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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fourier optics

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Academic literature on the topic 'Fourier optics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Fourier optics"

1

Papoulis, A. "FOURIER OPTICS." Electromagnetics 9, no. 1 (January 1989): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726348908915223.

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Siegman, A. E. "Fiber Fourier optics." Optics Letters 26, no. 16 (August 15, 2001): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.26.001215.

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Ozaktas, Haldun M., and David A. B. Miller. "Digital Fourier optics." Applied Optics 35, no. 8 (March 10, 1996): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.35.001212.

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Ozaktas, Haldun M., and David Mendlovic. "Fractional Fourier optics." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 12, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.12.000743.

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Pellat-Finet, Pierre, and Georges Bonnet. "Fractional order Fourier transform and Fourier optics." Optics Communications 111, no. 1-2 (September 1994): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(94)90154-6.

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Steward, E. G. "Fourier Optics; An Introduction." Leonardo 22, no. 3/4 (1989): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1575430.

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Cincotti, Gabriella. "Generalized fiber Fourier optics." Optics Letters 36, no. 12 (June 15, 2011): 2321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.36.002321.

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MANSURIPUR, MASUD. "Fourier Optics, Part 1." Optics and Photonics News 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.11.5.000053.

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MANSURIPUR, MASUD. "Fourier Optics, Part 2." Optics and Photonics News 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.11.6.000044.

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Steward, E. G., and Eugene Hecht. "Fourier Optics: An Introduction." American Journal of Physics 54, no. 6 (June 1986): 573–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.14547.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fourier optics"

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Rabb, David J. "The spherical fourier cell and application for true-time delay." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1197045216.

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Smartt, Christopher James. "Fourier methods for the analysis of integrated optics devices." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294708.

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Chew, Theam Yong. "Wavefront sensors in Adaptive Optics." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1645.

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Atmospheric turbulence limits the resolving power of astronomical telescopes by distorting the paths of light between distant objects of interest and the imaging camera at the telescope. After many light-years of travel, passing through the turbulence in that last 100km of a photon’s journey results in a blurred image in the telescope, no less than 1” (arc-second) in width. To achieve higher resolutions, corresponding to smaller image widths, various methods have been proposed with varying degrees of effectiveness and practicality. Space telescopes avoid atmospheric turbulence completely and are limited in resolution solely by the size of their mirror apertures. However, the design and maintenance cost of space telescopes, which increases prohibitively with size, has limited the number of space telescopes deployed for astronomical imaging purposes. Ground based telescopes can be built larger and more cheaply, so atmospheric compensation schemes using adaptive optical cancellation mirrors can be a cheaper substitute for space telescopes. Adaptive optics is referred to here as the use of electronic control of optical component to modify the phase of an incident ray within an optical system like an imaging telescope. Fast adaptive optics systems operating in real-time can be used to correct the optical aberrations introduced by atmospheric turbulence. To compensate those aberrations, they must first be measured using a wavefront sensor. The wavefront estimate from the wavefront sensor can then be applied, in a closed-loop system, to a deformable mirror to compensate the incoming wavefront. Many wavefront sensors have been proposed and are in used today in adaptive optics and atmospheric turbulence measurement systems. Experimental results comparing the performance of wavefront sensors have also been published. However, little detailed analyses of the fundamental similarities and differences between the wavefront sensors have been performed. This study concentrates on fourmain types of wavefront sensors, namely the Shack-Hartmann, pyramid, geometric, and the curvature wavefront sensors, and attempts to unify their description within a common framework. The quad-cell is a wavefront slope detector and is first examined as it lays the groundwork for analysing the Shack-Hartmann and pyramid wavefront sensors. The quad-cell slope detector is examined, and a new measure of performance based on the Strehl ratio of the focal plane image is adopted. The quad-cell performance based on the Strehl ratio is compared using simulations against the Cramer-Rao bound, an information theoretic or statistical limit, and a polynomial approximation. The effects of quad-cell modulation, its relationship to extended objects, and the effect on performance are also examined briefly. In the Shack-Hartmann and pyramid wavefront sensor, a strong duality in the imaging and aperture planes exists, allowing for comparison of the performance of the two wavefront sensors. Both sensors subdivide the input wavefront into smaller regions, and measure the local slope. They are equivalent in every way except for the order in which the subdivision and slope measurements were carried out. We show that this crucial difference leads to a theoretically higher performance from the pyramid wavefront sensor. We also presented simulations showing the trade-off between sensor precision and resolution. The geometric wavefront sensor can be considered to be an improved curvature wavefront sensor as it uses a more accurate algorithm based on geometric optics to estimate the wavefront. The algorithm is relatively new and has not found application in operating adaptive optics systems. Further analysis of the noise propagation in the algorithm, sensor resolution, and precision is presented. We also made some observations on the implementation of the geometric wavefront sensor based on image recovery through projections.

