang Yuqiang, Luo Yufeng, Xiong Jiabei, Wang Yue, Yuan Xiaojun, Mei Jue, Zou Chen, and Zhang Hanbing. "Understanding the Influence of Subsurface Bedding-Parallel Fractures in Shale Gas Enrichment." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216373-ms.

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Abstract Bedding-parallel fractures are common to see in "productive sweet spot" of Wufeng-Longmaxi gas-shale, Sichuan basin. They are commonly showing slickensides on core and own rough fracture surface. Therefore, they can serve as flow channels and storage spaces in gas shale. However, their size and spatial distribution in subsurface were rarely investigated, and little was known about their permeability behavior responding to the reservoir buried depth. And the relationship between the fracture intensity and reservoir porosity is also rarely reported. Knowing these relationships will help to understanding the influence of subsurface bedding-parallel fractures in shale gas enrichment. 30 wells of Wufeng-Longmaxi gas-shale were studied, they are spanning in 100km west-east across the southern Sichuan basin and have buried depths ranging from 1000m to 3000m. Core validated borehole image logs are used to characterize the spatial distribution of the bedding-parallel fractures in subsurface. Stress-dependent permeability experiments are designed to investigate the fracture permeability responding to the change of confining stress. The effect of the fractures on reservoir porosity is examined by the NMR T2 relaxation well log and Ar-ion-milled scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The study reveals that the bedding-parallel fractures are calcite-filled and are much more intense in organic-rich intervals. The aperture size of bedding-parallel fractures ranges from 1cm to 50cm. The permeability experiments suggest that under the same confining pressure, the permeability in samples with the fractures is two to three orders of magnitude larger than in samples without fractures. The fracture permeability decreases exponentially until the confining pressure reached 25MPa. NMR log analysis indicates that for the shale buried shallower than 1000m, the NMR log component with T2 relaxation time greater than 30ms has obvious inverse relationship with the intensity of bedding-parallel fractures, but for the shale buried deeper than 1000m, this relationship is not clear. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show the macropore are hardly found nearby the fractures. The results reveal that bedding-parallel fractures are products of shear movement between shale beddings, and they act as a flow channel to enhance lateral migration of gas. The lateral migration is much more active when the effective stress is less than 25MPa which is equivalent to 1000m reservoir buried depth in southern Sichuan basin. Connection of bedding-parallel fractures to faults extending to the surface, common in southern SiChuan basin, boosts the rate of gas emission. Gas emission dropped down the pore pressure and made the shale macropore collapsed, the reservoir porosity was decreased accordingly. The finding suggests that structures with fewer bedding-parallel fractures or reservoir buried depth deeper than 1000m in southern Sichuan basin may be more favorable for preservation of gas in shale.

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Soka, Sakar, and Hiwa Sidiq. "Nano Chemical Design for Excessive Water Production Control in Taq Taq Oil Field." In SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208546-ms.

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Abstract A common problem in oil and gas field is premature and excessive water production through higher permeable thief zone, faults, water conning or channeling and natural or induced fracture. Excessive water production impacts the economics of a well through increasing rate of corrosion, emulsion and scale formation, consequently shortening its production life and lowering flowing wellhead pressure. There are several techniques used to control excessive water production such as chemical and mechanical. In this work a novel chemical approach was followed to tackle excessive water production in Taq Taq oil field located in Kurdistan Region Iraq. Water production into the reservoir was determined to be through the fractures as the reservoir units are highly fractured carbonates. Therefore, the chemicals designed by this work were to reduce excessive water production selectively and fracture connectivity in the zones where excessive water production is expected. Three nano-solutions have been prepared and investigated for their rheological properties. Only one is selected and met the field screening criteria. The composition of the nano-solutions were mainly polyacrylamide mixed with nano composite of cement, clay and inorganic cross-linker. All nano-solution underwent extensive screening and studied for their mechanical strength, toughness and tensile module. Results showed that nano-solutions strength increases with increasing the nano concentration. Similarly, their viscosity and degradation resistance are improved noticeably with nano composites. The scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was also used to characterized the nano size and distribution studied by this work.

