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Kinnear, J. E., M. L. Onus, and Neil R. Sumner. "Fox control and rock-wallaby population dynamics — II. An update." Wildlife Research 25, no. 1 (1998): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96072.
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Five remnant populations of rock-wallabies (Petrogale lateralis) in the Western Australian wheatbelt have been the subjects of an experiment designed to assess the impact of fox predation on the population dynamics of this species. The effect of a fox-control programme, initiated in 1982 at two rock-wallaby sites, was first assessed in 1986 along with three other sites not subject to fox control. It was concluded that fox predation was the principal factor limiting the size and distribution of P. lateralis populations. In 1990 after a further four years of fox control, the experiment was reassessed and a comprehensive statistical analysis of the data set confirmed this conclusion. These results reinforce the need for conservation authorities across Australia to implement fox-control programmes to assure the survival of rock-wallaby populations (and other likewise-threatened species).
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Tang, Zhen Zhi, Sika Zheng, Julia Nikolic, and Douglas L. Black. "Developmental Control of CaV1.2 L-Type Calcium Channel Splicing by Fox Proteins." Molecular and Cellular Biology 29, no. 17 (June 29, 2009): 4757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00608-09.
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ABSTRACT CaV1.2 voltage-gated calcium channels play critical roles in the control of membrane excitability, gene expression, and muscle contraction. These channels show diverse functional properties generated by alternative splicing at multiple sites within the CaV1.2 pre-mRNA. The molecular mechanisms controlling this splicing are not understood. We find that two exons in the CaV1.2 channel are controlled in part by members of the Fox family of splicing regulators. Exons 9* and 33 confer distinct electrophysiological properties on the channel and show opposite patterns of regulation during cortical development, with exon 9* progressively decreasing its inclusion in the CaV1.2 mRNA over time and exon 33 progressively increasing. Both exons contain Fox protein binding elements within their adjacent introns, and Fox protein expression is induced in cortical neurons in parallel with the changes in CaV1.2 splicing. We show that knocking down expression of Fox proteins in tissue culture cells has opposite effects on exons 9* and 33. The loss of Fox protein increases exon 9* splicing and decreases exon 33, as predicted by the positions of the Fox binding elements and by the pattern of splicing in development. Conversely, overexpression of Fox1 and Fox2 proteins represses exon 9* and enhances exon 33 splicing in the endogenous CaV1.2 mRNA. These effects of Fox proteins on exons 9* and 33 can be recapitulated in transfected minigene reporters. Both the repressive and the enhancing effects of Fox proteins are dependent on the Fox binding elements within and adjacent to the target exons, indicating that the Fox proteins are directly regulating both exons. These results demonstrate that the Fox protein family is playing a key role in tuning the properties of CaV1.2 calcium channels during neuronal development.
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Kinnear, J. E., M. L. Onus, and R. N. Bromilow. "Fox control and rock-wallaby population dynamics." Wildlife Research 15, no. 4 (1988): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9880435.
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The population dynamics of five remnant rock-wallaby populations (Petrogale lateralis) persisting on granite outcrops in the central wheatbelt region of Western Australia were monitored over a six year period. From 1979 to 1982 all populations remained relatively static or declined for unknown reasons, but circumstantial evidence implicated fox predation. A fox control program was implemented in 1982 on two outcrops and was maintained for four years with the result that the two resident rock-wallaby populations increased by 138 and 223%. Two rock-wallaby populations occupying sites not subjected to fox control declined by 14 and 85%, and the third population increased by 29%. It was concluded that the fox has probably been a significant factor in the demise and decline of native mammals in the past, and that surviving populations are still at risk. Control of predation pressure on nature reserves was shown to be feasible from a management perspective.
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Priddel, David, and Robert Wheeler. "Efficacy of Fox Control in Reducing the Mortality of Released Captive-reared Malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata." Wildlife Research 24, no. 4 (1997): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96094.
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The effectiveness of localised, high-intensity fox baiting in reducing the incidence of fox predation was examined after captive-reared malleefowl were released and their survival monitored. Malleefowl released into baited areas survived longer than those released into nearby areas that had not been baited. Survival in both baited and non-baited areas was greater than that prior to any fox control. Of those malleefowl released, 29% were still alive three months later, whereas prior to fox control almost all were killed by foxes within a month of release. Despite the improvement in survival of malleefowl, fox predation remained the primary cause of malleefowl mortality. The number of baits taken by foxes indicated a large fox population and a high level of reinfestation. A more widespread, but less intensive, regime of baiting failed to further enhance the survival of malleefowl. Malleefowl were also particularly vulnerable to predation by raptors in habitats where the mallee was interspersed with areas of open woodland, and where the understorey was sparse. Fox baiting will need to be frequent, intensive and widespread to reduce fox density to levels where predation no longer threatens the survival or recovery of malleefowl populations.
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McLeod, Lynette J., Glen R. Saunders, Steven R. McLeod, Michelle Dawson, and Remy van de Ven. "The potential for participatory landscape management to reduce the impact of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) on lamb production." Wildlife Research 37, no. 8 (2010): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10082.
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ContextRed fox (Vulpes vulpes) predation has an impact on populations of many species throughout its range worldwide, and as such, the red fox is the target of control programs. AimsWe investigated the potential for participatory landscape management to reduce the impact of fox predation on a major prey species, lambs. MethodsThe present study monitored fox-management programs already operating across 4.5 million hectares of regional New South Wales to compare the impact of varying (frequency and spatial coverage) control effort on lamb survival. Key resultsThe frequency and timing of fox control was correlated with lamb survival. Lamb survival was higher in areas where fox baiting was carried out twice a year, in autumn and late winter/spring. Spatial coverage of the control program was also positively correlated with lamb survival. Properties that had near neighbours (up to 2.5 km away) participating in group fox-control programs had higher survival of lambs than properties that did not. ConclusionsThese results support the development of a high level of group participation in fox-control programs that considers both spatial extent and frequency of baiting programs. They also support a movement away from the reactionary, short-term practice of baiting small areas to protect vulnerable prey. ImplicationsCoordinated group-baiting programs are likely to deliver improved lamb survival and should be promoted in areas where ongoing control programs for foxes are necessary.
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Coates, T. D. "The effect of fox control on mammal populations in an outer urban conservation reserve." Australian Mammalogy 30, no. 2 (2008): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am08007.
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European red foxes were systematically removed from a 370 ha conservation reserve on Melbourne?s urban fringe between December 2003 and September 2005. Activity indexes monitored throughout the removal phase indicated that the fox population declined dramatically when poison baits were available and then increased again predictably during winter and summer each subsequent year. Three alternate indices of fox activity were highly synchronous throughout the study suggesting that the bait-removal index used widely in Australia may provide a reliable measure of overall fox activity in small urban reserves. With monitoring and strategic baiting, fox activity was maintained at a fraction of its pre-control level. Activity indices for several other species of mammal also appeared to respond to the reduced density of foxes at the site after 2003. Southern brown bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) and swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) increased in both activity and range after the reduction in the fox population indicating that fox predation may act to limit both the total size of populations and types of vegetation occupied by indigenous mammals in small patches of remnant vegetation.
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Porteus, Tom A., Jonathan C. Reynolds, and Murdoch K. McAllister. "Modelling the rate of successful search of red foxes during population control." Wildlife Research 46, no. 4 (2019): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18025.
