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Journal articles on the topic 'Founder events'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Tournebize, Rémi, Gillian Chu, and Priya Moorjani. "Reconstructing the history of founder events using genome-wide patterns of allele sharing across individuals." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 6 (June 23, 2022): e1010243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010243.

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Founder events play a critical role in shaping genetic diversity, fitness and disease risk in a population. Yet our understanding of the prevalence and distribution of founder events in humans and other species remains incomplete, as most existing methods require large sample sizes or phased genomes. Thus, we developed ASCEND that measures the correlation in allele sharing between pairs of individuals across the genome to infer the age and strength of founder events. We show that ASCEND can reliably estimate the parameters of founder events under a range of demographic scenarios. We then apply ASCEND to two species with contrasting evolutionary histories: ~460 worldwide human populations and ~40 modern dog breeds. In humans, we find that over half of the analyzed populations have evidence for recent founder events, associated with geographic isolation, modes of sustenance, or cultural practices such as endogamy. Notably, island populations have lower population sizes than continental groups and most hunter-gatherer, nomadic and indigenous groups have evidence of recent founder events. Many present-day groups––including Native Americans, Oceanians and South Asians––have experienced more extreme founder events than Ashkenazi Jews who have high rates of recessive diseases due their known history of founder events. Using ancient genomes, we show that the strength of founder events differs markedly across geographic regions and time––with three major founder events related to the peopling of Americas and a trend in decreasing strength of founder events in Europe following the Neolithic transition and steppe migrations. In dogs, we estimate extreme founder events in most breeds that occurred in the last 25 generations, concordant with the establishment of many dog breeds during the Victorian times. Our analysis highlights a widespread history of founder events in humans and dogs and elucidates some of the demographic and cultural practices related to these events.

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2

Basque, Joëlle, and Ann Langley. "Invoking Alphonse: The founder figure as a historical resource for organizational identity work." Organization Studies 39, no. 12 (August 10, 2018): 1685–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840618789211.

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There has been growing interest in the rhetorical use of history to express organizational identity claims. Yet the evolving role of the founder figure in managerial accounts has not so far received specific attention. In this study, we examine how the founder figure is used to articulate, enact, stretch, preserve or refresh expressions of organizational identity, drawing on an 80-year magazine archive of a financial cooperative. We identify five modes of founder invocation, and show how distance from founding events leads to increasing abstraction in linkages between the founder and organizational identity claims. The paper offers a dynamic perspective on the mobilization of the founder in organizational identity construction as well as an understanding of how and why founders may remain established identity markers long after their demise.

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3

Ortega‐Beltran, Alejandro, Kenneth A. Callicott, and Peter J. Cotty. "Founder events influence structures of Aspergillus flavus populations." Environmental Microbiology 22, no. 8 (June 27, 2020): 3522–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15122.

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4

Novak, Stephen J., Richard N. Mack, and Pamela S. Soltis. "Genetic variation in Bromus tectorum (Poaceae): introduction dynamics in North America." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 1441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-174.

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The Eurasian grass Bromus tectorum was collected first in its 19th century invasion of western America in six widely separated locales. We used allozyme variability to evaluate whether populations at these locales and elsewhere in North America stem from different founders. By identifying the same geographically restricted alleles in both introduced populations and potential source populations and tracing the distribution of these alleles in western North America, we identified a minimum of five or six independent founder events. These alleles were often at their highest frequencies in populations at or near the earliest collection sites. Founder events likely occurred near Cache Creek, B.C., Ritzville, Wash., Juniper Flat, Nev., Emigrant Pass, Nev., and either Dubois, Idaho, or Provo, Utah, or both. Multiple introductions and the spread of allelic variants produced a mosaic of genotypes throughout western North America and partially offset the reduction in genetic variation this alien grass would have probably incurred during intercontinental migration. Key words: Bromus tectorum, biological invasions, multiple introductions, shared alleles, enzyme electrophoresis.

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5

Shinagawa, Jun, Hideaki Moteki, Shin-ya Nishio, Yoshihiro Noguchi, and Shin-ichi Usami. "Haplotype Analysis of GJB2 Mutations: Founder Effect or Mutational Hot Spot?" Genes 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11030250.

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The GJB2 gene is the most frequent cause of congenital or early onset hearing loss worldwide. In this study, we investigated the haplotypes of six GJB2 mutations frequently observed in Japanese hearing loss patients (i.e., c.235delC, p.V37I, p.[G45E; Y136X], p.R143W, c.176_191del, and c.299_300delAT) and analyzed whether the recurring mechanisms for each mutation are due to founder effects or mutational hot spots. Furthermore, regarding the mutations considered to be caused by founder effects, we also calculated the age at which each mutation occurred using the principle of genetic clock analysis. As a result, all six mutations were observed in a specific haplotype and were estimated to derive from founder effects. Our haplotype data together with their distribution patterns indicated that p.R143W and p.V37I may have occurred as multiple events, and suggested that both a founder effect and hot spot may be involved in some mutations. With regard to the founders’ age of frequent GJB2 mutations, each mutation may have occurred at a different time, with the oldest, p.V37I, considered to have occurred around 14,500 years ago, and the most recent, c.176_191del, considered to have occurred around 4000 years ago.

