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Journal articles on the topic 'Fouling – Prevention'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

A., Raja, Bhagyanathan C., and Narendhar C. "Bio Fouling Prevention Using Silicone Oil based Composition." Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/bijiems.8395.

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2

Ouyang, Rulu, Bin Huang, Chun-Hai Wei, Hongwei Rong, Huarong Yu, Fangshu Qu, Kang Xiao, and Xia Huang. "Cake Layer Fouling Potential Characterization for Wastewater Reverse Osmosis via Gradient Filtration." Membranes 12, no. 8 (August 21, 2022): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12080810.

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It is of great importance to quantitatively characterize feed fouling potential for the effective and efficient prevention and control of reverse osmosis membrane fouling. A gradient filtration method with microfiltration (MF 0.45 μm) → ultrafiltration (UF 100 kDa) → nanofiltration (NF 300 Da) was proposed to extract the cake layer fouling index, I, of different feed foulants in this study. MF, UF, and NF showed high rejection of model suspended solids (kaolin), colloids (sodium alginate and bovine serum albumin), and dissolved organic matters (humic acid) during constant-pressure individual filtration tests, where the cake layer was the dominant fouling mechanism, with I showing a good linear positive correlation with the foulant concentration. MF → UF → NF gradient filtration tests of synthetic wastewater (i.e., model mixture) showed that combined models were more effective than single models to analyze membrane fouling mechanisms. For each membrane of gradient filtration, I showed a positive correlation with the targeted foulant concentration. Therefore, a quantitative assessment method based on MF → UF → NF gradient filtration, the correlation of combined fouling models, and the calculation of I would be useful for characterizing the fouling potentials of different foulants. This method was further successfully applied for characterizing the fouling potential of real wastewater (i.e., sludge supernatant from a membrane bioreactor treating dyeing and finishing wastewater).

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3

Honda, Yoshihiro. "Marine Fouling and its Prevention." Kobunshi 43, no. 7 (1994): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.43.474.

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4

Pääkkönen, Tiina M., Ulla Ojaniemi, Markus Riihimäki, Esa Muurinen, Carey J. Simonson, and Riitta L. Keiski. "Surface Patterning of Stainless Steel in Prevention of Fouling in Heat Transfer Equipment." Materials Science Forum 762 (July 2013): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.762.493.

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Fouling of surfaces is a major challenge in design and operation of many industrial heat transfer equipment. Fouling causes significant energy, material and production losses, which increase the environmental impact and decrease economic profitability of processes. Even small improvements in prevention of fouling would lead to significant savings in a wide range of heat transfer applications. In this study, crystallization fouling of aqueous calcium carbonate solutions on a heated stainless steel surface is used to investigate the prevention of fouling in heat transfer equipment by physical surface modifications. Fouling behaviour of different surface patterns are studied experimentally in a laboratory scale fouling test apparatus. CFD modelling is used to study hydrodynamic and thermal conditions near surfaces with different patterns. In addition, the effect of surface pattern on the removal of particles is studied numerically. Surface patterning is found to affect the hydrodynamic and thermal conditions near the wall, and therefore to change the conditions for fouling layer build-up and removal, when compared to a flat heat transfer surface. The most promising surface pattern includes curved shapes, and it seems to create flow conditions in which improved convective heat transfer decreases the driving force for crystallization fouling. In addition, curved surfaces increase the shear forces at the wall, which prevents adhesion of the foulants to the surface and increases resuspension.

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5

Chen, Yan, Zi Wen Xiao, and Guo Zhen Zhang. "The Effect of Coagulation on Preventing UF Membrane from Fouling." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 1353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1353.

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In this experiment, the effects on improve of flux and prevention of membrane from fouling was studied. The results demonstrated that after backwashing, the flux was completely recovered by addition of 4mg/L and 10mg/L（as Al）, while the flux was only 40% of initial flux without coagulation pretreatment. It was also found that whether or not prevention of fouling by coagulation was depended on the characteristics of cake layer formed on membrane surface during membrane filtration. In the presence of filtration of coagulation floc suspension, coagulation could form cake layer on membrane surface, thus prevent membrane from fouling effectively, while in the presence of filtration of supernatant, fouling was occurred due to cake layer comprising small, neutral, hydrophilic compounds, which can not removed by backwash.

