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1
Freeman, Thomas S., and Sarah Elizabeth Wall. "Racking the Body, Shaping the Text: The Account of Anne Askew in Foxes “Book of Martyrs”*." Renaissance Quarterly 54, no. 4-Part1 (2001): 1165–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1261970.
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Current scholarship on Anne Askew has tended to disparage the editorial tactics of John Bale, her first editor, as intrusive and distorting. In contrast, the reprinting of her text by John Foxe, in his “Book of Martyrs, “ has been commended for its lack of editorial intervention. Yet afresh consideration of Foxes work with Askew's narrative suggests that Foxe's shaping force in the text was as strong as Bale's, if more subtle. Furthermore, attempts to locate Askew's authorial agency within one text or the other impose modern ideas about authorship on a period in which such ideas were still being formed.
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White, P. J., Katherine Ralls, and Robert A. Garrott. "Coyote – kit fox interactions as revealed by telemetry." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 1831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-247.
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Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) avoid areas used extensively by coyotes (Canis latrans), apparently to reduce encounters with coyotes and possible injury or death. It is conceivable that kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis) behave in a similar manner. We used telemetry to examine the spacing patterns and interactions among 24 coyotes and 38 San Joaquin kit foxes (V. m. mutica) in California during a period of declining and low prey abundance (1989–1991). Coyotes showed either territorial (n = 13) or transient (n = 11) spacing patterns, whereas all kit foxes were territorial. Spatially and temporally, coyote home ranges overlapped >30% of each fox home range. Both species used the overlap areas more than expected (P < 0.001), possibly because prey such as kangaroo rats were more abundant in these areas. Fifty-five percent of the areas used extensively by foxes during their nocturnal activities were overlapped by coyote nocturnal-use areas. Concurrently monitored coyotes and foxes that occupied overlapping home ranges (n = 25 combinations) were neither farther apart nor closer together than expected (P = 0.09–0.87), even when the coyote was in the fox's home range. Kit foxes did not avoid coyotes and may be able to coexist with them by exploiting certain prey species better than coyotes and maintaining numerous (≥20) dens throughout their home ranges to facilitate escape. Apparent differences in coyote – red fox and coyote – kit fox relations may be partially attributed to differences in resource selection and predator-avoidance strategies among fox species.
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Kitchen, Ann M., Eric M. Gese, and Edward R. Schauster. "Resource partitioning between coyotes and swift foxes: space, time, and diet." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 10 (December 1, 1999): 1645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-143.
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In its current distribution and abundance, the swift fox (Vulpes velox) has been significantly reduced from its historic range. A possible cause is competition with, and predation by, coyotes (Canis latrans). We investigated the level of spatial, temporal, and dietary resource use overlap between swift foxes and coyotes at the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site in southeastern Colorado. We captured and radio-tracked 73 foxes and 24 coyotes from April 1997 to August 1998. We collected 10 832 and 5350 locations of foxes and coyotes, respectively. Overall, home-range sizes of foxes and coyotes were 7.6 ± 0.5 (mean ± SE) and 19.8 ± 1.9 km2, respectively. A high degree of interspecies spatial overlap was apparent, with fox home ranges being overlapped by coyote home ranges by as much as 100% and coyote sign (tracks and scats) being evident in all swift fox home ranges. There was no evidence of temporal avoidance of coyotes in fox movement patterns. Coyotes traveled significantly farther than foxes during diurnal hours; foxes spent the majority of diurnal hours in or on top of dens. Coyotes and foxes showed a high index of overlap for dietary resources, although some dietary partitioning was apparent. Swift foxes specialized in small prey, such as insects and rodents, while coyotes used greater proportions of large prey, such as lagomorphs and ungulates. Interference competition was evident, with 48% (12/25) of fox mortalities identified as confirmed or probable coyote-caused deaths. In each case, death occurred outside either the fox's home range or the 85% isopleth of that range, indicating that coyotes are more likely to attack a fox successfully when it is a substantial distance from a den. We propose that swift foxes are able to coexist with coyotes, owing to year-round den use and a degree of dietary partitioning.
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Chasar, M. "Foxes." Literary Imagination 6, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/6.2.260.
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Kuznetsov, Yu E., and V. L. Yakimova. "INVASION OF POLAR FOXES AND FOXES." International bulletin of Veterinary Medicine 4 (December 2019): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2072-2419.2019.4.43.
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Cypher, Brian L., Nicole A. Deatherage, Tory L. Westall, and Erica C. Kelly. "Intraguild Competition between Endangered Kit Foxes and a Novel Predator in a Novel Environment." Animals 12, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 2727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12202727.
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A population of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes inhabits the urban environment in the city of Bakersfield, California, United States. This population is considered important for the conservation and recovery of this species. In this novel environment, kit foxes encounter a novel competitor, that being non-native red foxes. We examined exploitative and interference competition between these two species. Based on scat analysis, both species consumed similar foods and dietary overlap was high. Red foxes also were found to usurp kit fox dens. Direct mortality to kit foxes from red foxes appears to be rare. Kit foxes and red foxes also appear to overlap spatially, although we found evidence of temporal partitioning of shared space. Based on binary logistic regression modeling, habitat attributes in grid cells used by the two species generally were similar, consistent with the spatial overlap. However, differences in specific attributes indicated that kit foxes are more likely to use areas with smaller open spaces and more human activity compared to red foxes. Competition from red foxes may be mitigated by several factors. Critical resources such as food and dens may be sufficiently abundant such that they are not a limiting factor. Some degree of spatial segregation and temporal partitioning of shared space may reduce interference competition. These factors may facilitate coexistence, and consequently, red foxes do not currently appear to constitute a significant competitive risk to this important population of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes.
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Margalith, Othniel. "Samson's Foxes." Vetus Testamentum 35, no. 2 (April 1985): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1518243.
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McDowell, Robert. "Red Foxes." Hudson Review 49, no. 4 (1997): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3851889.
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Shelton, George. "Three Foxes." Iowa Review 19, no. 3 (October 1989): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.3802.
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Seton-Rogers, Sarah. "Floxed foxes." Nature Reviews Cancer 7, no. 3 (February 15, 2007): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc2094.
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Korhonen, H., L. Jauhiainen, P. Niemelä, M. Harri, and R. Sauna-aho. "Physiological and behavioural responses in blue foxes (Alopex lagopus ) : comparisons between space quantity and floor material." Animal Science 72, no. 2 (January 2001): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800055879.
