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Journal articles on the topic 'Four-body model'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Portilho, O. "Be hypernucleus in the four-body model." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 25, no. 5 (January 1, 1999): 961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/25/5/001.

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2

Bhatnagar, Shashank, and A. N. Mitra. "An exactly soluble model four-body problem." Nuclear Physics A 508 (February 1990): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(90)90486-6.

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3

Christley, J. A., J. S. Al-Khalili, J. A. Tostevin, and R. C. Johnson. "Four-body adiabatic model applied to elastic scattering." Nuclear Physics A 624, no. 2 (October 1997): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(97)81839-8.

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4

Széll, A., B. Steves, and B. Érdi. "Numerical escape criteria for a symmetric four-body model." Astronomy & Astrophysics 421, no. 2 (June 22, 2004): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20047025.

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5

Zhang, Y., E. Hiyama, and Y. Yamamoto. "Structure of studied with the four-body cluster model." Nuclear Physics A 881 (May 2012): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2012.02.007.

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6

Oryu, Shinsho, Hiroyuki Kamada, Hiroaki Sekine, Tomohide Nishino, and Hisao Sekiguchi. "Four-alpha model calculation for the 16O nucleus by the four-body integral equation." Nuclear Physics A 534, no. 2 (November 1991): 221–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(91)90496-s.

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7

JIA, Kaikai. "Rigid-body Dynamic Model of a Four-DOF Parallel Mechanism." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 52, no. 13 (2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2016.13.010.

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8

Aloia, J. F. "Body composition in normal black women: the four-compartment model." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 81, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 2363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.81.6.2363.

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9

RICO, H., M. REVILLA, E. R. HERNÁNDEZ, J. M. GONZÁLEZ-RIOLA, and L. F. VILLA. "Four-compartment Model of Body Composition of Normal Elderly Women." Age and Ageing 22, no. 4 (1993): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/22.4.265.

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10

Fields, David A., and Michael I. Goran. "Body composition techniques and the four-compartment model in children." Journal of Applied Physiology 89, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.2.613.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy, precision, and bias of fat mass (FM) as assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), hydrostatic weighing (HW), air-displacement plethysmography (PM) using the BOD POD body composition system and total body water (TBW) against the four-compartment (4C) model in 25 children (11.4 ± 1.4 yr). The regression between FM by the 4C model and by DXA deviated significantly from the line of identity (FM by 4C model = 0.84 × FM by DXA + 0.95 kg; R 2 = 0.95), as did the regression between FM by 4C model and by TBW (FM by 4C model = 0.85 × FM by TBW − 0.89 kg; R 2 = 0.98). The regression between FM by the 4C model and by HW did not significantly deviate from the line of identity (FM by 4C model = 1.09 × FM by HW + 0.94 kg; R 2 = 0.95) and neither did the regression between FM by 4C (using density assessed by PM) and by PM (FM by 4C model = 1.03 × FM by PM + 0.88; R 2 = 0.97). DXA, HW, and TBW all showed a bias in the estimate of FM, but there was no bias for PM. In conclusion, PM was the only technique that could accurately, precisely, and without bias estimate FM in 9- to 14-yr-old children.
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11

Aloia, J. F., A. Vaswani, R. Ma, and E. Flaster. "Body composition in normal black women: the four-compartment model." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 81, no. 6 (June 1996): 2363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.81.6.8964878.

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12

Aloia, John F., Ashok Vaswani, Ruimei Ma, and Edith Flaster. "Aging in women—the four-compartment model of body composition." Metabolism 45, no. 1 (January 1996): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90198-5.

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13

Kamada, H., and W. Glöckle. "Solutions of the Yakubovsky equations for four-body model systems." Nuclear Physics A 548, no. 2 (October 1992): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(92)90009-9.

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14

Stubenitsky, K., W. D. van Marken Lichtenbelt, and F. Hartgens. "THE FOUR COMPONENT MODEL FOR ESTIMATING BODY COMPOSITION IN BODYBUILDERS 215." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 29, Supplement (May 1997): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705001-00216.

