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1
Dan, Olena, and Larysa Trofimova. "A Study of The Properties of Forming Mixtures Containing Polystyrene Wastes." Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering 5, no. 2 (June 9, 2021): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/jcme.2021.5.2.14.
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Expanded polystyrene is widely used as a material for packaging, in modern construction as a heat and sound insulation layer, in thermal insulation systems for buildings, as well as tanks and pipelines. It is additionally used in foundry engineering for the production of models which are gasified during the production of castings from ferrous and non-ferrous alloys under the contact with liquid metal. The use of expanded polystyrene products is associated with waste generation, both in production and in consumption. About 40–50 kg/person of polystyrene waste is generated per year. The peculiarity of polymeric wastes is their resistance to aggressive environments. They do not rot and the destruction processes in natural conditions proceed rather slowly, with the formation of harmful substances that poison the environment. Therefore, the problem of the processing of waste from polymeric materials is of great importance, not only from the standpoint of environmental protection, but also due to the fact that in conditions of a shortage of polymer raw materials, this waste becomes a powerful raw material resource. This article describes the prospects for recycling expanded polystyrene wastes in foundry engineering. In this work, the properties of molding and core sands containing a combined binder, consisting of a solution of expanded polystyrene wastes in turpentine and clay were investigated, and their main characteristics (weight during stretching and crumbling) were determined. Molding and core mixtures, which contain only a binder in the form of a solution of expanded polystyrene in turpentine, have a crude strength of not more than 0.01 MPa. The introduction of a mixture of clay in the amount of 2–3% allows a crude strength of the mixture of up to 0.05 MPa to be obtained. After drying, the investigated mixtures containing a solution of expanded polystyrene wastes and clay have a tensile strength of up to 2.1 MPa. Mixtures into which a solution of polystyrene wastes and clay was introduced have an insignificant gas capacity and satisfactory gas permeability.
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Bartkowski, Dariusz, Aneta Bartkowska, Paweł Popielarski, Jakub Hajkowski, and Adam Piasecki. "Characterization of W–Cr Metal Matrix Composite Coatings Reinforced with WC Particles Produced on Low-Carbon Steel Using Laser Processing of Precoat." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 21, 2020): 5272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225272.
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The paper presents the study results of laser processing of precoat applied on C30 steel. The precoat consisted of powder mixtures with a binder in the form of water glass. Tungsten powder, chromium, and tungsten carbide (WC) were used to produce the precoat. The laser processing was carried out using a Yb:YAG disc laser with a rated power of 1 kW. Constant producing parameters (power of laser beam, 600 W; laser beam scanning rate, 400 mm/min) were applied. Chemical composition of the precoat was a variable parameter in coating production. A mixture consisting of 50% W and 50% Cr as a metal matrix was prepared. Subsequently, WC particles in weight ratios of 25%, 50%, and 75% were added to matrix. As a result, W–Cr metal matrix composite coatings reinforced with WC particles were formed. This study focused on investigation of microstructure, microhardness, phase, and chemical composition as well as corrosion and wear resistance, of the newly formed W–Cr/WC coatings. An instrumented nanoindentation test was also used in this study. As a result of laser beam action, the newly formed coatings had an interesting microstructure and good properties which were improved in comparison to substrate material. It is anticipated that the resulting coatings, depending on the treatment parameters (e.g., W–Cr/WC powder mixture) used, can be successfully applied to metal forming or foundry tools.
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Vdovin, K. N., A. A. Zaitseva, and N. A. Feoktistov. "Research of Properties and Structure of Boron-modified Roll-foundry Iron." Journal of Materials Science Research 5, no. 2 (February 23, 2016): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v5n2p82.
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<p class="1Body">The aim of the research is to determine the properties and the structure of boron-alloyed iron used for rolls production. It was found that boron can form different carbides in iron, which significantly improve both hardenability and microhardness. Iron borides Fe<sub>3</sub>(B,C) are also formed in cast iron as only 40% of carbon atoms in cementite matrix can be replaced by boron. Besides, boron influences the temperatures of structural constituents decomposition (increases the rate of cementite decomposition), it also decreases the temperatures of developing phase transformations. The research group determined the kinetics of martensite decomposition, which is formed when chilled cast iron is poured into a metal mold and then undergoes thermal treatment to the temperature of 400 °C. In the temperature range of 210 – 400 °C the main process is decomposition of the retained austenite into bainite, while in the temperature range of 400 – 500 °C, the main process is decomposition of martensite and forming a ferrite-cementite mixture. In order to get the necessary properties of the roll face, it is necessary to provide its thermal treatment (tempering), when it is heated to the temperature of 400 °C to avoid martensite decomposition, because otherwise in the process of roll operation it can result in crack formation. </p>
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Vdovin, K. N., A. A. Zaitseva, and N. A. Feoktistov. "Research of Properties and Structure of Boron-modified Roll-foundry Iron." Journal of Materials Science Research 5, no. 2 (February 23, 2016): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v5n2p88.
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<p class="1Body">The aim of the research is to determine the properties and the structure of boron-alloyed iron used for rolls production. It was found that boron can form different carbides in iron, which significantly improve both hardenability and microhardness. Iron borides Fe<sub>3</sub>(B,C) are also formed in cast iron as only 40% of carbon atoms in cementite matrix can be replaced by boron. Besides, boron influences the temperatures of structural constituents decomposition (increases the rate of cementite decomposition), it also decreases the temperatures of developing phase transformations. The research group determined the kinetics of martensite decomposition, which is formed when chilled cast iron is poured into a metal mold and then undergoes thermal treatment to the temperature of 400 °C. In the temperature range of 210 – 400 °C the main process is decomposition of the retained austenite into bainite, while in the temperature range of 400 – 500 °C, the main process is decomposition of martensite and forming a ferrite-cementite mixture. In order to get the necessary properties of the roll face, it is necessary to provide its thermal treatment (tempering), when it is heated to the temperature of 400 °C to avoid martensite decomposition, because otherwise in the process of roll operation it can result in crack formation. </p>
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Soddell, Jacques A., Robert J. Seviour, Linda L. Blackall, and Phil Hugenholtz. "New foam-forming nocardioforms found in activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1998): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0704.
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In a numerical taxonomic survey of foam-forming actinomycetes, representatives of four groups were selected for further taxonomic study because they either did not cluster with known reference strains of nocardioforms or their relationship to them was uncertain. Phylogenetic studies, using 16S rDNA sequencing, showed that one group probably represented a previously described species, Rhodococcus erythropolis, but two possibly represented new species of Gordona and Rhodococcus. The fourth group represented an independent line of descent, possibly a new genus. These, together with strains of foam-formers Gordona amarae and Skermania piniformis, were evaluated for their growth on hydrophobic substrates likely to be found in activated sludge plants. All grew well on vegetable oils (olive, safflower and coconut) and on mixtures of hydrocarbons like paraffin oil, but at varying rates. However, growth on kerosene and hexadecane was less consistent. One feature of growth on the hydrophobic substrates was the attachment of most cells to the hydrophobic substrate rather than growth in the aqueous phase. This suggests a possible method for competing for nutrients with faster-growing (but not hydrophobic) organisms in activated sludge.
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Dotsenko, Vadim, Viktoria Boichuk, Vadym Fedorenko, and Yevhenii Tsybulskyi. "OBTAINING OF LOCALLY OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS BY COMBINING PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES FOR FOUNDRY MANUFACTURE." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 6 (November 30, 2018): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2018.00795.
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The aim of research is establishment of the relationship between the various properties of the mixture with liquid glass and hardener for the foundry industry – survivability, compressive strength and crumbling. Such an interrelation in the form of an adequate functional dependence makes it possible to assess the quality of the mixture for its compliance with the specified requirements, without resorting to additional laboratory measurements. It is very important to evaluate its suitability for the manufacture of rods, in particular, to meet the stringent requirements of production. Using the combined procedure of active and passive experiments, a regression equation was obtained describing the dependence of the mixture survivability on compressive strength and crumbling. It has been established that compressive strength is a more significant factor influencing survivability compared to crumbling, and it is almost 3 times (а1=0.36>а2=0.13). Analysis of the resulting regression equation shows that both of these factors have a positive effect on the survivability of the mixture – with an increase in compressive strength and crumbling, the survivability increases. In part, this conclusion requires confirmation in relation to crumbling, since the fact of a positive effect on survivability may be in doubt. By applying the procedure of comb analysis to the obtained regression equation, in order to describe the response surface, locally optimal solutions are established in the form of a ridge line. This line represents the optimal combination of compressive strength and shedding in the sense of ensuring the maximum survivability of the mixture. The corresponding ratios can be used as a nomogram, which allows to evaluate the ratios of the desired properties of the mixture, if it is fundamentally important to assess its quality by a set of properties.