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AbstractWelfare-related physiological and behavioural responses were studied in farmbred blue foxes (Alopex lagopus). Comparisons in space quantity were made between two different-sized shed cages (50 cm long (W50) and 120 cm long (W120); each 105 cm wide ✕ 70 cm high) and for one out-of-shed pen (5 m long ✕ 3 m wide ✕ 1·8 m high; W500). Each option had a wire-mesh floor. Furthermore, we tested how floor material affects responses by comparing the W500 foxes in wire-mesh floor pens with foxes housed in earthen floor pens (E500: 5 m long ✕ 3 m wide ✕ 1·8 m high). Each test group comprised 20 juvenile males maintained in pairs. The experiments lasted from weaning in July to pelting in December. Final body weights of the W500 foxes were significantly lower than those of the W50 or W120 foxes. Claw length of back foot was longer for E500 than for W500 foxes. Posture of front feet was the most folded for W50 and the least folded for E500 foxes. Breaking strength of tibia was highest for foxes housed on the earthen floor (E500). Gastrocnemius muscle succinate dehydrogenase activity tended to decrease and the number of leucocytes tended to increase with cage size. Alanine-aminotransferase and aspartate-amino transferase activities were significantly higher in foxes housed in shed cages (W50, W120) than in enclosures (W500, E500). Creatine-kinase activity tended to decline with increasing cage size. Highest and lowest open field activity was found for E500 and W50 foxes in both wire-mesh and earthen floor test arenas. Some differences were found in body weight-related organ sizes between groups. Heart weight was significantly higher in W500 than in W50 or W120 foxes. Brain weight was significantly lower in W50 than in W500 foxes. Liver weight increased with increasing cage size. Capture time was significantly lower for W50 and W120 foxes than for W500 or E500 foxes. Cortisol levels after capture were significantly higher in foxes from enclosures (W500, E500) than in those from shed cages (W50, W120), but after ACTH stimulation the levels were similar in each group. Rectal temperatures after restraint were highest in foxes from W500. Fur properties of W500 and E500 foxes were poorer than those of W50 or W120 foxes.
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Newman, Tabetha J., Philip J. Baker, and Stephen Harris. "Nutritional condition and survival of red foxes with sarcoptic mange." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-216.
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We aimed to compare body condition, urine profiles, and survival times between red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) that were infected with sarcoptic mange and others that were uninfected. First we compared the relative body mass, chest girth, fat reserves, and urinary urea nitrogen:creatinine (UN:C) ratios of red foxes in three infection classes: uninfected, class I (no hyperkeratotic mange), and class II (hyperkeratotic mange present). Infected foxes had lower relative body mass and lower fat reserves than uninfected foxes. Both fat reserves and urinary UN:C data suggested that class II infection was more severe than class I infection. Urinary UN:C in class II foxes was significantly higher than in uninfected and class I foxes, indicating accelerated muscle catabolism in class II foxes. Elevated urinary UN:C has never been recorded in wild canids, indicating that these animals had been subjected to a period of prolonged starvation or chronic undernourishment. We also estimated the survival time of foxes once infected with mange from capturemarkrecapture data. Twenty-five foxes were caught at an early stage of infection and had a known date of death. Although some were treated once with ivermectin they did not recover, and their survival time was no longer than that of untreated infected foxes. Untreated infected adults survived for up to 271 days after capture, which is longer than previously suggested. Overall, the survival time of infected foxes was roughly one-fifth of that of uninfected foxes (matched by age and sex).
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Savory, G. A., C. M. Hunter, M. J. Wooller, and D. M. O’Brien. "Anthropogenic food use and diet overlap between red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 8 (August 2014): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0283.
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Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758)) recently expanded into the oil fields at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, USA, and we hypothesized that the availability of anthropogenic foods may contribute to their success and persistence there. This study assessed the importance of anthropogenic foods to the diets of red foxes and arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus (L., 1758)), and competition for food resources between the two species in Prudhoe Bay. We used stable isotope analysis of fox tissues to infer diet during summer and winter for both red and arctic foxes, and lifetime diet for red fox. While the contribution of anthropogenic foods in late summer for both species’ diets was low (~10% to 15%), the contribution in late winter was higher and varied between species (red foxes = 49%; arctic foxes = 39%). Estimates of lifetime diet in red foxes suggest consistent use of anthropogenic foods. We found moderate overlap of fox diets, although red foxes appeared to be more specialized on lemmings, whereas arctic foxes had a more diverse diet. Availability and consumption of anthropogenic foods by red foxes, particularly in winter, may partially explain their year-round presence in Prudhoe Bay.
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Gould, N. P., and W. F. Andelt. "Reproduction and denning by urban and rural San Clemente Island foxes (Urocyon littoralis clementae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 10 (October 2011): 976–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-070.
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Island foxes ( Urocyon littoralis (Baird, 1858)) have experienced severe reductions in populations on 4 out of 6 California Channel Islands. Although numbers of foxes on San Clemente Island (SCLI; Urocyon littoralis clementae Merriam, 1903) have remained relatively stable, data on reproductive success in urban and rural areas are necessary to better understand population dynamics of foxes and manage the population if it sustains declines. Determining locations and characteristics of den sites will also assist in minimizing possible impacts of humans on foxes. We found that 10 female foxes produced at least 19 kits during 2008. Female foxes that spent a greater proportion of time within an urban area had greater probability of reproducing compared with foxes that infrequently utilized urban areas. However, these “urban” foxes often selected den sites nearer to roads, which may expose them to increased mortalities. We located 23 den sites on a mean of 17°–18° slopes with 40% having westerly facing aspects. We recommend avoiding human disturbance to these areas from February through June, which may minimize potential impacts on foxes. Our study should provide insight into managing island foxes, especially in respect to urban areas on other Channel Islands.
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Jeżewska-Witkowska, Grażyna, Beata Horecka, Andrzej Jakubczak, Kornel Kasperek, Brygida Ślaska, Monika Bugno-Poniewierska, and Małgorzata Piórkowska. "Genetic variability of farmed and free-living populations of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)." Annals of Animal Science 12, no. 4 (September 1, 2012): 501–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0042-2.
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Abstract This study was designed to determine the degree of genetic distinctiveness between farmed and wild foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Analysis of polymorphism in 16 microsatellite sequences led to the conclusion that red foxes raised on Polish farms and wild foxes living in Poland are two groups of genetically distinct animals. Farmed Polish foxes are genetically more similar to the population of wild animals from North America than they are to the free-living population in Poland, as confirmed by the fact that the farmed animals are descended from animals raised in Canada. The small genetic distance between wild Canadian foxes (indicated as the progenitor of farmed Polish foxes) and farmed Polish foxes possibly suggests that the differences between the farmed and wild Polish populations may result from the fact that Canadian and Polish foxes took separate evolutionary paths.
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Rosatte, Rick, and Mike Allan. "The Ecology of Red Foxes, Vulpes vulpes, in Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario: Disease Management Implications." Canadian Field-Naturalist 123, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v123i3.967.