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6

Gomes, Marleide da Mota, and Eliasz Engelhardt. "Meynert and the biological German psychiatry." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 70, no. 11 (November 2012): 894–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2012001100013.

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Theodor Hermann Meynert (1833-1892), a German-Austrian neuropathologist and anatomist, is known as one of the founders of the Brain Psychiatry. He was the most arduous defender of the bridge between psychological and neurophysiological events, both dependent on specific neuroanatomical structures. Juliano Moreira (1873-1933), the founder of the Brazilian scientific psychiatry, is also mentioned, as well as the influence he received from the German psychiatry, mainly Emil Kraepelin's (1856-1926). Finally, the rapprochement of Psychiatry and Neurology is considered mostly in common areas as Neuropsychiatry.

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7

Goodnight, Charles J. "On the Effect of Founder Events on Epistatic Genetic Variance." Evolution 41, no. 1 (January 1987): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2408974.

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8

Rundle, Howard D., Arne O. Mooers, and Michael C. Whitlock. "Single Founder-Flush Events and the Evolution of Reproductive Isolation." Evolution 52, no. 6 (December 1998): 1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2411356.

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9

Rodrigues, Pedro, Ricardo Jorge Lopes, Roberto Resendes, Jaime Albino Ramos, and Regina Tristao Cunha. "Genetic Diversity of the Azores BlackbirdsTurdus merulaReveals Multiple Founder Events." Acta Ornithologica 51, no. 2 (December 2016): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/00016454ao2016.51.2.008.

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10

Goodnight, Charles J. "ON THE EFFECT OF FOUNDER EVENTS ON EPISTATIC GENETIC VARIANCE." Evolution 41, no. 1 (January 1987): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05772.x.

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11

Peña, José A., Miguel A. Alfonso-Sánchez, Ana B. Rodríguez-Martínez, and Marian M. de Pancorbo. "Founder effect and recurrent mutational events in fatal familial insomnia." Neurogenetics 9, no. 4 (June 21, 2008): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10048-008-0134-4.

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12

Rundle, Howard D., Arne Ø. Mooers, and Michael C. Whitlock. "SINGLE FOUNDER-FLUSH EVENTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION." Evolution 52, no. 6 (December 1998): 1850–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02263.x.

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13

Montero-Pau, Javier, Africa Gómez, and Manuel Serra. "Founder effects drive the genetic structure of passively dispersed aquatic invertebrates." PeerJ 6 (December 11, 2018): e6094. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6094.

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Populations of passively dispersed organisms in continental aquatic habitats typically show high levels of neutral genetic differentiation despite their high dispersal capabilities. Several evolutionary factors, including founder events, local adaptation, and life cycle features such as high population growth rates and the presence of propagule banks, have been proposed to be responsible for this paradox. Here, we have modeled the colonization process to assess the impact of migration rate, population growth rate, population size, local adaptation and life-cycle features on the population genetic structure in these organisms. Our simulations show that the strongest effect on population structure are persistent founder effects, resulting from the interaction of a few population founders, high population growth rates, large population sizes and the presence of diapausing egg banks. In contrast, the role of local adaptation, genetic hitchhiking and migration is limited to small populations in these organisms. Our results indicate that local adaptation could have different impact on genetic structure in different groups of zooplankters.

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14

Major, Tamás, Réka Gindele, Gábor Balogh, Péter Bárdossy, and Zsuzsanna Bereczky. "Founder Effects in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081682.

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A founder effect can result from the establishment of a new population by individuals from a larger population or bottleneck events. Certain alleles may be found at much higher frequencies because of genetic drift immediately after the founder event. We provide a systematic literature review of the sporadically reported founder effects in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). All publications from the ACVRL1, ENG and SMAD4 Mutation Databases and publications searched for terms “hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia” and “founder” in PubMed and Scopus, respectively, were extracted. Following duplicate removal, 141 publications were searched for the terms “founder” and “founding” and the etymon “ancest”. Finally, 67 publications between 1992 and 2020 were reviewed. Founder effects were graded upon shared area of ancestry/residence, shared core haplotypes, genealogy and prevalence. Twenty-six ACVRL1 and 12 ENG variants with a potential founder effect were identified. The bigger the cluster of families with a founder mutation, the more remarkable is its influence to the populational ACVRL1/ENG ratio, affecting HHT phenotype. Being aware of founder effects might simplify the diagnosis of HHT by establishing local genetic algorithms. Families sharing a common core haplotype might serve as a basis to study potential second-hits in the etiology of HHT.

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15

Clegg, S. M., S. M. Degnan, J. Kikkawa, C. Moritz, A. Estoup, and I. P. F. Owens. "Genetic consequences of sequential founder events by an island-colonizing bird." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 12 (May 28, 2002): 8127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.102583399.

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16

Rosenheim, Jay A., Marshall W. Johnson, Ronald F. L. Mau, Stephen C. Welter, and Bruce E. Tabashnik. "Biochemical Peradaptations, Founder Events, and the Evolution of Resistance in Arthropods." Journal of Economic Entomology 89, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.2.263.

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17

Stansfield, Jo. "How to Design and Run an Inclusive Online Event." ITNOW 64, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwac006.

