Academic literature on the topic 'Four-body model'

The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy, precision, and bias of fat mass (FM) as assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), hydrostatic weighing (HW), air-displacement plethysmography (PM) using the BOD POD body composition system and total body water (TBW) against the four-compartment (4C) model in 25 children (11.4 ± 1.4 yr). The regression between FM by the 4C model and by DXA deviated significantly from the line of identity (FM by 4C model = 0.84 × FM by DXA + 0.95 kg; R 2 = 0.95), as did the regression between FM by 4C model and by TBW (FM by 4C model = 0.85 × FM by TBW − 0.89 kg; R 2 = 0.98). The regression between FM by the 4C model and by HW did not significantly deviate from the line of identity (FM by 4C model = 1.09 × FM by HW + 0.94 kg; R 2 = 0.95) and neither did the regression between FM by 4C (using density assessed by PM) and by PM (FM by 4C model = 1.03 × FM by PM + 0.88; R 2 = 0.97). DXA, HW, and TBW all showed a bias in the estimate of FM, but there was no bias for PM. In conclusion, PM was the only technique that could accurately, precisely, and without bias estimate FM in 9- to 14-yr-old children.

A Borromean system is a bound 3-body system where no 2-body subsystems are bound. In nuclear physics, a nucleus that can be modelled as a Borromean system is called a Borromean nucleus; 6 He and 11 Li are good examples of this. Recent research suggests that this Borromean nature should also be exhibited by 22 C, the heaviest-known carbon isotope. In this PhD thesis, a schematic approach is taken to study reactions involving Borromean nuclei. Hyperspherical formalism (HH) and coordinate space Faddeev (CSF) method are used for creating their 3-body bound state wave functions. We formulate the reactions of a Borromean nucleus with a stable target at incident energies ranging from tens of (MeV) to a few hundred (MeV); we adopt a 4-body reaction model to deepen our understanding of the reaction mechanism involving Borromean nuclei. The Glauber-WKB framework is used to describe these reactions, which is well-suited for these incident energies. Introducing Watson-Migdal final state interaction, we calculate the E1 strengths for Borromean nuclei so as to elucidate their breakup mechanism and we explore the possibility of the existence of a soft dipole mode. We also calculate the differential breakup cross sections to see how the post-collision interaction can have an impact on the cross sections. As far as 22 C is concerned, it is found that the reactions are mainly focused on the forward angle region, and the contributions from the higher order terms are not significant. This implies that the non-eikonal trajectories do not play a crucial role in the reaction mechanism. Also, both E1 distributions and breakup cross sections seem to sensitive to the 2n-separation energies of the bound state wave functions, but the E1 distributions and the cross sections to 1− continuum state seem not to be sensitive to the FSIs; cross sections to 0+ and 2+ continuum states seem to be sensitive to the FSIs. Our findings does not support the view that, if an soft dipole mode exists, it is induced by the FSIs.

