Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fractionnement de la lignocellulose'
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Ghizzi, Damasceno da Silva Gabriela. "Fractionnement par voie sèche de la biomasse ligno-cellulosique : broyage poussé de la paille de blé et effets sur ses bioconversions." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0031/document.
Full textIn a context of plant biorefinery for the production of molecules and energy, pretreatments are necessary to increase the reactivity of the lignocellulosic biomass. This thesis is part of a general project aiming to establish the bases for a dry plant refinery. This study aimed to develop and understand advanced mechanical fractionation of wheat straw down to sub-millimeter sizes and to assess its effects on bioconversion processes for bioenergy. Wheat straw exhibited a high heterogeneity at several scale levels (from cm to μm). A multistep diagram of dry grinding at pilot-scale (> 1 kg) produced a wide range of particle sizes by three distinct mode of action: i) sieve-based grinding producing particle sizes from coarse (800 μm) to fine (50 μm), ii) air-jet milling (ultra-fine, ~ 20 μm) and iii) ball milling (ultra-fine, ~ 10 "m). A morphological analysis of particles was developed by image analysis from light microscopy. Subjecting wheat straw to the complex breaking mechanisms during grinding produced particles highly variable in shapes and compositions. A multiple co-inertia analysis allowed the evaluation of the overall particle morphologies. Generally, grinding reduced the size and shape descriptors of particles, with some exceptions due to equipment configurations. The enzymatic degradability (saccharification) of produced powders was improved by reducing their particle size. Until ~ 100 μm the polysaccharides solubilisation was increased and then stabilised at 36% total polysaccharides and 40% cellulose. Only samples from ball milling overcome this limit and attained hydrolysis yields of 46% total polysaccharides and 72% cellulose. This is due to an increase in enzymatic efficiency by the reduction of cellulose crystallinity (from 22 to 13%). These results of ball milling are comparable to those of steam explosion process, with a better preservation of hemicelluloses. This improved enzymatic efficiency resulted in faster and slightly more extensive (ball milling case) anaerobic degradations (biogas). Aerobic decomposition in the soil was improved by coarse grinding, but finer grinding did not result in a further increase. The characteristics of ground straw varied depending on grinding intensity and mode. Although all grindings could reduce the size, sieve-based grinding and air-jet milling did not allow changes in the fine structure of cell wall polymers. Only ball milling led to changethe internal structure of particles especially reducing cellulose crystallinity and partially solubilising hemicelluloses. These results demonstrate that advanced mechanical fragmentation by dry processes is a possible alternative for pretreatments in a plant refinery
Bassil, Sabina. "Etude de la répartition structurale des acides féruliques et p-coumarique dans la chènevotte et la poudre organique de chanvre (Cannabis sativa) : exploration des voies de fractionnement pour l'obtention d'extraits à valeur ajoutée." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30257/document.
Full textThe industrial transformation of common cultivated crops generates significant amounts of by-products that can often be valorized as a source of value- added molecules for biochemistry. The present work focuses on an original raw material: hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), rich in a particularly, more accessible, lignin having different characteristics than that of wood. Hemp defibering process (Cannabis sativa L.) generates 30% fibers and 70% lignocellulosic by-products: hemp shives (50%) and hemp dust (20%) which were studied in this work as a potential source of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA) such as ferulic (FA) and p-coumaric (pCA) acids. Their structural distribution in the lignocellulosic matrix was analytically evaluated by multistage hydrolysis. FA is mostly etherified to the lignocellulosic structure, while pCA is mainly esterified in hemp dust and equally bound through ester and ether linkages in hemp shives. Biorefinery of hemp by-products, to obtain extracts and raffinates which are rich in phenolic acids, was studied by using microwave-assisted extraction and thermo-mechano-chemical extraction using twin-screw extruder. Both methods have helped to intensify the extraction of HCA. For hemp shives, alkaline-hydro alcoholic solvent lead to the optimum yields of pCA by microwave extraction and of FA by twin-screw extrusion, while for hemp dust, the same solvent is the most effective for the extraction of both phenolic acids using twin-screw extraction. The enrichment of HCA extracts by adsorption on different microporous solids has been investigated. The zeolite *BEA (beta) showed a high potential of HCA adsorption from both model solutions and extracts obtained from fractionation
Oriez, Vincent. "Production of biopolymers and synthons from lignocellulosic wastes." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0016/document.
Full textAgricultural and forestry residues, also known as lignocellulosic residues, have a unique potential based on their quantity and structure for the production of renewable energy and molecules, inorder to solve the issues raised by the increasing scarcity of fossil hydrocarbons and the environmental disorder caused by their use. Lignocellulosic biomasses are essentially made ofcellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Fractionation and purification of these three compounds are necessary for their valorization as substitutes of fossil hydrocarbons. In the first place, this studydescribed the chemical fractionation of lignocellulose under acidic and alkaline conditions, and their related purification pathways. The experimental work was carried out on two raw materials:sugarcane bagasse and sunflower oil cake. A thorough characterization of the raw materials as well as the acid and alkaline extracts produced from these materials was performed. The purification steps focused on the sugarcane bagasse mild alkaline extract. Indeed, sugarcane bagasse can be considered a model lignocellulosic biomass and the purification of lignocellulosicmild alkaline extract has not been widely studied despite the numerous assets of this fractionation process. Membrane filtration and elution chromatography on strong acid cationic exchange resins were assessed individually then combined, for the separation of the five main pools of molecules that constitute the extract: lignin oligomers, sugar oligomers, phenolic monomers, acetic acid and inorganic salts. Ultrafiltration trials run on several membranes under various filtration conditions showed that lignin and sugar oligomers, recovered in the retentate, were separated from phenolicmonomers, acetic acid and inorganic salts, recovered in the permeate. A hollow fiber membrane of 10 kDa in polysulfone exhibited the best separation performance and was selected for further trials in concentration and diafiltration modes. Elution chromatography tests using water as eluent and various strong acid cationic exchange resins resulted in the production of a very pure lignin andsugar oligomers fraction with a macroporous-type resin, whereas a gel-type resin led to the separation of phenolic monomers from each other depending on the presence or absence in their structure of a carboxyl group. From a sugarcane bagasse mild alkaline extract, an integrated purification process was developed combining membrane filtration then chromatography on the permeate and precipitation by acid addition on the retentate. It resulted in the production of four purified fractions: phenolic monomers with a carboxyl group, inorganic salts and phenolicmonomers without carboxyl group, lignin oligomers, and sugar oligomers
Katrib, Fouad al. "Utilisation du solvant n-méthyl morpholine n-oxyde (MMNO) pour le fractionnement des constituants de la biomasse lignocellulosique et leur saccharification enzymatique : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10084.