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Context Relative abundance indices of wildlife can be scaled to give estimates of absolute abundance. Choice of scaling parameter depends on the data available and assumptions made about the relationship between the index and absolute abundance. Predation-mechanics theory suggests that a parameterisation involving the rate of successful search, s, will be useful where the area searched is unknown. An example arises during fox culling on shooting estates in Britain, where detection and cull data from gamekeepers using a spotlight and rifle are available, and can potentially be used to understand the population dynamics of the local population. Aims We aimed to develop an informative prior for s for use within a Bayesian framework to fit a fox population-dynamics model to detection data. Methods We developed a mechanistic model with a rate of successful search parameter for the gamekeeper–fox system. We established a mechanistic prior for s, using Monte Carlo simulation to combine relevant information on its component factors (detection probability, observer field of view and speed of travel). We obtained empirical estimates of s from a distance-sampling study of fox populations using similar survey methods, and used these as data in a Bayesian model to develop a mechanistic–empirical prior. We then applied this informative prior within a state–space model to estimate fox density from fox-detection rate on four estates. Key results The mechanistic–empirical prior for the rate of successful search was lognormally distributed with a median of 2.01 km2 h–1 (CV = 0.56). Underlying assumptions of the parameterisation were met. Local fox-density estimates obtained using informative priors closely reflected regional density. Conclusions A mechanistic understanding of the search process leading to fox detections by gamekeepers, and the use of Bayesian models, allowed the use of diverse sources of information to develop an informative prior for s that was useful in estimating fox density from detection data. Implications Careful use of prior knowledge within a Bayesian modelling framework can reduce uncertainty in population estimates derived from index data, and lead to improved management decisions. The mechanistic approach we have used will have parallel applications in many other contexts.
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Sharp, Andy, Melinda Norton, Chris Havelberg, Wendy Cliff, and Adam Marks. "Population recovery of the yellow-footed rock-wallaby following fox control in New South Wales and South Australia." Wildlife Research 41, no. 7 (2014): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14151.
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Context Introduced herbivores and carnivores have significantly altered ecosystems across Australia and have been implicated in the decline and extinction of many species, particularly in the arid and semiarid zones. The experimental confirmation of agents of decline is a fundamental step in threatened species management, allowing for an efficient allocation of resources and effective species recovery. Aims Following unsuccessful attempts to increase the abundance of yellow-footed rock-wallaby populations through concerted goat control across the southern extent of their range, the primary aim of our study was to determine whether fox predation was limiting the recovery of wallaby populations. Methods Intensive fox-control programs (1080 baiting) were initiated around wallaby subpopulations in New South Wales and South Australia. Wallaby numbers were monitored for a three-year period before and after the initiation of fox control, and ANCOVA used to examine for differences between the subpopulation’s rate of increase (r). Observational data were used to determine the demographic effects of fox predation on wallaby colonies in New South Wales. Key results Wallaby subpopulations that were treated with fox control increased significantly, while experimental control subpopulations remained at consistently low levels. Juvenile and subadult wallabies were apparent within the treated New South Wales subpopulation, but almost absent from the control subpopulation, suggesting that fox predation focussed primarily on these age classes. Conclusions Fox predation is a major limiting factor for southern wallaby populations and fox control should be the primary management action to achieve species recovery. Implications Although a significant limiting factor, the regulatory effect of fox predation was not assessed and, as such, it cannot be confirmed as being the causal factor responsible for the historic declines in wallaby abundance. The determination of whether fox predation acts in a limiting or regulatory fashion requires further experimentation, but its resolution will have significant implications for the strategic allocation of conservation resources.
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Pastoret, P. P., and B. Brochier. "Epidemiology and control of fox rabies in Europe." Vaccine 17, no. 13-14 (January 1999): 1750–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00446-0.
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Schultz, Evan P. "Does the Fox Control Pardons in the Henhouse?" Federal Sentencing Reporter 13, no. 3-4 (February 2001): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2000.13.3-4.177.
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Hu, Yang, Graeme Gillespie, and Tim S. Jessop. "Variable reptile responses to introduced predator control in southern Australia." Wildlife Research 46, no. 1 (2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18047.
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Context Australia harbours an immense diversity of reptiles, which are generally expected to have frequent and diverse trophic interactions with introduced mammalian carnivores. Nevertheless, the potential for predatory or competitive interactions is likely to be contingent on multiple processes, including the importance of reptiles in the diet of introduced predators, alongside overlaps in their body sizes and ecological niches that would influence the strength of their interactions. In Australia’s temperate and relatively productive mesic environments there is little understanding of how introduced mammalian predators affect reptile assemblages. Aims The aim was to investigate the effects that a European red fox (Vulpes vulpes; 5–7kg) suppression program had on the abundance and species richness of a reptile community, with species ranging in size from the largest local ectothermic predator, the lace monitor (Varanus varius; 4–7kg), to small terrestrial reptiles (mostly 10–150g). Methods We utilised two sampling designs (baited camera monitoring stations and pitfall trapping) to evaluate the effects of fox suppression and other site-level ecological covariates (fire regime and habitat vegetation characteristics) on the lace monitor and small terrestrial reptiles. Reptile abundance and richness at site level were estimated from count-related abundance models. Key results For lace monitors, significantly higher abundances occurred in poison-baited areas relative to control areas. This suggests that fox suppression can affect the populations of the lace monitor via mesopredator release arising from reduced competition and, possibly, predation. For small terrestrial reptiles, neither abundance nor species richness were influenced by fox suppression. Individual abundances of the three most common small reptile species matched the overall pattern, as only responses to structural parameters of the habitat were detected. Conclusions Fox suppression can have different impacts for different reptile taxa, pending their ecological niche, as only the largest species was affected. Implications Increase in lace monitor abundance may change food web dynamics in fox-suppressed sites, such as by increasing predation pressure on arboreal marsupials.
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Towerton, Alison L., Christopher R. Dickman, Rodney P. Kavanagh, and Trent D. Penman. "Control of the red fox in remnant forest habitats." Wildlife Research 43, no. 2 (2016): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15133.
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Context The European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is subject to control by poison baiting in many parts of its range in Australia to protect both native and domestic species. Assessments of baiting programs can improve their effectiveness and help ensure that long-term control outcomes are achieved. Aims We describe spatial and temporal patterns of bait uptake by the red fox in remnant forest within an agricultural matrix, including multiple bait-takes and hotspots of activity over time, and examine the response of foxes to baiting operations. Methods We analysed bait uptake (Foxoff®) from 12 baiting operations over 5 years in the Goonoo forest, a 62 500 ha remnant surrounded by cleared land in central New South Wales, Australia. More than 8000 checks of bait-stations were analysed to provide indices of fox activity per bait-check, patterns of bait removal during bait-checks, and bait uptake at stations within and across operations. Fox activity was also assessed before and after four operations using sand plots. Key results There was no consistent decline in relative fox activity in relation to changes in bait-take; increases in the activity index occurred in successive checks within most operations. Spatial analyses of checks within control operations showed that consecutive baits were removed at more than 70% of bait stations that were visited by foxes. Temporal analyses showed further that within an operation, multiple bait-takes occurred at ~20% of stations and, across all operations, hot spots of activity could be identified. Conclusions A short (2-week) baiting window in standard baiting operations may not be effective in reducing the activity of foxes across the landscape. It is likely that many baits are being cached during each operation, and that foxes move into the baited area from unbaited surrounding areas. Implications More frequent and timely baiting operations are needed to achieve maximum disruption to the fox population in the remnant forest environment, at least as indicated by patterns of bait-take. Increasing the distance between baits, to ~1.5 km, while reducing baiting-gaps at the landscape scale, will also be important to reduce caching and still ensure that baits are encountered.