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Liu, Tao, Quan Bo Tang, and Jian Hua Zhao. "The Tendency of Oxide Inclusion on Magnesium Alloys Intake Manifold in Tilt Cast." Materials Science Forum 686 (June 2011): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.686.367.
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The oxide inclusion formation tendency in tilting cast magnesium alloys intake manifold was studied by numerical simulation. Two different programs were used for results comparison. The results indicate that it was easier to form oxide inclusion when connecting foundry ladle with the junction panel of intake manifold instead of cavity resonator. The oxidation mixture is prone to appear at the ribs and outer wall of the four main air piles of the intake manifold. The formation of oxide inclusion would be influenced by the flowing state of the melt during casting process.
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H., Arjun, and Pinaki Chaudhuri. "Glass forming liquids in a quenched random potential." Soft Matter 16, no. 14 (2020): 3574–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm01729a.
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A study of the emergence of glassy dynamics in a model two-dimensional colloidal binary mixture, via the interplay of the intrinsic density correlations with a quenched disorder in the form an externally imposed spatially random potential.
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Яремчук, О. М., and А. В. Кулік. "ГЕНЕЗИС ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ БАЗОВИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ КОЛЬОРУ." Art and Design, no. 3 (December 5, 2019): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2617-0272.2019.3.12.
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Purpose. The determination of the formation features of basic models of color and identification of color in the initial stages (the 18th – 19th centuries) of scientific research of the problem. Methodology of the research is based on historical and cultural method. The source base is the artistic, scientific and technical literature of the studied period and also artefacts. Results. This publication reveals a generalized approach to theoretical developments on color perception and identification, and covers the initial period of color research and the formation of basic models of color (the 18th – 19th centuries). So in the middle of the 17th century I. Newton founded a seven-color ordering model, placing them to a closed color circle. At about the same time, other attempts at color systemization were proposed, such as color identification in the form of tables of existing paints, the work of I. Brennen and R. Waller. Subsequently, Jacob Christoph Le Blon concluded that in order to get results, you could use only three colors, namely red, yellow and blue. Based on this work, M. Harris presented his color circle, J. Lambert – a triangular color pyramid, and Ph.Runge built a color sphere using the principle of the globe. Goethe, contrary to Newton's physical doctrine of colors, conceived another system, it was based on the phenomenological perception of color. According to Goethe and his followers, the colors come from the struggle of "light" and "darkness". A. Schopenhauer took the step that J. Goethe lacked in his thinking: A. Schopenhauer formed a doctrine of color in terms of psychology, noting the enormous role that our brain plays in color perception, and proposing his model of identification by the principle of intensity / extensiveness/quality. for the formal description of the tri-color system of color, forming a mathe-confirmation of T. Young's theory and came to the conclusion that for the comparison of all shades, three light sources were needed and sufficient: in the red, green and blue parts of the spectrum. The perception of other colors is conditioned by the interaction of these constituents. In his work, J. Maxwell proved that all colors come from a mixture of three spectral colors: red, green, and blue. Based on his research, he introduced the first two-dimensional color spectrum visualization system. H. Grassmann's merit is the mathematical representation of the three spectral colors. E. Hering's theory highlights the psychological aspects of color vision: warm sensations occur for white, yellow, and red colors, while cold sensations occur for black, dark blue, and light blue. G. Peano introduced the concept of "color space" as a system of vector space equations.
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Langlais, Joseph, and Alain Lemieux. "The SEED Technology for Semi-Solid Processing of Aluminum Alloys: A Metallurgical and Process Overview." Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (October 2006): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.472.
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As part of the foundry technology program, Alcan is developing a liquid-based slurrymaking process known as the SEED technology for semi-solid forming. The technology is presently entering the industrial and commercial stages, and will be used by the first customers in late 2006. The semi-solid process offers many advantages to economically fabricate near-net-shape parts having superior quality. The SEED process helps to overcome problems experienced with thixocasting and especially the high cost of feedstock. The SEED process involves two main steps: 1) heat extraction to achieve a desired liquid/solid mixture, and 2) drainage of an excess liquid to produce a self-supporting semi-solid slug that is formed under pressure. An overview of the industrial SEED technology advantages such as the alloy processing flexibility (A356, AA6061) and large slug dimensions and weights, is presented. The influence of the SEED processing parameters (slurry preparation) on the final mechanical properties and the microstructure evolution is also reported.
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Botashev, Anvar Yu, Abubakar A. Musaev, and Ruslan V. Betrakhmadov. "Research the Impulse Stamping Technology of High-Strength Hard-to-Form Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 910 (February 15, 2022): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-lb3673.
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This article is devoted to expanding the technological capabilities of the gas-forming stamping method by increasing the pressure of combustion products acting on the surface of a workpiece stamped. Therefore, a scheme of a two-chamber device and a method for compressing the fuel mixture is proposed. The essence of the method is that of carrying out the stamping products under the high gas pressure, which is created by compression and subsequent combustion of the gaseous fuel mixture. To ensure the compression of the fuel mixture, the device is equipped with two combustion chambers separated by a piston. Due to this method, the pressure rises sharply. Under the influence of the combustion products' pressure, the workpiece is intensely deformed and fills the cavity of the matrix. This method of sheet stamping, implemented on a two-chamber device, will increase the gas pressure on the surface of the forged workpiece to 70-80 MPa at a fuel mixture pressure of 1 MPa, which ensures stamping of a variety range of parts in almost all branches of small-scale production related to metalworking.
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Gel’chinskii, B. R., E. V. Dyul’dina, and L. I. Leont’ev. "MOLECULAR DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF THE MELT OF OXIDE-FLUORIDE INDUSTRIAL SLAG-FORMING MIXTURE." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 9 (October 23, 2019): 719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-9-719-724.
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The paper discusses the results of molecular dynamic simulation of a melt of the multicomponent oxide-fluoride system CaO – SiO2 – – Al2O3 – MgO – Na2O – K2O – CaF2 – FeO, corresponding to composition of industrial slag-forming mixture (SFM) used in steel casting for slag targeting in the mold of a continuous casting machine (in wt %: 35.35 % SiO2 , 30.79 % CaO, 8.58 % Al2O3 , 1.26 % MgO, 13.73 % CaF2 , 7.57 % Na2O, 0.88 % K2O, and 1.82 % FeO). These concentrations were converted to mole fractions, and the number of ions was calculated for each of the components in the model. An eightcomponent oxide-fluoride melt containing 2003 ions in the main cube with a side length of 31.01 Å was simulated under periodic boundary conditions at an experimentally determined solidification onset temperature of 1257 K at constant volume. Coulomb interaction was taken into account by the Ewald–Hansen method. The time step was 0.05t0, where t0 = 7,608·10–14 s is the internal unit of time. The melt density was taken to be 3.04 g/cm3 based on our experimental data. The interparticle interaction potentials were chosen in the Born–Mayer form. Based on the simulation results, the structure of subcrystalline groups of atoms present in the melt at the temperature of solidification onset was determined. A discussion of the simulation results and their comparison with the literature data was held. It is shown that the computer model allows one to obtain a fairly realistic picture of atomic structure of the slag melt, indicating that the main structural component of all silicate systems is silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. Tetrahedra in silicates are either in the form of structural units isolated from each other, or, connecting together through peaks, they form complex anions. It is consistent with the theory of slag melts. Molecular-dynamic simulation allows one to obtain adequate information on structure of the melt of a certain chemical composition.