Full textChuetor, Santi. "Couplage de procédés de prétraitements chimio-mécaniques de la paille de riz en voie semi-humide : effets sur les propriétés physicochimiques, rhéologiques et réactivité." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSAM0017/document.
Full textLa biomasse lignocellulosique (LC) est considérée comme une alternative prometteuse pour produire des biocarburants, mais aussi extraire des biomolécules et synthons pour la synthèse de polymères et des matériaux afin de les substituer à ceux issues de la pétrochimie. La biomasse LC est principalement composée de cellulose, d'hémicellulose et de lignine. Sa nature composite et sa microstructure matricielle hétérogène rendent difficiles sa digestibilité et sa bioconversion. Le prétraitement de la biomasse LC est une étape indispensable permettant de dissocier la matrice LC et d'améliorer l'accessibilité des polymères pariétaux, étape-clé notamment pour la production de synthons. Le fractionnement par voie sèche des LC s'insère dans les schémas de bioraffinerie de la biomasse avec des arguments favorable à la durabilité (pas d'eau consommée, pas de séchage, pas d'effluents). L'amélioration de la résolution du fractionnement, la réduction de la dépense énergétique et l'amplification de la réactivité/fonctionnalité des produits constituent des objectifs de recherche prioritaires dans le champ du fractionnement sec. Un des inconvénients de l'opération de broyage de la LC native est son importante consommation énergétique. La mise en œuvre de prétraitements modérés qui favorisent la broyabilité de la matrice LC et l'accessibilité aux molécules d'intérêt, peut permettre (i) d'améliorer la résolution du fractionnement, (ii) réduire très significativement l'énergie de broyage et (iii) amplifier la réactivité des produits.L'objectif de la thèse porte sur l'analyse de la mise en œuvre de prétraitements chimiques couplés au fractionnement mécanique de paille de riz, qui a été choisie comme substrat valorisable de référence. Cette étude s'appuie notamment sur un procédé innovant de prétraitement chimique par voie semi-humide, qui permet de fragiliser et déstructurer la matrice LC afin de faciliter une déconstruction mécanique. Le couplage de procédés chimio-mécaniques semi-humide ont permis à la fois d'augmenter la réactivé des produits et de diminuer la consommation énergétique ainsi que supprimer certaines étapes et ne pas générer des effluents. Les résultats du fractionnement par voie sèche ont montré que la combinaison d'un broyage ultrafin et d'une séparation est une alternative de bioraffinerie technique pour obtenir des fractions intéressantes pour différentes propriétés. Ces résultats permettent d'améliorer les méthodes de prétraitements adaptées aux plusieurs types de biomasse dans la bioraffinerie des LC. Une approche hydro-texturale à l'échelle des particules est ensuite proposée pour identifier les mécanismes de fractionnement et évaluer l'impact des prétraitements chimiques. Le rôle de la microstructure dans les prétraitements chemo-mécaniques est notamment analysé par le biais de l'étude des transferts d'eau dans les poudres (imbibition et séchage). Une caractérisation physique des poudres complète la description des propriétés conférées aux pailles de riz broyées. Au-delà des résultats spécifiques aux pailles de riz, cette étude a été conduite de façon a présenter un degré de généricité suffisant pour extrapoler la démarche et les connaissances acquises au traitement d'autres biomasses annuelles ou pérennes
Restrepo-Leal, Julian David. "Optimisation de la production d’effecteurs de Botryosphaeriacées pour maîtriser leur phytopathogénicité et exploiter leurs enzymes pour le bioraffinage du végétal." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024REIMS027.
Full textViticulture is constantly threatened by plant diseases, especially those caused by fungi. In the last decades, Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs) have arisen as highly destructive and rapidly expanding pathologies. One of the most worldwide prevalent GTDs is Botryosphaeria dieback, caused by Botryosphaeriaceae. These fungal species may rely on many biochemical weapons, including Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes (PCWDEs) and phytotoxic secondary metabolites, to successfully colonize the grapevine. Here, we aimed to produce, purify, and characterize PCWDEs and phytotoxins from Botryosphaeriaceae to increase knowledge of their mechanisms underlying pathogenicity and virulence. We were also interested in taking advantage of Botryosphaeriaceae pathogens to obtain novel lignocellulolytic enzymes that may benefit plant biorefining. Using genomic comparisons, we highlighted the remarkable richness of Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZymes), potentially involved in the plant cell wall degradation, in the genome of Neofusicoccum parvum. When cultured in submerged fermentations, N. parvum could produce numerous CAZymes and secondary metabolites, notably in growth media containing lignocellulosic biomasses. Furthermore, we established a purification method for the virulence-factor-candidate phytotoxin (R)-mellein using an innovative approach via Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. We also started an approach to heterologously produce three novel CAZymes: an acetylxylan esterase, a pectate lyase, and an uncharacterized cellulase. Overall, our results provided insights into the influence of lignocellulosic biomass in the expression of pathogenicity and virulence factors in N. parvum. This study may also be helpful for the discovery of more efficient enzymes for industrial applications
Warsame, Mohamed. "Saccharification of lignocellulose." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-25910.