Le travail présenté dans ce document est dédié à l’étude des désintégrations faibles de deux baryons beaux, Λ0b (|udb>) et Ξ0b (|usb>), et utilise des échantillons de données enregistrés par l’expérience LHCb en 2011 et en 2012. La production abondante des baryons Λ0b et Ξ0b dans les collisions proton-proton ainsi que la grande probabilité pour un quark b d’hadroniser en un baryon beau au Large Hadron Collider (LHC), donne à l’expérience LHCb l’opportunité d’étudier les désintégrations multicorps sans charme de baryons beaux. Une part significative de cette étude est dédiée aux mesures des rapports d’embranchements des désintégrations sans charme à quatre corps des baryons Λ0b et Ξ0b . Dans le Modèle Standard, ces désintégrations procèdent simultanément via les transitions de quarks b→u (à l’arbre) et b→d,s (transitions à courant neutre de type pingouin). La différence de phase faible induite par cette interférence est a priori une opportunité de rechercher la violation CP dans ces désintégrations de baryons beaux. De plus, ces désintégrations sans charme à quatre corps contiennent des structures résonantes, simultanément dans la région non-baryonique de basse masse à deux corps (i.e. les masses invariantes de π+π- , K± π∓ , K+ K- ) ainsi que dans la region baryonique de basse masse (i.e. les masses invariantes de pK, pπ). Par conséquent, la différence de phases fortes induite par l’interférence de ces amplitudes peut augmenter l’effet d’une asymétrie CP . Des mesures d’asymétries CP (∆ACP ) dans les modes de désintégrations discutés plus haut sont présentées dans ce document. Certaines sont produites dans des régions de l’espace des phases afin de favoriser la présence de structures résonantes. Ainsi, sept désintégrations inclusives de Λ0b et Ξ0b sont simultanément étudiées: Λ0b→pπππ, Λ0b→pKππ, Λ0b→pKKπ , Λ0b → pKKK, Ξ0b→ pKππ, Ξ0b→pKπK et Ξ0b→ pKKK ainsi que des désintégrations spécifiques qui incluent plusieurs résonances intermédiaires comme, par exemple, Λ0b → pa1 , Λ0b→∆++ K- π- ou Λ0b → Λ∗ (1520)0 φ0 . Six modes de désintégrations sont observés, parmi lesquels quatre sont établis pour la première fois. Six mesures de rapports d’embranchements sont réalisées, et des limites à 90% et 95% degré de confiance sont placées sur le rapport d’embranchement du mode Ξ0b→ pKKK pour lequel seul un indice de son existence est obtenu. Pour les mesures de ∆ACP réalisées, aucun signe significatif de violation de CP n’est observé
The work presented in this document is focused on the study of weak decays of two b-baryons, Λ0b (|udb>) and Ξ0b (|usb>) , by making use of data samples recorded by the LHCb experiment in 2011 and 2012. The abundant production of Λ0b and Ξ0b baryons in proton-proton collisions as well as the large probability of the hadronisation of the b quark into b-flavoured baryons at the Large Hadron Collider gives the LHCb experiment the opportunity to study multibody charmless decays of b-baryons. A significant part of the study is dedicated to the measurements of the branching fractions of Λ0b and Ξ0b in 4-body fully-charged charmless decays. They proceed in the Standard Model simultaneously through b → u transition or Flavour Changing Neutral Current (FCNC) penguin transition b → s,d. The weak-phase difference induced by this interference pattern is a priori a good opportunity to search for CP violation in these very same baryons decays. Furthermore, these charmless multibobdy decays of b baryons contain rich resonance structures, both in the low-mass two-body nonbaryonic resonances (i.e. the π+π- , K± π∓ , K+ K- invariant mass) and the low-mass baryonic resonances (i.e. the pK, pπ invariant mass). Consequently, CP asymmetries might receive significant enhancement from the strong-phase differences coming from the interference of these amplitudes. Measurements of ∆ACP in the decay modes of interest are presented in this document, including measurements in specific phase space regions (that are meant to favour resonance structures). Henceforth, seven inclusive decays of Λ0b and Ξ0b are simultaneously studied, namely Λ0b→pπππ, Λ0b→pKππ, Λ0b→pKKπ , Λ0b → pKKK, Ξ0b→ pKππ, Ξ0b→pKπK and Ξ0b→ pKKK as well as additional specific decays that include intermediate resonances, such as, for instance, Λ0b → pa1 , Λ0b→∆++ K- π- or Λ0b → Λ∗ (1520)0 φ0. Six decay modes are observed, among which four are established for the first time. Six branching fractions measurements are thus performed, and 90% and 95% confidence level intervals, based on the Feldman-Cousins confidence belt inference described are placed on the branching fraction for the Ξ0b → pKKK decay mode, for which only a hint of its existence is obtained. No significant CP -violation effect is observed in any of the ∆ACP measurement performed

The aim of this study is to present a design approach for compliant bistable four-link mechanisms. The design constraints are the two positions of the mechanism, the force required to snap between the positions and the fatigue life of the designed mechanism. The theory presented here will be applied to the door lock mechanism used in commercial dishwashers, which is originally designed as a rigid inverted slider crank mechanism snapping between two positions with the force applied by a spring. The mechanism is re-designed as a compliant bistable four-link mechanism and a prototype has been manufactured.

Body composition (BC) is an important prognostic factor in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). International guidelines recommend monitoring growth and nutritional status in children with CF using simple anthropometry. However, methodological issues with simple techniques are more significant in children due to growth and maturation, and even more problematic in patients, perhaps accounting for inconsistent findings in previous BC research in children with CF. My thesis addressed three aims: 1) comparison of BC in young children with CF and controls using the criterion four-component model (4CM), cross-sectionally and longitudinally using pair-, group-match and reference database comparison ; 2) investigation of relationships between BC and lung function (FEV1); and 3) evaluation of simpler BC techniques for clinical assessment of children with CF. Results 1) Using the 4CM I found sex differences not identified by simpler techniques; girls with CF had abnormal baseline body composition, whilst longitudinal analysis showed deteriorating fat-free mass (FFM) in both sexes. Conclusions differed according to the comparison group used, perhaps accounting for some inconsistencies between previous studies. 2) Contrary to previous research, using the 4CM fat mass was positively associated with FEV1 in girls; this association was not apparent at 2 year follow-up despite declining FEV1. FEV1 was associated with FFM in boys and bone mass in girls, in accord with previous research. 3) Simple BC techniques were not interchangeable, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) on its own or in combination with bio-electrical impedance (BIA) gave results closest to the criterion method. Conclusion Using the 4CM, abnormal BC and associations between BC and lung function were detected, which were not apparent using simple anthropometry. The findings emphasise the importance of using appropriate techniques to measure BC in children with CF, and suggest that DXA with or without BIA may be most appropriate in clinical practice.