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Vance, E. R. "Synroc: A Suitable Waste Form for Actinides." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 12 (December 1994): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400048661.
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Synroc, a ceramic made from a reactive mixture of Al, Ba, Ca, Ti, and Zr oxides, is proving to be a suitable and effective medium for immobilizing nuclear wastes.Synroc-C, a titanate-based ceramic variant, was initially developed in 1978 by Ringwood et al. for immobilizing high-level nuclear waste (HLW) from nuclear power reactor fuel reprocessing. HLW is essentially a solution of radioactive fission products, actinides, and process contaminants in ~3 mol/L nitric acid. The developers of Synroc-C aimed to immobilize radioactive waste ions by incorporating them in a ceramic. They accomplished this by mixing the HLW solution (liquid waste) with a ceramic precursor, then forming the ceramic by drying, calcining, and hot-pressing the mixture in a metal container for two hours at 1200°C/20 MPa. The result, Synroc-C, is composed of hol-landite, zirconolite, perovskite, and rutile, together with a few percent of minor phases and metal alloys. The Synroc-C precursor has the following composition (wt%): Al203(5.4); BaO(5.6); CaO(11); TiO2(71.4); and ZrO2(6.6). Since 1984, it has been prepared by hydrolyzing a mixture of Al, Ti, and Zr alkoxides with an aqueous slurry of Ba and Ca hydroxide. The abundances of the phases, and the radionuclides contained in them in dilute solid solution, are identified in Table I.
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Huang, Hong Liang, Hui Fang Zhang, Yan Fang Li, Wen Yu, and Fei Zhao. "Experimental Study of Influence of Composed Materials on Masonry Mortar’s Workability." Advanced Materials Research 578 (October 2012): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.578.117.
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In the experiment the author selected different materials, and designed 40 kinds of mixture proportions according to four strengths M5, M7.5, M10 and M15 of common masonry mortar. During a period of nearly seven months, the author has conducted all the business of every step involved in the process like trial mix, mixing, forming, form removal, curing and intensity test. Finally through analysis and comparison of Workability of masonry mortar mixture, the author looks forward to figuring out an ideal mixture pattern and its proportion between the materials within the group.
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Xu, Shun Jian, Guan Jun Qiao, Di Chen Li, Hong Jie Wang, and Tian Jian Lu. "Using of Ethylene Glycol as Pore-Form Agent to Form Interconnected Mesopores in Carbonized Phenol Resin." Materials Science Forum 569 (January 2008): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.569.265.
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We used ethylene glycol as pore-forming agent to prepare porous carbon with interconnected pores derived from phenol–formaldehyde resin. The mixture of resins and glycol was by polymerization and pyrolysis monolithic material of porous carbon with interconnected mesopores and a narrow pore size range. The average pore size of the porous carbon obtained was 28.2 nm. The nitrogen adsorption isotherm for the porous carbon exhibited type IV isotherm, which corresponded to mesoporous adsorption. The method could endow porous carbon with BET surface area and pore volume about 500 m2/g and 0.607 cm3/g, respectively. The mesopores in porous carbon formed as a result of phase separation of resin-rich phase and glycol-rich phase at polymerization and remove of glycol-rich at subsequent pyrolysis.
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Wang, Wei, Yu Liu, Peng Fei Wen, and Jun Tong. "Numerical Simulation on the Shape of Stamping Part about Hot Forming and Quenching." Applied Mechanics and Materials 328 (June 2013): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.328.450.
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With the application of ultra high strength steel in vehicle manufacturing field, the hot forming method which is used to form the high strength sheet at high temperature and cool rapidly in dies to obtain the final part has been studied extensively. In this paper, The FE model that contained thermal mechanical-microstructure and strain model represented by a mixture law for hot forming was discussed, and further been applied to hot forming and quenching process simulation of 22MnB5 metal sheet of U-shape constant section part. The computed results of final part shape and hardness after cooled in air, in water without dies and cooled within dies were compared respectively.
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Lourenço, Nuno, Henrique Santos, and Carlos Sá. "The Use of Sodium Silicate to Improve Wetting of Tungsten Carbide Powder with Ductile Iron." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.118.
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A tungsten carbide insert is produced during ductile iron foundry practice to increase the surface hardness of the material. The insert is ensured with the help of a critical quantity of a binder, around 3 weight percent of sodium silicate, previously mixed with the tungsten carbide powder. The binder is verified to form a film around the tungsten carbide particles and bridges amongst these enveloped particles; these films and bridges are replaced by the ductile iron melt during the molding cavity filling. After solidification, a sound inserted layer is formed, composed of tungsten carbide particles in a tungsten enriched cast iron matrix. In the absence of the binder addition to the tungsten carbide powder no inserted layer is produced. The surface hardness of the inserted test pieces is close to 500VHN/4.9N and the respective thickness is around 2.5 mm. The characterization of the effect of the sodium silicate in the mixture has been the main purpose of this work
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Sundaram, V., K. V. Logan, and R. F. Speyer. "Reaction path in the magnesium thermite reaction to synthesize titanium diboride." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 10 (October 1997): 2657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0355.
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TiB2, along with MgO and Mg3B2O6, was formed by a thermite reaction between Mg, amorphous B2O3, and TiO2 powders in argon. The mixture 5Mg–TiO2–B2O3 along with binary mixtures and single components were analyzed using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Large (25 g) specimens were also ignited in bulk using a resistance-heated nichrome wire. The reaction path in forming TiB2 in the three component mixture was deduced. Mg reduces TiO2 and B2O3 to form Ti and MgB2, respectively, which in turn react to form TiB2. In an oxidizing atmosphere, the significant speed of the reaction permitted solid state reaction to form TiB2 before atmospheric oxygen could diffuse into the powder mass and react to form oxide phases. Thermite reactions in air have the advantage (over furnace heating in air) of not providing time at elevated temperatures for Mg and intermediate products to become consumed in the formation of oxides, nor time for oxidation degradation of TiB2.
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Wijaya, Hanny. "Neighbour Programme: The Mixture of Southeast Asian Visual Culture." Humaniora 5, no. 2 (October 30, 2014): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v5i2.3129.
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Neighbour Programme was initiated in 2010 by three institutions from Southeast Asia: Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand; then Indonesia joined them a year later in 2011. These institutions, which specialise in art and design, decided to develop a project about cultural exchange that aimed to reconnect art and design in the form of a dialogue and research as practice. This project also intended to include forming mutual networks to organise exchange programmes, creating cultural collisions within this mixture. Based on thought that Southeast Asia’s countries have the same root of art, culture and heritage, Neighbour focused on searching a different topic each year that could be explored and developed into knowledge and understanding for both students and lecturers, and hopefully to publics about their own visual culture. Neighbour has running since 2010 and still developing until present. This project has used different methods, such as Constructivist Learning that gave new perspective of gaining knowledge; and hopefully Neighbour will keep trying to find a new method to engage art, design, and culture with publics internationally.
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Keruckiene, Rasa, Simona Vekteryte, Ervinas Urbonas, Matas Guzauskas, Eigirdas Skuodis, Dmytro Volyniuk, and Juozas V. Grazulevicius. "Synthesis and properties of quinazoline-based versatile exciplex-forming compounds." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (May 28, 2020): 1142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.101.
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Three compounds, bearing a quinazoline unit as the acceptor core and carbazole, dimethyldihydroacridine, or phenothiazine donor moieties, were designed and synthesized in two steps including a facile copper-catalyzed cyclization and a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The photophysical properties of the compounds, based on theoretical calculations and experimental measurements, as well as the electrochemical and thermal properties, are discussed. The synthesized compounds form glasses with glass-transition temperatures ranging from 116 °C to 123 °C. The ionization potentials estimated by cyclic voltammetry of the derivatives were in the range of 5.22–5.87 eV. The 3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole-substituted quinazoline-based compound forms a sky-blue emitting exciplex in solid mixture with the acceptor 2,4,6-tris[3-(diphenylphosphinyl)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine as well as an orange emitting exciplex with the donor 4,4′,4″-tris[3-methylphenyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine. A white OLED based on these versatile exciplex systems with a relatively high maximum brightness of 3030 cd/m2 and an external quantum efficiency of 0.5% was fabricated.
