Relevant bibliographies by topics / Four-dimensional images

Academic literature on the topic 'Four-dimensional images'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Four-dimensional images"

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RAQUENO, ROLANDO, AMITABHA GHOSH, NAVIN C. NANDA, JOHN SCHOTT, and SALLY MOOS. "Four-Dimensional Reconstruction of Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Images." Echocardiography 6, no. 4 (July 1989): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.1989.tb00312.x.

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DOI, TSUKASA. "Three Dimensional and Four Dimensional Images for Help to Application." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 58, no. 12 (2002): 1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00000921531.

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Otton, J., T. Kühl, K. Kofoed, J. McCrohon, M. Feneley, A. Chiribiri, and E. Nagel. "Four-Dimensional (Spatio-Temporal) Image Processing of Myocardial CT-Perfusion Images." Heart, Lung and Circulation 21 (January 2012): S205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2012.05.507.

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Inubashiri, Eisuke, Katumaru Kuroki, Nobuhiko Maeda, Kiichirou Kawai, Noriyuki Akutagawa, Masaki Sugawara, Shosuke Imai, Kunihiro Minami, and Yasuhiro Nomura. "Three-dimensional and four-dimensional HDlive-rendered images of thanatophoric dysplasia." Journal of Medical Ultrasonics 42, no. 2 (November 22, 2014): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10396-014-0597-x.

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Богоявленская, O. А. "Computing the Minkowskii functionals for four-dimensional digital images." Numerical Methods and Programming (Vychislitel'nye Metody i Programmirovanie), no. 2 (March 19, 2020): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26089/nummet.v21r214.

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Функционалы Минковского являются важным инструментом для изучения морфологии пористых сред. Настоящая работа посвящена построению алгоритма вычисления функционалов Минковского четырехмерных цифровых изображений, возникающих, в частности, при описании динамики изменения порового пространства среды. В работе впервые программно реализован алгоритм вычисления функционалов Минковского четырехмерных цифровых изображений. The Minkowskii functionals are important for studying the morphology of porous media. This paper is devoted to constructing an algorithm for computing the Minkowskii functionals for four-dimensional digital images used to describe the dynamics of porous media. This algorithm is implemented as a software package.
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Bouilhol, G., M. Ayadi, R. Pinho, S. Rit, and D. Sarrut. "Motion artifact detection in four-dimensional computed tomography images." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 489 (March 24, 2014): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/489/1/012024.

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Jufas, N., N. Deveau, and M. Bance. "Dynamic cine imaging of the Eustachian tube using four-dimensional computed tomography." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 130, no. 12 (November 2, 2016): 1162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215116009257.

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AbstractBackground:Imaging the Eustachian tube has proven difficult as it has an anatomical orientation that is not aligned with standard planes. In addition, the Eustachian tube is a dynamic structure, opening briefly during a variety of physiological manoeuvres.Case report:A 54-year-old healthy and asymptomatic man underwent computed tomography utilising an area detector scanner. Multiplanar reconstruction was performed at 1 mm intervals. In addition, dynamic clips were constructed to demonstrate air and its movement in the field. Images and video were acquired whilst a Valsalva manoeuvre was being performed.Conclusion:Although imaging techniques have been able to visualise the Eustachian tube well in the closed state, it may be more useful to have it imaged whilst open. Area detector computed tomography scanners can be used to acquire four-dimensional images. This allows dynamic imaging of the region, to assist in the diagnosis of various types of Eustachian tube dysfunction.
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Bae, Joungeun, and Hoon Yoo. "Image Enhancement for Computational Integral Imaging Reconstruction via Four-Dimensional Image Structure." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 4795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174795.

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This paper describes the image enhancement of a computational integral imaging reconstruction method via reconstructing a four-dimensional (4-D) image structure. A computational reconstruction method for high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) images is highly required in 3-D applications such as 3-D visualization and 3-D object recognition. To improve the visual quality of reconstructed images, we introduce an adjustable parameter to produce a group of 3-D images from a single elemental image array. The adjustable parameter controls overlapping in back projection with a transformation of cropping and translating elemental images. It turns out that the new parameter is an independent parameter from the reconstruction position to reconstruct a 4-D image structure with four axes of x, y, z, and k. The 4-D image structure of the proposed method provides more visual information than existing methods. Computer simulations and optical experiments are carried out to show the feasibility of the proposed method. The results indicate that our method enhances the image quality of 3-D images by providing a 4-D image structure with the adjustable parameter.
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Hwang, Jinwoo, June Sic Kim, Jae Seok Kim, In Young Kim, and Sun I. Kim. "Real-time volume rendering of four-dimensional images based on three-dimensional texture mapping." Journal of Digital Imaging 14, S1 (June 2001): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03190339.