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During 1989-1992, 33 Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were fitted with radio-collars in metropolitan Toronto to study their behaviour which would provide data to assist with the design of a rabies control strategy for urban areas of Ontario. Annual home range size for adult foxes (avg = 325 ha, SD = 207) was significantly larger than that of juvenile foxes (avg = 165 ha, SD = 176), but we could not detect any seasonal differences in home range size for foxes. Mean (SD) nightly ranges were 38.3 ha (48.3) in spring, 97.4 ha (115.4) in summer, 26.8 ha (28.5) in fall, and 16.3 ha (13.6) in winter. Movements by foxes during the period from June to November averaged 3.5 km (2.89). Eleven of the foxes were known to have dispersed (? 3 km from their home range), but we could not detect a mean direction of dispersal. Thirty-six percent (4/11) of the foxes dispersed in December and 18% (2/11) dispersed in August, with the remainder dispersing between February and November. Average dispersal distance was 19.3 km (15.6), and a significant negative correlation was detected between initial home range size and dispersal distance of foxes. Mortality of radio-collared foxes was caused by collisions with automobiles, predation, and shooting. Foxes made extensive use of ravines and other greenbelt areas, such as parks and golf courses. Residential areas were also used by some foxes. Knowledge of the habitats frequented by foxes as well as their movement potential assisted researchers in determining where vaccine baits should be placed for the control of rabies in Red Foxes in metropolitan Toronto.
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Sacks, Benjamin N., Mark J. Statham, Laurel E. K. Serieys, and Seth P. D. Riley. "Population Genetics of California Gray Foxes Clarify Origins of the Island Fox." Genes 13, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13101859.
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We used mitochondrial sequences and nuclear microsatellites to investigate population structure of gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and the evolutionary origins of the endemic island fox (Urocyon littoralis), which first appeared in the northern Channel Islands <13,000 years ago and in the southern Channel Islands <6000 years ago. It is unclear whether island foxes evolved directly from mainland gray foxes transported to the islands one or more times or from a now-extinct mainland population, already diverged from the gray fox. Our 345 mitochondrial sequences, combined with previous data, confirmed island foxes to be monophyletic, tracing to a most recent common ancestor approximately 85,000 years ago. Our rooted nuclear DNA tree additionally indicated genome-wide monophyly of island foxes relative to western gray foxes, although we detected admixture in northern island foxes from adjacent mainland gray foxes, consistent with some historical gene flow. Southern California gray foxes also bore a genetic signature of admixture and connectivity to a desert population, consistent with partial replacement by a late-Holocene range expansion. Using our outgroup analysis to root previous nuclear sequence-based trees indicated reciprocal monophyly of northern versus southern island foxes. Results were most consistent with island fox origins through multiple introductions from a now-extirpated mainland population.
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Elmhagen, Bodil, Magnus Tannerfeldt, and Anders Angerbjörn. "Food-niche overlap between arctic and red foxes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 1274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-108.
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Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in Fennoscandia have retreated to higher altitudes on the mountain tundra, possibly because of increased competition with red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) at lower altitudes. In this study we compare summer food niches of the two species in mountain tundra habitat. Arctic foxes consumed lemmings more often than red foxes did, while red foxes consumed field voles and birds more often. Yet despite substantial variation in the diet of each species among summers, food-niche overlaps between the species were consistently high in most summers, as arctic and red foxes responded similarly to temporal changes in prey availability. Occurrences of field voles and birds in fox scats were negatively correlated with altitude, while the occurrences of lemmings tended to increase with altitude. Since arctic foxes bred at higher altitudes than red foxes, the differences between arctic and red fox diets were better explained by altitudinal segregation than by differences between their fundamental food niches. Arctic foxes should therefore endeavour to use the more productive hunting grounds at the lower altitudes of their former range, but interference competition with red foxes might decrease their access to these areas, and consequently cause a decrease in the size of in their realised niche.
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Jakubczak, Andrzej, Magdalena Gryzinska, Beata Horecka, and Grazyna Jezewska-Witkowska. "IGF1 Gene Polymorphism in Selected Species of the Canidae Family." Acta Veterinaria 67, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acve-2017-0034.
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AbstractThe gene IGF1 has been shown to have a significant influence on the size of individuals, including animals of the Canidae family. In this study we determined SNP mutations of the IGF1 gene in dogs, raccoon dogs and farmed and free-living red foxes from Poland and Canada. No SNP mutations were noted in dogs or raccoon dogs, but a total of 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in foxes, including 12 substitutions, as well as one new mutation missense variant (exon 6) in wild Polish foxes and one synonymous mutation variant in wild foxes from Canada. We identified specific SNP profiles characteristic only for farmed foxes and only for wild foxes, as well as specific SNP profiles or wild foxes from North America (Canada) and from Europe (Poland).
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Willingham, A. L., N. W. Ockens, C. M. O. Kapel, and J. Monrad. "A helminthological survey of wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the metropolitan area of Copenhagen." Journal of Helminthology 70, no. 3 (September 1996): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00015509.
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AbstractSixty-eight red foxes were collected from the metropolitan area of Copenhagen and examined for helminth infections. Standard faecal flotations for intestinal parasites gave the following results: Strongyle eggs (75.0%), Capillaria eggs (36.8%), Toxocara eggs (23.5%), Taenia eggs (1.5%), and coccidia oocysts (2.9%). Gastrointestinal helminths were collected from 21 of the 68 foxes with the following specimens found: Uncinaria stenocephala (85.7%), Toxocara canis (81.0%), Taenia spp. (38.1%), Mesocestoides lineatus (23.8%) and Polymorphus spp. (9.5%). Faeces of 39 foxes were examined by the Baermann method for larvae of cardiopulmonary worms with 20 foxes (51.3%) being infected. Fourteen foxes (35.9%) were infected with Angiostrongylus vasorum, 11 (28.2%) were infected with Crenosoma vulpis, and 5 foxes (12.8%) were infected with both species. Muscle digestion of diaphragms from the 68 foxes indicated that none harboured larvae of Trichinella spiralis.
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Samelius, Gustaf, and Ray T. Alisauskas. "Deterring arctic fox predation: the role of parental nest attendance by lesser snow geese." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 861–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-048.
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High parental attendance at nests can improve nesting performance in birds by shortening the nesting period and by deterring predators that do not force birds off of nests. We examined how parental nest attendance by lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) affected (i) foraging behaviours of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) and (ii) egg loss by geese exposed to arctic foxes at a large goose colony on Banks Island, N.W.T., Canada. Unattended nests and nests attended by single females suffered much greater egg loss to foxes than nests attended by paired geese. This resulted from foxes attacking unattended nests and single females far more frequently than expected by chance and from geese associated with such nests offering little or no resistance to foxes. Paired geese, in contrast, were avoided by foxes and also showed greater resistance to foxes than single females and unattended nests. Nest attendance by male geese can therefore be important in reducing egg loss to arctic foxes, but it may play an even greater role in reducing egg loss to arctic foxes in small colonies or during colony formation, when the ratio of predators to nests is generally high.
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Cypher, Brian L., James D. Murdoch, and Alex D. Brown. "Artificial dens for the conservation of San Joaquin kit foxes." California Fish and Wildlife Journal, CESA Special Issue (July 6, 2021): 416–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51492/cfwj.cesasi.25.