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Sitter, David Norbert. "Space invariant modeling in three-dimensional optical image formation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13450.

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Blanchard, Romain. "Fourier optics for wavefront engineering and wavelength control of lasers." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11216.

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Since their initial demonstration in 1994, quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have become prominent sources of mid-infrared radiation. Over the years, a large scientific and engineering effort has led to a dramatic improvement in their efficiency and power output, with continuous wave operation at room temperature and Watt-level output power now standard. However, beyond this progress, new functionalities and capabilities need to be added to this compact source to enable its integration into consumer-ready systems. Two main areas of development are particularly relevant from an application standpoint and were pursued during the course of this thesis: wavelength control and wavefront engineering of QCLs. The first research direction, wavelength control, is mainly driven by spectroscopic applications of QCLs, such as trace gas sensing, process monitoring or explosive detection. We demonstrated three different capabilities, corresponding to different potential spectroscopic measurement techniques: widely tunable single longitudinal mode lasing, simultaneous lasing on multiple well-defined longitudinal modes, and simultaneous lasing over a broad and continuous range of the spectrum. The second research direction, wavefront engineering of QCLs, i.e. the improvement of their beam quality, is relevant for applications necessitating transmission of the QCL output over a large distance, for example for remote sensing or military countermeasures. To address this issue, we developed plasmonic lenses directly integrated on the facets of QCLs. The plasmonic structures designed are analogous to antenna arrays imparting directionality to the QCLs, as well as providing means for polarization control. Finally, a research interest in plasmonics led us to design passive flat optical elements using plasmonic antennas. All these projects are tied together by the involvement of Fourier analysis as an essential design tool to predict the interaction of light with various gratings and periodic arrays of grooves and scatterers.
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Zhou, Zhiping James. "Diffractive optical elements for interconnections." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13033.

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Khodabakhsh, Amir. "Fourier transform and Vernier spectroscopy using optical frequency combs." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-134439.

