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Wu, Li Gen, An Na Wang, Lin Lu Jia, Xiu Ling Li, Yu Dan Sun, and Xiang Ying Xu. "Study on Glycoprotein in Kiwifruit." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 1730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.1730.
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Two fractions, such as Fr1-3 and Fr2-2, were obtain after separating and purifing crude kiwifruit glycoprotein by using Sepharose Cl-6B gel column and DEAE Sepharose Cl-6B ion exchange column. In the UV and Infrared Spectroscopy of Fr1-3 and Fr2-2, the characteristic absorption peaks of sugar and protein were both found.The molecular weight of Fr1-3 is 30497，the molecular weight of Fr2-2 is 28567. Both of Fr1-3 and Fr2-2 have 17 amino acids, However, the amino acid content of them is different.
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Kros, Johan M., Eniko K. Bagdi, Pingpin Zheng, Wim C. Hop, Maarten J. Driesse, Laszlo Krenacs, and Winand N. M. Dinjens. "Analysis of immunoglobulin H gene rearrangement by polymerase chain reaction in primary central nervous system lymphoma." Journal of Neurosurgery 97, no. 6 (December 2002): 1390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.6.1390.
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Object. Diagnosing primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) may be difficult either because of a paucity of tumor cells in the brain biopsy specimens or a failure to demonstrate monoclonality on immunomorphological studies. Monoclonality can also be demonstrated by amplification of the rearranged immunoglobulin H genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to the framework region (FR)3 and FR2 complementarity determining region (CDR)-III and CDR-II of these genes. The PCR method is feasible with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy material and has proven to be helpful in the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma on biopsy samples obtained from various locations in the body. Nevertheless, few studies have addressed the value of this method in the context of PCNSL. In the present study, the contribution of both FR3 single and FR2 seminested PCR procedures for confirming the diagnosis of PCNSL was estimated retrospectively in 30 cases of PCNSL and in three cases of epidural lymphoma. Methods. Twenty-eight cases of immunophenotypically confirmed PCNSL and two of suspected lymphoma were studied. Tissue specimens obtained in 22 cases of other cerebral diseases, among which were various inflammatory conditions, were used as negative controls. In 18 (60%) of 30 cases the results of FR3 PCR demonstrated monoclonality, whereas FR2 PCR showed monoclonality in 12 cases (40%). In 11 cases FR3 PCR yielded monoclonal patterns and FR2 PCR did not, whereas reversibly in five cases FR2 PCR proved monoclonality and FR3 PCR failed to do so. Adding the results of FR3 to those of FR2 PCR, monoclonal patterns were obtained in 23 (77%) of 30 cases. In both cases in which lymphoma was suspected but not proven immunomorphologically, FR3 PCR revealed monoclonality, as did FR2 PCR in one case. In all 22 control lesions either polyclonal patterns were seen or no consistent patterns were obtained. In the PCNSL group, older age of patients and multifocal presentation of lesions on neuroimaging were significantly associated with worse survival. No correlation between histological subtype and clinical outcome was elucidated. Conclusions. The application of FR3 and FR2 PCR is a useful additional tool in making the diagnosis of PCNSL. Moreover, in some cases the PCR method may be essential in distinguishing neoplasia from reactive conditions.
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Dwiliński, R., M. Palczewska, P. Kaczor, K. Korona, A. Wysmołek, R. Bożek, and M. Kamińska. "Optical and Electrical Studies of FR1 and FR2 Defects in GaAs." Acta Physica Polonica A 82, no. 4 (October 1992): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.82.613.
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Campbell, Ciara, Declan Millett, Niamh Kelly, Marie Cooke, and Michael Cronin. "Frankel 2 appliance versus the Modified Twin Block appliance for Phase 1 treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion in children and adolescents: A randomized clinical trial." Angle Orthodontist 90, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/042419-290.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To compare Phase 1 treatment, using the Frankel 2 (FR2) or the modified Twin Block (MTB), for Class II division 1 malocclusion in children and adolescents with respect to: treatment duration, number of appliance breakages, occlusal outcome, and patient and parent perspectives. Materials and Methods: Sixty participants with a Class II division 1 malocclusion were randomly assigned to either the FR2 or MTB appliance in a two-armed parallel randomized clinical trial with an allocation ratio of 1 to 1. Time to achieve a Class I incisor relationship was the primary outcome. The number of appliance breakages was recorded. The Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index was used to evaluate pre- and post-treatment occlusal outcome on study models. Participants completed the child OHRQoL (oral health-related quality of life), Piers-Harris, Standard Continuum of Aesthetic Need (SCAN), and Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Score (OASIS) questionnaires pre- and post-treatment; parents completed a SCAN questionnaire. Results: Forty-two participants completed treatment (FR2: 20; MTB: 22). Multiple imputation was used to impute missing data for noncompleters. Mean treatment duration was similar for the two appliances (FR2: 376 days [SD 101]; MTB: 340 days [SD 102]; P = .41). There were no significant differences in mean number of appliance breakages (FR2: 0.3 SD 0.7; MTB: 0.4 SD 0.8; P = .67 or mean PAR score P = .48). Patient and parent perspectives did not differ between appliances (P > .05). Conclusions: Phase 1 treatment duration, number of appliance breakages, occlusal outcome, and patient and parent perspectives were similar in 11–14 year olds with Class II division 1 malocclusion treated using the FR2 or MTB appliance.
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Lai, Wei-An, Peter Kämpfer, A. B. Arun, Fo-Ting Shen, Birgit Huber, P. D. Rekha, and Chiu-Chung Young. "Deinococcus ficus sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of Ficus religiosa L." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64007-0.
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A pale-pink strain (CC-FR2-10T) from the rhizosphere of the sacred tree Ficus religiosa L. in Taiwan was investigated by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The cells were Gram-positive, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming. Phylogenetic analyses using the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate indicated that the organism belongs to the genus Deinococcus, the highest sequence similarities being found with Deinococcus grandis (96·1 %), Deinococcus radiodurans (94·3 %), Deinococcus radiopugnans (93·2 %), Deinococcus indicus (93·0 %), Deinococcus proteolyticus (92·5 %), Deinococcus murrayi (92·4 %) and Deinococcus geothermalis (90·7 %). The DNA–DNA relatedness with respect to D. grandis DSM 3963T was 17·9 %. Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain CC-FR2-10T contains only menaquinone MK-8 as the respiratory quinone, unknown phosphoglycolipids as the predominant polar lipids and 16 : 1ω7c, 17 : 1ω8c and 17 : 1ω9c iso as the predominant fatty acids. The biochemical and chemotaxonomic properties demonstrate that strain CC-FR2-10T represents a novel species, for which the name Deinococcus ficus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CC-FR2-10T (=CCUG 53391T=CIP 108832T).
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Wechter, W. Patrick, Melanie M. McMillan, Mark W. Farnham, and Amnon Levi. "Watermelon Germplasm Lines USVL246-FR2 and USVL252-FR2 Tolerant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Race 2." HortScience 51, no. 8 (August 2016): 1065–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.8.1065.
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He, S., A. Lyznik, and S. Mackenzie. "Pollen fertility restoration by nuclear gene Fr in CMS bean: nuclear-directed alteration of a mitochondrial population." Genetics 139, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 955–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/139.2.955.
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Abstract Two nuclear genes, Fr and Fr2, have been identified that restore pollen fertility to cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by apparently distinct mechanisms. Whereas Fr2 appears to suppress the expression of a male sterility associated mitochondrial sequence (designated pvs), Fr restores pollen fertility by causing the elimination of this unusual mitochondrial DNA-segment. To further investigate the mechanism of Fr action, Fr and Fr2 were cointroduced into the nucleus of a bean line containing the sterility inducing cytoplasm. When the effect of pvs was suppressed by Fr2, the presence of Fr no longer directed the elimination of the mitochondrial pvs sequence. This result suggests that the Fr function is dependent on proper expression of the pvs sequence. To evaluate the temporal and spatial patterns of Fr action, we undertook a polymerase chain reaction-based approach to trace the fate of the pvs sequence in different tissues of F2 and F3 fertile-restored plants derived from a genetic cross between a cytoplasmic male sterile line of common bean, CMS-Sprite (frfr), and fertility restorer line R351 (FrFr). We demonstrate that the Fr-directed disappearance of pvs sequence occurs during flower development. Elimination of the pvs sequence from developing megaspores results in permanent fertility restoration in the following generations. Genetic analysis demonstrated that permanent fertility restoration, that is, the complete elimination of pvs from reproductive tissues requires two doses of the Fr allele or the absence of fr in F2 individuals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Zheng, Ruisheng, Liang Zhang, Bing Wang, Xiangliang Kong, Hongqiang Song, Zhao Wu, Shiwei Feng, Huadong Chen, and Yao Chen. "Compound Eruptions of Twin Flux Ropes in a Solar Active Region." Astrophysical Journal Letters 921, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): L39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac33ae.