Full textThe increasing energy demand and the anticipated decline in crude oil production has led to an immense search for new energy sources. Plant cell walls contain lignocellulose that conserve great amounts of energy. These polysaccharides are of high importance for the search of renewable energy sources. Pretreatment of the cell wall is necessary in order to hydrolyse it to its component sugars. Once degraded to monomeric sugars it can be fermented to either ethanol or biogas through established fermentation technologies.The aim of this thesis was to compare and evaluate some of the methods used for sacchrification of lignocellulose. Three treatments where compared to determine which is highest yielding. These are enzymatic hydrolysis, microwave irradiation and steam explosion.Wheat straw was used as substrate and hydrolysed by three commercial enzyme mixtures. Samples were pretreated before the enzymatic reaction with either microwave or steam explosion. Results showed that a treatment of either microwave irradiation or steam explosion combined with enzyme hydrolysis gives the highest yield in monomeric sugars. The conclusions that can be drawn are that mechanical pretreatment increases yield drastically but is insufficient in its self. Further enzymatic treatment of wheat straw is necessary to obtain high amounts of simple sugars.
Garcia, Susana. "Biodégradation des lignocelluloses : étude microbiologique, physiologique et ultrastructurale." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077057.
Full textKeränen, A. (Anni). "Water treatment by quaternized lignocellulose." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526215143.
Full textTiivistelmä Edullisia ja kestäviä vedenkäsittelytekniikoita tarvitaan kasvavien vesiongelmien ratkaisemiseen. Lignoselluloosaa, kuten sahanpurua, syntyy suuria määriä teollisuuden sivutuotteena. Sen reaktiivisia funktionaalisia ryhmiä voidaan modifioida kemiallisesti ja valmistaa siten biopohjaisia vedenkäsittelykemikaaleja. Tutkimustietoa oikeiden jätevesien puhdistuksesta biopohjaisilla ioninvaihtomateriaaleilla tarvitaan lisää, jotta materiaalien käyttöä voidaan kehittää ja edistää. Tässä väitöstyössä valmistettiin anioninvaihtomateriaaleja modifioimalla kemiallisesti viittä suomalaista lignoselluloosamateriaalia: männyn sahanpurua ja kuorta (Pinus sylvestris), kuusen kuorta (Picea abies), koivun kuorta (Betula pendula/pubescens) ja turvetta. Menetelmässä käytettiin epikloorihydriiniä, etyleenidiamiinia ja trietyyliamiinia orgaanisessa liuotinfaasissa. Työssä keskityttiin erityisesti nitraatin poistoon sekä synteettisistä että oikeista jätevesistä. Materiaalien soveltuvuutta teollisiin sovelluksiin arvioitiin maksimisorptiokapasiteetin, sorptioisotermien, kinetiikka- ja kolonnikokeiden sekä pH:n, lämpötilan ja muiden anionien vaikutusta tutkivien kokeiden avulla. Kaikki viisi kationisoitua tuotetta poistivat yli 70 % nitraatista laajalla pH-alueella (3–10). Kationisoitu männyn sahanpuru osoittautui parhaaksi materiaaliksi (32,8 mg NO3-N/g), ja se toimi laajalla lämpötila-alueella (5–70°C). Kolonnikokeet osoittivat sen olevan helposti regeneroitavissa ja uudelleenkäytettävissä. Tuotetta testattiin myös kaivos- ja kemiantehtaan jäteveden käsittelyyn, ja kokeissa havaittiin hyviä nikkeli-, uraani-, vanadiini- ja kobolttireduktioita. Männyn sahanpurua modifioitiin vertailun vuoksi myös kationisella monomeerilla, N-(3-kloro-2-hydroksipropyyli)trimetyyliammoniumkloridilla. Tuotteen maksimisorptiokapasiteetiksi saatiin 15,3 mg NO3-N/g ja se poisti nitraattia saastuneesta pohjavedestä. Kokonaisuudessaan väitöskirjatyö tarjoaa uutta tietoa biopohjaisten ioninvaihtomateriaalien valmistamisesta ja niiden soveltuvuudesta oikeiden teollisuusjätevesien käsittelyyn
Van, Dyk Jacoba Susanna. "Characterisation of the cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic system of Bacillus Licheniformis SVD1 and the isolation and characterisation of a multi-enzyme complex." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003995.
Full textHeitz, Michèle. "Liquéfaction par fractionnement de la biomasse." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10326.
Full textZha, Quanqing. "Raffinage sélectif des fibres après fractionnement." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2009. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/1896/1/030105032.pdf.
Full textQin, Wenjuan. "High consistency enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24374.
Full textBi, Ran. "Lignocellulose Degradation by Soil Micro-organisms." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Träkemi och massateknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-182336.
Full textQC 20160223
Mamphogoro, Tshifhiwa Paris. "Laccases from actinomycetes for lignocellulose degradation." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3945.