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Optical frequency comb spectroscopy (OFCS) combines two previously exclusive features, i.e., wide optical bandwidth and high spectral resolution, enabling precise measurements of entire molecular bands and simultaneous monitoring of multiple gas species in a short measurement time. Moreover, the equidistant mode structure of frequency combs enables efficient coupling of the comb power to enhancement resonant cavities, yielding high detection sensitivities. Different broadband detection methods have been developed to exploit the full potential of frequency combs in spectroscopy, based either on Fourier transform spectroscopy or on dispersive elements.There have been two main aims of the research presented in this thesis. The first has been to improve the performance of mechanical Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) based on frequency combs in terms of sensitivity, resolution and spectral coverage. In pursuit of this aim, we have developed a new spectroscopic technique, so-called noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy (NICE-OFCS), and achieved a shot-noise-limited sensitivity and low ppb (parts-per-billion, 10−9) CO2 concentration detection limit in the near-infrared range using commercially available components. We have also realized a novel method for acquisition and analysis of comb-based FTS spectra, a so-called sub-nominal resolution method, which provides ultra-high spectral resolution and frequency accuracy (both in kHz range, limited only by the stability of the comb) over the broadband spectral range of the frequency comb. Finally, we have developed an optical parametric oscillator generating a frequency comb in the mid-infrared range, where the strongest ro-vibrational molecular absorption lines reside. Using this mid-infrared comb and an FTS, we have demonstrated, for the first time, comb spectroscopy above 5 μm, measured broadband spectra of several species and reached low ppb detection limits for CH4, NO and CO in 1 s.The second aim has been more application-oriented, focused on frequency comb spectroscopy in combustion environments and under atmospheric conditions for fast and sensitive multispecies detection. We have demonstrated, for the first time, cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy in a flame, detected broadband high temperature H2O and OH spectra using the FTS in the near-infrared range and showed the potential of the technique for flame thermometry. For applications demanding a short measurement time and high sensitivity under atmospheric pressure conditions, we have implemented continuous-filtering Vernier spectroscopy, a dispersion-based spectroscopic technique, for the first time in the mid-infrared range. The spectrometer was sensitive, fast, robust, and capable of multispecies detection with 2 ppb detection limit for CH4 in 25 ms.
Optisk frekvenskamspektroskopi (OFCS) kombinerar två tidigare icke förenliga egenskaper, dvs. ett brett optiskt frekvensområde med en hög spektral upplösning, vilket möjliggör noggranna mätningar av hela molekylära absorptionsband och detektion av flera gaser samtidigt med en kort mättid. Eftersom frekvenskammar har en regelbunden struktur med jämnt separerade laser moder kan man effektivt koppla kammen till en optisk kavitet och därmed möjliggöra frekvenskamsdetektion med hög känslighet. Olika metoder har utvecklats för att utnyttja frekvenskammarnas fulla potential för spektroskopi, baserad på antingen Fouriertransform-spektroskopi eller dispersiva element.Forskningen som presenteras i denna avhandling har haft två huvudmål. Det första har varit att förbättra prestandan hos mekaniska Fourier-transformspektrometrar (FTS) baserat på frekvenskammar med avseende på känslighet, upplösning och spektral täckning. I strävan efter detta har vi utvecklat en ny spektroskopisk teknik, benämnd brusimmun kavitetsförstärkt optisk frekvenskamspektroskopi (NICE-OFCS), och uppnått en hagelbrusbegränsad känslighet och detektionsgränser ner till låga ppb koncentrationer (miljarddelar, 10−9) för CO2 i det när-infraröda frekvensområdet enbart med användning av kommersiellt tillgängliga komponenter. Vi har också utvecklat en ny metod för insamling och analys av kambaserade FTS-spektra, som betecknas ha sub-nominell upplösning. Metoden gör det möjligt att uppnå ultrahög spektral upplösning och hög frekvensnoggrannhet (båda i kHz-området, endast begränsad av kammens stabilitet) över kammens hela frekvensområde. Slutligen har vi utvecklat en optisk parametrisk oscillator som genererar en frekvenskam i det mid-infraröda frekvensområdet, där de starkaste rotations-vibrationsmolekylära absorptionslinjerna finns. Med hjälp av denna kam och en FTS har vi för första gången demonstrerat frekvenskamspektroskopi över 5 μm. Vi har detekterat bredbandsspektra av flera molekylära gaser och har, för mättider på 1 s, uppnått detektionsgränser ner till låga ppb halter för CH4, NO och CO.Det andra syftet har varit mer applikationsorienterat: att använda frekvenskamspektroskopi i förbränningsmiljö och under atmosfäriska förhållanden för snabb och känslig multiämnesdetektion. Vi har för första gången demonstrerat kavitetsförstärkt optisk frekvenskamspektroskopi i en flamma, där vi har detekterat högtemperaturspektra av H2O och OH i det när-infraröda området med användning av FTS och visat teknikens potential för termometrisk karakterisering av flammor. För applikationer som kräver en kort mättid och hög känslighet under atmosfäriska förhållanden har vi utvecklat ett detektionssystem baserat på Vernier-spektroskopi med kontinuerlig filtrering, vilket är en dispersionsbaserad teknik, för första gången i det mid-infraröda frekvensområdet. Det befanns att spektrometern var känslig, snabb, robust och kapabel till multiämnesdetektion med en detektionsgräns på 2 ppb för CH4 för korta mättider (25 ms).