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Abstract Compound eruptions represent that multiple closely spaced magnetic structures erupt consecutively within a short interval, and then lead to a single flare and a single coronal mass ejection (CME). However, it is still subtle for the links between multiple eruptions and the associated single flare or/and single CME. In this Letter, we report the compound eruptions of twin close flux ropes (FR1 and FR2), which took place within a few minutes of each other, that resulted in a flare with a single soft X-ray peak and a CME with two cores. The successive groups of expanding loops and double peaks of intensity flux in Atmospheric Imaging Assembly cool wavelengths indicate two episodes of internal magnetic reconnections during the compound eruptions. Following the eruption of FR2, the erupting FR1 was accelerated, and then the expanding loops overlying FR2 were deflected. Moreover, the eruption of FR2 likely involved the external magnetic reconnection between the bottom of the overlying stretching field lines and the rebounding loops that were previously pushed by the eruption of FR1, which was evidenced by a pair of groups of newly formed loops. All results suggest that the compound eruptions involved both internal and external magnetic reconnections, and two erupting structures of twin FRs interacted at the initial stage. We propose that two episodes of internal magnetic reconnections were likely united within a few minutes to form the continuous impulsive phase of the single peaked flare, and the two separated cores of the CME were possibly caused because the latter core was too slow to merge with the former one.
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Teles, Amanda Mara, Gustavo Oliveira Everton, Adenilde Nascimento Mouchrek, Carla Junqueira Moragas Tellis, Geusa Felipa de Barros Bezerra, Fernando Almeida de Souza, Ana Paula Silva de Azevedo Santos, and Maria do Desterro Soares Brandão Nascimento. "Fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante do extrato obtido do fungo Penicillium purpurogenum advindo de ambiente marinho poluído do Maranhão." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 8 (July 17, 2020): e576986205. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i8.6205.
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Este artigo objetiva avaliar os fenólicos totais e a atividade antioxidante do extrato preparado do fungo Penicillium purpurogenum, obtido de um ambiente marinho poluído de São Luís-MA. A pesquisa foi realizada na Laguna da Jansen localizada no município de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Foram realizadas 4 coletas do sedimento no período de maio a setembro de 2017, no período matutino. As amostras foram obtidas de uma profundidade de até 73,5 cm com auxílio de uma draga metálica. A identificação do fungo seguiu metodologias de isolamento e posterior preparo dos extratos com avaliação dos fenólicos totais pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu e atividade antioxidante pelo método de sequestro do radical DPPH. A identificação confirmou a presença de Penicillium purpurogenum. Os extratos de P. purpurogenum variaram na quantificação de fenólicos totais de 791,00 mg EAT.g-1 para extrato FR1 e 650,82 mg EAT.g-1 para o FR2. Na atividade antioxidante, podemos verificar que o EC50 encontrados no extrato FR1 foi de 22,59 μg mL-1 e FR2 39,80 μg mL-1. Concluindo que o extrato FR2 apresentou forte atividade antioxidante enquanto que FR1 apresentou-se muito forte pelo método do radical DPPH.
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Mendes, M. "Asymmetry measures and allometric growth parameter estimates for investigate effect of early feed restriction on deviation from bilateral symmetry in broiler chickens." Archives Animal Breeding 51, no. 6 (October 10, 2008): 611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-51-611-2008.
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Abstract. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different feeding programs such as ad libitum feeding (AD), 20 % feed restriction based on ad libitum group (FR1) and not fed between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. (FR2) on deviation from bilateral symmetry or developmental stability in broiler chickens by means of two different approaches namely asymmetry measures and allometric growth model parameters. The weekly left and right sides of shank length, shank width, wing length and face width of chickens were collected from 7 days of age to 42 days of age. Results of this study showed that the deviations from the bilateral symmetry were mostly in fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in the FR1 group birds. On the other hand, the deviations from the bilateral symmetry in the birds in group AD and FR2 were mostly in the form of anti-symmetry (AS) and directional asymmetry (DA) respectively. In this study, the deviation from the bilateral symmetry was mostly in FA type for the measured morphological characters for the FR1 group, and the FA level was usually lower indicating higher welfare level and lower developmental instability for these animals than that of the AD and FR2 groups. Allometric growth coefficients for evaluating the effects of the feeding programs on the developmental stability were a little bit different from the findings obtained by the asymmetry measures‘ being taken into account. Allometric growth parameters, therefore, should be taken into consideration, along with asymmetry measures when investigating effect of rearing conditions or environmental conditions on developmental stability. As a conclusion, intensive feeding (AD) and long-term feed restriction (FR2) can be said as an important environmental factor affecting developmental stability and dependently the animal welfare and performance.
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Scalzo, Roberto, Massimo Morassut, and Paolo Rapisarda. "Oxygen radical scavenging capacity of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds in red and white wines." Open Life Sciences 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0095-8.
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AbstractThe aim of the present study was the evaluation of the antioxidant content in phenolic and non-phenolic extracts of ten wine samples, trying to elucidate the potential role of unusual antioxidant compounds. Samples of wines processed from red and white grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), deprived of the volatile fraction at low temperature and buffered at physiological pH, were fractionated by C18 into two fractions: FR1 and FR2. Non-phenolics, such as tartaric, malic, lactic, and succinic acids; glucose; fructose; and glycerin were mainly found in FR1, while polyphenols were present exclusively in FR2. Peroxyl radical quenching was assayed by the ORAC method, while superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were assayed by electron paramagnetic resonance. In the ORAC and superoxide assays, most of the activity was found in FR2, while in hydroxyl radical assay, the activity was found in FR1. Model solutions were used to attribute a role to the single compounds in the evaluation of wine’s ROS scavenging capacity: the ORAC and superoxide anion scavenging effects were mainly attributed to the polyphenols, averaging 94.8%, with some contribution from glycerin, particularly in white wines. Unexpectedly, the main chemical responsible for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was glycerin (56.1%), with the polyphenols scavenging at 18.1%.
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Fong, Brendan, Albert Kim, Jane Yuan, Sydney Blount, Jenie Y. Hwang, Kelley Williams, and Julie Silverstein. "RF01 | PMON158 Does Early Moderate Fluid Restriction Decrease Incidence of Delayed Hyponatremia Following Transsphenoidal Surgery? A Randomized Prospective Trial." Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): A575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.1193.
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Abstract Background Delayed hyponatremia is the most common cause for readmission after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS), occurring in up to 35% of patients. Due to lack of reliable predictive risk factors for the development of delayed hyponatremia, some institutions have implemented a post-operative fluid restriction for all patients undergoing TSS. Retrospective studies have demonstrated a reduction in the incidence of hyponatremia and readmission for hyponatremia after implementation of post-operative fluid restriction of varying volumes and duration. To our knowledge, a randomized prospective study on fluid restriction post-TSS has not been published previously. We present an interim analysis of a prospective randomized controlled study comparing two approaches to post-TSS fluid management. Methods Participants scheduled for TSS were randomly assigned to the control (CON, n=79) or fluid restriction group (FR1, n=38; FR2, n=37). Participants with chronic kidney disease stage III or greater, NYHA class III or IV heart failure, diabetes insipidus on postoperative day (POD) 3, chronic hyponatremia, or untreated adrenal insufficiency or hypothyroidism were excluded. All participants were started on postoperative weight-based intravenous fluids until POD 1 and allowed to drink freely. Participants in the initial fluid restriction group (FR1) were fluid restricted to 1.8 liters/day (2 liters/day if weight > 100 kg) from POD 3 through POD 14. The fluid restriction was changed to 1 liter/day (1.2 liters/day if weight > 100 kg) (FR2) during the study due to an interim analysis suggesting a trend toward a reduction in the incidence of hyponatremia with fluid restriction and new publications advocating for a tighter fluid restriction. Participants in the CON group were instructed to drink ad lib. Serum sodium (Na) levels were checked every 8 hours in the hospital and on POD 3, 7, 10, and 14. Incidence of hyponatremia (Na < 135 mmol/L), severe hyponatremia (Na < 125 mmol/L), and readmissions for hyponatremia were evaluated. Results There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the three groups. 25 participants (31.6%) in CON, 11 (28.9%) in FR1, and 9 (24.3%) in FR2 developed hyponatremia (FR2 vs CON, p=0.556). The incidence of severe hyponatremia was 0% in the FR2 group compared to 7.6% in the CON group (p=0.175). The rate of readmission for hyponatremia was 2.7% in the FR2 group compared to 6.3% in the CON group (p=0.71). There was no difference in the incidence of acute kidney injury or hypernatremia. Conclusion Preliminary results suggest a trend towards decreased rates of severe hyponatremia with 1L/day post-operative fluid restriction. A higher overall incidence of hyponatremia was noted in this interim analysis compared to previously published retrospective studies and may be related to increased screening in the current study. Further analysis with more participants is needed. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:06 p.m. - 1:11 p.m., Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.