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Nastar, C., and N. Ayache. "Frequency-based nonrigid motion analysis: application to four dimensional medical images." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 18, no. 11 (1996): 1067–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/34.544076.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Four-dimensional images"

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Wellard, Richard. "Manipulation of four-dimensional objects represented within a virtual environment." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269375.

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Kröber, Cindy, Kristina Friedrichs, and Nicole Filz. "HistStadt4D – A four dimensional access to history." TUDpress, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33991.

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Purpose – We propose a multidisciplinary approach based on an extensive data base which provides digitalized photographic material from the end of the 19th century up to recent times. Thus a large amount of photographic evidence will be exploited, structured and enriched by additional sources to serve as a foundation for an application relying on 3D visualizations. The application addresses scholars as well as the general public and will provide different kinds of information and tools for research and knowledge transfer. Design/methodology/approach – The method applied will be diachronic: the virtual model may show one point in urban history depicting a certain state of past Dresden and also its development through the various eras. In addition the method works in a dualistic mode: on the one hand the physical development of the urban area will be explored and presented in detail, on the other hand the analysis of the pictures will give profound insights in the specific perception of the urban space. Originality/value – This methodology aims to make large repositories more accessible and proactive in information-seeking. Using a 3D application as an access for media repositories, research tools and functionalities which can improve the scientific handling of the data will be considered. How should the data and information be processed to meet the researcher’s needs? Which information can be retrieved from the visual media? What needs to be considered to ensure scientific standards and motivation while working with the image repositories? Users of the virtual archives can benefit extensively form effective searching functions and tools which work not only content- and theme-based but also location-based. Practical implications – The outcomes of the research will be presented in a 4D browser and available in an Augmented Reality presentation. The design will comply with the requirements of the field of application, whether aiming at a scientific, educative or touristic purpose. The paper itself considers three different approaches to the topic highlighting the multidisciplinary strategy and opportunities of the project. The first one considers research questions from art history. The second one reflects on concepts from information science, photogrammetry and computer vision for visualizations and the third one introduces an interaction concept for an AR application for the Zwinger in Dresden.
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Ismail, Khalid Nabil Abd Elwahed. "Four dimensional image reconstruction and visualisation with EIT for pipeline multiphase flows." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595849.

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Electrical Impedance Tomography (ElT) has been used as a visualisation and measurement tool in many fields such as medical imaging, geophysical prospecting and industrial process applications. To date, single sensing ring strategies and two-dimensional (2D) electric field reconstruction algorithms are mostly used in ElT applications. The quality of measurement will be affected by the three-dimensional (3D) effects that cause imaging errors in both the near-sensor-region and the spatial coordination of a conventional 2D sensor. The typical errors include the object off-plane sensing and offpath trajectory effects - objects lying a short axial distance from the image plane are reconstructed closer to the central axis than their true position. There is a distinct possibility that it may also give a rise to erroneous velocity components normal to the axial direction. The aim of this thesis is to reduce the 3D effects by designing and implementing a full 3D pipeline sensing strategy which takes into account of the 3D nature of the ElT sensing field. The main approaches of the thesis are: (1) a new sensing system, the Zigzag sensor, which represents a new electrode configuration has been designed; (2) a fast forward solver, using Finite Element Modelling, has been implemented with the aim of achieving real-time processing of tomographic measurements; (3) the Sensitivity Conjugate Gradient (SCG) Algorithm has been adapted to 3D ElT for the first time. Moreover, the thesis contributes towards the application of the developed 3D ElT system for dynamic flow visualisation and velocimetry with 3D auto-correlation method which provided a balance between the requested imaging precision and computation speed. The thesis details both theoretical and experimental approaches as well as evidences that the zigzag sensor with the 3D SCG offers some advantage over conventional methods to reduce the 3D effects on ElT pipeline imaging.
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Wong, Victy Yee Wa. "Four-dimensional radiation therapy for thoracic carcinoma : dosimetric evaluation using deformable image registration." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2012. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/9215/.