The kinematic analysis of an articulated twin body, four-wheel, robotic vehicle is presented. Polaris, a research platform and contending robotic vehicle in the Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition (IGVC) at Virginia Tech, was redesigned in 2006 to improve the mobility of the vehicle by incorporating an innovative four-bar linkage that connects the two bodies. The new linkage design minimizes vehicle off-tracking by allowing the rear wheels to closely track the path of the front wheels. This thesis will outline the theoretical kinematic model of the four-bar linkage as applied to a twin-bodied, differentially driven vehicle. The kinematic model is validated through computer simulation as well as experimentation on a fully operational robotic vehicle. The kinematic model presented here outlines the foundations for an autonomous, four-wheel drive, multi-body control system and opens avenues for dynamically controlling the tracking of the vehicleâ s rear body with an actuated linkage configuration.
Master of Science

Spacecraft trajectory optimization is a topic of crucial importance to space missions design. The less fuel required to accomplish the mission, the more payload that can be transported, and the higher the opportunity to lower the cost of the space mission. The objective is to find the optimal trajectory through space that will minimize the fuel used, and still achieve all mission constraints. Most space trajectories are designed using the simplified relative two-body problem as the base model. Using this patched conics approximation, however, constrains the solution space and fails to produce accurate initial guesses for trajectories in sensitive dynamics. This dissertation uses the Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem (CR3BP) as the base model for designing transfer trajectories in the Circular Restricted Four-Body Problem (CR4BP). The dynamical behavior of the CR3BP guides the search for useful low-energy trajectory arcs. Two distinct models of the CR4BP are considered in this research: the Concentric model, and the Bi-Circular model. Transfers are broken down into trajectory arcs in two separate CR3BPs and the stable and unstable manifold structures of both systems are utilized to produce low-energy transfer arcs that are later patched together to form the orbit-to-orbit transfer. The patched solution is then used as an initial guess in the CR4BP model. A vital contribution of this dissertation is the sequential process for initial guess generation for transfers in the CR4BP. The techniques discussed in this dissertation overcome many of the difficulties in the trajectory design process presented by the complicated dynamics of the CR4BP. Indirect optimization techniques are also used to derive the first order necessary conditions for optimality to assure the optimality of the transfers and determine whether additional impulses might further lower the total cost of the mission.
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Exciton dynamics in semiconductor nanostructures are dominated by the effects of many-body physics. The application of coherent spectroscopic tools, such as two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy (2dFTS), to the study of these systems can reveal signatures of these effects, and in combination with sophisticated theoretical modeling, can lead to more complete understanding of the behaviour of these systems. 2dFTS has previously been applied to the study of GaAs quantum well samples. In this thesis, we outline a precis of the technique before describing our own experiments using 2dFTS in a partially collinear geometry. This geometry has previously been used to study chemical systems, but we believe these experiments to be the first such performed on semiconductor samples. We extend this technique to a reflection mode 2dFTS experiment, which we believe to be the first such measurement. In order to extend the techniques of coherent spectroscopy to structured systems, we construct an experimental apparatus that permits us to control the beam geometry used to perform four-wave mixing reflection measurements. To isolate extremely weak signals from intense background fields, we extend a conventional lock-in detection scheme to one that treats the optical fields exciting the sample on an unequal footing. To the best of our knowledge, these measurements represent a novel spectroscopic tool that has not previously been described.
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The textbook corresponds to the general education programs of the general courses "Hydraulics" and "Fluid Mechanics". The basic physical properties of liquids, gases, and their mixtures, including the quantum nature of viscosity in a liquid, are described; the laws of hydrostatics, their observation in natural phenomena, and their application in engineering are described. The fundamentals of the kinematics and dynamics of an incompressible fluid are given; original examples of the application of the Bernoulli equation are given. The modes of fluid motion are supplemented by the features of the transient flow mode at high local resistances. The basics of flow similarity are shown. Laminar and turbulent modes of motion in pipes are described, and the classification of flows from a creeping current to four types of hypersonic flow around the body is given. The coefficients of nonuniformity of momentum and kinetic energy for several flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are calculated. Examples of solving problems of transient flows by hydraulic methods are given. Local hydraulic resistances, their use in measuring equipment and industry, hydraulic shock, polytropic flow of gas in the pipe and its outflow from the tank are considered. The characteristics of different types of pumps, their advantages and disadvantages, and ways of adjustment are described. A brief biography of the scientists mentioned in the textbook is given, and their contribution to the development of the theory of hydroaeromechanics is shown. The four appendices can be used as a reference to the main text, as well as a subject index. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions who study full-time, part-time, evening, distance learning forms of technological and mechanical specialties belonging to the group "Food Technology".

This chapter focuses on cognitive models of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders. It begins with a historical perspective, in which the antecedents of cognitive models are described. Contemporary cognitive models are then reviewed, predictions derived from the models are identified, and empirical evidence for these predictions is summarized. This is followed by a review of cognitive models of four OC-related disorders: hoarding, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, and trichotillomania. Finally, the conceptual problems with cognitive models of OCD and related disorders are identified, suggestions for improvements to the models are made, and potentially fruitful directions for future research are proposed.

This chapter argues that the most basic form of subjectivity is different from and more fundamental than having a self, and forwards a hypothesis about the origin of subjectivity in terms of interoception. None of those topics are new, and a consensus concerning the homeostatic-interoceptive origin of subjectivity is rapidly growing in the domains of the neurosciences and psychology. This chapter critically explores that growing consensus, and it argues that the idea that the brain topographically represents bodily states is unfit for thinking about the coming about of subjectivity. In the first part, four inherent characteristics of subjectivity are discussed from a philosophical phenomenological point of view. The second part explores whether a model of subjectivity in which interoception maintains its crucial role is possible without relying on topographical representations of the in-depth body, and giving due to the inherent characteristics of subjectivity.