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18

Markov, Nikolay, Maryana Ranyuk, Elmar Babaev, Ivan Seryodkin, Alexander Senchik, Elena Bykova, Alexander Esipov, Sabir Nurtazin, Olga Pavlova, and Vera A. Matrosova. "Introduced, Mixed, and Peripheral: Conservation of Mitochondrial-DNA Lineages in the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa L.) Population in the Urals." Diversity 14, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14110916.

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Translocations and introductions are important events that allow organisms to overcome natural barriers. The genetic background of colonization success and genetic consequences of the establishment of populations in new environments are of great interest for predicting species’ colonization success. The wild boar has been introduced into many parts of the world. We analyzed sequences of the mitochondrial-DNA control region in the wild boars introduced into the Ural region and compared them with sequences from founder populations (from Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Far East). We found that the introduced population has high genetic diversity. Haplotypes from all the major phylogenetic clades were detected in the analyzed group of the animals from the Urals. In this group, no haplotypes identical to Far Eastern sequences were detectable despite a large number of founders from that region. The contribution of lineages originating from Eastern Europe was greater than expected from the proportions (%) of European and Asian animals in the founder populations. This is the first study on the genetic diversity and structure of a wild boar population of mixed origin at the northern periphery of this species’ geographical range.

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19

Petenina, Tatyana P. ""ETHNOGRAPHER EUGENE SCHILLING AND HIS LEGACY" CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL PROJECT CHRONICLE OF EVENTS." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 15, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch152296-300.

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As part of the cultural and educational project “Ethnographer Yevgeny Shilling and his legacy” several scientific and public events were held in the republic. The article is a brief overview of the conference, reports on the participants, subjects of scientific reports and other activities to perpetuate memory of the founder of the Soviet Dagestan studies.

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20

Sendell‐Price, Ashley T., Kristen C. Ruegg, Bruce C. Robertson, and Sonya M. Clegg. "An island‐hopping bird reveals how founder events shape genome‐wide divergence." Molecular Ecology 30, no. 11 (May 4, 2021): 2495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.15898.

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21

Goodnight, Charles J. "Epistasis and the Effect of Founder Events on the Additive Genetic Variance." Evolution 42, no. 3 (May 1988): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2409030.

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22

Uller, Tobias, and Roosa Leimu. "Founder events predict changes in genetic diversity during human-mediated range expansions." Global Change Biology 17, no. 11 (September 6, 2011): 3478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02509.x.

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23

Goodnight, Charles J. "EPISTASIS AND THE EFFECT OF FOUNDER EVENTS ON THE ADDITIVE GENETIC VARIANCE." Evolution 42, no. 3 (May 1988): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04151.x.

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24

Whitlock, Michael C., and Michael J. Wade. "Speciation: Founder Events and Their Effects on X-Linked and Autosomal Genes." American Naturalist 145, no. 5 (May 1995): 676–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285762.

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25

Pool, J. E., and R. Nielsen. "The Impact of Founder Events on Chromosomal Variability in Multiply Mating Species." Molecular Biology and Evolution 25, no. 8 (April 23, 2008): 1728–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msn124.

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26

Gustafson, Kyle D., Michelle G. Hawkins, Tracy L. Drazenovich, Robert Church, Susan A. Brown, and Holly B. Ernest. "Founder events, isolation, and inbreeding: Intercontinental genetic structure of the domestic ferret." Evolutionary Applications 11, no. 5 (December 20, 2017): 694–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.12565.

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27

Kramer, Andrew, and Orlando Sarnelle. "Limits to genetic bottlenecks and founder events imposed by the Allee effect." Oecologia 157, no. 4 (July 12, 2008): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1105-z.

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28

Ferry, Joan. "Experiences of a Pioneer in Canadian Experimental Theatre." Theatre Research in Canada 8, no. 1 (January 1987): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/tric.8.1.59.

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29

Rothstein, Mikael. "The Significance of Rituals in Scientology: A Brief Overview and a Few Examples." Numen 63, no. 1 (January 13, 2016): 54–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341408.

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Scientology’s rituals may be divided into four categories, which are all mentioned in this article: 1) rituals aimed at the spiritual transformation of the individual, most profoundly the auditing procedure; 2) collective, very often calendrical ceremonies, usually termed “Events,” where the community of Scientologists, the organization itself, and its exalted founder are celebrated; 3) rites of passage such as weddings, namings, and funerals; and 4) services that to some extent (and probably strategically) emulate their Christian counterparts. In this article the focus is on the auditing procedure and “Events,” with a special emphasis on L. Ron Hubbard’s obsequies in 1986. On the basis of ritual analysis, it is argued that Scientology, apart from the proclaimed ambition of liberating the entrapped soul (thetan), is best understood as a devotional cult aimed at revering the mythologized founder of the organization.1

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30

Farkas, Carlos, Francisco Fuentes-Villalobos, Jose Luis Garrido, Jody Haigh, and María Inés Barría. "Insights on early mutational events in SARS-CoV-2 virus reveal founder effects across geographical regions." PeerJ 8 (May 21, 2020): e9255. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9255.