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Noorizadeh, Sahand. "SLM-based Fourier Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2011.

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Optical phase microscopy provides a view of objects that have minimal to no effect on the detected intensity of light that are unobservable by standard microscopy techniques. Since its inception just over 60 years ago that gave us a vision to an unseen world and earned Frits Zernike the Nobel prize in physics in 1953, phase microscopy has evolved to find various applications in biological cell imaging, crystallography, semiconductor failure analysis, and more. Two common and commercially available techniques are phase contrast and differential interference contrast (DIC). In phase contrast method, a large portion of the unscattered light that accounts for the majority of the light passing unaffected through a transparent medium is blocked to allow the scattered light due to the object to be observed with higher contrast. DIC is a self-referenced interferometer that transduces phase variation to intensity variation. While being established as fundamental tools in many scientific and engineering disciplines, the traditional implementation of these techniques lacks the ability to provide the means for quantitative and repeatable measurement without an extensive and cumbersome calibration. The rapidly growing fields in modern biology meteorology and nano-technology have emphasized the demand for a more robust and convenient quantitative phase microscopy. The recent emergence of modern optical devices such as high resolution programmable spatial light modulators (SLM) has enabled a multitude of research activities over the past decade to reinvent phase microscopy in unconventional ways. This work is concerned with an implementation of a DIC microscope containing a 4-f system at its core with a programmable SLM placed at the frequency plane of the imaging system that allows for employing Fourier pair transforms for wavefront manipulation. This configuration of microscope provides a convenient way to perform both wavefront shearing with quantifiable arbitrary shear amount and direction as well as phase stepping interferometry by programming the SLM with a series of numerically generated patterns and digitally capturing interferograms for each step which are then used to calculate the objects phase gradient map. Wavefront shearing is performed by generating a pattern for the SLM where two phase ramp patterns with opposite slopes are interleaved through a random selection process with uniform distribution in order to mimic the simultaneous presence of the ramps on the same plane. The theoretical treatment accompanied by simulations and experimental results and discussion are presented in this work.

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Noureddine, Mohamed. "Fourier variational methods for the analysis of optical waveguides and lasers." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263466.

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Hjältén, Adrian. "Modeling the cavity dispersion in cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb Fourier transform spectroscopy." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-157146.

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Cavity enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy is a technique that allows for quick and sensitive measurements of molecular absorption spectra. Locking the comb lines of an optical frequency comb to the cavity modes of an enhancement cavity and then extracting the spectral information with a Fourier transform spectrometer grants easy access to wide segments of absorption spectra. One of the main obstacles complicating the analysis of the measurements is the inevitable dispersion occurring inside the cavity. In this project, absorption measurements of CO2 were performed using an existing and well established setup consisting of a near-infrared optical frequency comb locked to a Fabry- Pérot enhancement cavity using the Pound-Drever-Hall technique, and a Fourier transform spectrometer. The purpose was to improve theoretical models of the measured absorption spectra by creating and verifying a model for the cavity dispersion, stemming mostly from the cavity mirrors but also from the normal dispersion of the intracavity medium. Until now, the cavity dispersion has been treated as an unknown and was included as a fitting parameter together with the CO2 concentration when applying fits to the absorption measurements. The dispersion model was based on previously performed precise measurements of the positions of the cavity modes. The model was found to agree well with measurements. In addition, pre-calculating the dispersion drastically reduced computation time and seemed to improve the overall robustness of the fitting routine. A complicating factor was found to be small discrepancies between the locking frequencies as determined prior to the measurements and the values yielding optimum agreement with the model. These apparent shifts of the locking points were found to have a systematic dependence on the distance between the locking points. The exact cause of this was not determined but the results indicate that with the locking points separated by more than about 10nm the shifts are negligible.