This article discusses the first four decades of the history of random matrix theory (RMT), that is, until about 1990. It first considers Niels Bohr's formulation of the concept of the compound nucleus, which is at the root of the use of random matrices in physics, before analysing the development of the theory of spectral fluctuations. In particular, it examines the Wishart ensemble; Dyson's classification leading to the three canonical ensembles — Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble (GOE), Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE), and Gaussian Symplectic Ensemble (GSE); and the breaking of a symmetry or an invariance. It also describes how random matrix models emerged from quantum physics, more specifically from a statistical approach to the strongly interacting many-body system of the atomic nucleus. The article concludes with an overview of data on nuclear resonances, many-body theory, chaos, number theory, scattering theory, replica trick and supersymmetry, disordered solids, and interacting fermions and field theory.

One of the most challenging questions for Christian ecumenical theology is how the relationship between the eucharistic bread and wine and Jesus Christ’s body and blood can be appropriately described. This book takes a new approach to controverted questions of eucharistic presence by drawing on cognitive linguistics. Arguing that human cognition is grounded in sensorimotor experience and that phenomena such as metaphor and conceptual blending are basic building blocks of thought, the book proposes that inherited models of eucharistic presence are not necessarily mutually exclusive but can serve as complementary members of a shared ecumenical repertoire. The central element of this repertoire is the motif of identity, grounded in the Synoptic and Pauline institution narratives. The book argues that the statement “The eucharistic bread and wine are the body and blood of Christ” can be understood both as figurative and as true in the proper sense, thus resolving a church-dividing dichotomy. The identity motif is complemented by four major non-scriptural motifs: representation, change, containment, and conduit. Each motif with its entailments is explored in depth, and suggestions for ecumenical reconciliation in both doctrine and practices are offered. The book also provides an introduction to cognitive linguistics and offers suggestions for further reading in that field.

In Black Life Matter, Biko Mandela Gray offers a philosophical eulogy for Aiyana Stanley-Jones, Tamir Rice, Alton Sterling, and Sandra Bland that attests to their irreducible significance in the face of unremitting police brutality. Gray employs a theoretical method he calls “sitting-with”—a philosophical practice of care that seeks to defend the dead and the living. He shows that the police who killed Stanley-Jones and Rice reduced them to their bodies in ways that turn black lives into tools that the state uses to justify its violence and existence. He outlines how Bland’s arrest and death reveal the affective resonances of blackness, and he contends that Sterling’s physical movement and speech before he was killed point to black flesh as unruly living matter that exceeds the constraints of the black body. These four black lives, Gray demonstrates, were more than the brutal violence enacted against them; they speak to a mode of life that cannot be fully captured by the brutal logics of antiblackness.

This book provides an evidence-based review of the child health programme (CHP) in the UK, for children from pregnancy to the age of 7 years. The book takes account of different government policies and different models of delivery of the CHP in the four UK administrations. It utilizes research from all over the world, but references the evidence to UK policy and practice. The aim is to summarize evidence about ‘why’ and ‘what works’ in health promotion and health surveillance with children and families, and where possible give guidance on ‘how’ to implement and quality assure a programme—but it does not conclude on ‘who’ should provide the service. The review starts in pregnancy, and considers evidence of how environmental exposures and maternal stress during pregnancy affect the developing fetus, and summarizes evidence of effectiveness for interventions during pregnancy and the perinatal period. The growing body of evidence for effectiveness in health promotion and primary prevention is appraised, and recommendations made to support services based on the principle of proportionate universalism. Evidence supporting secondary prevention, screening, and case identification through opportunistic surveillance is reviewed, together with the arguments for delivery of enhanced support to families with extra assessed needs and targeted services for families with specific risk factors. To conclude, evidence-based recommendations are made for the organization and quality assurance of the CHP, and areas highlighted where more research evidence is needed to support practice. Learning links to online training and resources are provided for each chapter.

Tularaemia is a plague-like bacterial disease of animals (particularly rodents, hares, and rabbits) and man caused by five subspecies of Francisella. Two subspecies predominate: F. tularensis tularensis in North America and F. tularensis holarctica throughout the northern hemisphere. F. tularensis occurs in persistent natural foci causing localized epidemics and sporadic cases in man.Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis was described originally as causing a more virulent form of tularaemia than was seen in Europe. More recently recognized are subpopulations of Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis which have markedly different virulence for man. These have been designated A1a, A1b and A2. Infections resulting from type A1b have been shown to have an attributable mortality of 24% as compared to 4% for tularaemia caused by A1a types.F. tularensis is one of the most potent bacterial pathogens affecting humans with an infective dose from 1 to 10 organisms. The incubation period is usually 3–5 days (range from 1–21 days). Onset of disease is abrupt, with fever, chills, fatigue, general body aches, and headache. When the bacteria are acquired through skin or mucous membranes, tender regional node enlargement may become conspicuous. When bacteria are inhaled, the infection will result in deep lymph node enlargement.The clinical epidemiology of human infection is complex since it relates to one of four modes of transmission of the agent harboured in multiple hosts from diverse ecosystems. Clinical presentation of the human disease is indicative of both the mode of transmission and often the source of infection in a specific ecosystem. Tularaemia presenting as ulceroglandular disease results from either vector-borne infection from mosquito or tick bites or occurs as a result of animal contact from bites, hunting or from skinning hares or muskrats. Oropharyhgeal and typhoidal infections predominate in waterborne outbreaks of F. tularensis holarctica. Pulmonary or influenza disease results from airborne transmission associated with either farmers moving rodent contaminated hay or laboratory acquired infection. An intentional aerosol release of F. tularensis tularensis would be expected to result in clinical manifestations similar to those recognized in natural respiratory tularaemia. Both vector-borne and airborne transmission of F. tularensis may both be associated with florid skin manifestations as a presenting symptom of tularaemia. Pulmonary or typhoidal forms of the tularaemia may occur as a complication of localized infection.