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Qin, Xing, and Yanlong Zhao. "Numerical Simulation of 3D Digital Core Resistivity in Fractured Shale Oil Reservoir." In 3rd International Discrete Fracture Network Engineering Conference. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-dfne-22-0067.

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Abstract Accurately characterizing the morphology and resistivity characteristics of microfractures in shale oil reservoir is of great significance to the efficient development of shale oil. According to the scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) image of rock sample of the Jimusar shale oil reservoir, the pore and micro fracture structure information of shale is obtained by BP neural network segmentation method. In this paper, the refined three-dimensional digital core of shale with fracture matrix pore dual medium is reconstructed by using the improved four parameter growth method and two-dimensional fractional Brownian motion model. Finally, the effective resistivity of digital core under different fracture parameters is simulated and calculated by finite element method, and the variation law of digital core resistivity under different wettability and fracture arrangement is analyzed. The research results have theoretical significance for the construction and electrical simulation of fractured digital core.

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Reports on the topic "Fractured election"

Gerberich, W. W. Micromechanisms of brittle fracture: Acoustic emissions and electron channeling analyses. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6494088.

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Gerberich, W. W. Micromechanisms of brittle fracture: STM, TEM and electron channeling analysis. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/463626.

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Morgan, M., K. Ken Imrich, and M. Michael Tosten. EXTRACTION OF FRACTURE-MECHANICS AND TRANSMISSION-ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY SAMPLES FROM TRITIUM-EXPOSED RESERVOIRS USING ELECTRIC-DISCHARGE MACHINING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/891682.

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Wall, M. A., T. W. Jr Barbee, and T. P. Weihs. An in situ high voltage electron microscopy technique for the study of deformation and fracture: In multilayered materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/132767.

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Plouffe, A., D. Petts, I M Kjarsgaard, and M. Polivchuk. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry mapping of porphyry -related epidote from south-central British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331671.

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The microscopic composition of thirteen samples of epidote related to porphyry Cu mineralization was mapped using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) at the Geological Survey of Canada. The objective of this research is to improve the indicator mineral method of mineral exploration in glaciated terrains by utilizing the trace element composition of epidote. Six bedrock samples from porphyry Cu deposits of south-central British Columbia (Gibraltar, Mount Polley and Woodjam), three bedrock samples from the Nicola Group located close (&lt;2 km) from the intrusions host of porphyry mineralization and afar (12 km), and four epidote grains from two till samples, one at Gibraltar and a second one at Mount Polley, were analyzed. Backscattered electron (BSE) images and the LA-ICP-MS maps show an heterogeneous distribution of Fe and Al in epidote following complex and mottled patterns and consistent zoning typically with high Fe and low Al concentrations in the core progressing to low Fe and high Al concentrations in the rim. Trace elements are heterogeneously distributed in epidote following the Fe/Al zoning in some samples. Evidence of late infiltration of trace elements (e.g. Cu, Zn, and REE) along fractures in epidote is observed in some samples. The variability in epidote composition is thought to be related to the changing conditions during its crystallization including oxidation state, pH, oxygen fugacity, fluid composition, temperature and pressure. Multiple LA-ICP-MS spot analyses need to be conducted on this mineral to fully evaluate its composition as an indicator mineral of porphyry Cu mineralization.

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Lacerda Silva, P., G. R. Chalmers, A. M. M. Bustin, and R. M. Bustin. Gas geochemistry and the origins of H2S in the Montney Formation. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329794.