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Нецвет, Д., Dar'ya Necvet, В. Нелюбова, Viktoriya Nelyubova, В. Строкова, and Valeriya Strokova. "COMPOSITE BINDER WITH MINERAL ADDITIVES FOR NON-AUTOCLAVE FOAM CONCRETE." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 4, no. 4 (April 25, 2019): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/article_5cb1e65d077f65.54773394.
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The possibility of increasing efficiency of non-autoclaved foam concrete due to the use of complex binder with mineral components of different composition has been theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed. The opportunity to use the anhydrous calcium sulphate as a modifying component of the mixture is proved, which accelerates the setting of the mixture. This allows to "fix" the structure of the aerated concrete mixture with minimal shrinkage deformations. It is shown that the combined use of anhydrite and a mineral additive in the form of a quartz suspension obtained by grinding sand in an aqueous medium leads to a liquefaction of the mixture, which is associated with a decrease in the share of the structure-forming component. From a technological point of view, this will allow obtaining materials with a rational pore structure by optimizing the processes of pores formation. Composite binder with mineral additives is characterized by increased strength with a reduced share of clinker component in comparison with cement. In result, the minimization of shrinkable deformations and improvement of the quality of cellular concrete are ensured
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Ma, Hongzhou, Zhixian Wang, Yaoning Wang, and Dingding Wang. "Phase transformation involved in the reduction process of magnesium oxide in calcined dolomite by ferrosilicon with additive of aluminum." Green Processing and Synthesis 9, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2020-0017.
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AbstractMetal magnesium is mainly produced from the calcined dolomite by the silicothermic production. However, in this process, the reduction temperature is higher while the reaction speed is slow, which results in higher energy consumption and serious environmental problems. In this paper, adding aluminum into the ferrosilicon reducing agent is expected to lower the reaction temperature so as to solve the problems above. The phase transition involved in the whole reduction process including with and without aluminum addition were investigated in details by theoretical calculation and experimental research. The influence of aluminum on the magnesium oxide reduction path was analysis to clarify the internal mechanism. The results show that aluminum added into the ferrosilicon would first react with magnesium oxide to form magnesium vapor and alumina under vacuum pressure of 10 Pa when the temperature rises to 720°C. Then, calcium aluminate would be formed by the reaction of aluminum oxide and calcium oxide. Once the temperature reaches 1150°C, silicon begins to reduce the magnesium oxide to create the silicon oxide that will finally react with calcium oxide to form calcium silicate. When the temperature rises above 1150°C, both the aluminum and silicon will participate in the reduction of magnesium oxide. In the process of heating up, the mixture of aluminum, ferrosilicon and calcined dolomite forms Mg2Al4Si5O18 and Ca3Al2(OH)12 phase with the components in calcined dolomite. Mg2Al4Si5O18 and Ca3Al2(OH)12 phase finally form Ca12Al14O33 phase. The interaction between aluminum and ferrosilicon in the mixture is less; the mixture of aluminum and ferrosilicon first forms Al3FeSi2 phase, and finally has the trend of forming Al4.5FeSi phase. There is a great difference between the phase transformation of aluminum in the mixture of aluminum, ferrosilicon and calcined dolomite and that of aluminum in the mixture of aluminum and ferrosilicon.
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Tang Van, Lam, Dien Vu Kim, Hung Ngo Xuan, Tho Vu Dinh, Boris Bulgakov, and Sophia Bazhenova. "Effect of Aluminium Powder on Light-weight Aerated Concrete Properties." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199702005.
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Light-weight aerated concrete (LAC) is produced by making LAC involves the addition of a gas-forming admixture like aluminium powder (AP) to a wet mortar mixture. In concrete during curing, AP will react with the calcium hydroxide in the mixture to form hydrogen. The amount of gas-forming is dependent on the mechanical properties requirements. The aim of the current work was to investigate the properties of aerated concrete (AC) containing 30% fly ash and various AP content, including dry density, porosity and modulus of elasticity, as well as strengths of test specimens. The results of this study showed that when AP content increased, the density of AC decreased, but its porosity increased. Whereas an increase in the amount of AP caused a decrease in both the compressive strength, tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity of ACspecimens. The investigation of newly modified AC through combination of local by-product in Vietnam would decrease the content of Portland cement was used and as well as reduce the amounts of ash and slag TPP as well as industrial waste thrown at a landfill. Therefore, assisting the thermoelectric power plants to be more environmentally friendly in the future.
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Viridi, Sparisoma, and Budi Dermawan. "DISTRIBUSI SPASIAL DENSITAS CAKRAM BERUKURAN SAMA DALAM PEMODELAN PEMBENTUKAN ASTEROID." SPEKTRA: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya 2, no. 2 (October 17, 2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spektra.022.07.
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Several two-dimension particles in the form of a disk, which only interact through gravitational force and normal force, are simulated. Assumed that there are only two values of particle density (same diameter but different mass). Simulation are conducted until particles position are slightly constant. It is obtained that density is varied radially, decreasing with an increase of radial position, and nearly isotropic angularly in final condition. It has been simulated N = 64 particles with mass ratio mA/mB = 0.25 for 944 s simulation time.
Keywords: asteroid forming, granular material, density distribution, binary mixture
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Timchy, K. I., V. T. Smetanin, and O. I. Sidashenko. "PROBLEMS SOLUTION OF SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION OF EISENIA CULTURAL POPULATIONS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 54 (November 29, 2017): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.54.20.
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Introduction. Intensification of various aspects of modern agricultural production, based on the use of a large number of mineral fertilizers and chemical means of plant and animal protection, actualizes the development and mastering of natural-like methods for restoring the quality of soils and bottom deposits of inland water bodies. The goal is their successful use in cultivating cultivated plants and conducting remediation measures. One such approach is vermiculturing – breeding of earthworms of the family Lumbricidae, for biotransformation of depleted soils and organic wastes in order to obtain biohumus. Relevance. Earthworms differ significantly in biological characteristics from animals, traditionally bred in agriculture. When working with them, a selection problem arises to assess their phenotypes – it is difficult to identify individuals and assess their performance. In this regard, the main task of effective selection becomes more complicated. Today in scientific sources on the study of the genetic structure of earthworms natural populations, their karyotypes and morphological features are not few data [3]. But the development of vermiculture, based on breeding and industrial use for biotransformation of earthworms, requires a clear species identification of cultural lines of invertebrate animals of the family Lumbricidae. Research objective. The aim of the study was to investigate the morphological and cytogenetic features of the Eisenia worms population that is being forms. Materials and methods. While forming of the new population, the worms that were purchased by the Department of Biotechnology of the UGHTU in the association "Bioconversion" and previously described as E. foetida were used. Of the array of these animals, 6 worms were selected that became the founders of the new population. After increasing the number of up to 300 animals, we formed groups of 20 individuals, each group irradiated with a laser of the LGN-208b type With a power of 1 mW, a wavelength of 633 nm, a beam diameter of 14 mm, various exposures in time from 5 to 30 min. The control was not irradiated. Irradiated animals were bred in separate groups and studied morphological, biochemical and cytogenetic features. Morphological study of the species affiliation was carried out that was determined and compared with the descriptions of these species given in the works of foreign taxonomy [5]. The intensity of the pigmentation of the integument of the body was determined in animals. All further morpho-metric studies were carried out on worms fixed in 75% ethanol. By the method of microscopy, parameters such as length and diameter of the body, total number of segments, location of the segments of the girdle, pubertal ridges and the first dorsal pore, type of setae were analyzed. Karyological analysis was performed with worms selected at the time of highest sexual activity. Preparations were prepared from the tissue of the seminal sacks by the method previously successfully used to study karyotypes of lumbricids [6]. The worms were injected with 0.1% solution of colchicine into the pre-lobe zone for 19 hours. 20 min to the autopsy. The animals were immobilized in 75% ethanol solution and digested along the median spinal line. Removed spermatic bags hypotone 50 min. in the distillate and fixed in three steps in a mixture of acetic acid and ethanol in a ratio of 1:3. Chromosome preparations were made by imprinting. Genetic markings were performed by electrophoresis in a 7.5% polyacrylamide gel Tris-EDTA • Na2-borate system with pH = 8.5 [7] 1 hour 20 minutes at a voltage of 200 V and a current strength of 140–mA. Extract of enzymes and proteins was obtained by grinding the final segments of the body with a size of 5–10 mm in the distillate in the ratio 1:1. After switching of the electric current, the gel was treated with a solution containing a special substrate that specifically reacts with the enzyme under study, forming spots corresponding to the spectra of the enzymes on the gels. The genotype of the individual according to the locus encoding the enzyme being studied is determined by the nature of the distribution of the spots on the gel [8]. Results of the research. The carried out researches have shown that the groups of animals under study belong to the species E. foetida, and by other attributes to the species E. venetta, which caused the problem of the species affiliation of the earthworm array when working to form a new population. Thus, the morphological indices studied have revealed that animals for all morphological features refer to the species Eisenia foetida. During the study of cytogenetic, it was found that the karyotype of the animals was 36 chromosomes but it should be 22. Just kind of Eisenia foetida is composed of 22 chromosomes and karyotypes of other species of the genus Eisenia have 36 chromosomes. Therefore, biochemical gene marking was carried out on enzyme systems, in particular nonspecific esterases. Nonspecific esterases of different species of the genus Eisenia differ in molecular weight. Esterаs of E. foetida have a lower mass than esterases of E. veneta. Our studies showed that in the place of the locus of spectra of nonspecific esterases, the individuals under study belong to the species E. veneta. Nonspecific esterases of different species of the genus Eisenia differ in molecular weight. Esterases E. foetida have a lower mass than E. veneta esterase. Our studies have shown that individuals at the locus of spectra of non-specific esterases belong to the species E. veneta. Conclusions The research may be a theoretical hypothesis for certain types of animal identification in vermiculture and creating biological diversity in its population. Despite the fact that it originates from 6 individuals obtained from a single array of animals, polymorphism by esterases showed a fairly high level of genetic variability in the forming line that indicates the reserve of its genetic variability and allows it to hope for its successful development in the future.