Full textThe purpose of this study shows that lignocellulose has a complex structure composed mainly of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. Several enzymes are needed for the degradation of lignocellulose into simple sugars. Actinomycetes are known to produce laccases which are able to degrade lignin. Laccase activities were detected in actinomycete strains MS26 isolated from soil collected from the Zambian Copperbelt and DFNR17 isolated from soil collected from a New Zealand farm. Morphological studies showed that the strains produced extensively branched substrate mycelia and aerial hyphae. Micromorphological characteristics were consistent with the assignment of these strains to the genus Streptomyces. Isolates were found to be mesophiles, with growth occurring in a temperature range of 16 and 45°C. Optimal growth occurred at temperatures between 30 and 37oC. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains showed that strain MS26 had the highest sequence similarity (99%) to Streptomyces atrovirens strain NRRL B-16357 and Streptomyces viridodiastaticus strain IFO 13106. Strain DFNR17 had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99%) to Streptomyces althioticus strain KCTC 9752. The strains shared several physiological and biochemical characteristics with their closest neighbours which, along with 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis, confirmed that the strains were members of the genus Streptomyces. Attempts to identify the laccase genes from these isolates by screening a fosmid library failed. Subsequently isolates were screened by PCR using laccase-like cooper oxidase degenerate primers designed from several Streptomyces strains. A 300 bp amplicon was obtained from both isolates. Phylogenetic analysis was performed and both amplicons from strains MS26 and DFNR17 had the highest similarities with the copper oxidase gene from Streptomyces griseoflavus strain Tu4000. Therefore it is probable that the laccase activity observed for these strains is due to the activity of copper oxidase gene product
Gentile, Fabrice. "Production et fractionnement de polysaccharides de levures." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL099N.
Full textThe aim of this work is to acquire knolewdges on the differents steps of a yeast glycogen production process. In the first part, the influence of several parameters on the glycogen accumulation kinetic have been determined. An increase of the specific glucose consumption rate leads to an increase of the specific glycogen production rate. High level of intracellular glycogen (25 % of dry weight) has been obtained when the specific growth rate was very low. The sugar-to-glycogen yield increases when the production of ethanol is reduced by a low sugar concentration. In the second part, the extraction of yeast glycogen has been studied. A comparison of several yeast cell disintegration methods shows that high pressure homogenization leads to the highest glycogen extraction yield. The efficiency of this method is enhanced by a yeast pre-treatment. This yield is about 90 % when cells are pretreated by heating in the presence of Na2CO3. In the third part, the efficiencies of ultrafiltration and precipitation processes have been evaluated for the purification of glycogen. We have developed an original two steps yeast glycogen purification process. A first step of diafiltration-ultrafiltration leads to an elimintation of 90 % of sakts abd 80 % of nitrogenous material, and a glycogen purity degree of 50 %. A second step of precipitation by HCI leads to an elimination of 70 % remaining nitrogenous material, and a glycogen purity degree of 60 %
Ferluc, Alexandre. "Raffinage optimal des pâtes thermomécaniques par fractionnement /." Thèse, Trois-Rivières : Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2008. http://www.uqtr.ca/biblio/notice/resume/30077855R.pdf.
Full textComprend 2 articles de l'auteur : "Optimum refining of TMP pulp by fractionation after the first refining stage", article présenté au congrès IMPC (International Mechanical Pulping Conference), Minneapolis, mai 2007 et "Optimization of TMP process and pulp quality by means of primary pulp fractionation" article présenté au 94ième Congrès annuel de l'ATPPC (Association technique des pâtes et papiers du Canada), Montréal, février 2008. CaQQUQ Comprend des réf. bibliogr. (f. 229-250).
Ferluc, Alexandre. "Raffinage optimal des pâtes thermomécaniques par fractionnement." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2008. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/1895/1/030077855.pdf.
Full textMoxley, Geoffrey W. "Studies of Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Lignocellulose." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43372.
Full textLignocellulose materials are structurally composed of five types of polymeric sugars, glucan, galactan, mannan, arabinan, and xylan. NREL has developed a quantitative saccharification (QS) method for determining carbohydrate composition. We proposed a new protocol based on the NREL 2006 Laboratory Analytical Procedure â Determination of Structural Carbohydrates and Lignin in Biomassâ (Sluiter et al. 2006a) with a slight modification, in which xylose concentration was determined after the secondary hydrolysis by using 1% sulfuric acid rather than 4% sulfuric acid. We found that the current NREL protocol led to a statistically significant overestimation of acid-labile xylan content ranging from 4 to 8 percent.
Lignocellulosic biomass is naturally recalcitrant to enzymatic hydrolysis, and must be pretreated before it can be effectively used for bioethanol production. One such pretreatment is a fractionation process that separates lignin and hemicellulose from the cellulose and converts crystalline cellulose microfibrils to amorphous cellulose. Here we evaluated the feasibility of lignocellulose fractionation applicable to the hurds of industrial hemp. Hurds are the remaining material of the stalk after all leaves, seeds, and fiber have been stripped from the plant. After optimizing acid concentration, reaction time and temperature, the pretreated cellulosic samples were hydrolyzed to more than 96% after 24 hours of hydrolysis (enzyme loading conditions of 15 FPU/g glucan Spezyme CP and 60 IU/g glucan Novozyme 188) at the optimal pretreatment condition (> 84% H3PO4, > 50 °C and > 1 hour). The overall glucose and xylose yields were 89% (94% pretreatment; 96% digestibility) and 61%, respectively. All data suggest the technical feasibility of building a biorefinery based on the hurds of industrial hemp as a feedstock and a new lignocellulose fractionation technology for producing cellulosic ethanol. The choice of feedstock and processing technology gives high sugar yields, low processing costs, low cost feedstock, and low capital investment.