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San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) are federally endangered and California threatened, primarily due to profound habitat loss. Kit foxes are obligate den users and in some locations den availability may be limited due to natural or anthropogenic factors. We conducted a study during 2001–2004 to determine whether kit foxes would use artificial dens, and if so, whether they exhibited a preference for den designs or construction materials. We tested six different den designs, four different construction materials, and two different chamber types. We constructed 34 dens in 12 locations in Bakersfield, CA. We conducted 9,271 den checks and detected kit foxes or their sign on 1,198 of those checks. Kit foxes may not have found one of the locations, but kit foxes used (i.e., entered) 29 of the 31 dens at the other 11 locations. Kit foxes did not exhibit preferential use of any designs, materials, or chamber types. Internal conditions (i.e., temperature and relative humidity) within artificial dens can provide thermoregulatory and moisture conservation benefits to foxes, although these benefits were not as strong as those provided by natural dens. At least nine other species were documented using the artificial dens, including some that might compete with kit foxes. San Joaquin kit foxes readily used artificial dens and clearly such dens can be used to mitigate den losses or to enhance habitat for kit foxes. Due to lower cost and ease of installation, we recommend installing two-entrance dens constructed of high-density polyethylene plastic with an irrigation valve box for a subterranean chamber.
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König, Andreas, Christof Janko, Bence Barla-Szabo, Diana Fahrenhold, Claudius Heibl, Eva Perret, and Stefanie Wermuth. "Habitat model for baiting foxes in suburban areas to counteract Echinococcus multilocularis." Wildlife Research 39, no. 6 (2012): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11077.
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Context Foxes are carriers of many zoonoses, such as the fox tapeworm. Treating foxes with medication of edible bait is often the only way of protecting people. Whereas bait can be distributed very effectively by aeroplane in rural areas, in settled areas it must be distributed by hand. In doing so it is important to get as close as possible to the foxes. Aims In suburban areas it is important to ensure that it is mainly foxes that take the bait and that they do so within a short time. In order to achieve this, a habitat model was developed for the baiting of foxes in suburban areas. Methods In Grünwald, a suburb of Munich, 12 foxes were radio-collared and observed to see which gardens they visited more frequently or for longer periods. At the same time, the community area was divided up by a grid. At each point on the grid, two gardens were selected: one garden known to be visited by foxes, and a control garden in which no fox had been observed. In this way the structure of average gardens in the community could be compared with those used by foxes. On this basis a model of garden use by foxes was developed and checked by a program of phototrapping in a separate area. Key results Using sources of food, bushes and garden houses as variables, a habitat model was developed with the categories ‘unsuitable’, ‘less suitable’ and ‘very suitable’ for foxes. This correlated closely with the appearance of foxes in gardens (P < 0.001). Conclusion The model helps to identify gardens preferred by foxes. Implications This study shows us how to reach foxes in suburban environments quickly with bait containing medication and so contributes to improving public health. The method described, of checking a model in an area not used in the development of the model, can also be seen as a contribution towards the universalisation of models.
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Lavin, Shana R., Timothy R. Van Deelen, Patrick W. Brown, Richard E. Warner, and Stanley H. Ambrose. "Prey use by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in urban and rural areas of Illinois." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 1070–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-088.
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Decline of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations in Illinois has been attributed to altered geographic landscapes and the eastward expansion of the coyote. To investigate effects of habitat use and competition with coyotes on diets of foxes in intensively farmed landscapes of Illinois, we analyzed carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) of foxes, coyotes (Canis latrans), and other local species. Foxes were categorized as rural (agricultural habitat, coyotes present), urban (urban habitat, coyotes absent), or from an agricultural research facility at the University of Illinois (South Farms, agricultural habitat, coyotes absent). Rural foxes had higher fur isotopic values (δ13C and δ15N) than rural coyotes, indicating that coyotes caused foxes to consume prey items from higher trophic levels and eat more C4 plants. Urban foxes had lower isotopic values (δ13C and δ15N) than South Farms foxes, suggesting that habitat use partly determined fox diets; foxes in urbanized habitats consumed prey at lower trophic levels within a largely C3 plant based food web. Models of competitive exclusion by coyotes were better predictors of fox long-term diets, including pup rearing, while habitat use models predicted fox diets on a narrower timescale. Competitive exclusion by coyotes might be an important factor explaining the decline of foxes in the intense farming areas of Illinois.
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Kharlamova, A. V., S. G. Shikhevich, A. V. Vladimirova, A. V. Kukekova, and V. M. Efimov. "Putative Locus for Cranial Size Variability of the Fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>)." Генетика 59, no. 5 (May 1, 2023): 544–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016675823050089.
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Skull morphology was studied in three populations of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes): tame, which was produced by long-term selection for friendly behavior to humans; aggressive, which was produced by long-term selection for aggressive behavior to humans; and conventional farm-bred, which was not deliberately selected for behavior. We have collected skulls measurements from two sets of foxes: (1) 140 backcross foxes produced by breeding of tame and aggressive foxes to each other and then crossing F1 foxes to tame strain, and (2) 150 foxes from original populations (50 tame, 50 aggressive and 50 conventional farm-bred). The backcross foxes have been genotyped with 350 microsatellite markers and analyzed using 2B-PLS analysis. A significant correlation between microsatellite genotypes and skull shape was identified for three microsatellite markers on 10-th fox chromosome: FH2535, RVC1, REN193M22. The second set of foxes (tame, aggressive and conventional) was genotyped for these three markers and also analysed with 2B_PLS. Significant correlation was identified between genotypes and skull size for males, but not for females. The genomic region identified in this study contains IGF-1 gene, which is responsible for 15% of body size variation in dogs. Our findings suggest that IGF-1 gene is also involved in skull size regulation in red foxes.
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Theberge, John B., and Chris H. R. Wedeles. "Prey selection and habitat partitioning in sympatric coyote and red fox populations, southwest Yukon." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 1285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-183.
Full textAbstract:
Sympatric coyotes (Canis latrans) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the southwest Yukon, studied across the peak of a snow-shoe hare (Lepus americanus) cycle, differed little from one another in prey selection, and both were heavily dependent on snowshoe hares. After the hare crash, however, foxes turned more to alternative prey than did coyotes. Foxes and coyotes differed in their selection of habitat patches and use of edge. Coyotes exploited edges, where hares were most abundant, and open communities, whereas foxes showed no significant use of edge and used brushy communities. The coexistence of red foxes and coyotes in the southwest Yukon may be facilitated by balancing competitive abilities: foxes persist because of elasticity in their choice of prey and coyotes persist by dominating edges.
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Gavrilovic, Pavle, Nikola Vaskovic, Aleksandar Zivulj, and Milijan Jovanovic. "Examination of D. immitis presence in foxes in Serbia." Veterinarski glasnik 68, no. 5-6 (2014): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1406387g.
Full textAbstract:
Dirofilariosis is a parasitic disease that usually affects dogs, but it can occur in other carnivore species. Since the disease appears endemically in dogs in some parts of Serbia, the aim of our investigation was to determine whether dirofilariosis exists in wild animals. The study included a total of 150 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 30 hunted foxes per region of South Banat, Raska, Rasina, Morava and Zlatibor were examined. After the corpses of foxes were autopsied, the heart and blood vessels were examined macroscopically for the evidence of adult forms of D. immitis. The presence of the agent was found in four foxes from the territory of three municipalities of South Banat: Kovin, Alibunar and Opovo, representing 13.33% of the total number of examined foxes in this region. None of the 120 autopsied foxes from four districts of central Serbia was found to have dirofilaria. The results obtained in investigation lead to conclusion that dirofilariosis exists as a parasitic disease in red foxes in South Banat.