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Respiratory motion remains a significant challenge for radiation therapy in targeting the tumour. The use of planning margins to avoid geometrical miss of the target volume during respiration results in excessive lung tissue irradiation that limits the prescribed dose to be safely delivered and escalated for better therapeutic gain. The purpose of this study was to develop effective dose planning techniques for treatment to be performed under natural patient breathing. The techniques accounted for the dosimetric influences of tumour movement and aimed to provide an optimized treatment volume by minimizing the internal target volume (ITV) without compromising the target coverage. In the study, the accumulated 4D dose distribution over the tumour volume was calculated using deformable image registration (DIR). A DICOM-RT based tool-box was specially developed for automated 4D dose calculation and evaluations. A new concept of defining the internal target volume from 4D dose coverage, namely inverse ITV (iITV) was introduced via the dose volume enclosed by the minimum accumulated dose in the tumour during the respiratory cycle. The dosimetric advantages of using this iITV with reference to the conventional ITV were confirmed in nine clinical cases by an average dose volume reduction of 16.4% (ranging from 2.3% to 29.9%). 4D radiotherapy involves complex dose distribution which was found to be affected by a number of factors including tumour size, magnitude of tumour displacement, tumour motion characteristics and the reference phases selected for dose planning. Our findings indicate that optimal dose planning was generally, but not always, achieved with the planning CT performed at the temporal mean tumour position and the degree of target coverage maximization strongly depends on the nature of tumour movement. Moreover, the conventionally geometric defined treatment margin could over estimate the treatment volume for a required target coverage. In conclusion, 4D dose calculation based on DIR offers realistic dose estimation, as both geometric and temporal factors are considered, and also provides optimal dose plans by minimizing the treatment volume. However, 4D radiation planning involves a number of factors resulting from the properties of tumours (eg. tumour size, amplitude and characteristics of tumour motion, etc) and from the procedure of treatment planning (eg. reference phase for dose planning, penumbra of dose beam, employed treatment volume etc) that interactively affect the resultant dosimetry. Since these factors vary patient-by-patient, there is no single formula or universal solution that can be used to obtain optimal dose planning. The 4D dose toolbox developed in this study could however provide a user friendly platform for 4D dose calculation and analysis, and allow the optimal treatment modalities and planning techniques to be determined for individuals.
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Klinder, Tobias [Verfasser]. "Extraction and Modelling of Respiratory Motion from Four-Dimensional Medical Image Data / Tobias Klinder." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1009484869/34.

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Chan, Ka-heng, and 陳加慶. "Four-dimensional Monte Carlo stereotactic body radiotherapy for lung cancers using image-guided robotic target tracking." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206441.

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Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a promising treatment strategy for early–stage lung cancers. Conventional three–dimensional (3D) SBRT based on a static patient geometry is an insufficient model of reality, posing constraints on accurate Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation and intensity–modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) optimization. Four–dimensional (4D) radiotherapy explicitly considers temporal anatomical changes by characterizing the organ motion and building a 4D patient model, generating a treatment plan that optimizes the doses to moving tissues, i.e., 4D dose (as opposed to the static 3D dose to tissue), and delivering this plan by synchronizing the radiation with the moving tumor. This thesis focuses on 4D robotic tracking lung SBRT. By recalculating the conventional 3D plan on the 4D patient model using MC simulation, it was found that 4D moving dose distributions could detect increase of normal tissue doses and complication probabilities (NTCP), and decrease of tumor dose and control probability. For one patient, the risk of myelopathy was estimated at 8% and 18% from the 3D equivalent path–length corrected (EPL) and the 4D MC doses, respectively. Such increased NTCP suggests that better estimations of different dosimetric quantities using 4D MC dose calculation are crucial to improve the existing dose–response models. Dosimetric error in 4D robotic tracking SBRT was found to be caused predominately by tissue heterogeneities, as assessed by the comparisons of the 4D moving tissue doses calculated using the conventional EPL and MC algorithms. At 3% tolerance level, our results indicated clinically significant dose prediction errors only in tumor but not in other major normal tissues. Furthermore, 4D tracking radiotherapy was found to have greater ability to limit the normal tissue volume receiving high to medium doses than the other advanced SBRT strategy combining volumetric–arc radiotherapy with 4D cone–beam CT verification. Invariant target motion was found to be an unrealistic assumption of 4D radiotherapy from the analysis of probability motion function (pmf) of motion data. Systematic and random variations of motion amplitude, frequency, and baseline were found to reduce the reproducibility of pmfs, on average, to just 30% for the principal motion of 3400 seconds. Experimental evaluations showed that systematic motion change reduced the gamma passing rate of radiochromic film measurements at 3mm distance–to–agreement and 3% dose difference criteria from 91% for 4D dose calculated with MCand EPL algorithms to 47% and 53% in the static object, respectively,. For moving target object, gamma passing rates of the 4D MC doses hardly changed with reproducible and non–reproducible motion (95% vs. 93%), and barely differed between conventional 3D and 4D MC doses (95% vs. 95% with reproducible, and 96% vs. 93% with non–reproducible motions). Distortions due to image artifacts and registration errors were consistently observed in the 4D dose distributions but not the 3D dose distributions. In conclusion, 4D Monte Carlo planning shall be considered for robotic target tracking only if robustness against uncertainties of patient geometry, and accuracy of 4DCT imaging and deformation registration are significantly improved.
published_or_final_version
Clinical Oncology
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Mukumoto, Nobutaka. "Development of Four-dimensional Image-guided Radiotherapy: Accuracy Verification of Gimbal-based Dynamic Tumor-tracking Irradiation." Kyoto University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/188651.