Master of Science
Clarke, Anna Maria. "The microbial ecology of sulphidogenic lignocellulose degradation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008181.
Full texticardi, sara. "Lignocellulose degradation: a proteomic and metagenomic study." Doctoral thesis, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11579/97185.
Full textCheng, Wei. "Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1951.
Full textTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 173 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-142).
Espina, V. "Fractionnement de protéines du lait par filtration dynamique." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00433359.
Full textMezdour, Samir. "Fractionnement et caractérisation des caséines en milieu hydroalcoolique." Compiègne, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001COMP1356.
Full textEspina, Perez Valentina Soledad. "Fractionnement de protéines du lait par filtration dynamique." Compiègne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009COMP1820.
Full textThis thesis focuses on milk proteins fractionation by dynamic filtration. A two-stage process has been proposed in order to separate milk proteins into three main fractions: casein micelles, A-Lactalbumin and A-Lactoglobulin. The first stage of the process consists in microfiltration of skim milk for separating casein micelles from whey proteins. The performances of two dynamic filtration modules: the Multi Shaft Disk (MSD) module and the rotating disk module have been compared. The results have shown that the MSD module presents high permeate flux, good whey proteins transmission and high casein micelles rejection. The second stage of the process is the separation of A-Lactalbumin from B-Lactoglobulin by ultrafiltration. The rotating disk module equipped with a disk with vanes and rotating at 2000 rpm, was used. The protein transmission and selectivity were constant during whey concentration. This is an advantage of dynamic filtration because in crossflow filtration protein transmission and selectivity decreased during whey concentration. The selectivities obtained with dynamic filtration, without changes in pH and ionic strength of the solution, were in the same range as those obtained with crossflow filtration after pH and ionic strength optimization
Bayce, Pascal. "Fractionnement par couplage flux force en mode multigravitationnel." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P215.
Full textOates, Nicola Claire. "Mining microbial compost communities for lignocellulose degrading proteins." Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18352/.
Full textChen, Shou-Feng Chambliss C. Kevin. "High-performance liquid chromatographic methods for quantitative assessment of degradation products and extractives in pretreated lignocellulose." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5129.
Full textDu, Bowen Chambliss C. Kevin. "Effect of varying feedstock-pretreatment chemistry combinations on the production of potentially inhibitory degradation products in biomass hydrolysates." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5319.
Full textZahedifar, Mojtaba. "Novel uses of lignin and hemicellulosic sugars from acid-hydrolysed lignocellulosic materials." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=195786.
Full textLazuka, Adele. "Production de synthons par des consortia microbiens à partir de paille de blé : approches macrocinétique, enzymatique et métaprotéomique." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAT0049.
Full textLignocellulose (LC) is the most abundant terrestrial reservoir of renewable carbon on Earth but its valorization is still limited due to its recalcitrance. In the field of bioconversion, the production of biofuels has been widely studied, whereas others valorization routes – as the carboxylate platform- enable the production of intermediate building blocks or industrial componuds. However in Nature, the recycling of LC is performed by microbial consortia which deploy complex arsenals of enzymes to deconstruct LC. In this PhD thesis we studied the anaerobic enrichment of natural microbial communities from animal digestive systems, aiming to production of carboxylates from wheat straw as substrate. Thanks to a sequencial batch reactor procedure, we obtained two stable communities from bovine rumen (named RWS) and intestinal microbiote from the termite species Nasutitermes ephratae (named TWS). RWS and TWS transformed 55% and 45% VS unpretreated wheat straw into 230 mCmol-AGV.L-1 (6.5 g-AGV.L-1) and 180 mCmol-AGV.L-1 (5.8 g-AGV.L-1) within 15 days, respectively. Combing the dynamic measurment of macroscopic parameters (i.e. degradation and production) to the quantification of enzymatic activities involved in LC degradation, as well as to a dynamic metaproteomic approach we revealed some interesting features between these two consortia. Moreover, RWS was used to study the impact of pretreatments on its acidogenic biological potential
Razal, Ramon A. "Studies on lignin biosynthesis and biodegradation." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-135150/.
Full textFatokun, Evelyn. "Exploration of Nahoon beach milieu for lignocellulose degrading bacteria and optimizing fermentation conditions for holocellulase production by selected strains." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1529.
Full textDridi, Salim Redouane. "Le fractionnement du baryum dans certains sols du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26139/26139.pdf.
Full textBertrand, Julie. "Le fractionnement de la métamémoire dans la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCI018/document.