The following is an update to a book entitled, “A Historical Review of Enzymatic Debridement: Revisited”, which I wrote in 2003. Since its publication, while the relevant clinical evidence has remained consistent, the amount of biochemical research and knowledge gained has been impressive. In the first chapter a sampling of the typical topical enzymatic debriding agents that have been used in wound care are reviewed and interestingly enough only one remains on the market. The FDA has removed all others from the marketplace and an explanation is provided in chapter one along with descriptions of the use and mode of action (MoA) of these agents. Chapter two is a review of the many different types of collagen found in the body, including their structure, form, and function as so much additional insight into this molecule has been gained since 2003. In chapter three we see an account depicting the many advances in understanding matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) reviewed in detail. Form, function, tissue orientation and preferred substrates are addressed. Finally, in chapter four we see the history of the MoA of MMPs as compared to bacterial collagenase starting in the early ‘80s to the time of this current publication. In addition we see the level of complexity of bacterial collagenases compared to MMPs, helping us to better understand why bacterial collagenase is much more efficient at removing necrotic tissue from wounds than are our own (endogenous) MMPs. I hope the reader finds this review useful from an academic standpoint, but more importantly from a clinical framework helping to understand the role of these types of therapies in wound care.

AbstractSystem identification as a field has been around since the 1950s with roots from statistical theory. A substantial body of concepts, theory, algorithms and experience has been developed since then. Indeed, there is a very extensive literature on the subject, with many text books, like [5, 8, 12]. Some main points of this “classical” field are summarized in this chapter, just pointing to the basic structure of the problem area. The problem centres around four main pillars: (1) the observed data from the system, (2) a parametrized set of candidate models, “the Model structure”, (3) an estimation method that fits the model parameters to the observed data and (4) a validation process that helps taking decisions about the choice of model structure. The crucial choice is that of the model structure. The archetypical choice for linear models is the ARX model, a linear difference equation between the system’s input and output signals. This is a universal approximator for linear systems—for sufficiently high orders of the equations, arbitrarily good descriptions of the system are obtained. For a “good” model, proper choices of structural parameters, like the equation orders, are required. An essential part of the classical theory deals with asymptotic quality measures, bias and variance, that aim at giving the best mean square error between the model and the true system. Some of this theory is reviewed in this chapter for estimation methods of the maximum likelihood character.

AbstractSimilar to the concept of general well-being for individuals and societies, researchers have proposed various approaches to the concepts of personal beliefs and quality of life (QoL). In this chapter, QoL is discussed from an individual, subjective, cognitive and behavioral perspective with a focus on personal beliefs. More specifically, we present stress management as an endeavor in which yoga and personal beliefs can be applied to improve QoL. Stress management is recognized as a major health factor influencing an individual’s QoL. Empowered behavior to manage stress is discussed using a four-step model (involving thoughts, beliefs, emotions and behavior), that describes how human behavior is shaped by habits formed through individual experiences that unconsciously influence one’s thoughts, belief systems and emotions. Interventions such as yoga and meditation lead practitioners to question and alter thoughts in ways that can lead to improvements in QoL. Studies have indicated that when yoga and meditation are practiced regularly, the body implements stress-reducing processes automatically and unconsciously when a stressful situation arises. Therefore, this chapter contributes to the literature by demonstrating how yoga and meditation intervene in the mechanisms by which thoughts, beliefs and feelings shape behavior, as have been detailed in recent studies. In addition to the implementation of yoga and meditation, the possible use of technology and other tools for the quantitative assessment of states as a means of facilitating self-empowered behavior is discussed.

Abstract Ungulates are present worldwide with 257 recorded species, including livestock. They cover different functional gradients, be it feeding regime, digestive strategy, body size, body mass, fur characteristics or sociality. All these specificities may intervene at different stages of animal-mediated plant dispersal. Ungulates move diaspores from both native and non-native plants, through endo- and epizoochory. Initially introduced by humans, non-native plants bearing specific traits can be carried over long distances and to new environments by ungulates. These vectors can further free local resources necessary for the germination and the subsequent growth of the released diaspores. We first looked at trait-based plant community changes at different timescales in the presence of different native ungulates. We then reviewed the literature on endozoochory, regurgitation and fur-epizoochory assisted by ungulates, focusing on the dispersal of non-native plants. We made an overall assessment of ungulate-mediated non-native plant dispersal by biogeographical zone and dispersal mode, and then provided additional information on plant growth form and taxonomy, vectors and associated modes of dispersal. Results are presented for four main ungulate families: Cervidae, Bovidae, Suidae and Equidae. For each family, we highlight our findings either by ungulate if sufficiently represented (e.g. Odocoileus virginianus, Bison bison, Bos taurus) or by group of species. According to their feeding regime, grazers dispersed solely forbs and graminoids whereas omnivores also dispersed plants from other growth forms (i.e. cactus, vine, shrub and tree). Numerous non-native plants are dispersed by ungulates around the world, but this is probably the visible part of the iceberg, as only 32 ungulates (i.e. 12%) have been studied as vectors so far, suggesting their overall contribution is certainly underrated.