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Zhang, Tong, Sudip Biswas, and Tharmalingam Ratnarajah. "Performance Analysis on Cache-Enabled FR2 IAB Networks." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 63521–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3071355.
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Albertson, G. D., M. Niimi, R. D. Cannon, and H. F. Jenkinson. "Multiple efflux mechanisms are involved in Candida albicans fluconazole resistance." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 12 (December 1996): 2835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.12.2835.
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Fluconazole-susceptible Candida albicans strains accumulated [3H]fluconazole at a rate of approximately 2 pmol/min per 10(9) cells. Fluconazole accumulation was not affected by the pretreatment of cells with sodium azide or with 2-deoxyglucose. The rate of fluconazole accumulation became saturated at high fluconazole concentrations and was not affected by the addition of ketoconazole, and there was no fluconazole accumulation in cells incubated at 4 degrees C. A fluconazole-resistant mutant of C. albicans SGY-243 was isolated following growth enrichment in fluconazole-containing medium. Cells of the mutant strain, designated FR2, showed a reduced rate of fluconazole accumulation compared with SGY-243 and were not resistant to other azole antifungal agents. The rates of fluconazole accumulation by C. albicans FR2 and the other azole-resistant strains, B59630, AD, and KB, were increased in the presence of sodium azide, suggesting that fluconazole resistance in these strains may be associated with an energy-dependent drug efflux. Fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strains all contained elevated amounts (2- to 17-fold) of mRNA encoding Cdr1, and an ATP-binding cassette-type transporter. In addition, C. albicans FR2 also contained increased amounts of mRNA encoding Benr, a major facilitator superfamily transporter. These results suggest that fluconazole enters C. albicans cells by facilitated diffusion and that fluconazole resistance may involve energy-dependent drug efflux associated with increased expression of Benr and/or Cdr1.
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Fu, Ru, and Wei Li. "Mechanical Behaviour of Completely Decomposed Granite Soil with Tire Rubber Granules and Fibres." Polymers 13, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 4261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234261.
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Mixing soil with waste tire rubber granules or fibres is a practical and promising solution to the problem of global scrap tire pollution. Before successful applications, the mechanical behaviour of the soil–rubber mixture must be thoroughly investigated. Comprehensive laboratory studies (compaction, permeability, oedometer and triaxial tests) were conducted on the completely decomposed granite (CDG)–rubber mixtures, considering the effects of rubber type (rubber granules GR1 and rubber fibre FR2) and rubber content (0–30%). Results show that, for the CDG–rubber mixture, as the rubber content increases, the compaction curves become more rubber-like with less obvious optimum moisture content. The effect on permeability becomes clearer only when the rubber content is greater than 30%. The shape effect of rubber particles in compression is minimal. In triaxial shearing, the inclusion of rubber particles tends to reduce the stiffness of the mixtures. After adding GR1, the peak stress decreases with the increasing rubber content due to the participation of soft rubber particles in the force transmission, while the FR2 results in higher peak stress especially at higher rubber contents because of the reinforcement effect. For the CDG–GR1 mixture, the friction angle at the critical state (φ’cs) decreases with the increasing rubber content, mainly due to the lower inter-particle friction of the CDG–rubber interface compared to the pure CDG interface, while for the CDG–FR2 mixture, the φ’cs increases with the increasing rubber content, again mainly due to the reinforcement effect.
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Kotsarenko, A., O. Molchanov, R. Pérez Enríquez, J. A. López Cruz-Abeyro, S. Koshevaya, V. Grimalsky, and I. Kremenetsky. "Possible seismogenic origin of changes in the ULF EM resonant structure observed at Teoloyucan geomagnetic station, Mexico, 1999-2001." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 5 (September 22, 2005): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-711-2005.
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Abstract. The evolution of the ULF resonant structure observed at Teoloyucan geomagnetic station has been provisionally studied in a possible relation with seismic activity in Mexico in the period 1999-2001. Two resonant lines were observed in the H-component (linear polarization) in the frequency bands fR2=10.2–11.1 mHz and fR2=13.6–14.5 mHz, sometimes accompanied by other harmonics. The source of the observed resonances is possibly related with the geomagnetic location of the station (geomagnetic latitude λ=29.1°) and its proximity to the equatorial electrojet (λ~30°). An enhancement of the carrier frequency of both resonances in the period 1 month–2 weeks was found before the strongest EQs. Also, a depression of the resonant structure just a few days before and a few days after some EQs seems to be correlated with seismic activity.
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Rothberg, Paul G., Roberto L. Vargas, Raymond E. Felgar, Susan L. Polochock, and Sharon D. Frazier. "Detection of Clonality in Lymphoproliferations Using PCR of the Antigen Receptor Genes: Does Size Matter?." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 4622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.4622.4622.
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Abstract A biopsy of a nasal mass was received from another institution for a hematopathology consultation. The specimen had morphologic and immunostaining features consistent with a B-cell lymphoma, histologically low-grade, and suggestive for an extranodal marginal cell lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type. We used PCR of the IgH gene to evaluate clonality on DNA derived from this specimen. The primers were from the BIOMED-2 report (van Dongen et al. 2003, Leukemia17:2257) and the amplicons were subjected to heteroduplex formation prior to PAGE. A homoduplex of approximately 140 bp was obtained reproducibly from the FR2 and JH primers, which is below the usually acceptable size limits of 250–295 bps. No homoduplex was obtained using FR3 and JH primers. We sequenced the FR2/JH amplicon using the PCR primers as sequencing primers. The amplicon was 137 bps, with 92 bps between the primers. After the upstream VH3 FR2 primer there were approximately 25 bps from the FR2 region of several members of the VH3 family, with VH3-49 (allele *03) being the best match. Adjacent to the downstream consensus JH primer there were approximately 30 bp from the J6 segment. Between the identifiable sequences there were 37 bp that we could not identify. Blast searches turned up several matches of 18 bp, but nothing that gave convincing evidence for its origin. We interpret these results as indicating a clonal IgH rearrangement followed by a deletion that removed most of the downstream portion of the V segment, including the FR3 region. It is likely that the 37 bp in between the identified IgH segments consists of randomly inserted nucleotides and IgH sequence that has been somatically mutated beyond recognition, although other interpretations are possible. However, the amplicon does appear to be derived from an IgH rearrangement, which is consistent with derivation from a monoclonal population of B-lymphocytes. This work illustrates that DNA fragments outside of the size range expected from PCR of the antigen receptor genes may still be consistent with a monoclonal result. Thus, this type of result should not be dismissed, but should be subjected to further analysis.
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Henning, Carolin, Anna Schmid, Sophia Hecht, Kathrin Harre, and Reinhard Bauer. "Applicability of Different Bio-based Polymers for Wiring Boards." Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 63, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppee.13431.
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The paper gives a review of experiments for the application of biodegradable, sustainable polymers as a wiring board material. In the paper two different biobased materials and the standard PCB materials FR4 and FR2 were compared. The investigations refer to mechanical, electrical performance, surface quality the flammability and applicability for Polymer Thick Film Technology (PTFT) of the biobased material. The biobased materials are polylactic acid (PLA) mixed with different contents of cellulose acetate (CA) or flame retardant zinc pyrophosphate (ZnPP) and polyurethane (PU) with CA. The results show that the addition of CA to the polymers leads to a change of different properties for PLA and to a significant change in mechanical properties for PU. The use of ZnPP in PLA shows major improvements regarding the flammability of the polymer. The properties of the samples are in the same order of magnitude as the properties of FR2.