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15

Muramoto, Norihiro, and Minoru Takahashi. "Integrable Magnetic Model of Two Chains Coupled by Four-Body Interactions." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 68, no. 6 (June 15, 1999): 2098–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.68.2098.

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16

Belkic-acute, Dzevad, Ivan Mancev, and Volker Mergel. "Four-body model for transfer ionization in fast ion-atom collisions." Physical Review A 55, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 378–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.55.378.

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17

van der Ploeg, Grant E., Robert T. Withers, and Joe Laforgia. "Percent body fat via DEXA: comparison with a four-compartment model." Journal of Applied Physiology 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00436.2002.

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This study compared body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA; Lunar DPX-L) with that via a four-compartment (4C; water, bone mineral mass, fat, and residual) model. Relative body fat was determined for 152 healthy adults [30.0 ± 11.1 (SD) yr; 75.10 ± 14.88 kg; 176.3 ± 8.7 cm] aged from 18 to 59 yr. The 4C approach [20.7% body fat (%BF)] resulted in a significantly ( P < 0.001) higher mean %BF compared with DEXA (18.9% BF), with intraindividual variations ranging from −2.6 to 7.3% BF. Linear regression and a Bland and Altman plot demonstrated the tendency for DEXA to progressively underestimate the %BF of leaner individuals compared with the criterion 4C model (4C %BF = 0.862 × DEXA %BF + 4.417; r 2 = 0.952, standard error of estimate = 1.6% BF). This bias was not attributable to variations in fat-free mass hydration but may have been due to beam-hardening errors that resulted from differences in anterior-posterior tissue thickness.
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18

Ezra, Yacov, Oded Hammerman, and Golan Shahar. "The four-cluster spectrum of mind-body interrelationships: An integrative model." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 121 (June 2019): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.03.147.

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19

BUZANO, C., and L. R. EVANGELISTA. "THREE- AND FOUR-BODY CORRELATION FUNCTIONS FOR THE BLUME-CAPEL MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics B 07, no. 05 (February 28, 1993): 1259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979293002316.

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The Cluster Variation Method (CVM), in its recent formulation using the Moebius Inversion, is applied to study the critical properties of the face-centered-cubic Blume-Capel model in the triangle and tetrahedron approximations. We develop a procedure which preserves the characteristics of Kikuchi’s Natural Iteration Method, moreover reducing considerably the number of involved variables. The resulting phase diagram is compared with that obtained from lower orders of CVM approximation (single-site and pair) and from other methods (series expansions, Monte Carlo, …). The tetrahedron approximation shows a good agreement with these high-precision methods, in particular for the location of the tricritical point. The behavior of order parameters and multisite (up to four-body) correlation functions is determined for all significant regions of the phase space.
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20

Shen, Wei, Marie-Pierre St-Onge, Angelo Pietrobelli, Jack Wang, ZiMian Wang, Stanley Heshka, and Steven B. Heymsfield. "Four-Compartment Cellular Level Body Composition Model: Comparison of Two Approaches**." Obesity Research 13, no. 1 (January 2005): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.8.

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21

Zhang, Qingwen, Yu Zhang, and Tianjian Ji. "A continuous model of a standing human body in vertical vibration." Engineering review 39, no. 2 (2019): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30765/er.39.2.2.

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This paper develops a continuous standing human body model in the vertical vibration based on an anthropomorphic model, two measured natural frequencies of a biomechanics model, and structural dynamics methods. The mass distribution of a standing body is formed using the mass distribution of fifteen body segments in the anthropomorphic model. The axial stiffness of the model is determined based on the best matching to the two natural frequencies of the biomechanics model which were obtained using shaking table tests. Four similar models are assessed using finite element parametric analysis. The best of the four models has seven uniform mass segments with two stiffnesses and the same fundamental natural frequency as that of the biomechanics model, but its second natural frequency is 10% higher. The mode shapes of the continuous model are presented to demonstrate the relative magnitude of vibration throughout the height of the body. Finally the modal mass and stiffness of the continuous model are evaluated, which are related to some simple discrete models.
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22

Estabar, T., and H. Mehraban. "Analysis of four-body decay of D meson." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 02n03 (January 25, 2017): 1750011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17500117.