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6

Zainol Abidin, Muhammad Nidzhom, Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef, and Takeshi Matsuura. "Fouling Prevention in Polymeric Membranes by Radiation Induced Graft Copolymerization." Polymers 14, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010197.

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The application of membrane processes in various fields has now undergone accelerated developments, despite the presence of some hurdles impacting the process efficiency. Fouling is arguably the main hindrance for a wider implementation of polymeric membranes, particularly in pressure-driven membrane processes, causing higher costs of energy, operation, and maintenance. Radiation induced graft copolymerization (RIGC) is a powerful versatile technique for covalently imparting selected chemical functionalities to membranes’ surfaces, providing a potential solution to fouling problems. This article aims to systematically review the progress in modifications of polymeric membranes by RIGC of polar monomers onto membranes using various low- and high-energy radiation sources (UV, plasma, γ-rays, and electron beam) for fouling prevention. The feasibility of the modification method with respect to physico-chemical and antifouling properties of the membrane is discussed. Furthermore, the major challenges to the modified membranes in terms of sustainability are outlined and the future research directions are also highlighted. It is expected that this review would attract the attention of membrane developers, users, researchers, and scientists to appreciate the merits of using RIGC for modifying polymeric membranes to mitigate the fouling issue, increase membrane lifespan, and enhance the membrane system efficiency.

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7

Zulkefli, Nur Fatihah, Nur Hashimah Alias, Nur Shafiqah Jamaluddin, Norfadhilatuladha Abdullah, Shareena Fairuz Abdul Manaf, Nur Hidayati Othman, Fauziah Marpani, Muhammad Shafiq Mat-Shayuti, and Tutuk Djoko Kusworo. "Recent Mitigation Strategies on Membrane Fouling for Oily Wastewater Treatment." Membranes 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010026.

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The discharge of massive amounts of oily wastewater has become one of the major concerns among the scientific community. Membrane filtration has been one of the most used methods of treating oily wastewater due to its stability, convenience handling, and durability. However, the continuous occurrence of membrane fouling aggravates the membrane’s performance efficiency. Membrane fouling can be defined as the accumulation of various materials in the pores or surface of the membrane that affect the permeate’s quantity and quality. Many aspects of fouling have been reviewed, but recent methods for fouling reduction in oily wastewater have not been explored and discussed sufficiently. This review highlights the mitigation strategies to reduce membrane fouling from oily wastewater. We first review the membrane technology principle for oily wastewater treatment, followed by a discussion on different fouling mechanisms of inorganic fouling, organic fouling, biological fouling, and colloidal fouling for better understanding and prevention of membrane fouling. Recent mitigation strategies to reduce fouling caused by oily wastewater treatment are also discussed.

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8

Braga, Cierra, Kelli Hunsucker, Caglar Erdogan, Harrison Gardner, and Geoffrey Swain. "The Use of a UVC Lamp Incorporated With an ROV to Prevent Biofouling: A Proof-of-Concept Study." Marine Technology Society Journal 54, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.54.5.9.

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AbstractA proof-of-concept study was designed to investigate using an Ultraviolet C (UVC) lamp mounted on a hull-crawling remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to prevent biofouling on a ship hull. A wheeled cart with a UVC lamp was built to expose two large test panels to UVC. The test panels were coated with an ablative copper antifouling and a silicone fouling release coating, and these were immersed in seawater at Port Canaveral, Florida. Three exposure frequencies (once a week, twice a week, and three times a week) and two dosages (8 and 16 s of UVC exposure) were tested. UVC was effective at preventing biofilm growth during the first 2 weeks of UVC treatment but was unable to prevent increased fouling growth as time progressed. It appears that an increase in UVC intensity and duration of exposure would be needed to prevent fouling growth especially during high-fouling seasons or that UVC exposure would need to be combined with another fouling prevention practice, such as mechanical wiping, to be more effective.

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9

Bushnell, A. H., R. W. Clark, J. E. Dunn, and S. W. Lloyd. "Prevention of electrode fouling in high field sterilization." Trends in Food Science & Technology 6, no. 10 (October 1995): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-2244(00)89172-4.