Full textAlzheimer's disease is characterized by memory deficits. However, only a few studies have explored how patients judge their memory difficulties. The main aim of this thesis is to determine in more details whether or not Alzheimer’s patients have impaired metamnesic abilities (knowledge about own memory). Indeed, previous studies showed a complex pattern of results and suggested a fractionation of metamemory in Alzheimer’s disease (Souchay, 2007). Therefore, the main aim of this thesis is to explore this fractionation in more details and to explore whether it can be observed (1) between long-term memory tasks and short-term memory tasks, (2) according to the type of response (judgment of learning or judgment of forgetting, or (3) with implicit measures).To study the fractionation hypothesis, 7 studies have been carried out comparing younger adults, older adults and patients with amnesic Mild Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer's disease. Results first contradicted the existence of fractionation of metamemory, Alzheimer’s patients were as accurate as predicted their performance on short-term memory tasks than on long-term memory (yet failed). Furthermore, this work showed that implicit metamemory judgments are preserved in Alzheimer's disease (Mograbi and Morris, 2013) on both episodic and semantic memory tasks, contrary of the observation on explicit measures in literature (Souchay, 2000). Finally, patients were more inaccurate than elderly when asked to predict their remembering and their forgetting on both episodic and semantic memory tasks. In conclusion, results contradict the existence of a fractionation of metamemory in Alzheimer's disease. This finding will contribute to inform metamemory (Flavell, 1979 ; Nelson et Narens, 1990) and ansognosia models (Cognitive Awareness Model : Agnew et Morris,1998 ; Hannedotir et Morris, 2007 ; Morris et Hannesdotir, 2004 ; Morris et Mograbi, 2013)
Dufour, Cyril. "Le fractionnement supercritique appliqué à des composés d'intérêt industriel." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0128/document.
Full textSupercritical fractionation process is a highly selective separation process but not widely used on an industrial scale. The perfume industry is constantly seeking separation techniques for purifying molecules of interest derived from plant extracts. The aim of this thesis was to highlight the potential of supercritical fractionation process and to study its performance when applied to complex mixtures. This study was focused on the purification of sclareol contained in a complex mixture. For this, a preliminary study has identified the most suitable charge for a separation using supercritical fractionation. Density, viscosity and phase equilibrium measurements were performed to characterize the feed, but also to identify the most favorable operating condition range to implement the supercritical fractionation process. Subsequently, first experimental essays of supercritical fractionation were performed at a constant temperature on a packed column with a working height of 2.6 m for an internal diameter of 30 mm. These tests have shown the most influent operating parameters on sclareol purification. Some of these results have been modeled successfully using a simple model. A second experimental step showed the advantage of internal reflux to increase the selectivity of the separation. Finally, a coupling of supercritical fractionation process with molecular distillation has been proposed to open a new path in the sclareol purification chain process. Significant improvement in purity and efficacy has been demonstrated
Noireaux, Johanna. "Fractionnement isotopiques du bore dans les processus de surface." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC142.
Full textThis study focuses on two main aspects of boron geochemistry at the Earth's surface. Boron isotope compositions are used to trace severals processes involved in climate evolution on geological timescales ; the ocean pH variations and continental weathering. Boron is also sensitive to biological reactions, which makes it a potential traceur of the coupling between weathering and biological cycling. Ocean pH is supposed to be recorede in the boron isotope signature of marine carbonates. The study of boron incorporation in carbonates precipitated under controlled environment evidenced the dominant role of crystallography on the boron isotope composition of inorganic carbonates and thus on the di iB sensitivity to pH variations. Moreover, d 11B in aragonite is consistent with the paleo-pH hypothesis of sole incorporation of borate ion. On the Contrary, calcite can incorporate boric acid. This has implications on our understanding of vital effects in marine biological carbonates and their use as paléo-pHmeters. Comparison between the fluxes and boron isotope fractionation in two small watershed evidenced the constrasted behaviour of boron. In Mule Hole watershed, boron fluxes are controlled by atmospheric inputs and vegetation cylcling, resulting in some of the highest di 1B ever measured in the dissolved load. We also confirm that weathering processes fractionate boron isotopes during secondary minerals formation. In Shale Hills watershed, boron fluxes are controlled by atmospheric inputs and water-rock interactions, in particular by boron inputs by groundwater having reacted with the shale. These results as a whole confirm the usefulness of boron isotopes as a tracer of surface processes but call for a better knowledge of isotope fractionation induced by biological activity
Guérin-Dubiard, Catherine. "Fractionnement et hydrolyse enzymatique de proteines de blanc d'oeuf." Rennes 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991REN10008.
Full textTu, Maobing. "Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose : cellulase enzyme adsorption and recycle." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31175.
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Graduate
Fraser, M. A. "Lignocellulose degradation by Coriolus versicolor : Ultrastructural and biochemical studies." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384559.