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Books on the topic "Fourier optics"

1

Introduction to Fourier optics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

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Goodman, Joseph W. Introduction to Fourier optics. 3rd ed. Englewood, Colo: ill., 2005.

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Steward, E. G. Fourier optics: An introduction. 2nd ed. Chichester [West Sussex, England]: Ellis Horwood, 1987.

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Introduction to Fourier optics. 3rd ed. Englewood, Colo: Roberts & Co. Publishers, 2004.

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G, Abushagur Mustafa A., and Caulfield H. J. 1936-, eds. Selected papers on Fourier optics. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1995.

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Khare, Kedar. Fourier Optics and Computational Imaging. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118900352.

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Ersoy, Okan K. Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470085002.

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Khare, Kedar, Mansi Butola, and Sunaina Rajora. Fourier Optics and Computational Imaging. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18353-9.

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M, McCreary Sean, ed. Fourier series and optical transform techniques in contemporary optics: An introduction. New York: Wiley, 1995.

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Hecht, Eugene. Optics. 4th ed. Delhi, India: Pearson Education, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fourier optics"

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Yatagai, Toyohiko. "Fourier Optics." In Fourier Theory in Optics and Optical Information Processing, 85–104. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003121916-6.

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Lauterborn, Werner, and Thomas Kurz. "Fourier Optics." In Coherent Optics, 149–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05273-0_9.

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Lauterborn, Werner, Thomas Kurz, and Martin Wiesenfeldt. "Fourier Optics." In Coherent Optics, 147–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03144-5_9.

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Zalevsky, Zeev, and David Mendlovic. "Fourier Transform and Fourier Optics." In Springer Series in Optical Sciences, 1–8. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34715-8_1.

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Möller, K. D. "Fourier Transformation and FT-Spectroscopy." In Optics, 331–65. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21809-2_9.

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Yatagai, Toyohiko. "Discrete Fourier Transform and Fast Fourier Transform." In Fourier Theory in Optics and Optical Information Processing, 71–84. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003121916-5.

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Das, P. "Physical Optics, Wave Optics, and Fourier Optics." In Lasers and Optical Engineering, 74–186. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4424-0_2.

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Iizuka, Keigo. "The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)." In Engineering Optics, 183–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69251-7_7.

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Iizuka, Keigo. "The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)." In Engineering Optics, 169–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07032-1_7.

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Young, Matt. "Holography and Fourier Optics." In Optics and Lasers, 116–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37456-5_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fourier optics"

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Zhao, P., J. M. Mariotti, P. Léna, V. Coudé du Foresto, and G. Perrin. "Fiber Optic Fourier and Double Fourier Interferometer: progress report." In Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fts.1995.ffd21.

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Fiber optic Fourier transform spectrometer(FTS) may find its applications in gas sensing, space astronomy, etc. because of its compactness, low cost, etc.. Similarly, Fiber optic double Fourier interferometer is very attractive for double Fourier interferometric imaging(DFII) with telescope array. In both fiber optic FTS and fiber optic DFII, all optical operations are carried out with guided optics(optical fiber and directional coupler). Beams are transported in fibers. Beam splitting and combining are performed by directional couplers. Optical path delay is generated by stretching fibers(or, probably with combination with optical switchs) which are usually wrapped onto piezoelectric(p/z) tubes driven by high voltage.

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Gomez-Reino, C. "Grin optics, Fourier optics and optical connections." In 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2298947.

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Yang, Changhuei. "Fourier Pytchographic Microscopy." In Biomedical Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/biomed.2014.bw2a.1.

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Manzardo, Omar, Yves Petremand, Hans Peter Herzig, Wilfried Noell, and Nico De Rooij. "Micro-sized Fourier spectrometer." In Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/domo.2002.dtuc5.