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Tyndale-Biscoe, H. "The CRC for Biological Control of Vertebrate Pest Populations: fertility control of wildlife for conservation." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 3 (1994): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940160.
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In the last four years there has been a growing awareness of fertility control as a means of reducing or eliminating pest mammals. It is the preferred option of animal welfare groups in Australia (Tyndale-Biscoe 1991) and in North America (Denver Wildlife Research Center 1993), and the expectations have accordingly been raised for its imminent use for the control of Australia's most intractable species, the rabbit, the fox and the cat. In this article I will outline the progress so far achieved in developing this approach for the fox and rabbit, the major obstacles that still remain including the perceived risks, and the long-term prospects for these and other species if fertility control is shown to be an effective means of controlling pest populations.
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Marlow, Nicola J., Neil D. Thomas, Andrew A. E. Williams, Brian Macmahon, John Lawson, Yvette Hitchen, John Angus, and Oliver Berry. "Cats (Felis catus) are more abundant and are the dominant predator of woylies (Bettongia penicillata) after sustained fox (Vulpes vulpes) control." Australian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 1 (2015): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo14024.
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The control of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) is a key component of many fauna recovery programs in Australia. A question crucial to the success of these programs is how fox control influences feral cat abundance and subsequently affects predation upon native fauna. Historically, this question has been difficult to address because invasive predators are typically challenging to monitor. Here, non-invasive DNA analysis was used to determine the fate of radio-collared woylies (Bettongia penicillata) in two reserves in a mesic environment where foxes had been controlled intensively for over two decades. Woylie trap success had increased more than 20-fold after fox baiting commenced in the 1980s but decreased precipitously in 2000. Ninety-eight monitored woylies were killed between 2006 and 2009. DNA analysis of swabs taken from radio-collars and carcasses of these woylies indicated that predation by cats (Felis catus) caused most mortalities (65%) and was three times the fox predation rate (21%). Also, indices of cat abundance were higher in fox-baited sites where foxes were less abundant. Predation on woylies by cats was greater than previously recognised and, by implication, may significantly reduce the effectiveness of fox control programs throughout Australia. Integrated fox and cat control is essential to ensure the success of fauna recovery programs.
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Weber, Joanne. "Cyborgs and Fox Wives." Canadian Journal of Disability Studies 10, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 54–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cjds.v10i1.729.
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Using an arts based posthumanist lens, (Deleuze & Guattari, 1987; jagodzinski & Wallin, 2013) I examine my evolving beliefs about American Sign Language (ASL) through the analysis of arts based data (poetry) (Leavy, 2015). Central to my analysis is an examination of Western domination and control of the language used by ‘othered’ communities through the imposition of dualisms, binaries and categories in sign language ideologies (Canagarajah, 2013). This exploration traces the evolution of sign language ideologies embraced by the deaf cyborg subject featured in the poetry volume as she explores ways to survive and resist the effects of a monolingual language ideology embedded in an imaginary assemblage containing intra-actions between human, animal, earth and machine (Deleuze & Guattari, 1987).
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Artois, Marc, Michel Langlais, and Christelle Suppo. "Simulation of rabies control within an increasing fox population." Ecological Modelling 97, no. 1-2 (April 1997): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(96)00059-2.
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Greentree, Carolyn, Glen Saunders, Lynette Mcleod, and Jim Hone. "Lamb predation and fox control in south-eastern Australia." Journal of Applied Ecology 37, no. 6 (December 2000): 935–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00530.x.
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Kihm, U., A. Flamand, P. P. Pastoret, and E. Peterhans. "Round table on epidemiology and control of fox rabies." Veterinary Microbiology 33, no. 1-4 (November 1992): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(92)90057-z.
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Zhou, Hua-Lin, and Hua Lou. "Repression of Prespliceosome Complex Formation at Two Distinct Steps by Fox-1/Fox-2 Proteins." Molecular and Cellular Biology 28, no. 17 (June 23, 2008): 5507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00530-08.
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ABSTRACT Precise and robust regulation of alternative splicing provides cells with an essential means of gene expression control. However, the mechanisms that ensure the tight control of tissue-specific alternative splicing are not well understood. It has been demonstrated that robust regulation often results from the contributions of multiple factors to one particular splicing pathway. We report here a novel strategy used by a single splicing regulator that blocks the formation of two distinct prespliceosome complexes to achieve efficient regulation. Fox-1/Fox-2 proteins, potent regulators of alternative splicing in the heart, skeletal muscle, and brain, repress calcitonin-specific splicing of the calcitonin/CGRP pre-mRNA. Using biochemical analysis, we found that Fox-1/Fox-2 proteins block prespliceosome complex formation at two distinct steps through binding to two functionally important UGCAUG elements. First, Fox-1/Fox-2 proteins bind to the intronic site to inhibit SF1-dependent E′ complex formation. Second, these proteins bind to the exonic site to block the transition of E′ complex that escaped the control of the intronic site to E complex. These studies provide evidence for the first example of regulated E′ complex formation. The two-step repression of presplicing complexes by a single regulator provides a powerful and accurate regulatory strategy.
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Norton, Melinda A., Alison Prentice, Juliet Dingle, Kris French, and Andrew W. Claridge. "Population characteristics and management of the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) in high-quality habitat in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales." Australian Mammalogy 37, no. 1 (2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am14026.
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Since European settlement in Australia the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) has suffered greatly from fox predation and habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation. To better understand the threats it faces we examined the population dynamics of the potoroo at two study sites in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales over five years, using live-trapping. As neither site had experienced inappropriate habitat change for over 25 years, fox predation was considered the major threat to this population. An assessment of fox activity and diet was undertaken at both sites for comparison with potoroo abundance. Potoroos increased at both sites over time, although at one site this increase was only in density and not range. The density increase would not have been detected using camera surveys, a monitoring technique recommended for this species. The relative abundance of foxes fluctuated over the study despite fox control in one of the two sites. Analysis of fox scats at the same sites indicated high levels of predation on potoroos. Future management should aim to provide effective fox control (particularly following any fire due to the associated loss of ground cover) and improved fox monitoring to ensure an accurate understanding of what is happening to the fox population.
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Müller, T., T. Selhorst, and C. Pötzsch. "Fox rabies in Germany – an update." Eurosurveillance 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.10.11.00581-en.
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In comparison with conventional methods of wildlife rabies control, oral rabies vaccination of foxes (ORV) is without doubt the most (cost-) effective method in wildlife rabies control. As a result of ORV, several European countries have become rabies-free. Although rabies had been eliminated from much of Germany, there still exists a residual rabies focus in the border triangle of Hesse, Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland Palatinate. Corrective actions have been initiated to eliminate this last remaining rabies hotspot in Germany.
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Carter, Andrew, and Gary W. Luck. "Fox baiting in agricultural landscapes: preliminary findings on the importance of bait-site selection." Wildlife Research 40, no. 3 (2013): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12169.