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Huang, Qing Lin, Chang Fa Xiao, and Xiao Yu Hu. "Study on the Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethylene Hollow Fiber Membranes and the Properties." Advanced Materials Research 143-144 (October 2010): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.143-144.106.
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In the present study, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) porous hollow fiber membranes were prepared by PTFE concentrated suspension with the mixture of Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Sodium alginate as the fiber-forming carrier. Factors affecting PTFE membrane pore structure and mechanical properties were investigated. Results showed that, (1) the permeation and mechanical properties of the PTFE membrane were influenced significantly by the sintering condition, (2) Morphologies of membranes were observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), fixed sintering state was aided to form the pore structure which was much different from the node-fibril network obtained by PTFE biaxial-stretching process.
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Chuang, K. J., G. Fedoseev, D. Qasim, S. Ioppolo, E. F. van Dishoeck, C. Jäger, T. Henning, and H. Linnartz. "H2 photochemistry in interstellar ices:The formation of HCO in UV irradiated CO:H2 ice mixtures." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S350 (April 2019): 404–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319009670.
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AbstractThe role of H2 in forming interstellar complex organics is still not clear due to the high activation energies required for “non-energetic” association reactions. In this work, we investigated the potential contribution of H2 to the hydrogenated species (HnNCO) formation on dust grains when the “energetic” processing is involved. The goal is to test whether an additional hydrogenation pathway is possible upon UV irradiation of a CO:H2 ice mixture. It is proposed that the electronically excited carbon monoxide (CO*) induced by UV-photons can react with a ground-state H2 to form HCO, ultimately enhancing the production of COMs in ice mantle.
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Corradini, Dario, Paul A. Madden, and Mathieu Salanne. "Coordination numbers and physical properties in molten salts and their mixtures." Faraday Discussions 190 (2016): 471–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00223k.
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Mixtures of trivalent metal halides with alkali halides are involved in many technologies but, from a more fundamental and general perspective, are worthy of study as interesting systems in which to examine the relationship between atomic-scale structure and physical properties. Here we examine the relationship between the viscosity and local and longer range structural measures in such mixtures where the trivalent metal cations span a significant size range and exhibit different behaviours in the dependence of their viscosity on the mixture composition. We characterise the structure and dynamics of the first coordination shell and the relationship between its structural relaxation time and the shear relaxation time of the mixture (the Maxwell relaxation time). We are then led to an examination of the structure of the networks which progressively form between the trivalent metal cations as their concentration increases in the mixtures. Here we find significant differences between small and larger cations, sufficient to explain the different behaviour of their viscosities. We draw attention to the similarities and differences of these networks with those which form in highly viscous, glass-forming materials like BeF2:LiF.
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Park, Tae-Jin, Simon Li, and Alexandra Navrotsky. "Thermochemistry of glass forming Y-substituted Sr-analogues of titanite (SrTiSiO5)." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 11 (November 2009): 3380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0413.
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Strontium titanium silicates are possible oxide forms for immobilization of short lived fission products in radioactive waste. Through beta decay, strontium decays to yttrium, and then to zirconium. Therefore, not only the stability of Sr-loaded waste forms, but also that of a potential decay product series with charge-balance in a naturally occurring mineral or a ceramic is of fundamental importance. Strontium titanosilicate (SrTiSiO5) is the Sr-analogue of titanite (CaTiSiO5). To incorporate the reaction 3Sr2+ = 2Y3+ + vacancy in the titanite composition, Y-substituted Sr-analogues of titanite, (Sr1–xY2/3x)TiSiO5 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) were prepared by high temperature synthesis and were found to form glass upon cooling. The Y-end-member (Y2/3TiSiO5, x = 1) crystallized to a mixture of Y2TiSiO7, TiO2, and SiO2 upon quenching in air. The enthalpies of formation of Y-substituted Sr-titanite glasses were obtained from drop solution calorimetry in a molten lead borate (2PbO·B2O3) solvent at 702 °C. The enthalpies of formation from constituent oxides are exothermic but become less so with increasing Y content. The thermodynamic stability of the Y-substituted Sr-analogue of crystalline titanite may become marginal with increasing yttrium content.
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Et. al., Srinivasa Rao Dhanikonda,. "A Survey On Telugu Optical Character Recognition From Digital Images." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 11, 2021): 999–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.2412.
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Images play an essential function in the electronic media to share information. Nowadays, each event is going to be recorded in the arrangement of digital images. Text from the image file won't be in a format on the computer. OCR (Optical Character Recognition) for English vocabulary is well constructed. Currently, there's a requirement of OCR for Indian languages to maintain historical documents composed mainly in Indian languages to arrange publications in the library and for program form processing. OCR for the Telugu language is challenging as consonants and vowels plays a vital role in forming words along with vattus and gunithas. It may be a mixture of vowels and consonants that may form a compound character. This paper presents research on methods utilized in the OCR method for the Telugu Language until today.
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Guo, You Dan. "High-Strength Steel Hot Forming Mechanics Performance and Characteristic Experimental Study." Key Engineering Materials 693 (May 2016): 800–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.800.
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In high-strength steel hot forming, under the heating and quenching interaction, the material is oxidized and de-carbonized in the surface layer, forming a gradual change microstructure composed of ferrite, ferrite and martensite mixture and full martensite layers from surface to interior. The experiment enunciation: Form the table to ferrite, ferrite and martensite hybrid organization, completely martensite gradual change microstructure,and make the strength and rigidity of material one by one in order lower from inside to surface, ductility one by one in order increment in 22MnB5 for hot forming;Changes depends on the hot forming process temperature and the control of reheating furnace gas content protection, when oxygen levels of 5% protective gas, can better prevent oxidation and decarburization;Boron segregation in the grain boundary, solid solution strengthening, is a major cause of strength increase in ;The gradual change microstructure in outer big elongation properties, make the structure of the peak force is relatively flat, to reduce the peak impact force of structure, keep the structure of high energy absorption capacity;With lower temperature, the material yield strength rise rapidly,when the temperature is 650 °C, the yield strength at 950 °C was more than 3 times as much.