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The aim of this work is to provide a phenomenological analysis of the contribution of [Formula: see text] meson to [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] quasi-three-body decays. Such that the analysis of mentioned four-body decays is summarized into three-body decay and several channels are observed. Based on the factorization approach, hadronic three-body decays receive both resonant and nonresonant contributions. We compute both contributions of three-body decays. As, there are tree, penguin, emission, and emission annihilation diagrams for these decay modes. Our theoretical model for [Formula: see text] decay is based on the QCD factorization to quasi-two body followed by [Formula: see text]-wave. This model for this decay following experimental information which demonstrated two pion interaction in the [Formula: see text]-wave is introduced by the scalar resonance. The theoretical values are [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], while the experimental results of them are [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. Comparing computation analysis values with experimental values show that our results are in agreement with them.
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23

Wilson, Joseph, and John Shepherd. "Simplified four-compartment body composition model using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and total body water." Journal of Clinical Densitometry 14, no. 2 (April 2011): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2011.02.007.

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24

A. Ansari, Abdullah. "Hill restricted four-body problem with variable mass." Gulf Journal of Mathematics 12, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.56947/gjom.v12i2.637.

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The presentation of the paper consists the extended version of the Hill restricted three-body problem i.e. the Hill restricted four-body problem where the mass of the fourth smallest body is supposed to variable with time and also suppose that the other three massive bodies are remain fixed at the apices of an equilateral triangle. After shifting the origin and using the various transformations, we determine the equations of motion and quasi-Jacobi integral for this model. The properties like the equilibrium points and stability are performed analytically.
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25

Suzuki, Y., K. Yabana, and Y. Ogawa. "Li11+pelastic scatterings in a four-body model with the eikonal approximation." Physical Review C 47, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 1317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.47.1317.

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26

Topputo, Francesco. "On optimal two-impulse Earth–Moon transfers in a four-body model." Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 117, no. 3 (August 30, 2013): 279–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10569-013-9513-8.

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27

Qi, Yi, ShiJie Xu, and Rui Qi. "Gravitational lunar capture based on bicircular model in restricted four body problem." Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 120, no. 1 (June 13, 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10569-014-9554-7.

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28

Monti, J. M., O. A. Fojón, J. Hanssen, and R. D. Rivarola. "A four-body model for single ionization of He targets by proton impact." Anales AFA 21, no. 1 (September 1, 2010): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31527/analesafa.2010.21.30.

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29

van der Ploeg, G. E., S. M. Gunn, R. T. Withers, and A. C. Modra. "Use of anthropometric variables to predict relative body fat determined by a four-compartment body composition model." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, no. 8 (July 24, 2003): 1009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601636.

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30

Chen, Weiting, Hanqin Ding, and Jun Zhang. "Theoretical investigation of four-body interaction in the one-dimensional extended Hubbard model." Results in Physics 34 (March 2022): 105250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2022.105250.

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31

Hussein, M. S., P. Descouvemont, and L. F. Canto. "A consistent four-body CDCC model of low-energy reactions: Application to9Be+208Pb." EPJ Web of Conferences 117 (2016): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201611706005.

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32

Deshmukh, Bhagyesh, Sujit Pardeshi, Roohshad Mistry, Sachin Kandharkar, and Santosh Wagh. "Development of a Four Bar Compliant Mechanism using Pseudo Rigid Body Model (PRBM)." Procedia Materials Science 6 (2014): 1034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.174.

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33

Al-Khalili, J. S., M. D. Cortina-Gil, P. Roussel-Chomaz, N. Alamanos, J. Barrette, W. Mittig, F. Auger, et al. "Elastic scattering of 6He and its analysis within a four-body eikonal model." Physics Letters B 378, no. 1-4 (June 1996): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(96)00336-x.

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34

Ronen, Y., N. Barnea, and W. Leidemann. "An α-Particle Model for 16O: Is There a New Four-Body Scale?" Few-Body Systems 38, no. 2-4 (April 28, 2006): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00601-005-0147-6.