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Context Little is known about the importance of bait-site selection during lethal fox-baiting programmes. Improved bait placement may increase the efficacy of baiting and help reduce fox impacts on wildlife and livestock. Aims To determine whether bait uptake by the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) differed among five landscape elements (roadsides, fence lines, open paddocks, creek lines and remnant vegetation) and at sites with high or low habitat (ground cover) complexity. Methods We measured bait uptake at 300 bait stations distributed evenly among the landscape elements in agricultural landscapes in northern Victoria, Australia. Bait uptake was also compared between sites with low and high habitat complexity in districts subject to no fox control and annual fox control. Key results Among landscape elements, bait uptake was significantly higher in roadside vegetation and along vegetated creek lines than it was along fence lines and in open paddocks (P < 0.05 in each case). Within roadside vegetation, bait uptake was significantly (P = 0.001) lower at sites with a high habitat complexity than at sites with low complexity, particularly in areas subject to annual fox control. Conclusions Bait placement influences bait-uptake rates considerably and greater consideration should be placed on bait-site selection during fox-baiting programmes. Habitat complexity limited bait uptake, which may indicate a reduced capacity of foxes to find baits in complex habitats. Implications Our results should help improve bait-site selection in agricultural landscapes and may increase the efficacy of fox baiting to the benefit of native fauna and livestock.
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Thompson, JA, and PJS Fleming. "Evaluation of the Efficacy of 1080 Poisoning of Red Foxes Using Visitation to Non-Toxic Baits as an Index of Fox Abundance." Wildlife Research 21, no. 1 (1994): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940027.
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Visits of foxes to non-toxic baits were used to derive fox abundance indices at 4 sites in north-eastern New South Wales. A 1080 (sodium fluoracetate) poisoning campaign resulted in a mean population reduction of 69.5% (s.d. = 4.9). Fox densities before baiting, calculated using the index-removal-index method, ranged from 4.55 to 7.16 foxes km-2. Visitation to non-toxic baits is recommended as a reliable estimate of relative density. This study investigated the efficacy of 1080 baiting as a technique for the control of foxes in tableland environments. The implications of the estimated fox densities and population reductions on fox control in agricultural areas and in the context of rabies are discussed.
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Piggott, Maxine P., Rebecca Wilson, Sam C. Banks, Clive A. Marks, Frank Gigliotti, and Andrea C. Taylor. "Evaluating exotic predator control programs using non-invasive genetic tagging." Wildlife Research 35, no. 7 (2008): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08040.
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Carnivorous predators are difficult to detect using conventional survey methods, especially at low levels of abundance. The introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Australia is monitored to determine the effectiveness of control programs, but assessing population parameters such as abundance and recruitment is difficult. We carried out a feasibility study to determine the effectiveness of using faecal DNA analysis methods to identify individual foxes and to assess abundance before and after lethal control. Fox faeces were collected in two sampling periods over four separate transects, and genotyped at five microsatellite loci. Two transects were subject to lethal control between collection periods. DNA was extracted from 170 fox faeces and, in total, 54 unique genotypes were identified. Fifteen biopsy genotypes from 30 foxes killed during lethal control were detected among the faecal genotypes. Overall, a similar number of genotypes were detected in both sampling periods. The number of individuals sampled in both periods was low (n = 6) and new individuals (n = 24) were detected in the second collection period. We were also able to detect animals that avoided lethal control, and movement of individuals between transects. The ability to identify individual foxes using these DNA techniques highlighted the shortcomings of the sample design, in particular the spatial scale and distances between transects. This study shows that non-invasive DNA sampling can provide valuable insight into pre and post fox abundance in relation to lethal control, individual behaviour and movement, as well as sample design. The information gained from this study will contribute to the design of future studies and, ultimately, control strategies.
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Toma, B. "Fox rabies in France." Eurosurveillance 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.10.11.00577-en.
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Fox rabies was first recorded in France in March 1968, and remained a problem until 1998. In the course of the first two decades and despite the control measures applied, rabies expanded both in terms of the enzootic surface area and number of cases. The measures applied consisted of actions aimed at reducing fox population density, the mandatory vaccination of domestic carnivores in the officially infected areas, and use of human prophylaxis. Following the large scale implementation of oral vaccination of foxes, starting 1989-1990, the rabies front was pushed back and yearly incidence decreased until rabies was eliminated at the end of 1998. The comparison of results obtained during both periods of applying various strategies is spectacular. France remains exposed to the risk from bat rabies on one hand, and from accidental cases of canine rabies imported from enzootic countries, on the other.
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Towerton, Alison L., Trent D. Penman, Rodney P. Kavanagh, and Christopher R. Dickman. "Detecting pest and prey responses to fox control across the landscape using remote cameras." Wildlife Research 38, no. 3 (2011): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10213.
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Context The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a widespread pest in southern Australia and is subject to control over large areas using poison baits to protect both agricultural and ecological assets. Foxes and their prey are often cryptic or in low densities, making it difficult to quantify the efficacy of control programs. Aims We explore the use of remote cameras to estimate the activity and spatial occupancy of foxes and potential mammalian and avian prey species before and after poison baiting in the Goonoo region, central New South Wales. Methods In the first of two studies, we set camera traps at 48 sites in forest and cleared areas, on and off tracks, during autumn 2009. In the second study, we placed camera traps in forest and cleared areas, on tracks only, at 100 sites covering an area of ~441 500 ha during winter 2009. We examined camera-trap rates of all species detected and the activity and site occupancy of a selected subset of species before and after poison baiting. Key results Camera traps indicated greater levels of fox activity on vehicular tracks than off them, with this difference being more marked in forest than in cleared agricultural land. Fox activity and occupancy were greater in agricultural land than in forest, with no effect of baiting detected at the landscape scale. Thirty-five other mammal and bird species were identified from photos, with activity for most being greater on than off tracks. Conclusions No clear effects of fox-baiting were detected on foxes or potential prey species in either study by either activity or occupancy. The lack of a baiting effect may reflect rapid recolonisation by foxes from unbaited areas, as bait placement is generally clustered in agricultural land, or the ready availability of alternative food (lambs or lamb carcasses) in some cleared areas. Implications Our results demonstrate that remote cameras provide a simple means of monitoring changes in fox activity and occupancy at the landscape level, and that these measures have great potential to quantify the success or otherwise of fox-control campaigns on both pest and prey species.
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Stobo-Wilson, Alyson M., Robert Brandle, Christopher N. Johnson, and Menna E. Jones. "Management of invasive mesopredators in the Flinders Ranges, South Australia: effectiveness and implications." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19237.
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Abstract ContextSignificant resources have been devoted to the control of introduced mesopredators in Australia. However, the control or removal of one pest species, such as, for example, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), may inadvertently benefit other invasive species, namely feral cats (Felis catus) and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), potentially jeopardising native-species recovery. AimsTo (1) investigate the impact of a large-scale, long-term fox-baiting program on the abundance of foxes, feral cats and introduced and native prey species in the Flinders Ranges, South Australia, and (2) determine the effectiveness of a short time period of cat removal in immediately reducing feral cat abundance where foxes are absent. MethodsWe conducted an initial camera-trap survey in fox-baited and unbaited sites in the Flinders Ranges, to quantify the impact of fox baiting on the relative abundance of foxes, feral cats and their prey. We then conducted a secondary survey in sites where foxes were absent, following an intensive, but short, time period of cat removal, in which 40 cats were shot and killed. Key resultsNo foxes were detected within baited sites, but were frequently detected in unbaited sites. We found a corresponding and significant increase in several native prey species in fox-baited sites where foxes were absent. Feral cats and rabbits were also more frequently detected within baited sites, but fox baiting did not singularly predict the abundance of either species. Rather, feral cats were less abundant in open habitat where foxes were present (unbaited), and rabbits were more abundant within one predominantly open-habitat site, where foxes were absent (fox-baited). We found no effect of short-term cat removal in reducing the local abundance of feral cats. In both camera-trap surveys, feral cat detections were positively associated with rabbits. ConclusionsLong-term fox baiting was effective in fox removal and was associated with a greater abundance of native and introduced prey species in the Flinders Ranges. To continue to recover and conserve regional biodiversity, effective cat control is required. ImplicationsOur study showed fox removal has likely resulted in the local release of rabbits and an associated increase in cats. Because feral cat abundance seemingly fluctuated with rabbits, we suggest rabbit control may provide an alternative and more effective means to reduce local feral cat populations than short-term removal programs.