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Rosa, S. S. Santa, F. O. Santos, H. G. Lima, I. M. A. Reis, D. S. A. Cassiano, I. J. C. Vieira, R. Braz-Filho, et al. "In vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities of extracts of Persea willdenovii Kosterm (Lauraceae)." Journal of Helminthology 92, no. 6 (October 25, 2017): 674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x17000979.
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AbstractThis study describes the effects of extracts and fractions of Persea willdenovii leaves against goat gastrointestinal nematodes and their cytotoxicity on Vero cells. The in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activities of the crude ethanolic, hexane, ethyl acetate (EAE), butanolic and residual hydroethanolic extracts were assessed through the inhibition of egg hatching and larval motility assays. The most active extract (EAE) was then fractionated by chromatography in an open column containing silica gel, to furnish six fractions (Fr1–Fr6), which were also tested. The cytotoxicity of active extracts and fractions was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and trypan blue exclusion assay. The EAE and two fractions (Fr1 and Fr2) showed inhibitory activity in the egg hatching of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in a concentration-dependent manner. The effective concentrations for 50% inhibition (EC50) of egg hatching were 2.3, 0.12 and 2.94 mg/ml for EAE, Fr1 and Fr2, respectively. All extracts and fractions were not effective in inhibiting 50% of motility of infective larvae. EAE and Fr2 had IC50 values (50% inhibitory concentration) of 4.95 and 2.66 mg/ml, respectively. Fr1 showed a slight cytotoxic effect (cellular inviability <30%) only after 48 h of treatment (MTT test). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed the presence of six fatty acid ethyl esters, a fatty acid methyl ester and a long-chain ketone in the most active fraction. These constituents identified in P. willdenovii can be related to the high ovicidal activity and relatively non-toxic effect of the extracts.
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Lao, S. C., J. H. Koo, T. J. Moon, M. Londa, C. C. Ibeh, G. E. Wissler, and L. A. Pilato. "Flame-retardant polyamide 11 nanocomposites: further thermal and flammability studies." Journal of Fire Sciences 29, no. 6 (June 22, 2011): 479–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904111404658.
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Polyamide (nylon) 11 (PA11) were melt-blended by dispersing low concentrations of nanoparticles (NPs), namely nanoclays (NCs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) via twin-screw extrusion. To enhance their thermal and flame retardant (FR) properties, an intumescent FR additive was added to the mechanically superior NC and CNF PA11 formulations. For neat and NP-reinforced PA11 as well as for PA11 reinforced by both intumescent FR and select NPs (NC or CNF), decomposition temperatures by TGA, flammability properties by UL 94, and cone calorimetry values were measured. All PA11 polymer systems infused with both NPs and FR additive had higher decomposition temperatures than those infused with solely FR additive. For the PA11/FR/NC polymer blends, Exolit® OP 1312 (FR2) is the preferred FR additive to pass the UL 94 V-0 requirement with 20 wt%. For the PA11/FR/CNF formulations, all Exolit® OP 1311 (FR1), OP 1312 (FR2), and OP 1230 (FR3) FR additives passed the UL 94 V-0 requirement with 20 wt%.
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Eagles, H. A., Jayne Wilson, Karen Cane, Neil Vallance, R. F. Eastwood, Haydn Kuchel, P. J. Martin, and Ben Trevaskis. "Frost-tolerance genes Fr-A2 and Fr-B2 in Australian wheat and their effects on days to heading and grain yield in lower rainfall environments in southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 2 (2016): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15276.
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FROST RESISTANCE 2 (FR2) genes of wheat are C-Repeat Binding Factor (CBF) genes with two major alleles known for both Fr-A2 (‘T’ and ‘S’) and Fr-B2 (‘WT’ and ‘DEL’). VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1) genes have a regulatory role on CBF genes, with known epistatic interactions between Vrn-A1 and Fr-A2 for tolerance to freezing temperatures during vegetative growth. VRN1 genes were also known to affect days to heading and grain yield. Therefore, FR2 genes might also affect these traits. A wide range of cultivars was characterised for VRN1, Fr-A2 and Fr-B2 genes. A third allele of Fr-A2 was found in cvv Excalibur and Axe. The winter cultivar Norstar, which was known to have a high level of frost tolerance during vegetative growth, had the combination Vrn-A1w + Fr-A2T + Fr-B2WT, as did a spring landrace from Afghanistan that was known to have superior tolerance to frost during reproductive development. No Australian spring cultivar was found with this combination, but it could be selected from crosses between adapted cultivars. This would enable the role of VRN1 and FR2 alleles in reproductive frost tolerance to be evaluated in an adapted background. Using large, existing, plant-breeding datasets, the T allele of Fr-A2 delayed heading relative to the S allele, and the WT allele of Fr-B2 delayed heading relative to the DEL allele, but only in combination with particular alleles of the VRN1 genes. Fr-B2 affected grain yield, with the highest grain yields for spring lines produced by Fr-B2DEL in combination with the spring allele of Vrn-B1.
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De Re, Valli, Salvatore De Vita, Antonino Carbone, Gianfranco Ferraccioli, Annunziata Gloghini, Alessandra Marzotto, Barbara Pivetta, Riccardo Dolcetti, and Mauro Boiocchi. "The Relevance of VDJ PCR Protocols in Detecting B-Cell Clonal Expansion in Lymphomas and Other Lymphoproliferative Disorders." Tumori Journal 81, no. 6 (November 1995): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169508100603.
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Aims and background The detection of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (VH)-diversity (DH)-joining (JH) region gene rearrangement by polymerase chain reaction (VDJ PCR) has been recently proposed as a rapid approach to assess B-cell clonality in lymphoproliferative disorders. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of VDJ PCR in a wide spectrum of lymphoproliferative disorders previously characterized by immunohistochemistry and Southern blot (SB). Methods 83 SB-rearranged B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) of different histotype, 22 cases of SB-unrearranged classical Hodgkin's disease (HD), 18 cases of HIV-related reactive lymphadenopathy, and 4 frankly pre-lymphomatous lesions (MESA) in the course of Sjögren's syndrome were investigated by 2 different VDJ PCR protocols (FR3, FR2). Results The detection rate in NHL was 64% and 71% using the protocols FR3 and FR2, respectively. However, the overall VDJ PCR efficacy increased to 81% by combining the results of both protocols. In addition, differences in the combined, as well as in the single FR3 or FR2 protocol efficacy, were noted in the different NHL subgroups. B-cell clonality was also detected in 4/22 (18%) SB-unrearranged classical HD cases and in 2/18 (11%) reactive lymphadenopathy cases, whereas it was demonstrated in all the MESA lesions, 2 of them being SB-negative. Conclusions VDJ PCR represents a useful and rapid technique to detect B-cell clonality in NHL, although with some differences depending on the NHL histotype and the panel of primers employed. The technique may also be of value to investigate the possible progression of early B-cell clonal expansion into frankly B-cell malignancy and to contribute to the controversy about the clonal lineage origin of the putative HD malignant cells.
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Branham, Sandra E., Amnon Levi, and W. Patrick Wechter. "QTL Mapping Identifies Novel Source of Resistance to Fusarium Wilt Race 1 in Citrullus amarus." Plant Disease 103, no. 5 (May 2019): 984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-18-1677-re.
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Fusarium wilt race 1, caused by the soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. f. sp. niveum (E.F. Sm.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hans (Fon), is a major disease of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in the United States and throughout the world. Although Fusarium wilt race 1 resistance has been incorporated into several watermelon cultivars, identification of additional genetic sources of resistance is crucial if a durable and sustainable level of resistance is to be continued over the years. We conducted a genetic mapping study to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance to Fon race 1 in segregating populations (F2:3 and recombinant inbred lines) of Citrullus amarus (citron melon) derived from the Fon race 1 resistant and susceptible parents USVL246-FR2 and USVL114, respectively. A major QTL (qFon1-9) associated with resistance to Fon race 1 was identified on chromosome 9 of USVL246-FR2. This discovery provides a novel genetic source of resistance to Fusarium wilt race 1 in watermelon and, thus, an additional host-resistance option for watermelon breeders to further the effort to mitigate this serious phytopathogen.