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Ribak, Erez N. "Stationary Fourier Transform Spectrometer." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2018.jtu2a.142.

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Madrid, Yesid, Martha Molina, and Rafael Torres. "Quantum Fractional Fourier Transform." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2018.jtu2a.73.

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Yelleswarapu, Chandra S., Alexey Veraksa, Samir Laoui, and D. V. G. L. N. Rao. "Fourier Phase Contrast Microscope." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2007.ftuh7.

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Katz, Ori, Jonathan M. Levitt, and Yaron Silberberg. "Compressive Fourier Transform Spectroscopy." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2010.ftue3.

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Aristov, V. V., A. I. Erko, and V. V. Martynov. "X-ray Fourier optics." In AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 147. AIP, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.35977.

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Popov, Evgeny, Michel Nevière, and Nicolas Bonod. "Differential theory amelioration using Fourier factorisation rules." In Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/domo.2002.dmc1.

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Reports on the topic "Fourier optics"

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Glass, R., and L. Hendler. Defect Recognition In Regularly Patterned Substrates Using Optical Fourier Transform Techniques Final Report CRADA No. TSB-1164-95. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1430944.

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Glass, R. Defect Recognition In Regularly Patterned Substrates Using Optical Fourier Transform Techniques Final Report CRADA No. TSB-1164-95. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/759917.

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Irudayaraj, Joseph, Ze'ev Schmilovitch, Amos Mizrach, Giora Kritzman, and Chitrita DebRoy. Rapid detection of food borne pathogens and non-pathogens in fresh produce using FT-IRS and raman spectroscopy. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587221.bard.

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Abstract:

Rapid detection of pathogens and hazardous elements in fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest requires the use of advanced sensor technology at each step in the farm-to-consumer or farm-to-processing sequence. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the complementary Raman spectroscopy, an advanced optical technique based on light scattering will be investigated for rapid and on-site assessment of produce safety. Paving the way toward the development of this innovative methodology, specific original objectives were to (1) identify and distinguish different serotypes of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, (2) develop spectroscopic fingerprint patterns and detection methodology for fungi such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, and Penicillium (3) to validate a universal spectroscopic procedure to detect foodborne pathogens and non-pathogens in food systems. The original objectives proposed were very ambitious hence modifications were necessary to fit with the funding. Elaborate experiments were conducted for sensitivity, additionally, testing a wide range of pathogens (more than selected list proposed) was also necessary to demonstrate the robustness of the instruments, most crucially, algorithms for differentiating a specific organism of interest in mixed cultures was conceptualized and validated, and finally neural network and chemometric models were tested on a variety of applications. Food systems tested were apple juice and buffer systems. Pathogens tested include Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitis, Shigella boydii, Staphylococus aureus, Serratiamarcescens, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Vibrio cholerae, Hafniaalvei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli (O103, O55, O121, O30 and O26), Aspergillus niger (NRRL 326) and Fusarium verticilliodes (NRRL 13586), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24859), Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 11443), Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora and Clavibacter michiganense. Sensitivity of the FTIR detection was 103CFU/ml and a clear differentiation was obtained between the different organisms both at the species as well as at the strain level for the tested pathogens. A very crucial step in the direction of analyzing mixed cultures was taken. The vector based algorithm was able to identify a target pathogen of interest in a mixture of up to three organisms. Efforts will be made to extend this to 10-12 key pathogens. The experience gained was very helpful in laying the foundations for extracting the true fingerprint of a specific pathogen irrespective of the background substrate. This is very crucial especially when experimenting with solid samples as well as complex food matrices. Spectroscopic techniques, especially FTIR and Raman methods are being pursued by agencies such as DARPA and Department of Defense to combat homeland security. Through the BARD US-3296-02 feasibility grant, the foundations for detection, sample handling, and the needed algorithms and models were developed. Successive efforts will be made in transferring the methodology to fruit surfaces and to other complex food matrices which can be accomplished with creative sampling methods and experimentation. Even a marginal success in this direction will result in a very significant breakthrough because FTIR and Raman methods, in spite of their limitations are still one of most rapid and nondestructive methods available. Continued interest and efforts in improving the components as well as the refinement of the procedures is bound to result in a significant breakthrough in sensor technology for food safety and biosecurity.