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Long, K., AJ Robley, and K. Lovett. "Immediate post-release survival of eastern barred bandicoots Perameles gunnii at Woodlands Historic Park, Victoria, with reference to fox activity." Australian Mammalogy 27, no. 1 (2005): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am05017.
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On mainland Australia, eastern barred bandicoots (Perameles gunnii) are now restricted to a single wild population at Hamilton in western Victoria, and recovery efforts are focussed on establishing new populations at reintroduction sites. The success in founding these populations has been variable, and post-release survival has not been accurately quantified. It is believed that predation by the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is largely responsible for post-release loss of P. gunnii, despite the implementation of predator control programs at release sites. An intensive fox control program was established to protect 10 released P. gunnii at Woodlands Historic Park, near Melbourne. Monitoring of fox activity was undertaken prior to and after the release in an attempt to better understand the effectiveness of control operations. Seven bandicoots were known to be alive at the conclusion of the study five weeks after their release (and an additional animal was trapped four months later), with weight loss appearing to be an important factor in determining post-release survival. Despite constant levels of bait-take by V. vulpes, fox activity measured from sand-pads remained high. We hypothesise that the presence of suitable refugia is allowing the persistence of a low-density bandicoot population at Woodlands despite constant, high levels of fox activity.
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Petel, A. Marjolein van Polanen, Roger Kirkwood, Frank Gigliotti, and Clive Marks. "Adaptation and assessment of M-44 ejectors in a fox-control program on Phillip Island, Victoria." Wildlife Research 31, no. 2 (2004): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02057.
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This study aimed to adapt M-44 ejectors for use in sandy soils and to assess the feasibility of incorporating the modified M-44s into a long-term fox-control program on Phillip Island, Victoria. M-44s were adapted by burying a plastic cylinder around them, which prevented sandy soil from collapsing and inhibiting the trigger mechanism, and at the same time orientated the fox's mouth vertically over the M-44 to maximise the dose of poison delivered. The fast-acting poison sodium cyanide was used to ensure the collection of fox bodies and any non-target animals. A fox was killed on 78.6% of occasions that an M-44 was triggered. No non-target species triggered M-44s, although rodents and birds occasionally ate the unpoisoned baits. The modified M-44 ejector technique accounted for 19% of foxes killed by all techniques during one year on Phillip Island. To assess whether M-44s were a worthwhile technique to include in the fox-control program on Phillip Island, we compared their catch per unit effort (number of foxes killed per 1000 person-hours) with other control techniques (spotlight shooting, treadle snaring and hunting with fox hounds). Deployment of M-44s with cyanide was labour intensive, due to safety considerations, and cyanide can be used only as a research tool. Future management use of the M-44s would be with sodium monofluoroacetate (1080), so an estimate was made of the catch per unit effort of M-44s with this poison. Results suggest that deployment of M-44s with 1080 is likely to be more time-effective than the other techniques.
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Marks, Clive A., and Tim E. Bloomfield. "Distribution and density estimates for urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Melbourne: implications for rabies control." Wildlife Research 26, no. 6 (1999): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98059.
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The distribution and density of red fox populations was investigated in metropolitan Melbourne from 1990 to 1993. Distribution data were collected from sightings reported by members of the public, from spotlight and active den surveys, and from trapping and road kills. Archival data suggested that resident populations of foxes have been present within the inner metropolitan area since the early 1940s. Contemporary fox populations were found to be extensively distributed throughout the urban area, with few 1-km 2 grids within a 5-km radius of the Central Business District not containing foxes. Density estimates were based on nearest-neighbour analysis of active natal dens in four field sites. Observations of cubs over a 4-year period at 17 dens within the field sites revealed a mean litter size of 4.36 cubs. Mean 4-year density estimates for each field site, immediately after the breeding season, were 0.47–2.55 dens km −2, which was estimated to represent 3–16 foxes km −2. Density estimates may be conservative, as family groups may contain more than one non-breeding adult. The implications of these data are discussed with respect to the potential role of the urban fox in the epidemiology of rabies. It was concluded that fox populations at the field sites were of sufficient density to maintain a sylvatic epizootic of rabies.
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McLeod, L. J., and G. R. Saunders. "Can legislation improve the effectiveness of fox control in NSW?" Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 18, no. 4 (December 2011): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2011.621409.
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Hamilton, Scott E., and Jeffrey U. Longbottom. "The Fox Movietone News Preservation Project: The Computer Control System." SMPTE Journal 105, no. 9 (September 1996): 560–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/j04613.
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Mahboub, Kamyar C., Donn E. Hancher, and Yuhong Wang. "Contractor-Performed Quality Control: Is the Fox Guarding the Henhouse?" Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice 130, no. 4 (October 2004): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1052-3928(2004)130:4(255).
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Hone, Jim. "Fox control and rock-wallaby population dynamics - assumptions and hypotheses." Wildlife Research 26, no. 5 (1999): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98083.
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Previous studies have demonstrated that the abundance of rock-wallabies can increase after fox control. The assumptions made to explain the increases are examined. Testable hypotheses are described to explain the observed increases. Testing of the hypotheses is encouraged.
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Dexter, Nick, and Andy Murray. "The impact of fox control on the relative abundance of forest mammals in East Gippsland, Victoria." Wildlife Research 36, no. 3 (2009): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08135.
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Predation by European red foxes is believed to be the major cause of the extinction and decline of a large number of native medium-sized terrestrial mammals in Australia. We examined the impact of poisoning of foxes on the relative abundance of a group of medium-sized mammals in an experiment conducted in three large forest blocks in south-eastern Australia. The blocks consisted of paired sites, as follows: one site where poison baiting was used to control foxes (treatment site) and one where foxes were not controlled (non-treatment site). At all six sites, the population responses of a range of mammals were measured, and compared between treatment and non-treatment sites. The relative fox abundance, as indexed by bait-take, declined during the course of the study at treatment sites and to a lesser extent at non-treatment sites. The decline in bait-take at non-treatment sites was most likely due to treatment sites acting as ecological traps, so that reduced intra-specific competition attracted foxes from non-treatment to treatment sites, where they were subsequently poisoned. There was a significant treatment effect for the abundances of total mammals, long-nosed potoroos, southern brown bandicoots and common brushtail possums, with higher abundances at treatment sites than at non-treatment sites. Common ringtail possums increased in abundance during the course of the study, with no significant difference between treatment and non-treatment sites. There was no significant effect of time or treatment on the abundance of long-nosed bandicoots. The increase in the abundance of native mammals at treatment sites was most likely due to a lower predation pressure by foxes brought about by fox control, and the smaller increase in abundance in non-treatment blocks was likely due to the ecological-trap effect because of fox baiting at treatment sites. The present study demonstrated that broad-scale fox control can lead to increases in the abundance of native mammals in forested habitats, without recourse to aerial baiting or fences. The study also demonstrated that the influence of fox control on the fox abundance can extend well beyond the perimeter of the area baited.
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Lozano, J., J. G. Casanovas, E. Virgós, and J. M. Zorrilla. "The competitor release effect applied to carnivore species: how red foxes can increase in numbers when persecuted." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 36, no. 1 (June 2013): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2013.36.0037.