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Nelson, Adin, Ivelise Rijo, Zhigang Zhang, Andrew D. Zelenetz, and Ariela Noy. "Feasiblity and Implication of Bidirectional Sequencing Using a Multiplex Framework 2 Region Primer for Somatic Mutation Analysis of the Immunoglobulin (IgH) Heavy Chain in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 4706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.4706.4706.
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Abstract Background: A somatic mutation rate of >2% of the immunoglobulin (IgH) heavy chain gene, in comparison to germline DNA, is a positive prognostic indicator in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Genomic DNA is amplified using the Biomed-2 multiplex PCR primer set, sequenced in the reverse direction only using a 3′ JH primer, and compared to the germline sequence in VBase, a comprehensive directory of all human germline variable region sequences compiled from over a thousand published sequences. It is unknown whether forward sequencing using the multiplex 5′ Biomed-2 primers in a single reaction is feasible or whether doing so improves the accuracy of the mutational analysis. Methods: DNA was extracted from peripheral blood or bone marrow mononuclear cells from patients with CLL using the QIAGEN QIAspin DNA mini-kit. The FR2 region of the IgH gene was amplified using tube B of the Biomed-2 multiplex PCR primer set, separated in 2% agarose gel, excised, and prepared for sequencing using the QIAGEN QIAquick gel extraction kit. Bidirectional DNA sequencing was performed with the full set of multiplex 5′ FR2 primers combined in one reaction for the forward sequence and in a second reaction with the Biomed-2 3′ JH primer for the reverse sequence. A consensus sequence was obtained and mutation rates were calculated based on the consensus sequence and the reverse sequence separately. Results: The FR2 region was amplified from 30 CLL patients. 20 samples produced bidirectional consensus DNA sequences, 2 sequenced only with multiplex FR2 primers, 6 sequenced only with a JH primer, and 2 produced no sequences. Compared with unidirectional JH sequencing, bidirectional sequencing did not reassign any patient in the germline IgH group to the mutated category. In 15 patients, the uni- and bi-directional sequencing were identical. In 4 patients, a single basepair difference was noted. A random permutation test yields a two-sided p-value as 12.5%, indicating that no significant difference was detected between the uni- and bi-directional sequencing. Multiplex bidirectional sequencing did provide sequence information within the CDR3 region at the 3′ terminus of the amplimer which is partially truncated when using the JH primer alone. Conclusion: Bidirectional sequencing does not provide a somatic IgH mutation rate that differs significantly from that obtained from the reverse sequence alone and does not likely influence the IgH mutational prognostic assignment. Nonetheless, the bidirectional consensus sequence adds bases in the CDR3 region which can be used for research applications such as the generation of patient-specific primers for PCR. It is also noteworthy that multiplex PCR using the Biomed-2 primers is feasible.
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Aldalbahi, Adel, Mohammed A. Jasim, Farzad Shahabi, Asim Mazin, Nazli Siasi, and Diogo Oliveira. "Deep Learning for Primary Sector Prediction in FR2 New Radio Systems." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 157522–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3128432.
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Murakami, Taihei, Shigefumi Kumachi, Yasuhiro Matsunaga, Miwa Sato, Kanako Wakabayashi-Nakao, Hidekazu Masaki, Ryo Yonehara, Maiko Motohashi, Naoto Nemoto, and Masayuki Tsuchiya. "Construction of a Humanized Artificial VHH Library Reproducing Structural Features of Camelid VHHs for Therapeutics." Antibodies 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antib11010010.
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A variable domain of heavy chain antibody (VHH) has different binding properties than conventional antibodies. Conventional antibodies prefer binding to the convex portion of the antigen, whereas VHHs prefer epitopes, such as crevices and clefts on the antigen. Therefore, developing candidates with the binding characteristics of camelid VHHs is important. Thus, To this end, a synthetic VHH library that reproduces the structural properties of camelid VHHs was constructed. First, the characteristics of VHHs were classified according to the paratope formation based on crystal structure analyses of the complex structures of VHHs and antigens. Then, we classified 330 complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) structures of VHHs from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) into three loop structures: Upright, Half-Roll, and Roll. Moreover, these structures depended on the number of amino acid residues within CDR3. Furthermore, in the Upright loops, several amino acid residues in the FR2 are involved in the paratope formation, along with CDR3, suggesting that the FR2 design in the synthetic library is important. A humanized synthetic VHH library, comprising two sub-libraries, Upright and Roll, was constructed and named PharmaLogical. A validation study confirmed that our PharmaLogical library reproduces VHHs with the characteristics of the paratope formation of the camelid VHHs, and shows good performance in VHH screening.
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Robbins, Gregory, and Katherine Knight. "Molecular Basis for Loss of VH4-encoded pre-B cells in Mutant Rabbits (36.7)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2010): 36.7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.36.7.
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Abstract Developing B cells in mutant ali/ali rabbits predominantly utilize VH4 during VDJ gene rearrangement. However, most of the VH4-utilizing B cells encounter a severe developmental block at the pre-B cell stage. In contrast, wildtype rabbit B cells predominantly rearrange VH1, a gene >90% identical to VH4, and develop normally. We seek to determine how these nearly identical VH genes have profoundly different effects on B cell development. We hypothesize that VH4-utilizing cells are blocked at the pre-B stage due to weak interaction of the μ-chain with surrogate light chain (SL). We expressed VH4-utilizing μ-chains in a pro-B cell line that expresses SL and found that VH4-encoded μ-chains exhibit a 2 fold reduction in preBCR surface localization compared to control VH1-encoded μ-chains. Remarkably, a single amino acid substitution in VH4-framework region 2 (FR2) from tyrosine to an evolutionarily conserved tryptophan, found in VH1 and most VH genes of other species, restored surface preBCR expression. We are testing if this tryptophan substitution in FR2 of VH4 is sufficient to rescue pre-B cell development. These studies should identify evolutionarily conserved VH structural regions required for efficient preBCR formation and B cell development.
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Makara, Árpád László, and László Csurgai-Horváth. "Improved Model for Indoor Propagation Loss in the 5G FR2 Frequency Band." Infocommunications journal 13, no. 1 (2021): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36244/icj.2021.1.1.
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One of the latest developments today is the 5G, or 5th generation mobile network. In addition to a number of innovations, the new system also includes millimeter-wavelength frequency ranges denoted with FR2, that formerly not applied for these specific purposes. Proper management of the transmitter and receiver antenna beams is required for efficient communication in this frequency range. For future use, the simplest implementation way is electronically shaping the antenna beams by an algorithm to orient the antennas in the best possible direction. The prerequisites for these algorithms are appropriate propagation models, which are currently lacking, and those that publicly available are not accurate enough for practical use.
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Ly, Brenda, and Claudiu V. Cotta. "The Utility of the BIOMED-2 Primers in the Detection of 2 Clonal, B-Lymphoproliferative Disorders Simultaneously Involving the Same Site." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 137, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): 1654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2012-0666-oa.
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Context.—Molecular tests for clonality performed on atypical lymphoid lesions may yield abnormal results because of the coexistence of monoclonal B lymphocytosis or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in the sample investigated. Objective.—To investigate the ability of the BIOMED-2 sets of primers to identify 2 clonal populations in the same formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sample. Design.—Ten cases with 2 B-lymphoproliferative disorders at the same site were analyzed using 5 BIOMED-2 primer sets (IGH FR1, FR2, FR3, IGK VJ, and IGK VKde). Results.—All 10 cases (100%) showed at least 1 clone; 8 of 10 cases (80%) had 2 clones with at least 1 primer set, and the 2 clones were shown by 4 or 5 primer sets in none of the cases (0%), by 3 sets in 1 of 10 cases (10%), by 2 sets in 4 of 10 cases (40%), and by 1 set in 3 of 10 cases (30%). The most effective set was IGH FR2, detecting 4 of 10 biclonal cases (40%). The IGK VJ and IGK VKde each showed 2 clones in 3 of 10 cases (30% each). The least effective sets were IGH FR1 and FR3, with 2 of 10 cases (20%) each, with IGH FR1 being the least useful. Conclusions.—The BIOMED-2 primers are effective in the detection of 2 clonal populations in the same sample.
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Joshi, Pramod S., Yogesh B. Patil, Bhagyashri Nagarkar, Tania S. Paul, and Kishori G. Apte. "In Vivo Phytotherapy in BALB/c Athymic Nude Mice: Hair Growth Promotion using Ficus religiosa L. and Morus alba L." Journal of Natural Remedies 21, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2021/26255.