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Morrell, Lesley J., Graeme D. Ruxton, and Richard James. "The temporal selfish herd: predation risk while aggregations form." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1705 (September 2010): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1605.
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The hypothesis of the selfish herd has been highly influential to our understanding of animal aggregation. Various movement strategies have been proposed by which individuals might aggregate to form a selfish herd as a defence against predation, but although the spatial benefits of these strategies have been extensively studied, little attention has been paid to the importance of predator attacks that occur while the aggregation is forming . We investigate the success of mutant aggregation strategies invading populations of individuals using alternative strategies and find that the invasion dynamics depend critically on the time scale of movement. If predation occurs early in the movement sequence, simpler strategies are likely to prevail. If predators attack later, more complex strategies invade. If there is variation in the timing of predator attacks (through variation within or between individual predators), we hypothesize that groups will consist of a mixture of strategies, dependent upon the distribution of predator attack times. Thus, behavioural diversity can evolve and be maintained in populations of animals experiencing a diverse range of predators differing solely in their attack behaviour. This has implications for our understanding of predator–prey dynamics, as the timing of predator attacks will exert selection pressure on prey behavioural responses, to which predators must respond.
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Dong, Rong Zhen, Jun Wei, and Xi Wu Zhou. "Microstructure Analysis of the Rust Developing at Steel-Concrete Interface." Key Engineering Materials 400-402 (October 2008): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.400-402.215.
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The rust distribution and the crack expansion in the deteriorated concrete were studied through the macroscopic and microcosmic method. The results show that the corrosion of steel bar in the concrete is non-uniform even though by Galvanostatic Method. The crack appears earlier and expands quicker at the thin concrete cover than others side and the short crack filled by the rust is found near by the steel bar and converges the main crack. The distribution, composition and the developing of the rust at steel-concrete interface were studied by the microscopic methods of BSE, EDAX and Raman Microscope. By these methods, the rust distributes inhomogeneous and the ion element area was divided into zones evidently. From concrete to steel bar, the rust in turn is: initial rust zone, the mixture area of the rust and mortar about 20-50 μm in width and main containing the goethite (FeOOH); the secondary rust zone, high density area of ion element and about 10-20μm in width and being the mixture of hematite（Fe2O3）and magnetite(Fe3O4); the final rust zone, similar as the initial rust and being the mixture of hematite(Fe2O3)and goethite(FeOOH). According to the electrochemistry principle, the forming process of rust does not follow the iron oxidation procedure entirely but form middle production under the special situation of the condition interior concrete and the electric field outside. The extrusion action of concrete around steel bar makes the rust compressed and metamorphic and the secondary rust forming. So the process and the final state of this special corrosion production are the key parameters leading to the deterioration of concrete.
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Tkocz, Marek, Jerzy Myalski, Bartosz Hekner, and Franciszek Grosman. "The Effect of Compression Aided by Additional Shear Stress on Microstructure of Composites Reinforced with Ceramic Particles." Solid State Phenomena 246 (February 2016): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.246.51.
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The paper presents a new method for processing of cast composites reinforced with ceramic particles in order to improve the microstructure homogeneity and material properties. The presented forming method consists in compression aided by additional shear stress that is caused by transverse motion of a punch. As a result, severe plastic deformation can be obtained in a workpiece. A series of experiments was conducted for previously cast Al-Mg-Cu matrix composites containing 15% reinforcement in a form of the mixture of SiC and glassy carbon particles. It was found that the applied method allows to refine the particles and to obtain a good-quality bonding on the particle-matrix interface.
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Brewer, Ashley, Matthew Lacey, John R. Owen, Iris Nandhakumar, and Eugen Stulz. "Supramolecular hetero-porphyrin SWNT complexes." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 15, no. 04 (April 2011): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424611003227.
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The complexation of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with neutral, anionic and cationic porphyrins has been investigated under identical complex forming conditions. The determination of the porphyrin loading reveals large differences depending on the nature of the porphyrin used. Combinations of different porphyrins to form mixed hetero-porphyrin complexes shows that the mixture of a cationic and anionic porphyrin results in loading which is an order of magnitude larger than in all other complexes. This complex also exhibits high adsorption and emission intensities and can be regarded as an extended co-operative binary ionic (CBI) solid. The complexes were further studied using Raman spectroscopy, elemental analysis, AFM and cyclic voltammetry.
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Lertsuphotvanit, Nutdanai, Sarun Tuntarawongsa, Jongjan Mahadlek, and Thawatchai Phaechamud. "Surface Tension/Contact Angle Characters of Aprotic Binary Borneol-Dimethyl Sulphoxide Mixture." Key Engineering Materials 859 (August 2020): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.859.74.
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Borneol and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) have been used as the skin penetration enhancers. Different concentrated borneol solutions in aprotic DMSO were prepared as the binary mixtures and determined their surface tension and contact angle behaviors using goniometer. Low borneol concentration minimized the surface tension and there was nearly stable contact angle for 30-70% borneol solutions. The trend contact angle value was decreased on glass slide, acrylic and LDPE whereas increasing on agarose gel and porcine tissues including buccal mucosa, gum and tongue with borneol concentration dependence. However, the borneol-DMSO binary mixture exhibited high wettability owing to its contact angle on glass surface was less than 90°. The solvent exchange between DMSO of borneol solutions and aqueous phase form agarose gel and porcine tissues including tongue, gum and buccal mucosa initiated the phase transformation from solution into matrix-like and promoted the higher contact angle with borneol concentration dependence. The understanding of surface tension and contact angle behaviors of aprotic borneol-DMSO binary mixture is useful for developing them into in situ forming gel for drug delivery such as in the oral cavity.
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Maciejewski, Bartosz, and Małgorzata Sznitowska. "Gelatin Films Modified with Acidic and Polyelectrolyte Polymers—Material Selection for Soft Gastroresistant Capsules." Polymers 11, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020338.
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The following investigation comprised the formation of acid-resistant gelatin-based films, intended for future use in soft-capsule technology. Such film compositions were obtained by including nonionized forms of acid-insoluble polymers in a gelatin-based film-forming mixture. The selected films were additionally modified with small amounts of anionic polysaccharides that have potential to interact with gelatin, forming polyelectrolyte complexes. The obtained film compositions were subjected to, e.g., disintegration tests, adhesiveness tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and a transparency study. As a result of the performed study, some commercial enteric polymers (acrylates), as well as cellulose acetate phthalate, were selected as components that have the ability to coalesce and form a continuous phase within a gelatin film. The use of a small amount (1.5%) of additional gelling polymers improved the rheological characteristics and adhesive properties of the obtained films, with ί-carrageenan and gellan gum appearing to be the most beneficial.
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Stratilová, Eva, Mária Dzúrová, Emília Breierová, and Jiřina Omelková. "Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Polygalacturonases Produced by Aureobasidium pullulans." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 60, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2005): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-1-217.
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The extracellular polygalacturonases produced by Aureobasidium pullulans isolated from waters of the Danube river were partially purified and characterized. The pH optima of polygalacturonases produced in the first phases of cultivation (48 h) and after 10 d as well as their optima of temperature, thermal stabilities, molecular masses, isoelectric points, action pattern and ability to cleave polymeric and oligomeric substrates were compared. Polygalacturonases with a random action pattern (random cleavage of pectate forming a mixture of galactosiduronides with a lower degree of polymerization) [EC 3.2.1.15] were produced only in the first phases of growth, while exopolygalacturonases [EC 3.2.1.67] with a terminal action pattern (cleavage of pectate from the nonreducing end forming d-galactopyranuronic acid as a product) were found during the whole growth. The main enzyme form with a random action pattern was glycosylated and its active site had the arrangement described previously for the active site of polygalacturonase of phytopathogenic fungi.
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Wisniewski, H. M., J. Wegiel, K. C. Wang, M. Kujawa, and B. Lach. "Ultrastructural Studies of the Cells Forming Amyloid Fibers in Classical Plaques." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 16, S4 (November 1989): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100029887.