The body image/body schema–ownership/agency (BI-BS/Ow-Ag) model seeks to explain different kinds of pathologies as part of a unified model. As part of this endeavour, this chapter attempts to apply the BI-BS/Ow-Ag model to the following phenomena: body integrity identity disorder (BIID), schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa (AN), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

This chapter discusses the state of the person's mind within their body. It begins with a discussion of how the Elizabethans defined the souls and the spirit, as influenced by the teachings of Aristotle. Next, the chapter discusses humoral theory. This is the idea that each human being was formed of the four elements — earth, water, air, and fire — each of which was associated with a particular fluid or ‘humour’ in the body. The chapter also considers how the humours were represented on stage. It goes on to explore how the complex humoral model of relations between mind and body was rendered even more intricate and variable by the workings of the passions: forces similar to the modern concept of the emotions. To conclude, the chapter examines Elizabethan mind–body relations.

Can the imaginary brains described in Chapter 1 have only representations of perceived patterns, objects, and events? Can hierarchical structures of neurons also represent feelings, beliefs, emotions, and other higher mental states? Creating feelings requires giving emotional perceptions, memories, plans, beliefs, and intentions. How can this be achieved? How are perceived objects and events using their significance for the fate of the conscious system? Do they meet the various needs of the system? In this chapter we show that to achieve this goal, to feel qualia and to create phenomenal awareness, it is necessary to embody the mind. Mental states, such as thoughts and desires, contain intentional content that can be described by referring to something that we expect or believe. Another category are sensory feelings that do not contain intentional content but instead have different qualitative properties like perceptions, impressions, and sensations. The authors indicate four main domains of cooperation between the body and the brain, so that the mind generated in the system has phenomenal consciousness. These domains are 1) The homeostatic system. The body or housing may contain sensors informing the brain about the internal conditions of the body. The signals from these sensors can complement the information coming from the external senses. 2) The motor system. The housing and body, together with the motor system, allow an individual to manipulate objects in the environment and its own body in the environment. The effects of these manipulations can broaden the experience and allow for their evaluation. 3) Participatory analysis. The body or housing can be used to predict, analyze, and plan activities by making calculations through a physical process. 4) The global states of the organism. Internal power supply parameters, information-processing speed, dynamics of operation, and sensitivity thresholds for internal and external sensors can affect performance, the results of evaluation of sensations, and the shape of neural representations. This assumption makes it possible to explain how the imaginary mind can feel subjective impressions, the qualia that are the basis of phenomenal consciousness. The bodily reactions to the sensory stimuli reaching the brain can give value to individual feelings, and emotions. Feeling hardness or smoothness, assessing the attractiveness of smells, judging the importance of sounds, and evaluating the favor of the environment based on images all go beyond the direct response of the senses. The entire brain is involved in the creation of a conscious mind, along with sensory processing, control of movements, memories, predictions, and all other brain structures. This is an emergent phenomenon that is not reflected in any part of the brain's apparatus. In this chapter, the authors explain to what extent we can be aware of our feelings, how far we can understand the world around us and our place in it, how we can consciously direct our thoughts, and how we can focus attention on something.

The aim of this paper is people recognition based on their gait. The authors propose a computer vision approach applied to video sequences extracting global features of human motion. From the skeleton, the authors extract the information about human joints. From the silhouette and the authors get the boundary features of the human body. The binary and gray-level-images contain different aspects about the human motion. This work proposes to recover the global information of the human body based on four segmented image models and applies a fusion model to improve classification. The authors consider frames as elements of distinct classes of video sequences and the sequences themselves as classes in a database. The classification rates obtained separately from four image sequences are then merged together by a fusion technique. The results were then compared with other techniques for gait recognition.

This chapter considered monitoring human health condition as vital variable for well-being of man/society required input data for effective daily planning. Researchers have contributed to prediction of incidence/recovery rate for malaria mortality. Modified state-estimation model based (matrix-formulation, weighted sum of squares of errors) was applied. The instrument (sphygmomanometer, etc.) is manipulated for study under investigation to examined existing state of system. Four (4) measurements data were analyzed from different geographical locations for patients with malaria endemic cases. Physician measurement data are implemented into modified state-estimation equations to estimate degree of error(s) to classify as bad measurement. Results shows bad data estimation attributed to poor instrument calibration, aging, and poor physician measurement. These reveal discrepancies between actual (true-measurement) and patient-physical measurements. Four vital measurements include blood pressure (Bp), blood sugar level (BSL), body temperature (BT), and Plasmodium ViVax with relied validation test following chi-square distribution for 2-degree freedom with 99% significance level suspected as error measurement. Model-matrix coded in MATLAB gives state-estimation results x1=8.5225andx2=13.235, indicating strong variation between actual and physical measurements for some patients having low pulse rate under the measurement of blood pressure (Bp). Essentially, physicians’ measurements must be revalidated for accuracy before drugs prescription/administration to avoid under- or over-dose since patients’ body chemistry varies significantly for different persons.