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<em>Ficus religiosa</em> L. (FR) and <em>Morus alba</em> L. (ML) belonging to the family Moraceae have been tested as novel herbal agents for hair growth promotion and Hair Follicles (HFs) regeneration in BALB/c athymic nude mouse model. Current study tested different mixtures of 5% aqueous fractions: Test 1 (ML2+ML3+ML4+FR4), Test 2 (FR1+FR2+FR4), or Test 3 (ML2+ML3+ML4+FR1+FR2+FR4) from leaves of both plants including standard of care 2% minoxidil. Control mice were untreated. Animals were treated for 33 days by topical application on the back skin and changes in hair growth patterns were evaluated. Histology was performed to assess the HFs morphology, and modulation of hair cycle phases. Gene expression analysis was performed to understand potential mechanisms of action. All treatment groups had significantly higher anagen phase HFs compared with untreated control group based on histology analysis. Also, expressions of CD34, CD200R and Oct4 genes were upregulated in all treatment groups compared with untreated control. Present study demonstrated that a combinatorial therapy using either fractions of FR or FR and ML promoted hair growth and HFs regeneration through induction of anagen phase in conjunction with stem cells associated genes upregulation in BALB/c athymic nude mouse model of hair loss.
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ABDULLAH, Sumaiyah, Noorlidah ABDULLAH, Vikineswary SABARATNAM, and Ken Choy YAP. "CUPRAC assay-guided profiling of antioxidant compounds in methanol extract of Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. mycelium." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 111, no. 1 (April 8, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2018.111.1.10.
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<p>A cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC)-guided purification approach was performed on a methanol extract of <em>Lentinus squarrosulus</em> (LsqMeOH) by using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography. Using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography, three fractions were separated arbitrarily named FR1, FR2 and FR3. Results showed that FR2 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in CUPRAC assay (A<sub>450</sub>, 0.86) but not significantly different from LsqMeOH (A<sub>450</sub>, 0.84). FR1 and FR3 showed much lower absorbance, with values (A<sub>450</sub>, 0.21) and (A<sub>450</sub>, 0.36) respectively at 1 mg ml<sup>-1</sup>. The most active fraction (F3) was further subjected to LC-MS/MS to obtain its detailed chemical profile. Uridine, ganoderic acid derivative, and flavonoids were the first time being found in <em>L. squarrosulus</em> antioxidative fractions. The present results indicate that the fraction extracts of <em>L. squarrosulus</em> possess antioxidant properties and can be used as free radical inhibitors. Therefore, this research suggested the potentials of <em>L. squarrosulus</em> as a source of antioxidant extract to be used in food industries (functional food).</p>
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Silva, Francisco Nildo da, Antônio Eduardo Furtini Neto, Leandro Flávio Carneiro, Ciro Augusto de Souza Magalhães, and Daniella Nogueira Moraes Carneiro. "Crescimento e produção de grãos da soja sob diferentes doses e fontes de fósforo em solos distintos." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 33, no. 5 (October 2009): 1220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542009000500004.
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A fertilidade dos solos das regiões tropicais é limitada pela baixa disponibilidade de fósforo e pela indisponibilização de boa parte do mesmo fornecido na adubação. Ainda existem muitas divergências sobre a melhor forma de utilização das diversas fontes fosfatadas disponíveis no Brasil. Objetivou-se, neste experimento, avaliar a produção de soja, sob a aplicação de diferentes doses e adubos fosfatados em dois tipos de solo. O trabalho foi realizado em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade de Lavras, em vasos de 3 dm³. Utilizaram-se dois solos sob cerrado: Neossolo Quartzarênico e Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico. Foram testadas oito fontes (superfosfato triplo-ST, termofosfato magnesiano-TF, quatro fosfatos reativos importados: FR1, FR2, FR3 e FR4 e dois fosfatos naturais nacionais- FN1 e FN2) e quatro doses (0, 100, 300 e 600 mg dm-3) de fósforo, utilizando-se a soja como planta-teste. As fontes de solubilidade mais elevada ocasionaram as maiores produções e índices de eficiência em relação aos fosfatos naturais. Os fosfatos naturais importados e o FN2 apresentaram-se mais promissores em fornecer P para a cultura da soja, em relação ao superfosfato triplo, mesmo no primeiro cultivo, principalmente em solo com maior poder tampão de fósforo. A capacidade tampão de fósforo dos solos influenciou a eficiência das fontes de fósforo na cultura da soja.
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Rawat, Pramod, Rakesh Kumar Bachheti, Navin Kumar, and Nishant Rai. "PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF IN VITRO IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF RHODODENDRON ARBOREUM LEAVES." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i8.25372.
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Objectives: The objectives of this study are to analyze phytoconstituents in Rhododendron arboreum leaves (qualitatively and quantitatively) and to estimate the immunomodulatory effects of extracts using different in vitro methods for intracellular and phagocytic killing potency of neutrophils, which are subsequent, involved in the process of phagocytosis by neutrophils.Methods: R. arboreum leaves extracts were separately extracted in 100% methanol, 50% methanol, and aqueous by a hot percolation technique using Soxhlet apparatus and concentrated with a vacuum rotary evaporator apparatus. The percentage yield of the extracts wares calculated. The extract was used to analyze phytoconstituents qualitatively, and total phenolic and flavonoid content were estimated. In another study, already purified methanolic extract of R. arboreum leaves, namely cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS-3) (kaempferol), RAM fr2, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS-10) (ursolic acid) was used to evaluate immunomodulatory activities by nitroblue tetrazolium test, phagocytosis of killed Candida albicans.Results: Phytochemical screening of the extracts showed the presence of major classes of phytochemicals, i.e., phytosterols, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, carbohydrate, glycoside, sterols and steroids, terpenoids, and tannin while saponin was absent in all extract. The percent yield of leaves extract was 12.97%. Total phenolic content (TPC) expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) ranged 1327.5±0.009 (in 100% methanolic extract), 1309.5±0.011 (in 50% methanolic), and 1468.5±0.006 mg GAE g−1 dry weight (in aqueous extract). Total flavonoid content expressed as rutin equivalents (RE) ranged 219±0.025 (in 100% methanolic extract), 184±0.02 (in 50% methanolic), and 262±0.58 mg (in aqueous extract) mg RE g−1 dry weight. R. arboreum purified extract CMS-3 (kaempferol), RAM fr2, and TMS-10 (ursolic acid) stimulated the neutrophils to phagocytic activity to the extent of 67.67±2.08%, 40.3±1.5%, and 79.67±0.57%, respectively. The above-said extracts stimulated the phagocytosis of killed C. albicans. The mean particle numbers for CMS- 3, RAM fr2, and TMS-10 were found to be 6.7, 6.3, and 7, respectively, at concentration 1 mg/ml.Conclusion: The phytochemical screening of all the extracts showed the presence of various phytochemicals that are biologically important. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the plant are comparable to other medicinal plants. Even though the enormous progress on the phytochemistry and pharmacology of R. arboreum have been made, there still require more conclusive studies on the safety, efficacy, and in vivo toxicity of extracts and pure compounds to gain a better understanding.
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Munawar, Ghifari. "Bot to Monitor Student Activities On E-Learning System Based On Robotic Process Automation (RPA)." SinkrOn 6, no. 1 (October 10, 2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v6i1.11128.
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Student activities in the e-learning system need to be monitored regularly by lecturers to observe their learning achievements. The monitoring process carried out is monitoring student attendance, collecting assignments, and taking quizzes. This will be a burden if it is done regularly, especially if the lecturer teaches many subjects. Robotic process automation (RPA) is a technology that uses software agents (bots) to imitate human work processes to be automated. The objectives of this research are (1) applying RPA technology as bots that can monitor student activity on the e-learning system (Moodle), and (2) measuring the time efficiency of RPA bots in processing their work. The research stages are divided into three, namely: the preparation stage, the RPA implementation stage, and the evaluation stage. The preparation stage is carried out to define the problem to be handled, the RPA implementation stage to develop bots using the UiPath platform, and the evaluation stage to compare the efficiency of work time between bots and manually (by humans). The RPA bot was developed on four work focuses, namely (1) attendance monitoring, (2) task collection monitoring, (3) quiz processing monitoring, and (4) email delivery automation. Efficiency testing was carried out on four test scenarios (FR1, FR2, FR3, FR4), where FR2 had the highest percentage of work time efficiency at 754%, and the lowest was in FR1 with a percentage of 165%, with an overall average efficiency percentage of 444%. Thus, through RPA technology, monitoring work becomes faster and saves effort.