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10

Lohaus, Theresa, Julia Beck, Tobias Harhues, Patrick de Wit, Nieck E. Benes, and Matthias Wessling. "Direct membrane heating for temperature induced fouling prevention." Journal of Membrane Science 612 (October 2020): 118431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118431.

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11

Tenzer, Berta, Avner Adin, and Menachem Priel. "Seawater filtration for fouling prevention under stormy conditions." Desalination 125, no. 1-3 (November 1999): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(99)00125-3.

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12

Barry, Michelle C., Kiril Hristovski, and Paul Westerhoff. "Membrane Fouling by Vesicles and Prevention through Ozonation." Environmental Science & Technology 48, no. 13 (June 18, 2014): 7349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es500435e.

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13

Xing, Xiao-kai, Chong-fang Ma, Yong-chang Chen, Zhi-hui Wu, and Xiu-rong Wang. "Electromagnetic anti-fouling technology for prevention of scale." Journal of Central South University of Technology 13, no. 1 (February 2006): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-006-0109-2.

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14

Madsen, R. "Optimization of fluid dynamics for maximum fouling prevention." Desalination 70, no. 1 (1988): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(88)85014-8.

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15

Madsen, R. F. "Optimization of fluid dynamics for maximum fouling prevention." Desalination 70, no. 1-3 (November 1988): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(88)85053-7.

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16

Reuben, Bryan G., Orly Perl, Neil L. Morgan, Peter Stratford, Linda Y. Dudley, and Christopher Hawes. "Phospholipid coatings for the prevention of membrane fouling." Journal of Chemical Technology AND Biotechnology 63, no. 1 (May 1995): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.280630112.

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17

Schulz, M., J. Winter, H. Wray, B. Barbeau, and P. Bérubé. "Biologically active ion exchange (BIEX) for NOM removal and membrane fouling prevention." Water Supply 17, no. 4 (February 13, 2017): 1178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.016.

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The natural organic matter (NOM) removal efficiency and regeneration behavior of ion-exchange filters with promoted biological activity (BIEX) was compared to operation where biological activity was suppressed (i.e. abiotic conditions). The impact of BIEX pre-treatment on fouling in subsequent ultrafiltration was also investigated. Biological operation enhanced NOM removal by approximately 50% due to an additional degradation of smaller humic substances, building blocks and low molecular weight acids. Promotion of biological activity significantly increased the time to breakthrough of the filters and, therefore, is expected to lower the regeneration frequency as well as the amount of regenerate of which to dispose. Pre-treatment using BIEX filters resulted in a significant decrease in total and irreversible fouling during subsequent ultrafiltration. The decrease was attributed to the effective removal of medium and low molecular weight NOM fractions. The results indicate that BIEX filtration is a robust, affordable and easy-to-operate pre-treatment approach to minimize fouling in ultrafiltration systems and enhance the quality of the produced permeate.

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18

Berce, Jure, Matevž Zupančič, Matic Može, and Iztok Golobič. "A Review of Crystallization Fouling in Heat Exchangers." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081356.

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A vast majority of heat exchangers suffer from unwanted deposition of material on the surface, which severely inhibits their performance and thus marks one of the biggest challenges in heat transfer. Despite numerous scientific investigations, prediction and prevention of fouling remain unresolved issues in process engineering and are responsible for large economic losses and environmental damage. This review article focuses specifically on crystallization fouling, providing a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of fouling in heat exchangers. The fundamentals of the topic are discussed, as the term fouling resistance is introduced along with distinct fouling behaviour, observed in laboratory and industrial environments. Insight into subsequent phases of the fouling process is provided, along with the accompanying microscale events. Furthermore, the effects of fluid composition, temperature, flow velocity, surface condition, nucleate boiling and composite fouling are comprehensively discussed. Fouling modelling is systematically reviewed, from the early work of Kern and Seaton to recently used artificial neural networks and computational fluid dynamics. Finally, the most common fouling mitigation approaches are presented, including design considerations and various on-line strategies, as well as off-line cleaning. According to our review, several topics require further study, such as the initial stage of crystal formation, the effects of ageing, the interplay of two or more fouling mechanisms and the underlying phenomena of several mitigation strategies.

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19

Hakami, Mohammed Wali, Abdullah Alkhudhiri, Sirhan Al-Batty, Myrto-Panagiota Zacharof, Jon Maddy, and Nidal Hilal. "Ceramic Microfiltration Membranes in Wastewater Treatment: Filtration Behavior, Fouling and Prevention." Membranes 10, no. 9 (September 22, 2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10090248.