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Safiullin, R. T., and R. R. Safiullin. "EFFECTIVE REMEDY AGAINST COCCIDIA OOCYSTS IN FUR-BEARING ANIMALS." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 23 (April 18, 2022): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-9-9.2022.23.405-410.
Full textAbstract:
We studied the efficacy of Isodez in different concentrations consisting of two active substances and excipients at a dose of 0.5 L/m2 at a 2-hour exposure against Coccidia oocysts in foxes and Arctic foxes in environmental objects. The experiments were performed in the Institute Laboratory and on one of the Moscow Region fur farms in 2019–2020. Under production conditions, the efficacy of Isodez 6% against Coccidia oocysts in the foxes and Arctic foxes was determined by their artificial laying on experimental sites. When the fur animals were artificially infected with these protozoa, the intense-effectiveness (IE) of Isodez was 92.6 and 96.7% at its 5% concentration, 100% at 6% and 7% concentrations, and 64.7–84.5% of the Phenol solution (basic drug) at 5% concentration, respectively. Under the production conditions, the IE of a 6% Isodez solution reached 94.8% at a dose of 0.5 L/m2 and a 2-hour-exposure against Coccidia oocysts in the foxes and Arctic foxes. The results obtained in the experiment and under production conditions make it possible to recommend Isodez consisting of benzalkonium chloride, formaldehyde and surfactants for disinvasion of environmental objects against Coccidia oocysts of the foxes and Arctic foxes.
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Ahola, L., M. Harri, S. Kasanen, J. Mononen, and T. Pyykönen. "Effect of family housing of farmed silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in outdoor enclosures on some behavioural and physiological parameters." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a99-112.
Full textAbstract:
Group housing of silver foxes in large housing systems has been claimed to promote the welfare of the species since it provides foxes with the possibility to express species-specific social and locomotor behaviour. In our study, silver foxes were housed in outdoor enclosures in family units consisting of a vixen and her four cubs. Foxes housed alone in traditional fox cages were used as control animals. Light hour activity, rectal temperature during human handling and restraint, activity of the HPA axis, heart and gastrocnemius muscle mass, succinate-dehydrogenase activity in gastrocnemius muscle and mechanical properties of tibia were determined from the foxes. The effect of different housing systems was more pronounced in the cubs than in the vixens, indicating the importance of earlier experiences on animals' performance. Both the increased rectal temperature and the increased activity of the HPA axis especially in the cubs housed in enclosures show that the foxes housed in enclosures had a greater fear level towards man than the foxes housed in cages. Furthermore, the foxes, especially the male cubs, raised in groups may have experienced stress due to social tension. Although the exercise-related parameters may indicate that a larger available space could be beneficial for the foxes' physical endurance, these parameters had no clear correlation with physiological welfare parameters. Key words: Behaviour, fear, physical endurance, HPA axis, stress-induced hyperthermia, Vulpes vulpes
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Carter, Andrew, Gary W. Luck, and Simon P. McDonald. "Ecology of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in an agricultural landscape. 2. Home range and movements." Australian Mammalogy 34, no. 2 (2012): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am11041.
Full textAbstract:
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a major predator of Australian wildlife and livestock, but relatively few data exist on fox home-range size and movements in agricultural landscapes. We used radio-telemetry to measure variability in fox home-range size and overlap, and to quantify nightly movements in farmland in south-eastern Australia. Home-range estimates were calculated using the Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) and Kernel Contours methods. Fourteen foxes were radio-tracked, with home-range size varying from 287 to 3574 ha (mean = 1177 ha, ±920 ha (s.d.), n = 10 foxes) based on the 100% MCP and 151–3196 ha (mean = 639 ha, ± 930 ha (s.d.), n = 10 foxes) based on 95% Kernel. Home-range overlap was greater between subadults than adult foxes; especially at the core home-range level where adult home ranges were virtually exclusive. The average (minimum) area covered by adult foxes during a 12-h nightly period was 383 ha (±347 ha (s.d.), range = 136–1446 ha, n = 4 foxes). The minimum (straight-line) distance travelled by adult foxes during a night was 4.8–16 km (mean = 9.4 km, ± 3.7 km (s.d.), n = 4 foxes). Through continuous radio-tracking, we found that foxes habitually travel over the same ground when moving between foci of interest. Our results improve understanding of fox ranging behaviour in the agricultural landscapes of southern Australia.
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Kelly, Erica C., Brian L. Cypher, and David J. Germano. "Exploitative competition between desert kit foxes and coyotes in the Mojave Desert." Pacific Conservation Biology 26, no. 1 (2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc19007.
Full textAbstract:
Exploitative competition between two sympatric guild members can influence the composition and dynamics of an ecological community. We assessed potential exploitative competition between desert kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis arsipus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) by comparing food habits of the two species from 2009 to 2014 on a study site in the Mojave Desert in California. Desert kit foxes specialised on heteromyid rodents and invertebrates, while the most frequently occurring items consumed by coyotes were lagomorphs and rodents. Both species consumed a variety of food items throughout the study, but relative use of these items varied with year and season. Also, precipitation affected prey abundance, and this influenced prey consumption by the two species. The diets of desert kit foxes and coyotes overlapped extensively, which indicated possible exploitative competition. Desert kit foxes consistently had lower dietary diversity than coyotes, indicating that desert kit foxes are more specialist consumers while coyotes are more generalists. Dietary specialisation by kit foxes on smaller items may help reduce competition with coyotes and facilitate coexistence. Coyotes consumed anthropogenic material at much higher frequencies than desert kit foxes, and this subsidisation could increase competitive pressures on kit foxes if it results in greater coyote abundance. Desert kit foxes in California are not a protected species although formal protection has been proposed due to increasing human encroachment. Conservation strategies should include measures to maintain an abundance and diversity of natural food items and limit anthropogenic subsidisation of coyotes.
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Harri, M., J. Mononen, L. Ahola, I. Plyusnina, and T. Rekilä. "Behavioural and Physiological Differences Between Silver Foxes Selected and Not Selected for Domestic Behaviour." Animal Welfare 12, no. 3 (August 2003): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600025811.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe degree of domestication of an animal is difficult to estimate because the animal's phenotype depends not only on its genetic make-up but also on its experiences during ontogeny. In addition, comparisons between wild and domestic animals suffer from the lack of a proper reference population. In this study, we compared the offspring of silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) that had been selected specifically for tameness for more than 30 generations (NOVO) with normal Finnish farmed foxes (FIN) and with reciprocal hybrids between these two strains. All animals were housed under standard farm conditions without any extra handling. The NOVO foxes had higher domestication indexes and lower fearfulness scores than the FIN foxes, with their hybrids showing values in between. Almost all NOVO foxes started eating in the presence of a human and took a titbit from him, whereas only a few FIN foxes did so. Open field and urinary cortisol tests failed to discriminate between the genotypes. The NOVO cubs had lower levels of serum cortisol both before and after a stressful situation or ACTH injection and showed lower stress-induced hyperthermia than the FIN cubs, with the hybrids showing results in between. NOVO foxes can be used as a reference when developing and validating behavioural tests for use in the selection of less fearful silver foxes. The observed low fear levels and low stress hormone levels suggest better welfare in the NOVO foxes under standard farm conditions.