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Najar, Alberto, and Sylvie Fégar. "Rio de Janeiro, a imagem da divisão social da cidade nas emissões televisivas da França." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2003): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2003v5n2p57.
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O presente texto tem por objeto de análise as características dos programas da televisão francesa que abordaram a temática das favelas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro/Brasil, em documentos que foram ao ar entre abril de 1964 e maio de 2003. Não se analisarão as imagens propriamente ditas, ou seja, os aspectos particulares pelos quais as cenas e/ou quadros foram construídos, mas identificar-se-ão características próprias dos documentos audiovisuais que trataram a temática das favelas, em relação aos programas, temas abordados, duração e horário da emissão. Foram utilizadas duas bases de dados da Inathèque de France, a saber: a base do Dépôt Legal e os Archives INA TV (IMAGO). A análise dos resultados sugere que, na TV francesa, o ícone predominante da sociedade carioca é o de uma sociedade dicotômica, ricos de um lado, e pobres na favela. Esse ícone foi construído através de diversos programas, em que imagens e cenas cotidianas das favelas, sob o gênero de noticiários e magazines, foram transmitidas em boa parte entre 11h31min e 13h30min, nos canais TF1, FR2 e FR3 (70% do total das emissões). Gêneros mais longos, como documentários, com tendência a produzir um quadro de análise e propor uma explicação por vezes mais abrangente, se fizeram presentes, em geral, após 22:30h, nos canais FR2, FR3, Canal + e Arte. Assinala-se na conclusão que a estrutura socioespacial do Rio de Janeiro é mais complexa do que a captada pelo modelo dualista indicado pelos programas analisados. Tal matização socioespacial está ausente nos documentos audiovisuais transmitidos pela TV francesa, e isso os leva a abordar o tema da favela no Rio de Janeiro de uma visão mítico-romântica como a iconizada no filme de Marcel Camus, Orfeu Negro. Palavras-chave: Rio de Janeiro; imagem da divisão social da cidade; favelas; Inathèque de France; televisão francesa. Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the characteristics of French television broadcasts that approach the theme of favelas (slums) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in TV programs aired from April 1964 to May 2003. The purpose was not to analyze the images per se, but to identify the characteristics of audiovisuals dealing with the issue of favelas, in terms of the programs, the themes covered, duration, and the time of the day in which the programs were broadcasted. Two different data basis were used from the Inathèque de France, namely the Dépôt Legal and the Archives INA TV (IMAGO). Analysis of the results suggests a sharp social division in Rio de Janeiro through the image of the favelas as reported on French TV under the genre of news broadcasts and magazines, mostly aired from 11:31 to13:30 PM), on channels TF1, FR2, and FR3 (70% of broadcasts). Longer genres such as documentaries, tending to produce a more in-depth analysis and sometimes proposing a broader explanation of the phenomenon were generally only aired after 10:30 PM, both on the FR2, FR3, Canal+ and Arte channels. The conclusion highlights that Rio de Janeiro’s socio-spatial structure is more complex than that captured by such a dualistic model. The city’s socio-spatial nuances are lacking in the audiovisual programs broadcasted by French TV, and the approach to the favela issue is thus based on a mythical-romantic view as portrayed in Black Orpheus, by Marcel Camus. Keywords: Rio de Janeiro; social division image; slums; Inathèque de France; television broadcasts.
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Smith, Cody L., Joshua H. Freeman, Nancy Kokalis-Burelle, and William P. Wechter. "Screening Cucurbit Rootstocks for Resistance to Meloidogyne spp. and Rotylenchulus reniformis." HortScience 54, no. 1 (January 2019): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13094-18.
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Fusarium wilt [caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON)] has been a consistent problem in watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] production worldwide. One method for combatting this pathogen in the field is to graft a susceptible, high-yielding scion on to a fusarium wilt-resistant rootstock. A concerning issue with rootstocks resistant to fusarium wilt is that they have not been tested for their susceptibility to plant pathogenic nematodes—specifically, root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) and the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis). Preliminary findings have demonstrated that many of these Fusarium-resistant rootstocks are highly susceptible to RKNs. Research was conducted during the Spring and Fall 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the resistance to RKN and reniform nematode in rootstocks with known resistance to fusarium wilt. Six rootstocks were evaluated over the course of four experiments. A nematode-susceptible interspecific hybrid [Cucurbita maxima (Duchesne) × C. moschata (Duchesne)] rootstock ‘Carnivor’ was included as a susceptible control in both years. Results demonstrated that several Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L.H. Bailey) rootstocks (‘Carolina Strongback’, USVL246-FR2, USVL252-FR2, and USVL-360) and ‘SP-6’ (a commercially available pollinizer cultivar) exhibited resistance to plant parasitic nematodes when compared with the susceptible control. Partial resistance was observed in USVL-482351. When compared with the control, these rootstocks also had fewer Meloidogyne spp. and R. reniformis in root tissue. These findings indicate that rootstocks may be available to manage both fusarium wilt and RKN in grafted cucurbit production system.
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Shapiro, Gary S., Katja Aviszus, David Ikle, and Lawrence J. Wysocki. "Predicting Regional Mutability in Antibody V Genes Based Solely on Di- and Trinucleotide Sequence Composition." Journal of Immunology 163, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.259.
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Abstract Somatic mutations are not distributed randomly throughout Ab V region genes. A sequence-specific target bias is revealed by a defined hierarchy of mutability among di- and trinucleotide sequences located within Ig intronic DNA. Here we report that the di- and trinucleotide mutability preference pattern is shared by mouse intronic JH and Jκ clusters and by human VH genes, suggesting that a common mutation mechanism exists for all Ig V genes of both species. Using di- and trinucleotide target preferences, we performed a comprehensive analysis of human and murine germline V genes to predict regional mutabilities. Heavy chain genes of both species exhibit indistinguishable patterns in which complementarity-determining region 1 (CDR1), CDR2, and framework region 3 (FR3) are predicted to be more mutable than FR1 and FR2. This prediction is borne out by empirical mutation data from nonproductively rearranged human VH genes. Analysis of light chain genes in both species also revealed a common, but unexpected, pattern in which FR2 is predicted to be highly mutable. While our analyses of nonfunctional Ig genes accurately predicts regional mutation preferences in VH genes, observed relative mutability differences between regions are more extreme than expected. This cannot be readily accounted for by nascent mRNA secondary structure or by a supplemental gene conversion mechanism that might favor nucleotide replacements in CDR. Collectively, our data support the concept of a common mutation mechanism for heavy and light chain genes of mice and humans with regional bias that is qualitatively, but not quantitatively, accounted for by short nucleotide sequence composition.
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Luo, Haifeng, Abhijeet Bishnu, and Tharmalingam Ratnarajah. "Design and Analysis of In-Band Full-Duplex Private 5G Networks Using FR2 Band." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 166886–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3135663.
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Zhang, Tong, Sudip Biswas, and Tharmalingam Ratnarajah. "An Analysis on Wireless Edge Caching in In-Band Full-Duplex FR2-IAB Networks." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 164987–5002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3022725.
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KOCADERELİ, İlken (Karatan), and Semra CİĞER. "SINIF II, BÖLÜM 1 MALOKLÜZYONLARINDA FRANKEL 2 (FR2) APAREYİ VE HEADGEARİN İSKELET SİSTEMİNE ETKİLERİ." Turkish Journal of Orthodontics 6, no. 2 (November 1993): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13076/1300-3550-6-2-145.
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Hicks, Ramona R., and Michael F. Huerta. "Differential thalamic connectivity of rostral and caudal parts of cortical area Fr2 in rats." Brain Research 568, no. 1-2 (December 1991): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)91420-6.
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Jerome Godwin Egbe and Jonah Chukwuemeka Agunwamba. "Modeling of weir height drop on the slope of the open channel hydraulic jump." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 1, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 011–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2020.1.1.0013.