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Riblett, Matthew J. "Motion-Induced Artifact Mitigation and Image Enhancement Strategies for Four-Dimensional Fan-Beam and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5542.

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Four dimensional imaging has become part of the standard of care for diagnosing and treating non-small cell lung cancer. In radiotherapy applications 4D fan-beam computed tomography (4D-CT) and 4D cone-beam computed tomography (4D-CBCT) are two advanced imaging modalities that afford clinical practitioners knowledge of the underlying kinematics and structural dynamics of diseased tissues and provide insight into the effects of regular organ motion and the nature of tissue deformation over time. While these imaging techniques can facilitate the use of more targeted radiotherapies, issues surrounding image quality and accuracy currently limit the utility of these images clinically. The purpose of this project is to develop methods that retrospectively compensate for anatomical motion in 4D-CBCT and correct motion artifacts present in 4D-CT to improve the image quality of reconstructed volume and assist in localizing respiration-influenced, diseased tissue and mobile structures of interest. In the first half of the project, a series of motion compensation (MoCo) workflow methods incorporating groupwise deformable image registration and projection-warped reconstruction were developed for use with 4D-CBCT imaging. In the latter half of the project, novel motion artifact observation and artifact- weighted groupwise registration-based image correction algorithms were designed and tested. Both deliverable components of this project were evaluated for their ability to enhance image quality when applied to clinical patient datasets and demonstrated qualitative and quantitative improvements over current state-of-the-art.
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Murcia, Jérôme de. "Reconstruction d'images cardiaques en tomographie d'émission monophotonique à l'aide de modèles spatio-temporels." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0078.

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La tomographie d'emission monophotonique fournit une sequence d'images 3d representatives de la distribution du traceur administre au patient, pour differents instants du cycle cardiaque. Elle met en evidence les zones mal irriguees du myocarde. Afin d'eviter une trop longue immobilisation, les temps d'acquisition sont limites, ce qui conduit a des mesures tres bruitees. La reconstruction etant un probleme inverse mal-pose, les images tomographiques sont alors tres degradees. Nous proposons dans cette these deux methodes permettant d'ameliorer la qualite statistique de ces images en regularisant temporellement le processus de reconstruction. La simple moyenne temporelle conduisant a un flou cinetique, le mouvement du myocarde est d'abord estime a partir du suivi de trois surfaces caracteristiques du myocarde, puis integre dans l'algorithme de reconstruction. La premiere methode developpee consiste a reconstruire une phase particuliere connaissant l'ensemble des mesures acquises et la loi d'evolution. La reconstruction s'inscrit dans le cadre theorique du filtrage de kalman. La solution formelle necessitant l'inversion d'une matrice de tres grande dimension, nous proposons une solution sous-optimale mais rapide. L'algorithme recursif repose sur des operations de type filtrage-retropropjection. Nous presentons ensuite une deuxieme approche dans laquelle l'ensemble des phases est reconstruite simultanement. La reconstruction de la sequence est effectuee par minimisation d'une fonction quadratique etablie dans le cadre d'une regularisation spatio-temporelle. Le calcul iteratif des images est effectue a partir de l'algorithme du gradient conjugue. Les resultats experimentaux montrent la validite de notre approche et mettent en evidence l'apport d'une regularisation temporelle
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Saint-Martin, Romuald. "Croissance cristalline, structure et propriétés de transport thermique des cuprates unidimensionnels Sr2CuO3, SrCuO2 et La5Ca9Cu24O41." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112203.