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Lyulin, P. V., and O. V. Fedorova. "Zoonotic intestinal fluke diseases of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Ukraine." Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety 5, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/jvmbbs-2019-5-2-2.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the work was to study the epizootic situation on the occurrence of intestinal fluke diseases in foxes in Eastern Ukraine. The epizootic situation regarding fox fluke diseases was studied in vivo according to the results of feces coproscopy and posthumously by a partial helminthological autopsy according to K. I. Scrjabin. In total, 213 samples of feces from foxes were collected and examined by helminthologic methods. As a result of the research, the wide spread of intestinal fluke diseases was found in foxes of Eastern Ukraine. Two trematode species, Alaria alata and Nanophyetus salmincola, were found in foxes of the forest-steppe zone. In the Eastern Ukraine, the invasion of foxes with A. alata reaches 67.13%, mean intensity — from 2 to 38 eggs per microscopic field, median intensity — 12.7 ± 1.7. The invasion of foxes with N. salmincola is insignificant: prevalence — 0.93% with mean intensity — 1–8 eggs per microscopic field (median intensity — 4.5 ± 2.5). In the forest-steppe geographical zone of Eastern Ukraine, alariasis was found in 91.24% of foxes with low, medium, and high levels of mean intensity — from 3 to 47 eggs per microscopic field (median intensity — 16.5 ±1.0). Nanophyetiasis was detected in two foxes (prevalence — 1.45%) with median intensity — 4.5 ± 2.5 eggs per microscopic field.
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Masters, Henry M., and Christine R. Maher. "Diet reveals potential for competition and coexistence among coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 100, no. 2 (February 2022): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2021-0103.
Full textAbstract:
Species can alleviate competition by reducing diet overlap. Non-native coyotes (Canis latrans Say, 1823) and historically native gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber, 1775)) have expanded their ranges and may compete with native red foxes (Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)). To examine potential competition among canids in Maine, USA, we compared δ13C and δ15N from muscle and hair samples to assess relative resource use, and we compared frequency of occurrence of prey items from stomach contents to assess diets. For these species, red foxes consumed anthropogenically based foods the most in fall and early winter, gray foxes consumed anthropogenically based foods the most in summer, and coyotes consumed anthropogenically based foods the least in all seasons. Coyotes held the highest relative trophic position in fall and early winter, red foxes held the highest relative trophic position in summer, and gray foxes held the lowest relative trophic position. Based on stomach contents, gray foxes had the broadest diet and consumed the most plants, and coyotes had the narrowest diet. Red foxes were the only species to show isotopic niche overlap with both potential competitors across seasons. Thus, they may be most susceptible to competitive exclusion among these canids, with implications for community dynamics as ranges shift due to human activity.
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Kasprowicz, Adrienne E., Mark J. Statham, and Benjamin N. Sacks. "Fate of the other redcoat: remnants of colonial British foxes in the eastern United States." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 1 (November 9, 2015): 298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv179.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Red foxes were absent or rare in the southeastern United States until the late 1800s. Their origins potentially include natural population increase/expansion, translocations from Europe, and, eventually, 20th century fur farming. Previous studies have found no European haplotypes in North America, but few samples were sourced from the Atlantic coastal plain, closer to the source of putative introductions. Through analysis of mitochondrial DNA in 584 red foxes from this region, we identified indigenous haplotypes in ≥ 35% of foxes, 1 of 2 European haplotypes in 17% of foxes and fur farm haplotypes in ≥ 13% of foxes; another 35% of foxes had haplotypes potentially indigenous or native. In contrast, only 3 of 135 (2%) male foxes carried a single European Y chromosome haplotype. Most European and fur farm haplotypes were found near the densely human-populated coastal plain and Hudson River lowlands; most red foxes of the Appalachians and Piedmont had native eastern haplotypes. Our findings suggest that the more remote, upland populations primarily reflect indigenous red fox matrilines, whereas urban-associated populations in and around the mid-Atlantic coastal plain and Hudson lowlands reflect an admixture of native and nonnative maternal sources. Autosomal markers are needed to further elucidate the extent of European and fur farm introgression in the Appalachians and further west.
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Stickney, Alice. "Seasonal patterns of prey availability and the foraging behavior of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in a waterfowl nesting area." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 11 (November 1, 1991): 2853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-402.
Full textAbstract:
The foraging behavior of arctic foxes was observed in a waterfowl nesting area on the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta of Alaska in 1985–1986. Observations were made during peak fox activity from two towers, 3 m high, located in different community types. Data were collected continuously for individual foxes on specific activities, the community in which activities occurred, and the type of food obtained. After migratory birds started nesting in the area, the food potentially available to foxes changed from microtines, old caches, and carrion to include eggs and birds. This change was reflected in the foraging behavior of the foxes as they switched to predation on eggs. After nesting began, the search success rate of foxes increased (from <30% to >50%) and search duration decreased (mean 19.7 s before nest initiation versus mean 9.4 s in mid-incubation) as the rate of food acquisition increased. Over 80% of the eggs taken by foxes were cached rather than eaten immediately, which extended the availability of this temporally limited resource to foxes. Eggs were the primary prey of arctic foxes during the nesting stages in both years, even though microtine populations were high in one year (1985) and low in the other (1986).
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Meia, Jean-Steve, and Jean-Marc Weber. "Home ranges and movements of red foxes in central Europe: stability despite environmental changes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-230.
Full textAbstract:
Thirteen red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were radio-tracked between September 1989 and August 1993 in the Swiss Jura mountains. Home ranges of subadult and adult resident foxes did not differ and were small (seasonal estimates 0.48–3.06 km2). A nomadic adult was also monitored; it used a significantly larger area (12.71–25.90 km2). In most cases, home range sizes did not vary seasonally and were not affected by drastic changes in food availability. That foxes maintain a constant territory size is in accordance with both the "contractor" and "obstinate" strategies. The small observed sizes suggest that after the eradication of rabies, rural areas of central Europe are very good habitats for foxes. In the absence of clumped feeding patches or constraining factors (e.g., deep snow cover), the foxes moved regularly throughout their home range, typically in a "non-oriented zigzag." The distance travelled per day seemed to be affected only by home range size (positive correlation) and occasionally, according to the individual, by weather or snow cover. On average, the foxes moved 3.9–12.0 km a day. Despite its significantly larger home range, the nomadic fox did not move more than the resident foxes; the physical characteristics of red foxes probably set a limit to the distance travelled daily.
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Kamler, Jan F., Warren B. Ballard, Rickey L. Gilliland, and Kevin Mote. "Spatial relationships between swift foxes and coyotes in northwestern Texas." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-222.