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Here we aim to describe early mutational events across samples from publicly available SARS-CoV-2 sequences from the sequence read archive and GenBank repositories. Up until 27 March 2020, we downloaded 50 illumina datasets, mostly from China, USA (WA State) and Australia (VIC). A total of 30 datasets (60%) contain at least a single founder mutation and most of the variants are missense (over 63%). Five-point mutations with clonal (founder) effect were found in USA next-generation sequencing samples. Sequencing samples from North America in GenBank (22 April 2020) present this signature with up to 39% allele frequencies among samples (n = 1,359). Australian variant signatures were more diverse than USA samples, but still, clonal events were found in these samples. Mutations in the helicase, encoded by the ORF1ab gene in SARS-CoV-2 were predominant, among others, suggesting that these regions are actively evolving. Finally, we firmly urge that primer sets for diagnosis be carefully designed, since rapidly occurring variants would affect the performance of the reverse transcribed quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) based viral testing.

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31

Haan, Tracie J., Lisa K. Smith, Stephanie DeRonde, Elva House, Jacob Zidek, Diana Puhak, Logan Mullen, et al. "A Repeat Pattern of Founder Events for SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Alaska." Viruses 15, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15010222.

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Alaska is a unique US state because of its large size, geographically disparate population density, and physical distance from the contiguous United States. Here, we describe a pattern of SARS-CoV-2 variant emergence across Alaska reflective of these differences. Using genomic data, we found that in Alaska, the Omicron sublineage BA.2.3 overtook BA.1.1 by the week of 27 February 2022, reaching 48.5% of sequenced cases. On the contrary, in the contiguous United States, BA.1.1 dominated cases for longer, eventually being displaced by BA.2 sublineages other than BA.2.3. BA.2.3 only reached a prevalence of 10.9% in the contiguous United States. Using phylogenetics, we found evidence of potential origins of the two major clades of BA.2.3 in Alaska and with logistic regression estimated how it emerged and spread throughout the state. The combined evidence is suggestive of founder events in Alaska and is reflective of how Alaska’s unique dynamics influence the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants.

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32

BLIN, GUILLAUME, ROMEO RIZZI, FLORIAN SIKORA, and STEPHANE VIALETTE. "MINIMUM MOSAIC INFERENCE OF A SET OF RECOMBINANTS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 24, no. 01 (January 2013): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054113400042.

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In this paper, we investigate the central problem of finding recombination events. It is commonly assumed that a present population is a descendent of a small number of specific sequences called founders. The recombination process consists in given two equal length sequences, generates a third sequence of the same length by concatenating the prefix of one sequence with the suffix of the other sequence. Due to recombination, a present sequence (called a recombinant) is thus composed of blocks from the founders. A major question related to founder sequences is the so-called Minimum Mosaic problem: using the natural parsimony criterion for the number of recombinations, find the "best" founders. In this article, we prove that the Minimum Mosaic problem given haplotype recombinants with no missing values is NP-hard when the number of founders is given as part of the input and propose some exact exponential-time algorithms for the problem, which can be considered polynomial provided some extra information. Notice that Rastas and Ukkonen proved that the Minimum Mosaic problem is NP-hard using a somewhat unrealistic mutation cost function. The aim of this paper is to provide a better complexity insight of the problem.

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33

Kajon, Irene. "The Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau and the Rabbinical College of Padua: A Comparison." transversal 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2016): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tra-2016-0006.

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AbstractThe article deals with three points that refer to two important Jewish institutions of the age of emancipation, that is, the Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau and the Rabbinical College of Padua: (1) how these Rabbinical schools were founded, (2) their courses and programs, and (3) the inspiration behind them. A comparison is outlined on the ground of these three points. The conclusion reminds the closing of these two schools, in 1938 the first and in 1871 the second, because of external events: the uprising of German antisemitism and the constitution of Italian State; and how the interesting figure of Sabato Morais, the founder in 1887 and first president of the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York, which prepares Conservative Rabbis, could in a sense be considered the heir of both these schools.

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34

Levinson, Mark M. "Editorial." Heart Surgery Forum 17, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1532/hsf98.2014001.

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As Founder and Editor-in-Chief of The Heart Surgery Forum, it is my pleasure to update the readership on events salient to our mission and our members. First the proceedings of the HSF #2 Scientific Congress in Split, Croatia this past May 14-17, 2014.

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35

Aboagye, Elvis Twumasi, Samuel Mawuli Adadey, Edmond Wonkam-Tingang, Lucas Amenga-Etego, Gordon A. Awandare, and Ambroise Wonkam. "Global Distribution of Founder Variants Associated with Non-Syndromic Hearing Impairment." Genes 14, no. 2 (February 3, 2023): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14020399.