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The objective of our study was to numerically simulate the population dynamics of a hypothetical community of three species of small to medium–sized carnivores subjected to non–selective control within the context of the competitor release effect (CRE). We applied the CRE to three carnivore species, linking interspecific competition with predator control efforts. We predicted the population response of European badger, the red fox and the pine marten to this wildlife management tool by means of numerical simulations. The theoretical responses differed depending on the intrinsic rate of growth (r), although modulated by the competition coefficients. The red fox, showing the highest r value, can increase its populations despite predator control efforts if control intensity is moderate. Populations of the other two species, however, decreased with control efforts, even reaching extinction. Three additional theoretical predictions were obtained. The conclusions from the simulations were: 1) predator control can play a role in altering the carnivore communities; 2) red fox numbers can increase due to control; and 3) predator control programs should evaluate the potential of unintended effects on ecosystems.
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Kirkwood, Roger, Duncan R. Sutherland, Stuart Murphy, and Peter Dann. "Lessons from long-term predator control: a case study with the red fox." Wildlife Research 41, no. 3 (2014): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13196.
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Context Predator-control aims to reduce an impact on prey species, but efficacy of long-term control is rarely assessed and the reductions achieved are rarely quantified. Aims We evaluated the changing efficacy of a 58-year-long campaign against red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) on Phillip Island, a 100-km2 inhabited island connected to the Australian mainland via a bridge. The campaign aimed to eliminate the impact of foxes on ground-nesting birds, particularly little penguins (Eudyptula minor). Methods We monitored the success rate of each fox-control technique employed, the level of effort invested if available, demographics of killed foxes, the numbers of penguins killed by foxes and penguin population size. Key results The campaign began as a bounty system that ran for 30 years and was ineffective. It transitioned into a coordinated, although localised, control program from 1980 to 2005 that invested considerable effort, but relied on subjective assessments of success. Early during the control period, baiting was abandoned for less effective methods that were thought to pose fewer risks, were more enjoyable and produced carcasses, a tangible result. Control was aided by a high level of public awareness, by restricted fox immigration, and by a clear, achievable and measurable target, namely, to prevent little penguin predation by foxes. Carcasses did prove valuable for research, revealing the genetic structure and shifts in fox demographics. The failure of the program was evident after scientific evaluation of fox population size and ongoing fox impacts. In 2006, the campaign evolved into an eradication attempt, adopting regular island-wide baiting, and since then, has achieved effective knock-down of foxes and negligible predation on penguins. Conclusions Effective predator control was achieved only after employing a dedicated team and implementing broad-scale baiting. Abandoning widespread baiting potentially delayed effective control for 25 years. Furthermore, both predator and prey populations should be monitored concurrently because the relationship between predator abundance and impact on prey species is not necessarily density dependent. Implications Critical to adopting the best management strategy is evaluating the efficacy of different methods independently of personal and public biases and having personnel dedicated solely to the task.
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Moberly, Rebecca L., Piran C. L. White, Charlotte C. Webbon, Philip J. Baker, and Stephen Harris. "Factors associated with fox (Vulpes vulpes) predation of lambs in Britain." Wildlife Research 30, no. 3 (2003): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02060.
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Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are believed to have an economic impact on farming through predation on lambs, poultry and game. Investigation of the causes behind variation in the impact of predation between farms is required to improve management of these problems. A questionnaire survey of sheep farmers was combined with field data on relative fox population abundance to investigate some of the factors associated with both the occurrence and scale of perceived fox predation in Britain. Reported lamb losses to foxes were generally low but there was a large range in perceived levels of predation, from 0.0008 to 0.26 lambs per ewe, with 59% of respondents reporting that they had lost at least one lamb to a fox at their most recent lambing. Flock size was an important factor determining perceived fox predation. Fox predation was more likely to have occurred on larger farms, but, when it did, fewer lambs were perceived lost per ewe. Various other non-management characteristics, including regional location, had an influence on fox predation. Fox abundance was positively associated with perceived predation. Indoor lambing was an important preventive measure against fox predation. However, the effect of fox control on livestock predation was difficult to determine because of potential reactive behaviour by farmers to lamb losses. The analyses indicate that multivariate rather than univariate techniques should be used in the assessment of predator impacts and in making management recommendations. The identification of farm characteristics associated with fox predation, such as location and indoor lambing, enables the potential identification of problem farms where preventive management should be targeted.
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Risbey, Danielle A., Michael C. Calver, Jeff Short, J. Stuart Bradley, and Ian W. Wright. "The impact of cats and foxes on the small vertebrate fauna of Heirisson Prong, Western Australia. II. A field experiment." Wildlife Research 27, no. 3 (2000): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98092.
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The hypothesis that predation by feral cats and introduced foxes reduces population sizes of small, native vertebrates was supported by results of a predator-removal experiment at Heirisson Prong, a semi-arid site in Western Australia. The methods of control used against cats and foxes to protect native mammals reintroduced to Heirisson Prong produced three broad ‘predator zones’: a low-cat and low-fox zone, where foxes were eradicated and spotlight counts of cats declined after intensive cat control; a high-cat and low-fox zone where spotlight counts of cats increased three-fold after foxes were controlled; and a zone where numbers of cats and foxes were not manipulated. Small mammals and reptiles were monitored for one year before and three years after predator control began. Captures of small mammals increased in the low-cat and low-fox zone, but where only foxes were controlled captures of small mammals declined by 80%. In the absence of cat and fox control, captures of small mammals were variable over the sampling period, lower than where both cats and foxes were controlled, yet higher than where only foxes were controlled. The capture success of reptiles did not appear to be related to changes in predator counts. This study presents the first experimental evidence from mainland Australia that feral cats can have a negative impact on populations of small mammals.
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Towerton, Alison L., Rodney P. Kavanagh, Trent D. Penman, and Christopher R. Dickman. "Ranging behaviour and movements of the red fox in remnant forest habitats." Wildlife Research 43, no. 6 (2016): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15203.
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Context The Eurasian red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a widespread pest in mixed agricultural and remnant forest habitats in southern Australia, and is controlled most commonly with baits containing poison (1080) to protect both agricultural and ecological assets. An understanding of fox movements in such habitats should assist in the strategic placement of baits and increase bait encounters by foxes across the landscape, thus improving the success of control efforts. Aims We seek to understand the ranges, movements and habitat use of foxes to aid the development of effective management plans. The fate of tracked animals was examined during a control program. Methods We radio-tracked 10 foxes using VHF transmitters and three foxes using GPS receivers during control operations in a remnant forest area near Dubbo, New South Wales. We used VHF location fixes to estimate fox range areas and GPS fixes to describe temporal and spatial aspects of fox movements and range use, focal points of activity and potential bait encounters. Selection of forest versus cleared areas was assessed, as was the impact of control operations on collared foxes. Key results Range areas (mean ± s.e.; 95% minimum convex polygon) for VHF- and GPS-tracked foxes were 420 ha ± 74 and 4462 ha ± 1799 respectively. Only small parts of range areas were visited on a daily basis, with little overlap. Animals were often within 200 m of roads and crossed or travelled on roads more than expected. At least 75% of collared foxes were probably poisoned in the control program. Conclusions Foxes occupy large ranges and move long distances in the study region, with little daily overlap, so successful defence of range areas is unlikely. Control efforts successfully poisoned foxes but also limited data collection because of reduced tracking periods. Implications The large and variable areas occupied by foxes suggested that control efforts need to be on-going, coordinated across the landscape, and use a minimum bait density of 0.5 baits per 100 ha in remnant forest habitat to ensure that gaps are minimised. Control operations should target roads and forest edges for bait placement, and increase the time that baits are available, to increase fox encounters and maximise the success of control efforts.