Full textAbstract:
Interspecific competition among canids can result in mortalities and spatial displacement of smaller canids by larger canids. To investigate mortalities and spatial relationships of swift foxes (Vulpes velox) and coyotes (Canis latrans), we captured and radio-tracked both species at Rita Blanca National Grasslands in northwestern Texas. At least 89% of swift fox mortalities were caused by coyotes, resulting in a relatively low annual survival of 0.47 for swift foxes. Annual home ranges of swift foxes occurred near the periphery and outside coyote home ranges, and did not overlap or only slightly overlapped coyote core areas. Thirty-three of 36 known swift fox dens occurred outside coyote core areas. When swift foxes established dens within coyote core areas (n = 3), they were killed by coyotes shortly thereafter. Our data indicated that spatial displacement of swift foxes was not due to behavioral avoidance of coyotes but rather to increased killing of swift foxes within coyote core areas. Most mortalities caused by coyotes occurred in the immediate vicinity of swift fox dens, suggesting that coyotes made an active effort to kill swift foxes.
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Johnston, Gregory R. "Drought increases the impact of introduced European foxes on breeding Australian pelicans." Wildlife Research 43, no. 6 (2016): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15207.
Full textAbstract:
Context Introduced mammalian predators have been responsible for population declines in native prey species around the world. Many conservation programs rely on control or eradication of introduced mammalian predators, but the impact of environmental variation on the efficacy of this approach is rarely documented. Aims The present paper describes (1) the impact of introduced European foxes (Vulpes vulpes) on breeding Australian pelicans (Pelecanus conspicillatus) in South Australia and (2) the responses of both species to a fox-eradication program using a before-after-impact framework. Methods The impact of foxes on breeding Australian pelicans was studied on a near-shore island. An index of fox abundance and direct measurements of breeding pelicans and mortality of pelican eggs and young were compared before foxes were established on the island, while foxes were resident and during a fox-eradication program. A path analysis was used to explore the causal relationships between fox abundance and other potential covariates (e.g. rainfall) on breeding pelicans. Key results Before foxes were established on the island, the number of breeding pelicans grew and egg mortality was low. While foxes were resident, the number of breeding pelicans fell and egg mortality rose. This was followed by an increase in the number of breeding pelicans and a decrease in egg mortality during a fox-eradication program. While foxes had a clear impact on egg mortality, a period of low rainfall also occurred while foxes were resident. The path analysis showed an interaction among rainfall, size of the pelican breeding population and the impact of foxes. In drought years, fewer pelicans bred and foxes were a major cause of nest abandonment when they entered pelican breeding colonies to prey on eggs. Conclusions These results confirmed that foxes can be an important predator of ground-nesting, colonial waterbirds, and showed that the impact of foxes may be higher in drought years when prey populations are low. Implications The present study suggests that an increase in the incidence of droughts as a result of climate change may increase the impact of introduced predators on drought-sensitive waterbirds and raises the possibility of focussing predator-control efforts during droughts, as periods of particular risk to colony-breeding waterbirds.
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Vhile, S. G., A. Skrede, Ø. AhlstrØm, and K. Hove. "Comparative apparent total tract digestibility of major nutrients and amino acids in dogs (Canis familiaris), blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) and mink (Mustela vison)." Animal Science 81, no. 1 (August 2005): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc42220141.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractMajor nutrient and amino acid digestibilities were evaluated in experiments with dogs (Canis familiaris), blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) and mink (Mustela vison) using seven extruded diets containing different protein sources. Four dogs (German shepherd), four blue foxes and four mink were offered each of the experimental diets to determine apparent total tract digestibility. Average digestibility of crude protein (CP) in blue foxes and mink was similar, and lower than the corresponding value in dogs (0·834 and 0·831 v. 0·864) (P < 0·001). CP digestibility in blue foxes showed significant correlations with dogs and mink (P < 0·05), while no significant correlation was observed between dogs and mink. Average digestibility of most amino acids was significantly lower in blue foxes than in dogs (P < 0·001), whereas mink digested most essential amino acids at the same level as did dogs. Most non-essential amino acids were digested at a significantly lower rate in the mink than in the dog and the blue fox (P < 0·001). There were significant correlations in the digestibility of most amino acids between dogs and blue foxes, and between blue foxes and mink (P < 0·05). Correlations were significant between dogs and mink for the digestibility of most essential amino acids (P < 0·05) but not significant (P > 0·05) for several non-essential amino acids. Average digestibility of crude fat was high and similar among the species studied: 0·968, 0·967 and 0·959 in dogs, blue foxes and mink, respectively. Average digestibility of starch ranged from 0·971 in mink to 0·998 in dogs; significantly higher in dogs than in blue foxes and mink, and significantly higher in blue foxes than in mink (P < 0·001). It was concluded that digestibility determined with mink, blue foxes or dogs may be used to predict digestibilities in the other investigated species. However, both the characteristics of the protein sources as well as the individual amino acid studied will influence the difference in digestibility among the species.
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Wapenaar, Wendela, Fiep De Bie, David Johnston, Ryan M. O'Handley, and Herman W. Barkema. "Population Structure of Harvested Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and Coyotes (Canis latrans) on Prince Edward Island, Canada." Canadian Field-Naturalist 126, no. 4 (April 22, 2013): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v126i4.1374.
Full textAbstract:
An understanding of the population dynamics and habitat of wild Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and Coyotes (Canis latrans) is a prerequisite to wildlife management. This information is also important in assessing the risk these wild canids pose to the public and domestic animals. On Prince Edward Island, information on age, sex, reproductive activity, and habitat use of 271 Red Foxes and 201 Coyotes was collected in the hunting and trapping season of 2004–2005. The estimated age of Red Foxes and Coyotes ranged from 0.5 to 13.5 years. A large proportion of harvested Red Foxes and Coyotes (58% and 48%, respectively) consisted of juveniles. The sex ratio was not significantly different from 1:1 for either species. Average litter size was 5.0 and 5.2 for Red Foxes and Coyotes, respectively. Number of placental scars ranged from 0 to 7 in Red Foxes and from 0 to 11 in Coyotes. Agricultural areas were the main habitat type (52%) of harvested Red Foxes. For harvested Coyotes, forest was the main habitat (44%), followed closely by agricultural areas (43%). Urban areas were a significant part (13%) of the habitat of Red Foxes. These data can be used to monitor population dynamics over time, provide information for wildlife management, and provide information on potential risk areas for disease transmission by wild canids.
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Risbey, Danielle A., Michael C. Calver, Jeff Short, J. Stuart Bradley, and Ian W. Wright. "The impact of cats and foxes on the small vertebrate fauna of Heirisson Prong, Western Australia. II. A field experiment." Wildlife Research 27, no. 3 (2000): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98092.