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The genetic etiology of non-syndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) is highly heterogeneous with over 124 distinct genes identified. The wide spectrum of implicated genes has challenged the implementation of molecular diagnosis with equal clinical validity in all settings. Differential frequencies of allelic variants in the most common NSHI causal gene, gap junction beta 2 (GJB2), has been described as stemming from the segregation of a founder variant and/or spontaneous germline variant hot spots. We aimed to systematically review the global distribution and provenance of founder variants associated with NSHI. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO, the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, with the registration number “CRD42020198573”. Data from 52 reports, involving 27,959 study participants from 24 countries, reporting 56 founder pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in 14 genes (GJB2, GJB6, GSDME, TMC1, TMIE, TMPRSS3, KCNQ4, PJVK, OTOF, EYA4, MYO15A, PDZD7, CLDN14, and CDH23), were reviewed. Varied number short tandem repeats (STRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used for haplotype analysis to identify the shared ancestral informative markers in a linkage disequilibrium and variants’ origins, age estimates, and common ancestry computations in the reviewed reports. Asia recorded the highest number of NSHI founder variants (85.7%; 48/56), with variants in all 14 genes, followed by Europe (16.1%; 9/56). GJB2 had the highest number of ethnic-specific P/LP founder variants. This review reports on the global distribution of NSHI founder variants and relates their evolution to population migration history, bottleneck events, and demographic changes in populations linked with the early evolution of deleterious founder alleles. International migration and regional and cultural intermarriage, coupled to rapid population growth, may have contributed to re-shaping the genetic architecture and structural dynamics of populations segregating these pathogenic founder variants. We have highlighted and showed the paucity of data on hearing impairment (HI) variants in Africa, establishing unexplored opportunities in genetic traits.

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36

Liu, Enli, Melanie J. Percy, Christopher I. Amos, Yongli Guan, Sanjay Shete, David W. Stockton, Mary F. McMullin, et al. "The worldwide distribution of the VHL 598C>T mutation indicates a single founding event." Blood 103, no. 5 (March 1, 2004): 1937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-07-2550.

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Abstract The first congenital defect of hypoxia-sensing homozygosity for VHL 598C>T mutation was recently identified in Chuvash polycythemia. Subsequently, we found this mutation in 11 unrelated individuals of diverse ethnic backgrounds. To address the question of whether the VHL 598C>T substitution occurred in a single founder or resulted from recurrent mutational events in human evolution, we performed haplotype analysis of 8 polymorphic markers covering 340 kb spanning the VHL gene on 101 subjects bearing the VHL 598C>T mutation, including 72 homozygotes (61 Chuvash and 11 non-Chuvash) and 29 heterozygotes (11 Chuvash and 18 non-Chuvash), and 447 healthy unrelated individuals from Chuvash and other ethnic groups. The differences in allele frequencies for each of the 8 markers between 447 healthy controls (598C) and 101 subjects bearing the 598T allele (P < 10–7) showed strong linkage disequilibrium. Haplotype analysis indicated a founder effect. We conclude that the VHL 598C>T mutation, the most common defect of congenital polycythemia yet found, was spread from a single founder 14 000 to 62 000 years ago.

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37

Knobloch, O., B. Zoll, K. Zerres, H. H. Brackmann, K. Olek, and M. Ludwig. "Recurrent mutations in the factor IX gene: founder effect or repeat de novo events." Human Genetics 92, no. 1 (August 1993): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00216143.

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38

Deshpande, Omkar, Serafim Batzoglou, Marcus W. Feldman, and L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza. "A serial founder effect model for human settlement out of Africa." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1655 (September 16, 2008): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0750.

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The increasing abundance of human genetic data has shown that the geographical patterns of worldwide genetic diversity are best explained by human expansion out of Africa. This expansion is modelled well by prolonged migration from a single origin in Africa with multiple subsequent serial founding events. We discuss a new simulation model for the serial founder effect out of Africa and compare it with results from previous studies. Unlike previous models, we distinguish colonization events from the continued exchange of people between occupied territories as a result of mating. We conduct a search through parameter space to estimate the range of parameter values that best explain key statistics from published data on worldwide variation in microsatellites. The range of parameters we use is chosen to be compatible with an out-of-Africa migration at 50–60 Kyr ago and archaeo–ethno–demographic information. In addition to a colonization rate of 0.09–0.18, for an acceptable fit to the published microsatellite data, incorporation into existing models of exchange between neighbouring populations is essential, but at a very low rate. A linear decay of genetic diversity with geographical distance from the origin of expansion could apply to any species, especially if it moved recently into new geographical niches.

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Leverenz, H., and M. D. Filipovic. "The past, present and future of gravitational wave astronomy." Serbian Astronomical Journal, no. 00 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/saj210518001l.

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Gravitational Waves (GWs) have become a major source of insight in Multi Messenger Astronomy since their first direct detection in 2015 (Abbott et al. 2016) where the Nobel prize in Physics was awarded in 2017 to LIGO founders Barry C. Barish, Kip S. Thorne, and Rainer Weiss. They complement electromagnetic and particle measurements by providing cosmic scale evidence which cannot be detected in any other way. Their rise to prominence has not been straightforward since the founder of general relativity, Albert Einstein, who predicted GWs, was nevertheless skeptical of their existence and detectability. This skepticism put a damper on Gravitational Wave (GW) research that was not overcome until the 1950's, the decade of Einstein's death. Since then, ever more sensitive GW detectors have been designed for construction on earth and in space. Each of these detector approaches was designed to expand the types of cosmic events that could be detected.

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Ramstad, Kristina M., Rogan M. Colbourne, Hugh A. Robertson, Fred W. Allendorf, and Charles H. Daugherty. "Genetic consequences of a century of protection: serial founder events and survival of the little spotted kiwi ( Apteryx owenii )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1762 (July 7, 2013): 20130576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0576.