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Twigg, Laurie E. "1080-baits for fox control: Is everything all that it seems?" Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 3 (2014): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140230.
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The Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), wild Dog (Canis lupus familiaris), Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and feral Pig (Sus scrofa) can have a significant and profound impact on biodiversity and/ or agricultural production in Australia (Saunders et al. 1995; Williams et al. 1995; Choquenot et al. 1996; Fleming et al. 2001). Baiting programmes with 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) form an integral and, in some cases, the only means by which the impacts of these invasive species can be managed over a large-scale (Saunders et al. 1995; Williams et al. 1995; Choquenot et al. 1996; Fleming et al. 2001). However, in recent times, there has been growing concern among some Australian rural communities that some 1080 products are not as effective as they once were, particularly those used for baiting foxes. Although such reports are often anecdotal, their increasing frequency is of concern. Recently, the Malleefowl Preservation Group in Western Australia conducted a semi-formal survey of their Newsletter readers regarding the effectiveness of 1080 products against Foxes, wild Dogs, and Rabbits. Over 40 responses were received from 15 different postcode regions with up to 50% of these respondents believing some 1080 products were no longer effective (Malleefowl Preservation Group unpublished data). Similarly, participants in coordinated community 1080-baiting programmes in Victoria surveyed during 2004/05 suggested that poor bait take, loss of efficacy, risk to farm dogs, and the high associated costs were the main reasons for less than ideal control programmes (McPhee 2005). This suggests that questions regarding the effectiveness of 1080 products are not unique to Western Australia. More recently, in NSW, the effectiveness of some 1080-baiting programmes was shown to be less than ideal, even when a coordinated approach was used (Gentle 2007a; Bengsen In Press). In one instance, such a programme with 3 mg 1080 baits reduced fox abundance by only 30% (Bengsen In Press). There are a number of reasons why baiting programmes may have, or are perceived to have failed (see below), including the loss of effectiveness of the active ingredient against the target species. With respect to foxes, the only assessment of their sensitivity to 1080 was a provisional study undertaken in the late 1980s when the sensitivity to 1080 of 11 foxes was determined: 3 from the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and 8 from Western Australia (WA) (McIlroy and King 1990). The provisional nature of this study precluded a detailed estimate of the sensitivity of these foxes to 1080. Moreover, it is also possible, and probably highly likely, that the sensitivity of Australian foxes to 1080 has changed since the assessment undertaken in the 1980s. This Forum Essay raises some of the possible reasons for any decreased baiting effectiveness, particularly the impact of any decrease in the sensitivity of foxes to 1080. The original data of McIlroy and King (1990) are reworked so as to gain estimates of the Lethal Dose 50 and Lethal Dose 99 values and their associated 95% Confidence Limits. The implications of these findings for pest management and conservation programmes, and some suggestions for future research, are also discussed.
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Johnson, Joseph R. "The churchman and the fox." Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 30 (December 31, 2018): 94–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.00017.joh.
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Abstract Known to Roman de Renart scholars as MS I, the manuscript BnF, f. fr. 12584 has received surprisingly little critical attention. The codex was discounted in early but influential appraisals by philologists like Ernest Martin, who characterised its late Renart text as absurdly abridged and useless in the reconstitution of an archetypal original. More favourable assessments of both the Renart text of MS I and its remarkably copious system of illustration have since appeared, especially thanks to the forensic attention of Ettina Nieboer, who proposed an intriguing solution to the many riddles of the copy: it seems to have been commissioned by Guy de Roye, Archbishop of Tours. Over two decades later, however, Nieboer’s analyses remain the most detailed treatments of the codex. My aim in this article is to call for renewed attention to MS I by exploring the neglected obverse of the abridging and suppressing patterns that Nieboer discovered. I argue that a certain tendency to police the Renart, or render it manageable, can indeed be detected in MS I in the plenitude of its present state: the book opens with a devotional painting of the Virgin Mary and contains extensive maniculae highlighting proverbial material. However, to stop here would be to leave the tale incomplete: the book also stages a pronounced resistance to these systems of control, illustrating across its many folios the sheer impossibility of imposing order upon the Roman de Renart.
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Marks, CA, M. Nijk, F. Gigliotti, F. Busana, and RV Short. "Preliminary Field Assessment of a Cabergoline Baiting Campaign for Reproductive Control of the Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes)." Wildlife Research 23, no. 2 (1996): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960161.
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The use of poison baiting in Australia to control foxes is impractical in urban areas and some wildlife reserves because of hazards to non-target animals. More acceptable methods of fox control in such environments are needed. Cabergoline is a dopamine agonist that has previously been demonstrated to have an abortifacient effect in cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis familiaris). The prolactin-inhibiting action of cabergoline may also result in cessation of lactation. Cabergoline has been shown to be completely palatable to foxes and is easily incorporated into a non-poisonous bait. The ability of bait-delivered cabergoline to effect the birth of viable fox cubs was tested in urban Melbourne and rural Bendigo, Victoria. A sample of 51 natal dens were chosen for this study on the basis that they had been active for 3 consecutive years (1991-93). 30 treatment dens were randomly selected and each treated once during August and again during September 1994 with 8 non-poisonous Foxoff baits containing 170 micro g of cabergoline and 200 mg of tetracycline to act as a biomarker. The remaining 21 dens were used as controls. Baits were randomly placed by burial within a 50-m radius of the den. Activity of all dens was assessed until December 1994 for direct/indirect signs of fox cubs. Bait uptake was >88% overall for the treatment dens. The resulting incidence of cubs was significantly lower in the treatment dens than in the controls. The potential for cabergoline to be used in urban areas and island populations as an adjunct to conventional control methods is discussed.
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Carter, Andrew, Gary W. Luck, and Ben P. Wilson. "Ecology of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in an agricultural landscape. 1. Den-site selection." Australian Mammalogy 34, no. 2 (2012): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am11038.
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Foxes concentrate their activities around den sites during the breeding period and regularly visit dens at other times of the year, meaning den location is an important consideration in efforts to control foxes and protect native prey species. We investigated factors that influence den-site selection by foxes to improve information on potential interactions with prey species, and assess the usefulness of targeting den sites for fox control. We measured 76 earthen and non-earthen fox dens on farmland in south-eastern Australia and compared these with paired random sites in relation to vegetation/land-use type, soil clay content, and proximity to landscape features (tree, water, fence and road). Most dens were earthen and primarily located in open farmland, whereas non-earthen dens were mostly found in roadsides. The proportion of non-earthen dens located by landholders (7.8% of 51 dens) was substantially lower than the proportion of non-earthen dens identified with radio-tracking (77.8% of 18 dens). The average clay content at earthen dens was significantly lower than that at non-earthen dens (t′ = –5.192, P < 0.001) and random sites (t′ = –5.196, P < 0.001). Soil texture was a key factor influencing fox den location, and this information should greatly improve fox control in agricultural landscapes for the benefit of native and non-native prey.
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Bengsen, Andrew. "Effects of coordinated poison-baiting programs on survival and abundance in two red fox populations." Wildlife Research 41, no. 3 (2014): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13202.