The Volvo Aero Corp. (VAC) Triangular Bluff Body Stabilized Combustion rig VR-1 has been extensively researched both in terms of experiments and theoretical treatment. Previous CFD work has concentrated on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models combined with the Level Set Flamelet Library approach. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) has also been applied to the case. In this paper the Zimont Turbulent Flame Closure (TFC) model has been investigated in conjunction with the k-ε, k-ω, SST k-ω and RSM RANS model implementations in ANSYS CFX 10.0. It is shown that the various RANS models generate significantly different results in terms of turbulent velocity and integral length scale fields. These parameters influence the computed turbulent flame speed. The turbulent viscosity fields also differ substantially between the various RANS models. This will affect the computed degree of flame front diffusion. For the investigated case; the TFC model combined with the k-ω model fairly accurately captures the recirculation zone length and overall turbulent flame speed. The measured case however displays Kelvin-Helmholtz induced oscillations of the shear layers behind the bluff body. This will combine with the free-stream turbulence and turbulence generated along the upstream surfaces of the bluff body to distort the flame sheets. The two flame fronts will also be subjected to other (unquantified) combustion related instabilities. The combined effect is not captured well in steady state RANS. The analysis is therefore seen to grossly under-predict flame front diffusion, regardless of turbulence model.

In this paper, a four-rigid-body element model is presented for description of flexible components of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). The element consists of four rigid bodies arranged in a chain structure fashion. The bodies of each element are linked by two universal joints at two ends, and one cylindrical joint at the middle. Thus each element has six degrees of freedom. They are four degrees of freedom for bending, one degree of freedom for torsion, and one degree of freedom for axial stretching. For each degree of freedom, a spring is used to describe the stiffness of the component. Stiffness of each spring is obtained by using potential energy equivalence between a Timoshenko beam and these springs. With these considerations, flexible components of a HAWT such as blades and tower may then be represented by connecting several such elements together. Based on four-rigid-body element model, the tower and blades of a HAWT are constructed. Their equations of motion are then derived via Kane’s dynamical method. Commercial computational multibody dynamic analysis software Autolev has been used for motion simulation of tower and blades under given initial conditions. Simulation results associated with the tower indicate that four-rigid-body element model is suitable for analysis of dynamic loads, modal, and vibration of wind turbines with respect to fixed and moving references at high computational efficiency and low simulation costs. The approach is also a good candidate for simulating dynamical behaviors of wind turbines and preventing their fatigue failures in time domain.

Abstract This paper uses a familiar classical mechanism, the pantograph, to demonstrate the utility of the pseudo-rigid-body model in the design of compliant mechanisms to replace rigid-link mechanisms, and to illustrate the advantages and limitations of the resulting compliant mechanisms. To demonstrate the increase in design flexibility, three different compliant mechanism configurations were developed for a single corresponding rigid-link mechanism. The rigid-link pantograph consisted of six links and seven joints, while the corresponding compliant mechanisms had no more than two links and three joints (a reduction of at least four links and four joints). A fourth compliant pantograph, corresponding to a rhomboid pantograph, was also designed and tested. The test results showed that the pseudo-rigid-body model predictions were accurate over a large range, and the mechanisms had displacement characteristics of rigid-link mechanisms in that range. The limitations of the compliant mechanisms included reduced range compared to their rigid-link counterparts. Also, the force-deflection characteristics were predicted by the pseudo-rigid-body model, but they did not resemble those for a rigid-link pantograph because of the energy storage in the flexible segments.

Abstract The pseudo-rigid-body modeling technique is used to simplify the nonlinear analysis of compliant mechanisms. This paper presents the first work that investigates the possibility of using the pseudo-rigid-body model to predict the dynamic response of compliant mechanisms. Four different configurations of the parallel-guiding mechanism are modeled and tested, as well as two configurations of compliant straight-line mechanisms. The model predictions of the first natural frequencies were compared with experimental results for all six mechanism configurations. The model predictions are within 9% of the experimental results for all cases.

A new mathematical multi-segmented model based on an improved Stolwijk model is developed for predicting nude human thermal and regulatory responses within body segments and the environment. The passive model segments the body into the 15 cylindrical parts. Each body part is divided into four nodes of core, skin, artery blood, and vein blood. The body nodes interact with each other through convection, perfusion and conduction. In any body element, the blood exiting the arteries and flowing into the capillaries is divided into blood flowing in the core (exchanges heat by perfusion in the core) and blood flowing into the skin layer (exchanges heat by perfusion in the skin). The model calculates the blood circulation flow rates based on exact physiological data of Avolio [1], real dimensions, and anatomic positions of the arteries in the body. The circulatory system model takes into consideration the pulsatile blood flow in the macro arteries with its effect on the convective heat transport. The inclusion of calculated blood perfusion in both the tissue and the skin, based on the arterial system model and the heart rate is unique for the current model. The bio-heat human model is capable of predicting accurately nude human transient physiological responses such as the body’s skin, tympanic, and core temperatures, sweat rates, and the dry and latent heat losses from each body segment. The nude body model predictions are compared with published theoretical and experimental data at a variety of ambient conditions and activity. The current model agrees well with experimental data during transient hot exposures. The nude human model has an accuracy of less than 8% for the whole-body heat gains or losses and ±0.48°C for skin temperature values.