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ABSTRACT:Three-dimensional reconstruction and ultrastructural studies of classical plaques from the cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease showed that microglial cells of the plaques are the amyloid-forming cells. The amyloid star of the single plaque represents the product of five or six microglial cells covering about 80% of the amyloid star surface. The amyloid fibers appear to be formed within altered cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum. Distended cisterns form channels filled with amyloid fibers. Numerous vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus appear to be attached to or fused with the amyloid-filled channels. Reconstruction of the amyloid star and the microglia cell pole that forms the amyloid star reveals three different zones of distribution of cytoplasmic organelles and amyloid deposits. The peripheral zone comprises channels filled with loosely packed amyloid fibers arranged in a parallel manner. The transient zone consists of a mixture of fusing amyloid channels and products of disintegration of cytoplasmic pockets, dense bodies and fragments of cellular membranes. The core of the amyloid star is composed of condensed, densely packed amyloid fibers that are free of cellular debris. Formation of the three zones supports the idea that the microglia/macrophages are not phagocytes but instead are the cells manufacturing the amyloid fibers.
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Chik, N. S. I., N. Z. K. Shaari, and S. A. Shamsudin. "The Separation of Oily Water Mixture Using Membrane." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1176, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1176/1/012003.
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Abstract The increment of oil discharge in the water system gives a great impact to the environments. Membrane separation has been widely used to treat the oily water mixture due to its environmentally process, low operating cost and has better efficiency. Polysulfone (PSF) is widely used in the membrane fabrication due to its good physico-chemical, mechanical and hydraulic stability, but its hydrophobicity limits its application in the separation of oily mixture due to the fouling. The blend of PSF with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) could compensate this limitation where the covalent bonding between PSF/PVA could form a protective layer to prevent the deposition of organic foulants on the membrane surface. Furthermore, PVA has been studied intensively for membrane applications because of its good chemical stability, film-forming ability and high hydrophilicity. To ensure the compatibility and high stability of the resultant membrane, the cross linking of the polymer blend (PSF/PVA) with tetraethylorthosilicate as silica nano precursor through sol-gel reaction was conducted in this study. Polyethylene glycol 400 was added as an additive to improve the properties of the integral membrane. The concentration of tetraethylorthosilicate was varied at 0wt.%, 0.5wt.%, and 1wt.% while the concentrations of other polymers are remained constant. Performance testing on the fabricated membrane through pure water flux and rejection of oil particles were conducted. The results exhibited that higher concentration of tetraethylorthosilicate led to higher water flux and higher rejection of oil particles respectively for the fabricated membrane. The crosslinked membranes achieved l00% of oil rejection after 45 minutes filtration time, meanwhile membrane from pure polymer blend only achieved 60.2% of oil rejection. This finding shows the potential of the fabricated membrane to be further explored in the area of oily water mixture treatment process.
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Chik, N. S. I., N. Z. K. Shaari, and S. A. Shamsudin. "The Separation of Oily Water Mixture Using Membrane." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1176, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1176/1/012003.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The increment of oil discharge in the water system gives a great impact to the environments. Membrane separation has been widely used to treat the oily water mixture due to its environmentally process, low operating cost and has better efficiency. Polysulfone (PSF) is widely used in the membrane fabrication due to its good physico-chemical, mechanical and hydraulic stability, but its hydrophobicity limits its application in the separation of oily mixture due to the fouling. The blend of PSF with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) could compensate this limitation where the covalent bonding between PSF/PVA could form a protective layer to prevent the deposition of organic foulants on the membrane surface. Furthermore, PVA has been studied intensively for membrane applications because of its good chemical stability, film-forming ability and high hydrophilicity. To ensure the compatibility and high stability of the resultant membrane, the cross linking of the polymer blend (PSF/PVA) with tetraethylorthosilicate as silica nano precursor through sol-gel reaction was conducted in this study. Polyethylene glycol 400 was added as an additive to improve the properties of the integral membrane. The concentration of tetraethylorthosilicate was varied at 0wt.%, 0.5wt.%, and 1wt.% while the concentrations of other polymers are remained constant. Performance testing on the fabricated membrane through pure water flux and rejection of oil particles were conducted. The results exhibited that higher concentration of tetraethylorthosilicate led to higher water flux and higher rejection of oil particles respectively for the fabricated membrane. The crosslinked membranes achieved l00% of oil rejection after 45 minutes filtration time, meanwhile membrane from pure polymer blend only achieved 60.2% of oil rejection. This finding shows the potential of the fabricated membrane to be further explored in the area of oily water mixture treatment process.
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Тurov, V. V., V. M. Gun'ko, T. V. Krupskaya, L. S. Andriyko, A. I. Marynin, and V. N. Pasichnyi. "Thixotropic system based on mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica." Himia, Fizika ta Tehnologia Poverhni 11, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 456–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/hftp11.04.456.
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Particles of hydrophilic (A-300) and hydrophobic (AM1) silicas, interacting with each other, form secondary structures in which the gaps between non-porous nanoparticles shape texture mesopores and macropores. Water addition to this system during the process of mechanochemical action results in a forming of composite system with thixotropic properties. Thus, the aim of the work was to study the phase state and parameters of the water binding to the surface of solid particles in systems consisting of two parts of hydrophilic and one part of hydrophobic silica with a variable water content. Using the methods of 1H NMR spectroscopy, electron microscopy, laser correlation spectroscopy and rheological studies, the state of water was studied, its thermodynamic parameters, as well as the A-300/AM1 composite particle size distribution were determined. It has been found that water in the interparticle gaps of the A-300/AM1 composite is in the form of polyassociates similar to clusters and domains in liquid water. It was shown that with increasing water concentration (from 1 to 4 g/g) in the composite, its bulk density, the amount of strongly bound water and the total change in its free energy increased. It has been found that for composites with different hydration, similar clusters size distributions of adsorbed water are observed, where two maxima are identified at R = 5–7 and 20–30 nm, and most of the water is part of cluster structures with radius of 20–40 nm. It has been shown that a suspension based on of a mixture of 2/1 hydrophilic and hydrophobic silicas and 3 g/g of water, depending on the mechanical loading, can be in the state of a wet powder or viscous liquid, having high thixotropic properties, which are manifested in diluted aqueous suspensions. For dispersing of such a composite in an aqueous medium, aggregates form in with a diameter of 80–100 and 200–1000 nm, which indicates intense interparticle interactions. The interaction energy of the nanoparticles surface in the composite with the aqueous medium increases from 12 to 18 J/g with an increase in the water content from 1 to 4 g/g. Under the influence of shear load, the viscosity of the diluted suspension decreases by an order of magnitude, and then is restored at a level which exceeds the initial one almost at twice. It has been found that the obtained colloidal system is irreversible in the aqueous medium and under the mechanical load influence in the working cylinder of a viscometer, its viscosity characteristics intensify.
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Кулікова, І. О., Г. В. Міщенко, О. В. Міщенко, О. О. Венгер, and Т. А. Попович. "НАДАННЯ ПІДВИЩЕНОЇ ЗНОСОСТІЙКОСТІ ТКАНИНАМ ДЛЯ ЗАХИСНОГО ОДЯГУ." Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Technical Science Series 128, no. 6 (April 9, 2019): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/1813-6796.2018.6.5.
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The purpose of the work is to increase the wear resistance of textile materials by forming composite polymer films on their surfaces. Methodology. The problem was solved by the use of a mixture of polymers and due to their ability to formulate composite polymer systems that combine the properties of individual polymers and exhibit new ones. One of them was used in the form of aqueous dispersion of the finished polymer of urethane type, and the second one was synthesized from pre-condensates of thermosetting resins (PTSR) in the process of finishing, namely, at the stage of heat treatment of the fabric after impregnation and drying, by providing conditions for the course of the condensation reaction.
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Jin, Lan, Li-Li Zha, San Gao, Shi-Yao Yang, and Rong-Bin Huang. "Crystal structure of poly[(N,N-dimethylacetamide-κO)(μ4-5-methylisophthalato-κ5O:O,O′:O′′:O′′′)manganese(II)]." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): m1—m2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989014025626.