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Les nouvelles technologies mises en œuvre actuellement suscitent des demandes croissantes auprès de l’industrie électronique dont la capacité des circuits électroniques et de leurs microprocesseurs croît de façon explosive en suivant la loi de Moore. Le nombre croissant de transistors par unité de surface entraîne des échauffements considérables qui sont nuisibles au bon fonctionnement des systèmes et posent des problèmes d’évacuation de la chaleur générée, de façon très localisée, dans les composants électroniques. Afin de maîtriser les flux de chaleur créés, il est indispensable d’utiliser des matériaux nouveaux capables de conduire très rapidement et efficacement, c’est à dire de façon unidirectionnelle, la chaleur vers un puits thermique. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse s’inscrivent dans cette problématique et proposent l’étude de matériaux, isolants électriques, afin d’éviter des courts circuits dans la fabrication de composants électroniques, mais aussi présentant une conductivité thermique fortement anisotrope afin d’évacuer la chaleur dans une seule direction. Pour cela des matériaux très conducteurs, à l’état monocristallin, sont nécessaires. Pour réaliser des mesures de conductivité thermique dans les meilleures conditions, de tels échantillons, d’excellente qualité et parfaitement homogènes ont été synthétisés. Pour obtenir une telle qualité d’échantillons, la méthode de la zone solvante (TSZM : Travelling Solvent Zone Method) a été utilisée. Cette méthode de croissance cristalline, n’utilisant pas de creuset, permet l’obtention de monocristaux exempts d’impuretés, de plusieurs centimètres de longueur. Les matériaux étudiés dans ce travail sont les cuprates de basse dimensionnalité Sr2CuO3, SrCuO2 et La5Ca9Cu24O41 présentant dans leur structure un arrangement d’ions cuivre Cu2+, de spin ½, sous forme de chaînes linéaires ou d’échelles, présentant un caractère 1D marqué. Leur conductivité thermique, dans la direction 1D, est décrite par la somme de deux contributions, l’une, phononique et, l’autre, d’origine magnétique, liée aux spins des ions cuivre. Pour obtenir une meilleure compréhension des différents mécanismes d’interaction en compétition, l’influence de la pureté de ces composés ainsi que celle du dopage sur le site des ions Cu2+ sur la conduction thermique d’origine magnétique, a été étudiée. La pureté des échantillons joue un grand rôle, à basse température, sur la conductivité thermique magnétique du fait d’une diminution des interactions spinons-défauts. Par ailleurs, une étude structurale par diffraction des rayons X et de neutrons sur chacun des composés a été réalisée et a mis en évidence la présence de distorsions dans la structure du composé La5Ca9Cu24O41
Today’s new technologies bring increasing demands to the electronics industry whose capacity of electronic circuits and related microprocessors increases very rapidly, following Moore’s law. The increasing number of transistors per unit area brings about significant heating which may be harmful to the good functioning of the systems and creates problems in the evacuation of the very localized heat generated in the electronic components. In order to control the heat flow which is produced, it is essential to use new materials able to conduct rapidly and efficiently, i. e. unidirectionally, the heat toward a heat sink. The present thesis work deals with the above described issues and presents the study of materials which have to be insulating in order to avoid short circuits in the electronic components and also exhibit a strong anisotropy of the thermal conductivity in order to evacuate the heat exclusively in one direction. Single crystals are therefore required. In order to realize thermal conductivity measurements in the best conditions, perfect homogeneous single crystals of excellent quality were synthesized by the Travelling Solvent Zone Method. This no-crucible crystal growth method allows the synthesis of impurity-free single crystals several cm long. The investigated materials are the low dimensional cuprates Sr2CuO3, SrCuO2 and La5Ca9Cu24O41 exhibiting in their structures an alignment of Cu2+ ions of spin ½ as linear chains or ladders, showing thus a distinct 1D character. Their thermal conductivity in the 1D direction is described as the sum of two contributions, one phononic and the other of magnetic origin. In order to obtain a better understanding of the different competitive interaction mechanisms, the influence on thermal conductivity, of the purity of the compounds and also of doping on the copper site has been investigated. Furthermore, structural refinement was done (X-ray and neutron diffraction) and has permitted to highlight distortions in the La5Ca9Cu24O41 samples
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Books on the topic "Four-dimensional images"

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Registration methods for pulmonary image analysis: Integration of morphological and physiological knowledge. Wiesbaden: Springer Vieweg, 2014.

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Wang, Sharon Xiaorong. Object recognition in a four-dimensional hyper-image space. 1995.

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Oklopcic, Zoran. Territorial Isomorphs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799092.003.0007.

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From the perspective of K-Universe, the formation of sovereign states is governed by recursive applications of K-Algorithm, and results in T-Isomorphs. Chapter 7 proposes Sierpinski recursion as an intuitive and commonsensical alternative to the existing ones, confronting it with those that can be gleaned from four constitutional theories––foundational constitutionalism, constitutional pluralism, para-constitutionalism, and radical pluralism—imagined also as potential problem-solving templates. In order to look at these theories more practically, what also needs to be reimagined is the conception of ultimate constitutional authority: away from the preoccupations with origins and narratives, and towards fuzzy, yet discernible mental image: a multi-dimensional matrix of presumed authority-challenges that informs the theorists’ attitudes towards a range of relevant issues in constitutional theory—from narrative identity and the character of political collectivity to constitutional pluralism and constitutionalism.
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Goldfinger, Eliot. Animal Anatomy for Artists. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142143.001.0001.