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The model design was developed for the alignment and it was utilized to test for various geometrics and stream conditions searching for a low and incentive for RMSE and the response variable. Also, during the alignment half of the exploratory information was set to their coefficients, and the staying set of information was similarly be utilized for confirmation purposes. Utilizing around thirty out of the fifty informational collections created in the research facility dependent on relapse investigation was applied to the non-direct model to decide the constants. The staying twenty informational collections from research centre analyses were utilized for check of the model. The absence of the fittest was utilized likewise to check the request for the proposed relapse model utilizing the water profundity as the response variable. The Froude numbers from the post-pressure driven hop segment from 0.37 to 0.41 (0.37 < Fr3< 0.41), likewise showing that the streams are subcritical. The Froude numbers from the post-pressure driven hop area inside 0.37 to 0.41 (0.37<Fr3 <0.41), this shows the streams are subcritical. The connection between sequent profundity proportion y3//y2 and speed proportion V2/V3 is around - 5024 +1.485 Fr2 with R2 =0.9957 showing that as the sequent profundity proportion and speed proportion expands the inflow Froude number Fr2 additionally increments, the hydraulic jump extended from - 0.001 to 0.001 which gives some vitality progression with an expansion in the pace of release through the flume. The upstream of the flume, the Froude numbers go from 0.038 to 0.052 (0.038 < Fr1 < 0.52), demonstrating that the streams were subcritical and less harm to the channel.
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Rudy, Yuwono, Dwi A. Wahyu, and Fauzan Edy P. Muhammad. "Design of Circular Patch Microstrip Antenna with Egg Slot for 2.4 GHz Ultra-Wideband Radio Frequency Identification (UWB RFID) Tag Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 3414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.3414.
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This paper discusses concerning design of circular patch microstrip antenna for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags application in microwave band. Circular microstrip antenna is designed with an egg slot on the ground plane and feed line to get ultra wideband. The design of microstrip antenna using Phenolic White Paper-FR2 with dielectric constant (or) =4.5. Based on simulation results, the antenna shows it works at frequency 2128-4807 MHz with gain of-17,398 dBi. The rectangular stub, caused the decreasing of bandwidth but the gain increase. By adding a rectangular stub on the ground plane, antenna works at frequency 1166 3475 MHz with increasing gain of-2,733 dBi.
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Foster, M. H., J. Sabbaga, S. R. Line, K. S. Thompson, K. J. Barrett, and M. P. Madaio. "Molecular analysis of spontaneous nephrotropic anti-laminin antibodies in an autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mouse." Journal of Immunology 151, no. 2 (July 15, 1993): 814–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.151.2.814.
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Abstract To explore the genetic relationship between anti-laminin and anti-DNA autoantibodies (autoAb), VH gene and gene family expression were determined among autoAb derived from an individual 6-mo-old MRL-lpr/lpr mouse. Whereas 85% of the anti-DNA Ig were identified by one of two VH family probes, 7183 and VHJ558, none of the anti-laminin antibodies (Ab) examined were recognized by these probes. Subsequent V region sequence analysis of three of the anti-laminin Ab revealed that they in fact utilized a J558 VH gene (VH50). Furthermore, FR2 and CDR2 oligonucleotide probes complementary to VH50 recognized multiple anti-laminin Ab by Northern blot analysis; the FR2 probe recognized two control anti-DNA Ab, but neither probe recognized anti-DNA Ab from the same mouse. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of MRL-lpr/lpr genomic liver DNA using primers generated from VH50 and Vk50 sequences indicated that all three anti-laminin Ig have a single replacement mutation in both their VH and Vk genes. Search of the nucleic acid databases revealed that both germline VH and Vk genes are expressed unmutated by murine lupus anti-dsDNA autoAb, previously sequenced in other laboratories. Sequence comparisons suggest that differences in anti-DNA and anti-laminin reactivity may be dependent upon somatically generated differences in the CDR3 regions of the H and L chains. The results indicate that lupus anti-laminin Ab can arise from distinct B cell populations but express the same unmutated germline V region genes as lupus anti-dsDNA autoAb. They further raise the possibility that these distinct B cell populations may be activated and expanded either: independently, by distinct Ig receptor ligands such as the Ag, laminin and DNA; or simultaneously, by a common ligand such as an anti-Id recognizing a common V region epitope.
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Ahn, Hyunbae, Hong-Gu Ji, Dongmin Kang, and Junghwan Han. "Design of GaN Low Noise Amplifier MMIC for 28 GHz Band 5G FR2 Communication for Base Station." Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers 59, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5573/ieie.2022.59.5.77.
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Bishnu, A., M. Holm, and T. Ratnarajah. "Performance Evaluation of Full-Duplex IAB Multi-Cell and Multi-User Network for FR2 Band." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 72269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3080307.
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Kwak, Phil-keun, Min-su Kim, and Tae-seung Song. "A Study on Over-The-Air (OTA) Test Metrics for UE Conformance Testing on the 5G FR2 Millimeter Wave." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 46, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2021.46.1.40.
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Devine, T. E., J. M. Weisemann, and B. F. Matthews. "Linkage of the Fr2 locus controlling soybean root fluorescence and four loci detected by RFLP markers." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 85, no. 8 (February 1993): 921–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00215029.
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Alarco, Anne-Marie, and Martine Raymond. "The bZip Transcription Factor Cap1p Is Involved in Multidrug Resistance and Oxidative Stress Response inCandida albicans." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 700–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.3.700-708.1999.
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ABSTRACT Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast which frequently develops resistance to the antifungal agent fluconazole (FCZ) in patients undergoing long-term therapy. FCZ-resistant strains often display a reduced intracellular FCZ accumulation which correlates with the overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette transporters CDR1 and CDR2or the major facilitator (MF) MDR1. We have recently cloned a C. albicans gene, named CAP1, which codes for a bZip transcription factor of the AP-1 family homologous to the Yap1 protein involved in multidrug resistance and response to oxidative stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CAP1 was found to confer FCZ resistance in S. cerevisiae by transcriptionally activating FLR1, a gene coding for an MF homologous to theC. albicans MDR1 gene product (A.-M. Alarco, I. Balan, D. Talibi, N. Mainville, and M. Raymond, J. Biol. Chem. 272:19304–19313, 1997). To study the role of CAP1 inC. albicans, we constructed a CAI4-derived mutant strain carrying a homozygous deletion of the CAP1 gene (CJD21). We found that deletion of CAP1 did not affect the susceptibility of CJD21 cells to FCZ, cerulenin, brefeldin A, and diamide but caused hypersensitivity to cadmium, 4-nitroquinolineN-oxide, 1,10-phenanthroline, and hydrogen peroxide, an effect which was reverted by reintroduction of the CAP1gene in these cells. Introduction of a hyperactive truncated allele ofCAP1 (CAP1-TR) in CJD21 resulted in resistance of the cells to all of the above compounds except hydrogen peroxide. The hyperresistant phenotype displayed by the CJD21 CAP1-TRtransformants was found to correlate with the overexpression of a number of potential CAP1 transcriptional targets such asMDR1, CaYCF1, CaGLR1, andCaTRR1. Taken together, our results demonstrate thatCAP1 is involved in multidrug resistance and oxidative stress response in C. albicans. Finally, disruption ofCAP1 in strain FR2, selected in vitro for FCZ resistance and constitutively overexpressing MDR1, did not suppress but rather increased the levels of MDR1 expression, demonstrating that CAP1 acts as a negative transcriptional regulator of the MDR1 gene in FR2 and is not responsible for MDR1 overexpression in this strain.
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Aikio, Janne P., Alok Sethi, Mikko Hietanen, Jere Rusanen, Timo Rahkonen, and Aarno Pärssinen. "Ka-Band Stacked Power Amplifier Supporting 3GPP New Radio FR2 Band n258 Implemented Using 45 nm CMOS SOI." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 6708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156708.
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This paper presents a fully integrated, four-stack, single-ended, single stage power amplifier (PA) for millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless applications that was fabricated and designed using 45 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor silicon on insulator (CMOS SOI) technology. The frequency of operation is from 20 GHz to 30 GHz, with 13.7 dB of maximum gain. The maximum RF (radio frequency) output power (Pout), power-added efficiency (PAE) and output 1 dB compression point are 20.5 dBm, 29% and 18.8 dBm, respectively, achieved at 24 GHz. The error vector magnitude (EVM) of 12.5% was measured at an average channel power of 14.5 dBm at the center of the the 3GPP/NR (third generation partnership project/new radio) FR2 band n258—i.e., 26 GHz—using a 100 MHz 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) 3GPP/NR orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM) signal.