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The title compound, poly[(N,N-dimethylacetamide-κO)(μ4-5-methylisophthalato-κ5O,O′:O′,O′′:O′′)manganese(II)], [Mn(C9H6O4)(C3H7NO)]n, was obtained from a mixture containing MnCl2·4H2O and 5-methylisophthalic acid inN,N-dimethylacetamide solution. The Mn2+ion is coordinated by five O atoms from four bridging 5-methylisophthalate ligands and one O atom from oneN,N-dimethylacetamide ligand, defining a considerably distorted coordination polyhedron with one very long Mn—O bond of 2.623 (2) Å. The Mn2+ions are joined by carboxylate groups, forming rod-shaped secondary building units along theaaxis. The rods are further connected by 5-methylisophthalate ligands to form the pcu (primitive cubic net) structure.
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Adou, A. F. Y., V. S. Muhandiki, Y. Shimizu, and S. Matsui. "A new economical method to remove humic substances in water: adsorption onto a recycled polymeric material with surfactant addition." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 11 (June 1, 2001): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0660.
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Cationic surfactants were used to enhance the adsorption of dissolved organic matter (DOM), contained in the effluent of municipal wastewater, onto polypropylene (PPL), a polymeric synthetic adsorbent made from recycled plastics. Both batch and continuous up-flow column experiments were carried out. The DOM, in the form of humic acid, was treated with a range of cationic surfactants, then, adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the adsorption of the mixture onto PPL in both its soluble and precipitated forms. This research validated the feasibility of the proposed system in which anionic humic acid is removed from the aqueous phase by forming neutral hydrophobic molecules with cationic surfactants and subsequently by adsorbing them on the hydrophobic surface of PPL.
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Nituica (Vilsan), Mihaela, Maria Sonmez, Mihai Georgescu, Maria Daniela Stelescu, Laurentia Alexandrescu, Dana Gurau, Carmen Curutiu, and Lia Maria Ditu. "Antibacterial Compound based on Silicone Rubber and ZnO and TiO2 Nanoparticles for the Food and Pharmaceutic Industries. Part II - Biological and Morphological Characterization." Leather and Footwear Journal 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/lfj.20.3.3.
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The aim of this paper is the biological and morphological characterization of an antibacterial compound based on silicone rubber (Elastosil R701/70-OH), reinforced with ZnO and TiO2 nanopowders (with antibacterial, antifungal and antimicrobial properties), charged (chalk), crosslinked with peroxide (dicumyl peroxide - powder 40% with calcium carbonate and silica, specific to the food, pharmaceutical, but also medical field). ZnO and TiO2 nanopowders, by their homogeneous dispersion in the mass of the compound, have a determined role on its antibacterial and antimicrobial sterilization properties. The mixture of antibacterial compound based on silicone rubber was made on a laboratory roller, provided with cooling, in the form of a sheet (maximum thickness 5 mm), in strict compliance with the technological recipe and the established mode of operation. Subsequently, the mixture is processed into forming molds at predetermined parameters by determining the vulcanization time using the Monsanto rheometer (to determine the optimum temperature and vulcanization times), but also the biological and morphological characterization, according to current standards in specific food and pharmaceutical environments.
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Khedekar, S. P. "Analyzing the Strength of Concrete Blocks Reinforced by Half Portion of Coconut Shell." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 20, 2021): 1684–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35366.
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Concrete is the premier construction material around the world and is most widely used in all types of construction works, including infrastructure, low and high-rise buildings, and domestic developments. It is a man-made product, essentially consisting of a mixture of cement, aggregates, water and admixture(s). Inert granular materials such as sand, crushed stone or gravel form the major part of the aggregates. Traditionally aggregates have been readily available at economic prices and of qualities to suit all purposes. But the continued extensive extraction use of aggregates from natural resources has been questioned because of the depletion of quality primary aggregates and greater awareness of environmental protection. In light of this, the non-availability of natural resources to future generations has also been realized. Different alternative waste materials and industrial by products such as fly ash, bottom ash, recycled aggregates, foundry sand, China clay sand, crumb rubber, glass were replaced with natural aggregate and investigated properties of the concretes. Apart from above mentioned waste materials and industrial by products, few studies identified that coconut shells, the agricultural by product can also be used as aggregate in concrete. According to a report, coconut is grown in more than 86 countries worldwide, with a total production of 54 billion nuts per annum. India occupies the premier position in the world with an annual production of 13 billion nuts, followed by Indonesia and the Philippines.
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Florenza ; Bachtiar Fauzy, Tamara. "ECLECTIC ARCHITECTURE ON MASJID PUSDAI BUILDING IN BANDUNG." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 2, no. 03 (July 5, 2018): 264–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v2i03.2946.264-281.
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Abstract- Eclectic architecture is a product of globalization in which architectural styles from different places and time intertwine each other. The development of eclectic architecture in Indonesia tends to follow the trend, neglecting the local value. A study towards eclectic architecture is necessary to raise society’s concern towards the identification of foreign and local architectural style. Masjid PUSDAI Bandung is selected as a research object to represent these issues above, in which the architectural style of Spain, Indian, and Javanese mosque intertwined each other. The research’s purpose towards the research object as a representation of eclectic architecture is to define the meaning of eclectic architecture in Masjid PUSDAI as well as to understand the form of eclecticism in Masjid PUSDAI. The eclectic architecture form will be analyzed towards the mixture of Indian, Spain, and Javanese mosque architecture style.Literature study as a theoretical base consist of the main theories such as the theory of eclectic architecture and theory of form and technic, as well as the supporting theories such as the architecture of Spain, Indian, and Javanese mosque. A comparative-qualitative approach is used as research method. This method compares the documentation from building observation with the literature theories for a further analysis.Through this research it can be concluded that the eclectic architecture form of Masjid PUSDAI Bandung is seen through mixture of two to three architecture style among its elements, thus forming a new architecture style. However, the intertwinement of architecture style doesn’t show on several elements. Some of them show an identical form which is used in Indian, Spain, and Javanese mosque.This research is expected to educate readers, architecture students, and experts in academic fileds, about how to execute the eclectic architecture design in public facilities, especially on mosques in Indonesia. Keywords: eclectic, architecture, mosque
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Yuan, Dan, Xuewen Du, Junfeng Shi, Ning Zhou, Abdulgader Ahmed Baoum, Khalid Omar Al Footy, Khadija Omar Badahdah, and Bing Xu. "Synthesis and evaluation of the biostability and cell compatibility of novel conjugates of nucleobase, peptidic epitope, and saccharide." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 11 (August 3, 2015): 1352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.11.145.
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This article reports the synthesis of a new class of conjugates containing a nucleobase, a peptidic epitope, and a saccharide and the evalution of their gelation, biostability, and cell compatibility. We demonstrate a facile synthetic process, based on solid-phase peptide synthesis of nucleopeptides, to connect a saccharide with the nucleopeptides for producing the target conjugates. All the conjugates themselves (1–8) display excellent solubility in water without forming hydrogels. However, a mixture of 5 and 8 self-assembles to form nanofibers and results in a supramolecular hydrogel. The proteolytic stabilities of the conjugates depend on the functional peptidic epitopes. We found that TTPV is proteolytic resistant and LGFNI is susceptible to proteolysis. In addition, all the conjugates are compatible to the mammalian cells tested.
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Kornyakov, Ilya V., Sergey V. Krivovichev, Vladislav V. Gurzhiy, and Matteo Leoni. "∊-RbCuCl3, a new polymorph of rubidium copper trichloride: synthesis, structure and structural complexity." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 74, no. 5 (April 6, 2018): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229618004539.
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A novel polymorph of RbCuCl3 (rubidium copper trichloride), denoted ∊-RbCuCl3, has been prepared by chemical vapour transport (CVT) from a mixture of CuO, CuCl2, SeO2 and RbCl. The new polymorph crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group C2221. The crystal structure is based on an octahedral framework of the 4H perovskite type. The Rb+ and Cl− ions form a four-layer closest-packing array with an ABCB sequence. The Cu2+ cations reside in octahedral cavities with a typical [4 + 2]-Jahn–Teller-distorted coordination, forming four short and two long Cu—Cl bonds. ∊-RbCuCl3 is the most structurally complex and most dense among all currently known RbCuCl3 polymorphs, which allows us to suggest that it is a high-pressure phase, which is unstable under ambient conditions.