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We present the outcome of a century of post-bottleneck isolation of a long-lived species, the little spotted kiwi ( Apteryx owenii , LSK) and demonstrate that profound genetic consequences can result from protecting few individuals in isolation. LSK were saved from extinction by translocation of five birds from South Island, New Zealand to Kapiti Island 100 years ago. The Kapiti population now numbers some 1200 birds and provides founders for new populations. We used 15 microsatellite loci to compare genetic variation among Kapiti LSK and the populations of Red Mercury, Tiritiri Matangi and Long Islands that were founded with birds from Kapiti. Two LSK native to D'Urville Island were also placed on Long Island. We found extremely low genetic variation and signatures of acute and recent genetic bottleneck effects in all four populations, indicating that LSK have survived multiple genetic bottlenecks. The Long Island population appears to have arisen from a single mating pair from Kapiti, suggesting there is no genetic contribution from D'Urville birds among extant LSK. The N e / N C ratio of Kapiti Island LSK (0.03) is exceptionally low for terrestrial vertebrates and suggests that genetic diversity might still be eroding in this population, despite its large census size.

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Cala-Riquelme, Franklyn, Patrick Wiencek, Eduardo Florez-Daza, Greta J. Binford, and Ingi Agnarsson. "Island–to–Island Vicariance, Founder–Events and within–Area Speciation: The Biogeographic History of the Antillattus Clade (Salticidae: Euophryini)." Diversity 14, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14030224.

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The Caribbean Archipelago is a biodiversity hotspot that plays a key role in developing our understanding of how dispersal ability affects species formation. In island systems, species with intermediate dispersal abilities tend to exhibit greater diversity, as may be the case for many of the salticid lineages of the insular Caribbean. Here, we use molecular phylogenetic analyses to infer patterns of relationships and biogeographic history of the Caribbean endemic Antillattus clade (Antillattus, Truncattus, and Petemethis). We test if the timing of origin of the Antillatus clade in the Greater Antilles is congruent with GAARlandia and infer patterns of diversification within the Antillattus clade among Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Specifically, we evaluate the relative roles of dispersal over land connections, and overwater dispersal events in diversification within the Greater Antilles. Time tree analysis and model-based inference of ancestral ranges estimated the ancestor of the Antillattus clade to be c. 25 Mya, and the best model suggests dispersal via GAARlandia from northern South America to Hispaniola. Hispaniola seems to be the nucleus from which ancestral populations dispersed into Cuba and Puerto Rico via land connections prior to the opening of the Mona Passage and the Windward Passage. Divergences between taxa of the Antillattus clade from Cuban, Hispaniolan, and Puerto Rican populations appear to have originated by vicariance, founder-events and within-island speciation, while multiple dispersal events (founder-events) between Cuba and Hispaniola during the Middle Miocene and the Late Miocene best explain diversity patterns in the genera Antillattus and Truncattus.

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42

Vangheluwe, Nick, and Tom Beeckman. "Lateral Root Initiation and the Analysis of Gene Function Using Genome Editing with CRISPR in Arabidopsis." Genes 12, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12060884.

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Lateral root initiation is a post-embryonic process that requires the specification of a subset of pericycle cells adjacent to the xylem pole in the primary root into lateral root founder cells. The first visible event of lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis is the simultaneous migration of nuclei in neighbouring founder cells. Coinciding cell cycle activation is essential for founder cells in the pericycle to undergo formative divisions, resulting in the development of a lateral root primordium (LRP). The plant signalling molecule, auxin, is a major regulator of lateral root development; the understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling lateral root initiation has progressed tremendously by the use of the Arabidopsis model and a continual improvement of molecular methodologies. Here, we provide an overview of the visible events, cell cycle regulators, and auxin signalling cascades related to the initiation of a new LRP. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of genome editing technology to analyse gene function in lateral root initiation, which provides an excellent model to answer fundamental developmental questions such as coordinated cell division, growth axis establishment as well as the specification of cell fate and cell polarity.

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43

Haase, A. "The Evolution of X-Ray Instrumentation at Rich. Seifert & Co." Advances in X-ray Analysis 39 (1995): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800022448.

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To facilitate orientation in time, some selected events will be briefly presented. Approximately five hundred years ago, Columbus discovered America. One hundred years ago, on November 8th, 1895, Wilhelm Conrad R6ntgen discovered the X-rays which in the German language are called after him. In 1912 Max von Laue conducted the first X-ray diffraction experiment. In 1892 Richard Seifert Sr. founded the Electrotechnical Plant in Hamburg. After World War I (1914-1918) the company founder gradually handed the firm over to his son Richard Seifert Jr. After his son had completed studies in physics and electrical engineering he conducted pioneering experiments on the application of X-rays in science and technology. From the very beginning, X-ray equipment was produced in the three fields of medicine, science and technology. It was only ten years after World War II (1939-1945) that the line of medical equipment was discontinued and the daughter [1] as a member of the third generation gradually took over executive management tasks.

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El Houssi, Leila. "The History and Evolution of Independence Movements in Tunisia." Oriente Moderno 97, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340139.