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35

Wang, Feng, and Qin Man Fan. "Model and Finite Element Analysis of a Bus Body." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.596.

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ANSYS is used as the finite element computing platform to analysis a certain type of bus body frame under four load conditions of bending conditions, reversing conditions, the bending and torsion conditions and the emergency braking conditions. The constraints and load approach in the four conditions are given in this paper. A certain type of bus body skeleton program and the finite element analysis are conduct. The result shows that: (1) Bus body frame changing brings the re-distribution of the stress, making the overall stress and deformation of the body skeleton relatively uniform. (2) The improved program makes more than 250KG weight losing of the body frame and the changing location of the maximum deformation under the bending conditions. The maximum bending deform increased is only 8.92%.
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36

Nickerson, Brett S., Michael R. Esco, Phillip A. Bishop, Brian M. Kliszczewicz, Kyung-Shin Park, and Henry N. Williford. "Validity of Four-Compartment Model Body Fat In Physically Active Men And Women When Using DXA For Body Volume." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 27, no. 6 (December 2017): 520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0076.

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The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) compare body volume (BV) estimated from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to BV from a criterion underwater weighing (UWW) with simultaneous residual lung volume (RLV), and 2) compare four-compartment (4C) model body fat percentage (BF%) values when deriving BV via DXA (4CDXA) and UWW (4CUWW) in physically active men and women. One hundred twenty-two adults (62 men and 60 women) who self-reported physical activity levels of at least 1,000 MET·min·wk-1 volunteered to participate (age = 22 ± 5 years). DXA BV was determined with the recent equation from Smith-Ryan et al. while criterion BV was determined from UWW with simultaneous RLV. The mean BV values for DXA were not significant compared with UWW in women (p = .80; constant error [CE] = 0.0L), but were significantly higher in the entire sample and men (both p < .05; CE = 0.3 and 0.7L, respectively). The mean BF% values for 4CDXA were not significant for women (p = .56; CE = –0.3%), but were significantly higher in the entire sample and men (both p < .05; CE = 0.9 and 2.0%, respectively). The standard error of estimate (SEE) ranged from 0.6–1.2L and 3.9–4.2% for BV and BF%, respectively, while the 95% limits of agreement (LOA) ranged from ±1.8–2.5L for BV and ±7.9–8.2% for BF%. 4CDXA can be used for determining group mean BF% in physically active men and women. However, due to the SEEs and 95% LOAs, the current study recommends using UWW with simultaneous RLV for BV in a criterion 4C model when high individual accuracy is desired.
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37

Friedl, K. E., J. P. DeLuca, L. J. Marchitelli, and J. A. Vogel. "Reliability of body-fat estimations from a four-compartment model by using density, body water, and bone mineral measurements." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 764–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/55.4.764.

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38

Jebb, Susan A., Timothy J. Cole, Deanne Doman, Peter R. Murgatroyd, and Andrew M. Prentice. "Evaluation of the novel Tanita body-fat analyser to measure body composition by comparison with a four-compartment model." British Journal of Nutrition 83, no. 2 (February 2000): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500000155.

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The Tanita body-fat analyser is a novel device to estimate body fat, based on the principles of bioelectrical impedance. It differs from other impedance systems which use surface electrodes in that the subjects stand bare-footed on a metal sole-plate which incorporates the electrodes, hence impedance is measured through the legs and lower trunk. In 104 men and 101 women (16–78 years and BMI 16–41 kg/m2) the mean bias in body-fat mass measured using the Tanita body-fat analyser was 0·8 (2SD 7·9) KG RELATIVE TO A FOUR-COMPARTMENT MODEL. THIS IS COMPARABLE TO THE OTHER PREDICTION TECHNIQUES TESTED (CONVENTIONAL TETRAPOLAR IMPEDANCE -1·3 (2sd 6·9) kg, skinfold thicknesses 0·3 (2sd 7·4) kg, and BMI-based formulas -0·2 (2sd 9·0) kg and -0·6 (2sd 8·5) kg), but the agreement was poorer than for ‘reference’ methods to measure body fat (density 0·2 (2sd 3·7) kg, total body water -0·9 (2sd 3·4) kg and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry 0·1 (2sd 5·0) kg). The present paper also describes the derivation of a new prediction equation for the calculation of body composition from the Tanita body-fat analyser. The equation incorporates sex, age, and a log-transformation of height, weight and the measured impedance to predict body fat measured by a four-compartment model. This approach is recommended in the derivation of other prediction equations in body composition analysis. Using this novel prediction equation the residual standard deviations were 4·8 % for men and 3·3 % for women. A similar analysis using data collected with a conventional tetrapolar system yielded residual standard deviations of 4·3 % for men and 3·1 % for women. This demonstrates that the practical simplicity of the novel Tanita method is not associated with a clinically significant decrement in performance relative to a traditional impedance device.
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39