Full textQi, Bing Cui. "The bio-disposal of lignocellulose substances with activated sludge." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52489.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Lignocellulose is the principal form of biomass in the biosphere and therefore the predominant renewable source in the environment. However, owing to the chemical and structural complexity of lignocellulose substrates, the effective and sustainable utilization of lignocellulose wastes is limited. Many environments where lignocellulose residues are ordinarily stored can be highly acidic (e.g. landfills), and under these circumstances biodegradation of the lignocellulose is slow and unhygienic. Owing to the metabolic activities of the micro-organisms, the initially acidified habitats rapidly undergoes self-neutralization. A number of pathogenic bacteria (coliforms and Salmonella sp.) are present during this slow degradation process and it is therefore imperative to improve the efficiency and hygienic effects of the biodegradation of the lignocellulose. Although the fundamentals of biodegradation of lignocellulose have been widely investigated, many issues still need to be resolved in order to develop commercially viable technology for the exploitation of these waste products. For example, owing to the complex, heterogeneous structure of lignocellulose, the degree of solubilization, modification and conversion of the different components are not clear. Likewise, the overall anaerobic degradation of lignocellulose is not understood well as yet. In this study, the emphasis was on the promotion of solid anaerobic digestion of lignocellulose wastes for environmental beneficiation and waste reutilization. The degradation of lignocellulose in landfill environments was first simulated experimentally. Once the microbial populations and the degradation products of the system were characterized, the promotion of anaerobic digestion by use of activated sludge was studied. This included acidogenic fermentation, as well as recovery of the methanogenic phase. Moreover, special attention was given to the further disposal of humic acids or humic acid bearing leachates formed in the digestive system, since these acids pose a major problem in the digestion of the lingocellulose. With ultrasonication, approximately 50% of the lower molecular weight fraction of humic acids could be decomposed into volatile forms, but the higher molecular weight fraction tended to aggregate into a colloidal form, which could only be removed from the system by making use of ultrasonically assisted adsorption on preformed aluminium hydroxide floes. This was followed by an investigation of the microbial degradation of humic acids and the toxicity of these acids to anaerobic consortia. Further experimental work was conducted to optimize the biological and abiological treatment of lignocellulose in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (DASB) reactor fed with glucose substrate. The humic acids could be partially hydrolysed and decomposed by the acid fermentative consortia of the granules in the DASB reactor. Finally, solid mesothermophilic lignocellulose anaerobic digestive sludge can be viewed as a humus-rich hygienic product that can improve the fertility and water-holding capacity of agricultural soil, nourish plants and immobilize heavy metals in the environment as a bioabsorbent.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Lignosellulose is die hoofbron van biomassa in die biosfeer en is daarom ook die belangrikste hernubare bron in die omgewing. As gevolg van die chemiese en strukturele kompleksiteit van lignosellulose substrate, is die doeltreffende en volhoubare benutting van lignosellulose afval egter beperk. Die suurgehalte van die omgewings waar lignosellulose reste gewoonlik gestoor word, soos opvullingsterreine, kan hoog wees en onder hierdie omstandighede is die biodegradasie van die lignosellulose stadig en onhigiënies. As gevolg van die metaboliese aktiwiteite van die mikro-organismes ondergaan die aanvanklik aangesuurde habitatte vinnig self-neutralisasie. 'n Aantal patogeniese bakterieë (koliforme en Salmonella sp.) is deurgaans gedurende dié stadige natuurlike proses teenwoordig en dit is dus van die grootste belang om die effektiwiteit en die higiëne van die bioafbreking van die lignosellulose-substraat te verhoog. Alhoewel die grondbeginsels van die bioafbreking van lignosellulose reeds wyd ondersoek is, moet verskeie probleme nog opgelos word ten einde kommersieel haalbare tegnologie te ontwikkel vir die ontginning van afvalprodukte. Byvoorbeeld, as gevolg van die komplekse, heterogene struktuur van lignosellulose, is die graad van solubilisering en die modifikasie en omskakeling van verskillende komponente nog onduidelik. Net so word die algehele anaerobiese afbreking van lignosellulose ook nog nie ten volle verstaan nie. In hierdie ondersoek het die klem geval op die bevordering van soliede anaerobiese digestie van lignosellulose afval vir omgewingsverbetering en die benutting van die afval. Die afbreking van lignosellulose in opvullingsterreine is eers eksperimenteel gesimuleer. Nadat die mikrobiese populasies en die afbrekingsprodukte gekarakteriseer is, is die bevordering van anaerobiese digestie deur die gebruik van geaktiveerde slyk bestudeer. Dit het asidogeniese fermentasie ingesluit, sowel as herwinning van die metanogeniese fase. Spesiale aandag is gegee aan die verdere verwerking van humus sure en humussuurbevattende legate wat in die digestiewe stelsel gegenereer is, aangesien die sure probleme veroorsaak het met die vertering van die lignosellulose. Met ultrasoniese straling is nagenoeg 50% van die lae-molekulêre massafraksie van die humussure ontbind in vlugtige vorm, maar die hoë-molekulêre massafraksie het geneig om in 'n kolloïdale vorm te aggregeer, wat slegs uit die stelsel verwyder kon word deur middel van ultrasonies ondersteunde adsorpsie op voorafgevormde aluminiumhidroksiedvlokkies. Dit is gevolg deur 'n ondersoek na die mikrobiese afbreking van humus sure en die toksisiteit van die sure ten opsigte van anaerobiese konsortia. Verdere eksperimentele werk is gedoen ten opsigte van die biologiese en abiologiese behandeling van lignosellulose in 'n opwaartsvloeiende anaerobiese slikkombersreaktor (OASK) gevoer met glukosesubstrate. Die humus sure kon gedeeltelik gehidroliseer en ontbind word deur die suurgistende konsortia van die granules in die OASK reactor. Ten slotte kan die vaste termofiliese-mesofiliese anaerobiese lignosellulose verteringslik ook gesien word as 'n humusryke higiëniese produk wat die vrugbaarheid en die waterhoudende vermoë van landbougrond kan verhoog, plante kan voed en kan funksioneer as bioabsorbeerder van swaarmetale in die omgewing.
Alriksson, Björn. "Ethanol from lignocellulose : management of by-products of hydrolysis /." Karlstad : Faculty of Technology and Science, Chemistry, Karlstads universitet, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-3314.
Full textDavid, Grégoire. "Eco-conversion de résidus lignocellulosiques de l'agriculture en matériaux composites durables à matrice biopolyester." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG030.