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After the establishment of French protectorate in 1881, the role played by the domestic nationalist movements that emerged in Tunisia during the early twentieth century is fundamentally important for any analysis of the long chain of events that ultimately led to the decolonization of the country. The first Tunisian nationalist movement was that of the Jeunes Tunisiens (Young Tunisians) in 1907, which was fronted by two charismatic leaders: al-Bašīr Ṣafar and ʿAlī Bāš Ḥānbah. Al-Bašīr Ṣafar, the undisputed heart and soul of the movement, was among the founders of the Ḫaldūniyyah, a journalist for Le Tunisien, and, after 1908, the governor of Sousse. ʿAlī Bāš Ḥānbah as an administrator at the Collège Sadiki and co-founder of Le Tunisien. After the Great War, another movement emerged demanding the creation of a parliamentary assembly made up of both French and native citizens: the Parti Libéral Constitutionnel, or Dustūr, led by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Taʿālbī, which founded the Arabic-language newspaper “Sabīl al-Rašād”. Initially underestimated by the French authorities, Dustūr would go on become a legitimate nationalist movement. In 1934, at the Congress of Ksar Hellal, the party line imposed by Dustūr frustrated and disappointed many young nationalist militants, who split away from the group and founded a movement of their own that would go on to become the primary champion of the independence struggle: Néo-Dustūr. Among these young militants were Ḥabīb Būrqībah, the leader of the new party, which radically transformed itself with a cross-class platform capable of winning the allegiance of the Tunisian masses in the fight for greater independence. As we shall see, the origins of decolonization in Tunisia indisputably lay in the creation and evolution of these nationalist groups, which built upon and succeeded one another during the first four decades of the twentieth century.

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Jong, Menno J., Fiona Lovatt, and A. Rus Hoelzel. "Detecting genetic signals of selection in heavily bottlenecked reindeer populations by comparing parallel founder events." Molecular Ecology 30, no. 7 (March 2, 2021): 1642–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.15837.

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46

Haag, C. R., M. Riek, J. W. Hottinger, V. I. Pajunen, and D. Ebert. "Founder events as determinants of within-island and among-island genetic structure of Daphnia metapopulations." Heredity 96, no. 2 (December 21, 2005): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800774.

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47

Ashta, Arvind. "Dealing with Black Swan Events: An Interview with Vijay Mahajan, Founder and CEO of Basix." Strategic Change 25, no. 5 (September 2016): 625–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2085.

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48

Kuzhba, Mykhailo, and Olha Yurchenko. "OLENA KOSTENKO – THE FOUNDER OF THE KHARKIV TSYMBALY SCHOOL." Aspects of Historical Musicology 22, no. 22 (March 2, 2021): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-22.08.