Alemán-Mateo, H., R. H. Huerta, J. Esparza-Romero, R. O. Méndez, R. Urquidez, and M. E. Valencia. "Body composition by the four-compartment model: validity of the BOD POD for assessing body fat in mexican elderly." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, no. 7 (January 17, 2007): 830–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602597.

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40

Álvarez-Ramírez, Martha, and Claudio Vidal. "Dynamical Aspects of an Equilateral Restricted Four-Body Problem." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/181360.

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The spatial equilateral restricted four-body problem (ERFBP) is a four body problem where a mass point of negligible mass is moving under the Newtonian gravitational attraction of three positive masses (called the primaries) which move on circular periodic orbits around their center of mass fixed at the origin of the coordinate system such that their configuration is always an equilateral triangle. Since fourth mass is small, it does not affect the motion of the three primaries. In our model we assume that the two masses of the primariesm2andm3are equal toμand the massm1is1−2μ. The Hamiltonian function that governs the motion of the fourth mass is derived and it has three degrees of freedom depending periodically on time. Using a synodical system, we fixed the primaries in order to eliminate the time dependence. Similarly to the circular restricted three-body problem, we obtain a first integral of motion. With the help of the Hamiltonian structure, we characterize the region of the possible motions and the surface of fixed level in the spatial as well as in the planar case. Among other things, we verify that the number of equilibrium solutions depends upon the masses, also we show the existence of periodic solutions by different methods in the planar case.
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41

Kopp-Hoolihan, L. E., M. D. van Loan, W. W. Wong, and J. C. King. "Fat mass deposition during pregnancy using a four-component model." Journal of Applied Physiology 87, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.1.196.

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Estimates of body fat mass gained during human pregnancy are necessary to assess the composition of gestational weight gained and in studying energy requirements of reproduction. However, commonly used methods of measuring body composition are not valid during pregnancy. We used measurements of total body water (TBW), body density, and bone mineral content (BMC) to apply a four-component model to measure body fat gained in nine pregnant women. Measurements were made longitudinally from before conception; at 8–10, 24–26, and 34–36 wk gestation; and at 4–6 wk postpartum. TBW was measured by deuterium dilution, body density by hydrodensitometry, and BMC by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Body protein was estimated by subtracting TBW and BMC from fat-free mass. By 36 wk of gestation, body weight increased 11.2 ± 4.4 kg, TBW increased 5.6 ± 3.3 kg, fat-free mass increased 6.5 ± 3.4 kg, and fat mass increased 4.1 ± 3.5 kg. The estimated energy cost of fat mass gained averaged 44,608 kcal (95% confidence interval, −31,552–120,768 kcal). The large variability in the composition of gestational weight gained among the women was not explained by prepregnancy body composition or by energy intake. This variability makes it impossible to derive a single value for the energy cost of fat deposition to use in estimating the energy requirement of pregnancy.
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42

Portilho, O. "10$\Lambda$$\Lambda$Be hypernucleus in the four-body model: effect of correlation functions." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 28, no. 9 (August 9, 2002): 2409–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/28/9/306.