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From the author of the classic Human Anatomy for Artists comes this user-friendly reference guide featuring over five hundred original drawings and over seventy photographs. Designed for painters, sculptors, and illustrators who use animal imagery in their work, Animal Anatomy for Artists offers thorough, in-depth information about the most commonly depicted animals, presented in a logical and easily understood format for artists--whether beginner or accomplished professional. The book focuses on the forms created by muscles and bones, giving artists a crucial three-dimensional understanding of the final, complex outer surface of the animal. Goldfinger not only covers the anatomy of the more common animals, such as the horse, dog, cat, cow, pig, squirrel, and rabbit, but also the anatomy of numerous wild species, including the lion, giraffe, deer, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, elephant, gorilla, sea lion, and bear. Included are drawings of skeletons and how they move at the joints, individual muscles showing their attachments on the skeleton, muscles of the entire animal, cross sections, photographs of live animals, and silhouettes of related animals comparing their shapes and proportions. He offers a new and innovative section on the basic body plan of four-legged animals, giving the reader a crucial conceptual understanding of overall animal structure to which the details of individual animals can then be applied. The chapter on birds covers the skeleton, muscles and feather patterns. The appendix presents photographs of skulls with magnificent horns and antlers and a section on major surface veins. Incredibly thorough, packed with essential information, Animal Anatomy for Artists is a definitive reference work, an essential book for everyone who depicts animals in their art.
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Book chapters on the topic "Four-dimensional images"

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Jones, Andrew Meirion. "Four-dimensional and multidimensional images." In Diffracting Digital Images, 165–80. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003042129-10.

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Suzuki, Naoki, and Asaki Hattori. "4D—Four-Dimensional Dynamic Images: Principle and Future Application." In Multidisciplinary Computational Anatomy, 373–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4325-5_51.

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Song, Ting, Vivian S. Lee, Henry Rusinek, Samson Wong, and Andrew F. Laine. "Integrated Four Dimensional Registration and Segmentation of Dynamic Renal MR Images." In Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2006, 758–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11866763_93.

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Wahle, Andreas, Honghai Zhang, Fei Zhao, Kyungmoo Lee, Richard W. Downe, Mark E. Olszewski, Soumik Ukil, Juerg Tschirren, Hidenori Shikata, and Milan Sonka. "Three-dimensional and Four-dimensional Cardiopulmonary Image Analysis." In Image-Based Computational Modeling of the Human Circulatory and Pulmonary Systems, 35–102. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7350-4_2.

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Pacheco, Ana, and Pedro Real. "Associating Cell Complexes to Four Dimensional Digital Objects." In Discrete Geometry for Computer Imagery, 104–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19867-0_9.

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Marghany, Maged. "Four-Dimensional Hologram Interferometry for Automatic Detection of Copper Mineralization Using Terrasar-X Satellite Data." In Remote Sensing and Image Processing in Mineralogy, 247–76. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003033776-11.

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Qiu, Waishan, Wenjing Li, Xun Liu, and Xiaokai Huang. "Subjectively Measured Streetscape Qualities for Shanghai with Large-Scale Application of Computer Vision and Machine Learning." In Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES, 242–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_23.

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AbstractRecently, many new studies emerged to apply computer vision (CV) to street view imagery (SVI) dataset to objectively extract the view indices of various streetscape features such as trees to proxy urban scene qualities. However, human perceptions (e.g., imageability) have a subtle relationship to visual elements which cannot be fully captured using view indices. Conversely, subjective measures using survey and interview data explain more human behaviors. However, the effectiveness of integrating subjective measures with SVI dataset has been less discussed. To address this, we integrated crowdsourcing, CV, and machine learning (ML) to subjectively measure four important perceptions suggested by classical urban design theory. We first collected experts’ rating on sample SVIs regarding the four qualities which became the training labels. CV segmentation was applied to SVI samples extracting streetscape view indices as the explanatory variables. We then trained ML models and achieved high accuracy in predicting the scores. We found a strong correlation between predicted complexity score and the density of urban amenities and services Point of Interests (POI), which validates the effectiveness of subjective measures. In addition, to test the generalizability of the proposed framework as well as to inform urban renewal strategies, we compared the measured qualities in Pudong to other five renowned urban cores worldwide. Rather than predicting perceptual scores directly from generic image features using convolution neural network, our approach follows what urban design theory suggested and confirms various streetscape features affecting multi-dimensional human perceptions. Therefore, its result provides more interpretable and actionable implications for policymakers and city planners.
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Mizoe, Shuntaro, Yoshito Otake, Takuma Miyamoto, Mazen Soufi, Satoko Nakao, Yasuhito Tanaka, and Yoshinobu Sato. "4D-Foot: A Fully Automated Pipeline of Four-Dimensional Analysis of the Foot Bones Using Bi-plane X-Ray Video and CT." In Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2021, 182–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87202-1_18.