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Introduction. 2020 became an iconic and significantly groundbreaking year for all mankind. Its events made us change our view on many aspects of our life, which from one side has become a generator to search of new ways and solutions and from another one – emphasized once again the importance of events and processes of the past, reminded of the value of existing assets. All that, of course, didn’t pass by the artistic sphere, in which usual events (concerts, performances, exhibitions, conferences, etc) found their new transformation thanks to opportunities of digital technologies and due to quarantine restrictions. It is possible to outline the process of reflection (an artistic one in our case) on a personal example of the authors of the article as direct active participants in the celebration of the 30th anniversary of the cimbalom class of Kharkiv National University of Arts named after I. P. Kotlyarevsky, which took place online. It was almost a 3-month long remote marathon “Cimbalom Slobozhanshchyna”, which consisted of archival and current records of representatives of Kharkiv cimbalom school: from toddlers – students of schools of aesthetic education to already famous Ukrainian musicians – graduates of the cimbalom class of KhNUA. New conditions and ways of realization provided an opportunity to look holistically at the creative potential and powerful development of one performing school. The desire was not just to provide a creative biography of the founder of the cimbalom school of Slobozhanshchyna Olena Opanasivna Kostenko, but to emphasize the versatility of her creative personality and reveal all aspects of her creative work, which from our point of view became the key that opened famous Kharkiv cimbalom school. Objectives. The objectives of this article are to acquaint the world with the creative personality of Olena Kostenko, to single out and highlight the spheres of her creative activity, the set of which became the basis for the formation of a modern Kharkiv cimbalom school. Results and Discussion. Olena Opanasivna Kostenko is an Honored Artist of Ukraine, Associate Professor, Founder, and Leader of the Kharkiv Cimbalom School, a well-known teacher, methodologist, author of many concert arrangements for cimbalom and ensembles with the participation of cimbalom and creative projects. All these aspects of creative activity will be considered in more detail and in the context of the history of the performing school. Founder. Almost in one decade of the XX century, the whole hierarchy of cimbalom education was formed in Kharkiv: school – specialized school – conservatory (primary – secondary – higher art education), at the origins of which stands one person – Olena Kostenko. Lecturer. The synthesis of many aspects, such as many years of fruitful pedagogical work, love for work of life and cimbalom, fidelity to human principles and flexibility to new realities, constant creative search, inexhaustible enthusiasm, and personal qualities of Olena Opanasivna are the “magnet”, in our opinion, that attract like-minded creators, students-followers. Her pupils are numerous winners of international and national competitions. Olena Opanasivna’s graduates successfully work in the teaching field in Kharkiv, Kyiv, and Lutsk, they are soloists of professional groups of Kharkiv. Pedagogical and personal principles of O. Kostenko are: creativity and productivity, freedom and respect, accessibility and peculiarity. Methodist-researcher. O. Kostenko is the author of numerous publications, which can be divided into historical-research and educational-methodical publications. She is a regular speaker of methodological seminars and workshops organized by the Regional Training Center for Cult Education of Kharkiv region and the city of Kharkiv, which addresses problematic and topical issues of primary art education, namely cimbalom. Editor and compiler. Music editions by O. Kostenko became no less valuable, even more significant contribution to the cimbalom art. Olena Opanasivna stimulates active editorial activity among her students, arguing its importance and need for expanding and updating the cymbal repertoire, interest in finding new readings of musical creativity, enriched and diversified concert programs, and more. Social activist. O. Kostenko’s projects of a series of concerts became significant events for the music world of Kharkiv. They were held in the halls of the Kharkiv Philharmonic, Kharkiv National University of Arts named after I. P. Kotlyarevsky and Kharkiv Music College named after B. M. Lyatoshinsky called “Cimbalom from A to Z” (2005), “Evening of Ukrainian folk instruments music” (2007), “The world of cimbalom from A to Z” (2008, 2012), “Festival of ensembles of Ukrainian folk instruments” (2009), “The world of cimbalom” coauthored with M. Kuzhba (2013), “Cimbalom playing” (2013, 2014), “Cimbalom in Slobozhanshchyna” – ensemble music (2015), “The cimbalom constellation of Slobozhanshchyna” (2017), “Let’s interpret Boris Mikheev’s music on cimbalom” (2018), Remote marathon to the 30th anniversary of the cimbalom class of KhNUA “Cimbalom Slobozhanshchyna” (2020–2021). We would like to emphasize the constant participation of Olena Opanasivna in the jury of well-known and professional international, all-Ukrainian and regional competitions. Conclusions. Undoubtedly, all the stated above proves the active process of formation and flourishing of the youngest cimbalom school in Ukraine – Kharkiv one, which has been going on for more than 40 years and is headed by a bright creative personality (with its individual style, personal qualities). We state the fact that due to the versatility of Olena Kostenko’s creative activity (founder, teacher, methodologist-researcher, editor-compiler, public figure) it is impossible to imagine the system of folk instrumental art of Slobozhanshchyna at the present stage without cimbalom and cimbalom performing school. Constant creative activity and openness to new forms of the latter characterize it as productive, modern, and original.

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Hampe, Arndt, Marie-Hélène Pemonge, and Rémy J. Petit. "Efficient mitigation of founder effects during the establishment of a leading-edge oak population." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1764 (August 7, 2013): 20131070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1070.

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Numerous plant species are shifting their range polewards in response to ongoing climate change. Range shifts typically involve the repeated establishment and growth of leading-edge populations well ahead of the main species range. How these populations recover from founder events and associated diversity loss remains poorly understood. To help fill this gap, we exhaustively investigated a newly established population of holm oak ( Quercus ilex ) growing more than 30 km ahead of the nearest larger stands. Pedigree reconstructions showed that plants belong to two non-overlapping generations and that the whole population originates from only two founder trees. The four first-generation trees that have reached maturity showed disparate mating patterns despite being full-sibs. Long-distance pollen immigration was notable despite the strong isolation of the stand: 6 per cent gene flow events in acorns collected on the trees ( n = 255), and as much as 27 per cent among their established offspring ( n = 33). Our results show that isolated leading-edge populations of wind-pollinated forest trees can rapidly restore their genetic diversity through the interacting effects of efficient long-distance pollen flow and purging of inbred individuals during recruitment. They imply that range expansions of these species are primarily constrained by initial propagule arrival rather than by subsequent gene flow.

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Hernández-Espinosa, Raquel, Jorge González-Astorga, Yessica Rico, and Juan B. Gallego-Fernández. "Effect of Life-History Traits and Habitat Condition on Genetic Diversity between Invasive and Native Plant Populations." Diversity 14, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14121025.

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Plant invasions have a huge impact on the health of ecosystems and human well-being. The invasion risk varies with the introduction pathway, the propagule pressure, and the genetic diversity of the founding population. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of 30 studies reporting the genetic diversity of 31 plant species in their invasive and native ranges. We evaluated if patterns of genetic diversity differ between ranges and whether these responses are influenced by life-history traits, hybridization, polyploidization, and habitat condition. We found that invasive populations had significantly lower genetic diversity and higher inbreeding than native populations. In fragmented and degraded habitats, the genetic diversity of invaders was lower, but inbreeding was not affected. Polyploid invaders with hybrid capacity also showed lower genetic diversity. Invasive herbs with vegetative propagation were more sensitive to the loss of genetic diversity and had higher levels of inbreeding. Our synthesis showed that the genetic response in the invaded range could result from historical processes, such as founder and bottleneck events. Traits such as selfing are more likely to preserve the signatures of founder events and influence the genetic diversity in invasive populations. Additionally, clonality seems to be the predominant reproduction system in the invaded range.

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