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Context Poison-baiting programs coordinated among neighbouring landholders should provide the most effective and efficient tool for controlling fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations and impacts in mixed agricultural landscapes, but the effects of such programs on fox mortality and abundance have not been well described. Aims This study aimed to describe the effects of coordinated fox-control programs conducted by landholders on fox mortality and abundance, and to evaluate the likely impacts of reduced landholder participation rates on the proportion of the fox population exposed to baits. Methods The effects of two baiting programs on fox abundance were evaluated using camera-trap surveys and abundance-induced heterogeneity models. The proportion of foxes surviving baiting was estimated by tracking the fate of 19 GPS-collared individuals. The benefits of coordinated baiting were examined using simulated scenarios based on local fox movements and bait distribution patterns. Key results Examination of actual and simulated fox home ranges demonstrated that coordinated baiting increases exposure of the target population to baits. However, 69% of foxes captured on properties that later baited were estimated to have survived the baiting period. Camera-trap surveys across baited and unbaited properties showed no detectable decline in average fox abundance after baiting. Conclusions Coordinated baiting increases the proportion of the fox population encountering baited properties. However, high fox survival and the absence of detectable declines in abundance after baiting showed that even well coordinated baiting programs can produce suboptimal results if many of the foxes using baited properties fail to locate and ingest lethal baits. Implications Baiting programs aiming to reduce the density and impacts of foxes in agricultural landscapes should strive to maximise participation among neighbours. Programs may also benefit from taking steps to improve bait-encounter and consumption rates within properties, for example, by deploying baits at sufficient intensity to provide all foxes with access to at least one bait within their short-term home range. Future research should aim to identify optimal baiting intensities within properties and conditions to maximise bait uptake.
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Dexter, Nick, Paul Meek, Steve Moore, Matt Hudson, and Holly Richardson. "Population responses of small and medium sized mammals to fox control at Jervis Bay, southeastern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 13, no. 4 (2007): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc070283.
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At Jervis Bay, strategic pest programmes to control the Red Fox Vulpes vulpes have been in place on the Beecroft Weapons Range (BWR) Beecroft Peninsula, New South Wales since 1995 and Booderee National Park (BNP) Bherwerre Peninsula, Jervis Bay Territory since 1999. As an integral component of the BWR plan, monitoring terrestrial and arboreal mammals has been carried out and demonstrated a significant increase in the abundance of Common Ringtail Possum Pseudochelrus peregrinus, Long-nosed Bandicoot Perameles nasuta, and Bush Rat Rattus fuscipes. There was no significant change in the abundance of Brown Antechinus Antechinus stuartii, Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps or Black Rat (R. raltus). At BNP changes in population abundance of mammals were not monitored, but a comparison of the abundance of terrestrial mammals between the fox baited BNP and the adjacent un-baited Jervis Bay National Park (JBNP) showed Long-nosed Bandicoots, Bush Rat and Brown Antechinus to be in higher abundance in BNP than JBNP. Scat analysis further supported this finding (Roberts et aI, 2006), We assert that these combined findings are evidence that terrestrial native fauna have responded positively to continued fox control on both peninsulas, thus proving that measuring prey responses are a positive measure of success for strategic pest control programmes.
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Glen, A. S., P. J. de Tores, D. R. Sutherland, and K. D. Morris. "Interactions between chuditch (Dasyurus geoffroii) and introduced predators: a review." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 5 (2009): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09041.
Full textAbstract:
The chuditch is a carnivorous marsupial that has suffered catastrophic decline since European settlement in Australia. The impacts of introduced foxes and feral cats are thought to have contributed to this decline. Although chuditch populations appear to respond favourably to fox control, ecological theory predicts that other predators, including feral cats, are also likely to increase in abundance when foxes are removed. The flow-on effects of these predicted increases are not known, but are potentially significant for chuditch and for other native fauna. Here, we review the evidence for limiting effects of foxes and feral cats on chuditch populations. We also discuss the likely effects on chuditch populations (direct and indirect) of current fox control practices. Using recent advances in carnivore community ecology, we make testable predictions regarding likely interactions within the predator guild. Experiments should adopt a whole-of-community approach, seeking to clarify the effects of fox control on the entire suite of native and introduced predators, as well as on the abundance and diversity of prey.
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Jin, Yue, Zhangqian Liang, and Huiqiang Lou. "The Emerging Roles of Fox Family Transcription Factors in Chromosome Replication, Organization, and Genome Stability." Cells 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9010258.
Full textAbstract:
The forkhead box (Fox) transcription factors (TFs) are widespread from yeast to humans. Their mutations and dysregulation have been linked to a broad spectrum of malignant neoplasias. They are known as critical players in DNA repair, metabolism, cell cycle control, differentiation, and aging. Recent studies, especially those from the simple model eukaryotes, revealed unexpected contributions of Fox TFs in chromosome replication and organization. More importantly, besides functioning as a canonical TF in cell signaling cascades and gene expression, Fox TFs can directly participate in DNA replication and determine the global replication timing program in a transcription-independent mechanism. Yeast Fox TFs preferentially recruit the limiting replication factors to a subset of early origins on chromosome arms. Attributed to their dimerization capability and distinct DNA binding modes, Fkh1 and Fkh2 also promote the origin clustering and assemblage of replication elements (replication factories). They can mediate long-range intrachromosomal and interchromosomal interactions and thus regulate the four-dimensional chromosome organization. The novel aspects of Fox TFs reviewed here expand their roles in maintaining genome integrity and coordinating the multiple essential chromosome events. These will inevitably be translated to our knowledge and new treatment strategies of Fox TF-associated human diseases including cancer.
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Jones, Michelle L., Eun-Sun Kim, and Steven E. Newman. "Role of Ethylene and 1-MCP in Flower Development and Petal Abscission in Zonal Geraniums." HortScience 36, no. 7 (December 2001): 1305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.7.1305.
Full textAbstract:
Geraniums are sensitive to ethylene during shipping and respond by abscising their petals. Treatment of stock plants with ethylene (ethephon) in order to increase cutting yield resulted in earlier flowering in Pelargonium × hortorum `Kim' and `Veronica', but did not result in increased susceptibility to petal abscission following exposure to 1.0 μL·L-1 ethylene. Treatment of `Kim', `Veronica', `Fox', and `Cotton Candy' with 1.0 μL·L-1 ethylene resulted in increased petal abscission within one hour, with `Fox' being the most sensitive and `Kim' the least. Pretreatment of florets with 1-MCP for 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours at concentrations of 0.1 or 1.0 μL·L-1 decreased petal abscission in all cultivars following exposure to 1.0 μL·L-1 ethylene. Treatment with 0.1 μL·L-1 1-MCP for 1 hour reduced petal abscission rates in ethylene treated florets to that of non-ethylene treated controls in all cultivars except Fox. `Fox' florets, which are more sensitive to ethylene, required 12 to 24 hours of exposure to 1-MCP to reduce petal abscission rates to that of control flowers. Pretreatment of geranium plants with 1-MCP can be used to reduce petal shattering during shipping. Chemical names used: 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid (ethephon); 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP).
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Mateo–Moriones, A., R. Villafuerte, and P. Ferreras. "Does fox control improve red–legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) survival? An experimental study in Northern Spain." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35, no. 2 (December 2012): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2012.35.0395.
Full textAbstract:
This work evaluates the effectiveness of fox control as a method to improve the survival of red–legged partridge (Alectoris rufa). We radio–tracked 89 adult partridges and their chicks (62 few days old chicks and 46 over one–month–old chicks) and monitored their nests (N = 45) on two hunting estates in northern Spain over two years. Generalist predators (red fox, Vulpes vulpes, and magpie, Pica pica) were selectively controlled on one half of each estate during the first year, and on the other half in the second year. We estimated the effect of predator control on survival rates. Predator control did not improve survival rates for adult partridges and nests, but it improved chick survival, especially for chicks over one–month old.