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Anderson, Gerald L., and Kalman Peleg. Precision Cropping by Remotely Sensed Prorotype Plots and Calibration in the Complex Domain. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585193.bard.

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This research report describes a methodology whereby multi-spectral and hyperspectral imagery from remote sensing, is used for deriving predicted field maps of selected plant growth attributes which are required for precision cropping. A major task in precision cropping is to establish areas of the field that differ from the rest of the field and share a common characteristic. Yield distribution f maps can be prepared by yield monitors, which are available for some harvester types. Other field attributes of interest in precision cropping, e.g. soil properties, leaf Nitrate, biomass etc. are obtained by manual sampling of the filed in a grid pattern. Maps of various field attributes are then prepared from these samples by the "Inverse Distance" interpolation method or by Kriging. An improved interpolation method was developed which is based on minimizing the overall curvature of the resulting map. Such maps are the ground truth reference, used for training the algorithm that generates the predicted field maps from remote sensing imagery. Both the reference and the predicted maps are stratified into "Prototype Plots", e.g. 15xl5 blocks of 2m pixels whereby the block size is 30x30m. This averaging reduces the datasets to manageable size and significantly improves the typically poor repeatability of remote sensing imaging systems. In the first two years of the project we used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), for generating predicted yield maps of sugar beets and com. The NDVI was computed from image cubes of three spectral bands, generated by an optically filtered three camera video imaging system. A two dimensional FFT based regression model Y=f(X), was used wherein Y was the reference map and X=NDVI was the predictor. The FFT regression method applies the "Wavelet Based", "Pixel Block" and "Image Rotation" transforms to the reference and remote images, prior to the Fast - Fourier Transform (FFT) Regression method with the "Phase Lock" option. A complex domain based map Yfft is derived by least squares minimization between the amplitude matrices of X and Y, via the 2D FFT. For one time predictions, the phase matrix of Y is combined with the amplitude matrix ofYfft, whereby an improved predicted map Yplock is formed. Usually, the residuals of Y plock versus Y are about half of the values of Yfft versus Y. For long term predictions, the phase matrix of a "field mask" is combined with the amplitude matrices of the reference image Y and the predicted image Yfft. The field mask is a binary image of a pre-selected region of interest in X and Y. The resultant maps Ypref and Ypred aremodified versions of Y and Yfft respectively. The residuals of Ypred versus Ypref are even lower than the residuals of Yplock versus Y. The maps, Ypref and Ypred represent a close consensus of two independent imaging methods which "view" the same target. In the last two years of the project our remote sensing capability was expanded by addition of a CASI II airborne hyperspectral imaging system and an ASD hyperspectral radiometer. Unfortunately, the cross-noice and poor repeatability problem we had in multi-spectral imaging was exasperated in hyperspectral imaging. We have been able to overcome this problem by over-flying each field twice in rapid succession and developing the Repeatability Index (RI). The RI quantifies the repeatability of each spectral band in the hyperspectral image cube. Thereby, it is possible to select the bands of higher repeatability for inclusion in the prediction model while bands of low repeatability are excluded. Further segregation of high and low repeatability bands takes place in the prediction model algorithm, which is based on a combination of a "Genetic Algorithm" and Partial Least Squares", (PLS-GA). In summary, modus operandi was developed, for deriving important plant growth attribute maps (yield, leaf nitrate, biomass and sugar percent in beets), from remote sensing imagery, with sufficient accuracy for precision cropping applications. This achievement is remarkable, given the inherently high cross-noice between the reference and remote imagery as well as the highly non-repeatable nature of remote sensing systems. The above methodologies may be readily adopted by commercial companies, which specialize in proving remotely sensed data to farmers.

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