Full textThis thesis aims at developing new fully biosourced and biodegradable composite materials from agricultural residues in the frame of the European project NoAW (https://noaw2020.eu). All the components are derived from agro-wastes: polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA, bacterial biopolyester and biodegradable in natural conditions) produced by anaerobic digestion of agricultural effluents are used as matrix and vine shoot fibers as fillers. Biocomposites are prepared by melt extrusion. The objective of this thesis is to bring new knowledge on the relationships between the processes used to produce the fillers and the biocomposites, the resulting structure of biocomposites and their functional properties. Biocomposites are developed considering a balance between performance and environmental cost. For this purpose, the thesis focuses on 2 major scientific questions: (i) study of the impact of the filler/matrix interface on the functional properties of biocomposite materials via surface pre-treatments of lignocellulosic particles; (ii) study of the durability of such materials by assessment from the design of the environmental impacts. Thus, special attention is given to the filler/matrix interface, identified as a key factor for the final properties of the composite. A solvent-free surface pretreatment of fibers (chromatogeny) is adapted to modulate the filler/matrix interface. This new method of gas-phase esterification is first studied on micrometric particles of cellulose. Once the proof of concept is established, it is applied to lignocellulosic fibers that are more complex. The vine shoots, agricultural waste abundant in Occitania region, are studied as a potential resource for the production of fillers for composites. Once collected and dried, they are milled using dry fractionation to obtain micrometric sized particles. The variability of the raw material being one of the bottlenecks concerning the use of lignocellusoic biomass by manufacturers, different grape species over several years are studied. In a biorefinery approach, the extraction of molecules of interest, e.g. polyphenols, is considered before using the residue, namely exhausted shoots, as a reinforcing fillers. The environmental impact of the produced biocomposites is evaluated to guide strategic choices and obtain materials displaying a good balance between performance and environmental footprint. A life cycle assessment in the context of a food rigid tray application is carried out, collecting data from sector’s players. In addition, a study of the biodegradability of the final materials is conducted. This thesis encompasses multidisciplinary fields in order to have a decompartmentalized overview of the developed composite materials
Leonhardt, Sabrina, Enrico Büttner, Anna Maria Gebauer, Martin Hofrichter, and Harald Kellner. "Draft Genome Sequence of the Sordariomycete Lecythophora (Coniochaeta) hoffmannii CBS 245.38." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-235647.
Full textDarrigrand, Thierry. "Fractionnement du polyéthylène basse densité relations structure/ propriétés - structure / procédés." Pau, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PAUU1007.
Full textFuchs, Géraldine. "Étude du fractionnement d'énantiomères par chromatographie a l'échelle semi-industrielle." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL031N.
Full textEllouze, Fatma. "Purification et fractionnement de mélange de cyclodextrines par procédés membranaires." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20177.
Full textThis study was devoted to the purification and fractionation of cyclodextrins mixtures by membrane processes (NF, UF). Cyclodextrins CDs are produced in mixture by enzymatic degradation of starch. They are cyclic oligosaccharides containing from 6 to more than 60 glucose units (CD6 to CD60).In a first part, complexation ultrafiltration was applied to separate CD6 and CD7. In this study, different parameters such as the pressure, the stoichiometric ratio between CD and complexing agent and the mass ratio between CD were studied. It seems that these factors could influence the selectivity of separation. Diafiltration with a volume reduction factor of 3 was used, with Igepal as complexing agent, to separate the CD6 and CD7. The obtained results are interesting since after four diafiltrations the CD6 was recovered in the permeate with a purity and yield respectively equal to 86 and 71%.In the second part, we were interested in the fractionation of a crude mixture containing large ring cyclodextrins by a multi stage process in order to: (1) purify the mixture from co products (glucose and CD6-CD8) and (2) fractionate the mixture to obtain fractions predominantly enriched in CD9-CD21 and CD22-CD60. A mathematical simulation predicting the composition of the CD mixture after diafiltration was applied to select the strategy of fractionation at two different concentrations (1 and 3g/L). The results obtained for an initial concentration of 1g /L are quite interesting since the purity of large ring cyclodextrins in the final retentate is 97%
Lin, Youfeng. "Traitement chimique des fibres longues de pin gris après fractionnement." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2012. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5201/1/030332229.pdf.
Full textSaunier, Gaëlle. "Etude expérimentale du fractionnement isotopique du fer aux conditions hydrothermales." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1148/.
Full textWe have studied experimentally the iron isotope fractionation between hydrothermal fluids and the main Fe-bearing minerals, pyrite and hematite. The experiments consisted of precipitating, from solutions of known chemical composition, pyrite or hematite in a hydrothermal reactor under controlled pressure, temperature, redox and acidity conditions. The results, combined with thermodynamic calculations of Fe chemical speciation and theoretical predictions of Fe isotope fractionation show that the isotope fractionation factors obtained in hematite dissolution and precipitation experiments are in good agreement with theoretical predictions indicating near-zero fractionation between hematite and a fluid dominated by ferric chloride complexes, and slightly negative fractionations between hematite and a ferrous iron dominated fluid (e. G. , Delta57Fefl-hm =-0. 5±0. 1 0/00 at 300°C/80bar). In pyrite precipitation experiments at 450°C and 600bar, the measured fractionation factors (Delta57Fefl-pyr~0. 5 to 0. 8 0/00 ±0. 2 0/00) are by 1. 5 0/00 higher than theoretical predictions. This difference is due to disequilibrium between pyrite and fluid caused by a specific mechanism of pyrite formation via an intermediate phase (mackinawite), which rapidly equilibrates with the fluid and keeps its isotopic composition upon transformation into pyrite. This work reports the first experimental calibration of equilibrium and kinetic Fe isotope fractionation in the systems FeII/FeIII(aqueous)-hematite and FeII(aqueous)-pyrite at elevated temperatures, and provides evidence for the importance of redox control and mineral precipitation mechanisms on Fe isotope fractionation at hydrothermal conditions
Saunier, Gaëlle. "Etude expérimentale du fractionnement isotopique du fer aux conditions hydrothermales." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00572866.
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