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Bissell, Malenka. "Four-dimensional flow CMR." In The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, edited by Massimo Lombardi, Sven Plein, Steffen Petersen, Chiara Bucciarelli-Ducci, Emanuela R. Valsangiacomo Buechel, Cristina Basso, and Victor Ferrari, 629–32. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0064.

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Four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance allows visualization and quantification of blood flow in three-dimensional images in the heart and main blood vessels. Image acquisition currently takes around 8–30 minutes, depending on the area of interest. While temporal resolution is reduced, compared to two-dimensional flow analysis, the main advantages include easy prescription of acquisition, three-dimensional visualization, calculation of Qp/Qs in the same dataset, retrospective plane placement, and quantification of novel advanced imaging biomarkers.
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Li, Guang, Deborah Citrin, Robert W. Miller, Kevin Camphausen, Boris Mueller, Borys Mychalczak, and Yulin Song. "3D and 4D Medical Image Registration Combined with Image Segmentation and Visualization." In Encyclopedia of Healthcare Information Systems, 1–9. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-889-5.ch001.

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Image registration, segmentation, and visualization are three major components of medical image processing. Three-dimensional (3D) digital medical images are three dimensionally reconstructed, often with minor artifacts, and with limited spatial resolution and gray scale, unlike common digital pictures. Because of these limitations, image filtering is often performed before the images are viewed and further processed (Behrenbruch, Petroudi, Bond, et al., 2004). Different 3D imaging modalities usually provide complementary medical information about patient anatomy or physiology. Four-dimensional (4D) medical imaging is an emerging technology that aims to represent patient motions over time. Image registration has become increasingly important in combining these 3D/4D images and providing comprehensive patient information for radiological diagnosis and treatment.
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Conference papers on the topic "Four-dimensional images"

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Bashar, Md Khayrul, Hiroaki Yoshida, and Kazuo Yamagata. "Embryo quality analysis from four dimensional microscopy images: A preliminary study." In 2014 IEEE Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecbes.2014.7047459.

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Ozturk, Cengizhan, and Elliot R. McVeigh. "Four-dimensional B-spline-based motion analysis of tagged cardiac MR images." In Medical Imaging '99, edited by Chin-Tu Chen and Anne V. Clough. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.349623.

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Liu, Ying, and William A. Pearlman. "Four-Dimensional Wavelet Compression of 4-D Medical Images Using Scalable 4-D SBHP." In 2007 Data Compression Conference (DCC'07). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dcc.2007.39.

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Zhang, Honghai, Matthew T. Thomas, Nicholas E. Walker, Alan H. Stolpen, Andreas Wahle, Thomas D. Scholz, and Milan Sonka. "Four-dimensional functional analysis of left and right ventricles using MR images and active appearance models." In Medical Imaging, edited by Armando Manduca and Xiaoping P. Hu. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.709423.

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Okamoto, Koji, and Daigo Tsuru. "Transient Three-Dimensional Density Distribution Reconstructed From Limited Interferogram Images." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0771.

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Abstract Measurement of three-dimensional density distributions in a transient unstable stratified flow is important for the safety analysis on the advanced type nuclear power plant. Three-dimensional density distribution can be reconstructed using computer tomography technique from interferogram images. However, in the experiment, only a few interferogram images could be taken. Conventional tomography techniques have low accuracy with the limited interferogram images, since the information of the projection is not enough for the reconstruction. While, the transient interferogram images can be easily taken using the real-time holographic interferometer and/or Mach-Zehnder interferometer. That is, there are enough information for the temporal domain. In this study, a transient three-dimensional (4D) reconstruction technique was proposed. The four-dimensional density distribution was assumed to be expressed as the summation of Elementary Distribution Functions (EDFs). The EDFs were distributed not only in the spatial domain, but also in the temporal domain. The tomography was carried out as the optimization of the arrangement for EDFs, using the temporal projection information.
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Asato, Sho, Tetsuya Tozaki, and Michio Senda. "Analysis of Characteristics of Lesion Tissue Based on Curvature of Four-Dimensional Hypersphere Using FDG-PET Images." In 2021 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic44867.2021.9875761.