This paper provides a generalized approach for the design of compliant mechanisms. The paper discusses the implicit uncoupling, between the kinematic and energy/torque equations, enabled by the pseudo-rigid-body model concept, and utilizes it for designing a variety of compliant mechanism types for a wide-range of user specifications. Pseudo-rigid-body four-bar mechanisms, with one to four torsional springs located at the revolute joints, are considered to demonstrate the design methodology. Mechanisms are designed for conventional tasks, such as function, path and motion generation, and path generation with prescribed timing, with energy/torque specified at the precision-positions. State-of-the-art rigid-body synthesis techniques are applied to the pseudo-rigid-body model to satisfy the kinematic requirements. Energy/torque equations are then used to account for the necessary compliance according to the user specifications. The approach utilizes a conventional, simple yet efficient optimization formulation to solve energy/torque equations that allow a designer to i) achieve realistic solutions, ii) specify appropriate energy/torque values, and iii) reduce the sensitivities associated with the ‘synthesis with compliance’ approach. A variety of examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the approach. All of the examples are verified with the finite element software ANSYS®.

Long-time numerical simulations of large-scale mechanistic models of complex systems (e.g., molecular dynamics, computational fluid dynamics, structural finite element, or multi-body dynamics models) are still problematic, either due to numerical instabilities or the excessive necessary computational resources. Therefore, reduced models that can be simulated for long-time and provide truthful approximations to the actual long-time dynamics, are needed. A new framework — based on new concepts of dynamical consistency and subspace robustness — for identifying subspaces suitable for reduced-order model development is presented. Model reductions based on proper and smooth orthogonal decompositions (POD and SOD, respectively) are considered and tested using a nonlinear four-degree-of-freedom model. It is shown that the new framework identifies subspaces that provide accurate model reductions for a range of forcing parameters, and that only four and higher dimensional models could be dynamically consistent. In addition, for reduced-order models based on randomly driven data, a four-dimensional SOD-based model outperformed a five-dimensional POD-based model. Finally, randomly driven data-based models generally outperformed harmonically driven data-based models when tested for a wide range of forcing amplitudes.

In conventional motion generation, the objective is to calculate the mechanism parameters required to achieve or approximate a set of prescribed rigid-body poses. This mechanism design objective is particularly useful when the rigid-body must achieve a specific displacement sequence for effective operation. A spatial four-bar motion generation model that also includes static structural conditions is formulated and demonstrated in this work. Using RRSS mechanism, spatial four-bar motion generators are synthesized with respect to static torque.

The kinematic analysis and design of an articulated twin body, four-wheel, robotic vehicle is presented. The mobility of the vehicle is improved by connecting the two bodies with a four-bar linkage rather than the standard revolute-jointed body connection used in earlier designs. When properly proportioned, the new linkage design passively minimizes vehicle off-tracking by allowing the rear wheels to closely track the path of the front wheels. This significantly improves the ability of the vehicle to deal with cluttered environments. We outline the theoretical kinematic model of the four-bar linkage as applied to a twin-bodied, differentially driven vehicle. This model is validated through computer simulation as well as experimentation on a fully operational robotic vehicle. The kinematic model provides the foundation for an actively-controlled, linkage-based tracking system.

A Multi-Body vehicle model aimed at reproducing the vertical dynamics of a light-duty commercial vehicle is presented in this paper. In order to properly model the vehicle and to identify some unknown structural parameters, experimental tests have been carried on a four-post test rig and on ordinary roads.

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are expected to improve safety by gradually reducing human decisions while driving. However, there are still questions on their effectiveness as we transition from almost 0% CAVs to 100% CAVs with different levels of vehicle autonomy. This research focuses on synthesizing literature and identifying risk factors influencing fatal crashes involving level 1 and level 2 CAVs in the United States. Fatal crashes involving level 0 vehicles—ones that are not connected and automated—were compared to minimize unobserved heterogeneity and randomness associated with the influencing risk factors. The research team used the fatal crash data for the years 2016 to 2019 for the analysis. A partial proportionality odds model is developed using crash, road, and vehicle characteristics as the independent variables and the fatal crash involving a vehicle with a specific level of automation as the dependent variable. The results of this research indicate that level 1 and level 2 CAVs are less likely to be involved in a fatal crash at four-way intersections, on two-way routes with wide medians, at nighttime, and in poor lighting conditions when compared to level 0 vehicles. However, they are more likely than level 0 vehicles to be involved in a fatal crash with pedestrians and bicyclists. Comparative analysis between vehicles with smart features and other vehicles indicated that pedestrian automatic emergency braking (PAEB) and lane-keeping assistance (LKA) improve the safety by reducing possible collision with a pedestrian and roadside departure, respectively. Contrarily, vehicles with other smart features are still highly likely to be involved in fatal crashes. This research adds to the growing body of literature that will identify potential areas for improvement in the safety of vehicular technologies and road geometry.

Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.