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The geology of the Montney Formation and the geochemistry of its produced fluids, including nonhydrocarbon gases such as hydrogen sulfide were investigated for both Alberta and BC play areas. Key parameters for understanding a complex petroleum system like the Montney play include changes in thickness, depth of burial, mass balance calculations, timing and magnitudes of paleotemperature exposure, as well as kerogen concentration and types to determine the distribution of hydrocarbon composition, H2S concentrations and CO2 concentrations. Results show that there is first-, second- and third- order variations in the maturation patterns that impact the hydrocarbon composition. Isomer ratio calculations for butane and propane, in combination with excess methane estimation from produced fluids, are powerful tools to highlight effects of migration in the hydrocarbon distribution. The present-day distribution of hydrocarbons is a result of fluid mixing between hydrocarbons generated in-situ with shorter-chained hydrocarbons (i.e., methane) migrated from deeper, more mature areas proximal to the deformation front, along structural elements like the Fort St. John Graben, as well as through areas of lithology with higher permeability. The BC Montney play appears to have hydrocarbon composition that reflects a larger contribution from in-situ generation, while the Montney play in Alberta has a higher proportion of its hydrocarbon volumes from migrated hydrocarbons. Hydrogen sulphide is observed to be laterally discontinuous and found in discrete zones or pockets. The locations of higher concentrations of hydrogen sulphide do not align with the sulphate-rich facies of the Charlie Lake Formation but can be seen to underlie areas of higher sulphate ion concentrations in the formation water. There is some alignment between CO2 and H2S, particularly south of Dawson Creek; however, the cross-plot of CO2 and H2S illustrates some deviation away from any correlation and there must be other processes at play (i.e., decomposition of kerogen or carbonate dissolution). The sources of sulphur in the produced H2S were investigated through isotopic analyses coupled with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and mineralogy by X-ray diffraction. The Montney Formation in BC can contain small discrete amounts of sulphur in the form of anhydrite as shown by XRD and SEM-EDX results. Sulphur isotopic analyses indicate that the most likely source of sulphur is from Triassic rocks, in particular, the Charlie Lake Formation, due to its close proximity, its high concentration of anhydrite (18-42%), and the evidence that dissolved sulphate ions migrated within the groundwater in fractures and transported anhydrite into the Halfway Formation and into the Montney Formation. The isotopic signature shows the sulphur isotopic ratio of the anhydrite in the Montney Formation is in the same range as the sulphur within the H2S gas and is a lighter ratio than what is found in Devonian anhydrite and H2S gas. This integrated study contributes to a better understanding of the hydrocarbon system for enhancing the efficiency of and optimizing the planning of drilling and production operations. Operators in BC should include mapping of the Charlie Lake evaporites and structural elements, three-dimensional seismic and sulphate ion concentrations in the connate water, when planning wells, in order to reduce the risk of encountering unexpected souring.

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STUDY ON MICROMECHANICAL FRACTURE MODELS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AND ITS WELDS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2021.17.2.2.

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Steel structures have been widely used in constructions due to their advantages of lightweight, high strength, short construction time and high recycling and reuse potential. Fracture failure in steel structures should be prevented to avoid collapse of the whole structures. Micromechanical fracture models can capture the fracture initiation mechanisms and therefore can be used to predict ductile fractures in steel. Twelve smooth round bars were carried out to obtain the material properties and 36 notched round bars were tested to calibrate the parameters of stress modified critical strain (SMCS) model and the void growth model (VGM) for structural steels (Q235B and Q345B) and the corresponding welds. Specimens were extracted from the base metal, the weld metal and the heat affected zone (HAZ) to investigate fracture behaviour in different parts of the welded joint. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements were taken and finite element models were developed to calibrate the models. The test results and calibrated parameters are reported. Moreover, the calibrated models are applied to analyses the fracture behaviour of welded joints and their accuracy are validated. The calibrated and validated models can be used for further numerical fracture analysis in welded steel structures.

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ELECTRO-SLAG WELD FRACTURES IN SEISMIC STEEL BEAM-TO-BOX COLUMN MOMENT CONNECTONS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2018.k.09.

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