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43

MILLARD-STAFFORD, MELINDA L., MITCHELL A. COLLINS, ELLEN M. EVANS, TERESA K. SNOW, KIRK J. CURETON, and LINDA B. ROSSKOPF. "Use of air displacement plethysmography for estimating body fat in a four-component model." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33, no. 8 (August 2001): 1311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200108000-00011.

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44

Kim, Bum Seok, and Hong Hee Yoo. "Body guidance syntheses of four-bar linkage systems employing a spring-connected block model." Mechanism and Machine Theory 85 (March 2015): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2014.11.022.

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45

Giraud, B. G., S. Kessal, and A. Weiguny. "A 29‐root soluble model for the nonlinear calculation of a four‐body propagator." Journal of Mathematical Physics 29, no. 9 (September 1988): 2084–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.527866.

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46

Chouinard, Laura E., Dale A. Schoeller, Abigail C. Watras, R. Randall Clark, Rachel N. Close, and Andrea C. Buchholz. "Bioelectrical Impedance vs. Four-compartment Model to Assess Body Fat Change in Overweight Adults*." Obesity 15, no. 1 (January 2007): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.510.

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47

Withers, R. T., J. LaForgia, R. K. Pillans, N. J. Shipp, B. E. Chatterton, C. G. Schultz, and F. Leaney. "Comparisons of two-, three-, and four-compartment models of body composition analysis in men and women." Journal of Applied Physiology 85, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1.238.

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Abstract:
This study compared the traditional two-compartment (fat mass or FM; fat free mass or FFM) hydrodensitometric method of body composition measurement, which is based on body density, with three (FM, total body water or TBW, fat free dry mass)- and four (FM, TBW, bone mineral mass or BMM, residual)-compartment models in highly trained men ( n = 12), sedentary men ( n = 12), highly trained women ( n = 12), and sedentary women ( n = 12). The means and variances for the relative body fat (%BF) differences between the two- and three-compartment models [2.2 ± 1.6 (SD) % BF; n = 48] were significantly greater ( P ≤ 0.02) than those between the three- and four-compartment models (0.2 ± 0.3% BF; n = 48) for all four groups. The three-compartment model is more valid than the two-compartment hydrodensitometric model because it controls for biological variability in TBW, but additional control for interindividual variability in BMM via the four-compartment model achieves little extra accuracy. The combined group ( n = 48) exhibited greater ( P < 0.001) FFM densities (1.1075 ± 0.0049 g/cm3) than the hydrodensitometric assumption of 1.1000 g/cm3, which is based on analyses of three male cadavers aged 25, 35, and 46 yr. This was primarily because their FFM hydration (72.4 ± 1.1%; n = 48) was lower ( P ≤ 0.001) than the hydrodensitometric assumption of 73.72%.
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SHEN, QIONG, KEVIN RUSSELL, RAJ S. SODHI, and YONG HE. "SPHERICAL FOUR-BAR MOTION GENERATION WITH A PRESCRIBED RIGID-BODY LOAD." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 32, no. 3-4 (September 2008): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2008-0026.

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In motion generation, the objective is to calculate the mechanism parameters required to achieve or approximate a set of prescribed rigid-body positions. This work introduces a new design constraint that considers driving link static torque for a given rigid-body load. By incorporating this new constraint into a conventional spherical four-bar motion generation model [1], spherical four-bar mechanisms are synthesized to achieve-not only prescribed rigid-body positions-but also satisfy a maximum driver static torque for a given rigid-body load.
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Wong, WW, JE Stuff, NF Butte, EO Smith, and KJ Ellis. "Estimation of body fat in Caucasian and African-American girls: total-body electrical conductivity methodology versus a four-component model." International Journal of Obesity 24, no. 9 (August 24, 2000): 1200–1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801369.

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50

Vasquez Vergara, Fabian, Erik Diaz Bustos, Lydia Lera Marques, Loretta Vasquez Flores, Alyerina Anziani Gonzalez, and Raquel Burrows Argote. "The four-compartment model of body composition in obese Chilean schoolchildren, by pubertal stage: Comparison with simpler models." Nutrition 30, no. 3 (March 2014): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2013.09.002.

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