Full textAbstract:
The hypothesis that predation by feral cats and introduced foxes reduces population sizes of small, native vertebrates was supported by results of a predator-removal experiment at Heirisson Prong, a semi-arid site in Western Australia. The methods of control used against cats and foxes to protect native mammals reintroduced to Heirisson Prong produced three broad ‘predator zones’: a low-cat and low-fox zone, where foxes were eradicated and spotlight counts of cats declined after intensive cat control; a high-cat and low-fox zone where spotlight counts of cats increased three-fold after foxes were controlled; and a zone where numbers of cats and foxes were not manipulated. Small mammals and reptiles were monitored for one year before and three years after predator control began. Captures of small mammals increased in the low-cat and low-fox zone, but where only foxes were controlled captures of small mammals declined by 80%. In the absence of cat and fox control, captures of small mammals were variable over the sampling period, lower than where both cats and foxes were controlled, yet higher than where only foxes were controlled. The capture success of reptiles did not appear to be related to changes in predator counts. This study presents the first experimental evidence from mainland Australia that feral cats can have a negative impact on populations of small mammals.
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Johnson, Warren E., and William L. Franklin. "Spatial resource partitioning by sympatric grey fox (Dusicyon griseus) and culpeo fox (Dusicyon culpaeus) in southern Chile." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 1788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-242.
Full textAbstract:
The activity patterns, home-range use, and habitat utilization of sympatric South American grey fox (Dusicyon griseus) and culpeo fox (Dusicyon culpaeus) in eastern Torres del Paine National Park, Chile, were studied to determine how the two species were distributed. Both species were primarily nocturnal. Mean percent daily activity did not differ between species or among seasons, but the grey fox had a greater daily activity rate in summer and fall and the culpeo fox in winter and spring. Seasonal and annual home ranges of culpeo foxes were larger than those of grey foxes, but did not differ between sexes or among seasons. Home ranges of grey and culpeo foxes were interspersed in a mosaic-like arrangement and did not overlap. Grey foxes were located more often in upland shrub transition habitat and in areas of medium cover density. Culpeo foxes were found more often in thickets of trees and in areas of high cover density. Within their home range, matorral shrubland or Nothofagus thicket habitat was selected by all culpeo foxes and by 60% of grey foxes monitored. Interference competition by the culpeo fox may have been important in determining fox distribution.
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Jakubczak, Andrzej, Magdalena Gryzińska, Beata Horecka, Kornel Kasperek, Katarzyna Dziadosz, and Grażyna Jeżewska-Witkowska. "Genetic Differentiation of Common Fox Vulpes Vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) on the Basis of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (Igf1), Myosin-Xv (Myo15a) and Paired Box Homeotic 3 (Pax3) Genes Fragments Polymorphism." Annals of Animal Science 14, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 807–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2014-0052.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was analysed for selected fragments of three genes - insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), myosin-XV (MYO15A) and paired box homeotic gene 3 (PAX3) - in farm and wild red foxes from two continents. The study was undertaken in order to verify whether the SNP characteristics of these genes enable farm-bred foxes to be distinguished from free-living foxes. The greatest number of changes were detected in the IGF1 gene. For each of the genes investigated specific SNP profiles characteristic only for farm foxes and only for wild foxes were noted. At the same time, specific SNP profiles were noted for wild foxes from North America and from Europe. The frequency of SNP (bases per SNP) in the gene fragments examined was 22 bp for IGF1, 34 bp for PAX3 and 56 bp for MYO15A. Single-nucleotide polymorphism is a very good molecular marker enabling characterization of nucleotide variation in the genes investigated between wild and farm individuals
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Wooster, Eamonn, Arian D. Wallach, and Daniel Ramp. "The Wily and Courageous Red Fox: Behavioural Analysis of a Mesopredator at Resource Points Shared by an Apex Predator." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110907.
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The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a widespread and ecologically significant terrestrial mesopredator, that has expanded its range with human globalisation. Despite this, we know relatively little about their behaviour under the wide range of ecological conditions they experience, particularly how they navigate the risk of encounters with apex predators. We conducted the first ethological study of foxes outside their historic native range, in Australia, where both the foxes and their main predator were protected from human hunting. Using remote camera traps, we recorded foxes visiting key resource points regularly utilised by territorial dingoes (Canis dingo), their local apex predator, in the Painted Desert, South Australia. We constructed an ethogram sensitive to a range of behaviours and attitudes. Since foxes are suppressed by dingoes, we expected that the foxes would primarily be in a cautious state. In contrast, we found that foxes were in a confident state most of the time. Where human hunting is absent, social stability of predators may increase predictability and therefore decrease fear.
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Jaslow, Carolyn Renzulli. "Morphology and digestive efficiency of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and grey foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) in relation to diet." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-011.
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Measurements of the skull and dentition, and digestive efficiency of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and grey foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were compared to determine whether differences in morphology and digestive ability could be associated with dietary preference. The longer jaws of the more carnivorous red fox increase the resistance moment arm when biting at the canines and carnassials, but greater size and mechanical leverage of the masticatory muscles in this species compensate for this, enabling the red fox to bite with forces that should be comparable to or exceed those of the grey fox. The relatively shorter masticatory moment arms of the more omnivorous–insectivorous grey fox should increase bite speed. Both fox species digested mice with equal efficiency, but the more omnivorous grey foxes had higher digestive efficiencies than red foxes when fed a diet of fruit. These morphological and physiological differences observed between sympatric red foxes and grey foxes may allow each species to exploit different foods more effectively.
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Mononen, J., S. Kasanen, M. Harri, J. Sepponen, and T. Rekilä. "The Effects of Elevated Platforms and Concealment Screens on the Welfare of Blue Foxes." Animal Welfare 10, no. 4 (November 2001): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600032644.
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AbstractNowadays in Europe, farmed blue foxes are kept for most of the year in wire-mesh cages furnished with a platform for resting and observing the environment but without any opportunity for hiding from other foxes or from man. We studied the welfare effects of providing an elevated platform and two types of concealment screens in singly housed juvenile male blue foxes (n = 46) from August to December. The foxes were allocated to four experimental groups: group C had no furnishing in the cage, group P had a platform in the cage, group U had a platform and a concealment screen in the cage, and group O had a platform and a concealment screen on the outer wall of the cage. The blue foxes with platforms (groups P, U and O) spent the majority of their time on the platforms both when their cages were approached by man and as revealed by 24 h video recording. The 24 h recordings revealed that the foxes tended to avoid those locations in the cage where the screens obstructed their view (groups U and O); however, when the screens allowed the foxes to hide from an approaching man (group U), they were used for that purpose to some extent. There were no differences between the four groups in terms of growth, increase in rectal temperature after an acutely stressing situation, adrenal size, or fearfulness. The urinary cortisol: creatinine ratio showed that foxes in group U may have been less stressed than those in groups P and O in September, but no differences were observed in October. The concealment screens of group U may have improved the welfare of these blue foxes.
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Green, Leslie. "Jurisprudence for Foxes." Transnational Legal Theory 3, no. 2 (July 2012): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/tlt.3.2.150.
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Lenier, Sue. "The Late Foxes." Grand Street, no. 51 (1995): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25007835.
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Wormald, Mark. "Foxes and cubs." Book 2.0 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/btwo.2.1-2.33_7.
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