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Zhang, Honghai, Nicholas Walker, Steven C. Mitchell, Matthew Thomas, Andreas Wahle, Thomas Scholz, and Milan Sonka. "Analysis of four-dimensional cardiac ventricular magnetic resonance images using statistical models of ventricular shape and cardiac motion." In Medical Imaging, edited by Armando Manduca and Amir A. Amini. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.653621.

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Nakamoto, T., H. Arimura, T. A. Hirose, S. Ohga, Y. Umezu, Y. Nakamura, H. Honda, and T. Sasaki. "Reconstruction of four-dimensional computed tomography images during treatment time using electronic portal imaging device images based on a dynamic 2D/3D registration." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Thomas G. Flohr, Joseph Y. Lo, and Taly Gilat Schmidt. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2254000.

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Liu, Aiping, Ruikang Wang, Kent L. Thornburg, and Sandra Rugonyi. "Efficient Synchronization and Reconstruction of 4D Non-Gated Cardiac Images of Chick Embryos Obtained From Optical Coherence Tomography." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206383.

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Four-dimensional (4D) imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT) — a high-resolution, noninvasive tomographic imaging technique — applied to cardiac development can be used to study the interaction of cardiac morphology and function in vivo. However, to image the fast beating embryonic heart, the biggest challenge confronted by current OCT systems is the slow rate of 3D volume image data acquisition.
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Yamagiwa, Kenta, Satoshi Kataoka, Satoshi Izumi, and Shinsuke Sakai. "Measurement of Three Dimensional Geometry of Creep Void and Grain Boundary With Combining 3D-EBSD Method and SEM Images." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57641.

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A-parameter, void area ratio and other methods about creep void are used to estimate creep damage resulting from creep voids. However, these methods are based on not three-dimensional but two-dimensional geometry, though creep voids are three-dimensional cavities. By combining the 3D-EBSD method with SEM images, we have observed the three-dimensional shape of creep voids and their geometrical relationship with grain boundaries at first. The method is applied to 1Cr-1Mo-0.25V turbine rotor steel subjected to a creep rupture test (580°C, 180MPa). Also, interrupted creep specimens are prepared to observe the progress of void growth. Forty sections with 0.5 μm interval and 100μm × 100μm area are measured by mechanical polishing in order to reconstruct the three-dimensional shapes. In the results, four types of creep void are observed. One is sphere type whose radius is approximately 1μm. It is observed in the specimen whose creep life fraction is 25%. In the specimens with 50% and 75% creep damage, prolate and oblate spheroid whose radius is approximately 2.5μm are observed. Finally, connected voids are located within ruptured specimen. As the creep damage is progressed, not only void growth but also void nucleation is observed. Especially, on prior austenite grain boundary which is three-dimensionally perpendicular to the stress direction, creep voids are nucleated and grow in a concentrated manner. However, such nucleated small voids do not affect the void volume fraction.
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Reports on the topic "Four-dimensional images"

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Borrett, Veronica, Melissa Hanham, Gunnar Jeremias, Jonathan Forman, James Revill, John Borrie, Crister Åstot, et al. Science and Technology for WMD Compliance Monitoring and Investigations. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/20/wmdce11.

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The integration of novel technologies for monitoring and investigating compliance can enhance the effectiveness of regimes related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This report looks at the potential role of four novel approaches based on recent technological advances – remote sensing tools; open-source satellite data; open-source trade data; and artificial intelligence (AI) – in monitoring and investigating compliance with WMD treaties. The report consists of short essays from leading experts that introduce particular technologies, discuss their applications in WMD regimes, and consider some of the wider economic and political requirements for their adoption. The growing number of space-based sensors is raising confidence in what open-source satellite systems can observe and record. These systems are being combined with local knowledge and technical expertise through social media platforms, resulting in dramatically improved coverage of the Earth’s surface. These open-source tools can complement and augment existing treaty verification and monitoring capabilities in the nuclear regime. Remote sensing tools, such as uncrewed vehicles, can assist investigators by enabling the remote collection of data and chemical samples. In turn, this data can provide valuable indicators, which, in combination with other data, can inform assessments of compliance with the chemical weapons regime. In addition, remote sensing tools can provide inspectors with real time two- or three-dimensional images of a site prior to entry or at the point of inspection. This can facilitate on-site investigations. In the past, trade data has proven valuable in informing assessments of non-compliance with the biological weapons regime. Today, it is possible to analyse trade data through online, public databases. In combination with other methods, open-source trade data could be used to detect anomalies in the biological weapons regime. AI and the digitization of data create new ways to enhance confidence in compliance with WMD regimes. In the context of the chemical weapons regime, the digitization of the chemical industry as part of a wider shift to Industry 4.0 presents possibilities for streamlining declarations under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and for facilitating CWC regulatory requirements.
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