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Nowadays, integrated microfiltration (MF) membrane systems treatment is becoming widely popular due to its feasibility, process reliability, commercial availability, modularity, relative insensitivity in case of wastewater of various industrial sources as well as raw water treatment and lower operating costs. The well thought out, designed and implemented use of membranes can decrease capital cost, reduce chemical usage, and require little maintenance. Due to their resistance to extreme operating conditions and cleaning protocols, ceramic MF membranes are gradually becoming more employed in the drinking water and wastewater treatment industries when compared with organic and polymeric membranes. Regardless of their many advantages, during continuous operation these membranes are susceptible to a fouling process that can be detrimental for successful and continuous plant operations. Chemical and microbial agents including suspended particles, organic matter particulates, microorganisms and heavy metals mainly contribute to fouling, a complex multifactorial phenomenon. Several strategies, such as chemical cleaning protocols, turbulence promoters and backwashing with air or liquids are currently used in the industry, mainly focusing around early prevention and treatment, so that the separation efficiency of MF membranes will not decrease over time. Other strategies include combining coagulation with either inorganic or organic coagulants, with membrane treatment which can potentially enhance pollutants retention and reduce membrane fouling.

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20

Zhu, Xiaoying, Shifeng Guo, Dominik Jańczewski, Fernando Jose Parra Velandia, Serena Lay-Ming Teo, and G. Julius Vancso. "Multilayers of Fluorinated Amphiphilic Polyions for Marine Fouling Prevention." Langmuir 30, no. 1 (December 19, 2013): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la404300r.

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21

Roh, Yongrae, Vasundara V. Varadan, and Vijay K. Varadan. "Application of surface acoustic waves for marine fouling prevention." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 87, S1 (May 1990): S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2028233.

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22

Weinrich, Lauren, Charles N. Haas, and Mark W. LeChevallier. "Recent advances in measuring and modeling reverse osmosis membrane fouling in seawater desalination: a review." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 3, no. 2 (February 27, 2013): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2013.056.

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A review of recent literature focuses on the fouling phenomena in membrane systems for desalination, quantification and qualification of parameters related to biological fouling (biofouling), and emerging areas for prevention. In particular, biofouling of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) is widely regarded as the most important area for future research on this topic. Reducing membrane fouling is fundamental to seawater treatment but is not well managed. The current state of industry knowledge is evaluated with particular focus on SWRO membrane biofouling, as well as its measurement and mitigation. Specific shortcomings and possible solutions are reviewed regarding the role of assimilable organic carbon, chemical treatment and other components in understanding the fouling process, impacts from pretreatment, level of assimilable nutrients, modeling applications, and real time monitoring. A critical review of recent advances in understanding organic and biological fouling is presented because these are the most difficult to control and least understood.

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23

Juang, Yu-Chuan, Ay Su, Li-Hsing Fang, Duu-Jong Lee, and Juin-Yih Lai. "Fouling with aerobic granule membrane bioreactor." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 9 (November 1, 2011): 1870–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.139.

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Aerobic granulation (AG) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) are two promising, novel environmental biotechnological processes that draw interest of researchers working in the area of biological wastewater treatment. Membrane fouling in the combined aerobic granular membrane bioreactor (AGMBR) process and the conventional MBR process was investigated in this work. The irreversible fouling on hollow-fibre membranes in both reactors were observed with the multiple staining and confocal laser scanning microscope technique. Following physical and chemical washing, the external fouling layers were mostly removed. However, the biofilms built up in the interior surface of membrane remained and contributed to the irreversible fouling resistance. AGMBR retained most cells with granules, thereby reducing their penetration through membrane and thus the chance to form internal fouling layer. The internal biofilm layer was principally composed of live cells embedded in a matrix of proteins and polysaccharides, with that on AGMBR denser and thicker than that on MBR. Prevention of development of internal biofilm is essential to reduce irreversible fouling of AGMBR and MBR membranes.

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24

Kim, C. H., M. Hosomi, A. Murakami, and M. Okada. "Effects of clay on the fouling by organic substances in potable water treatment by ultrafiltration." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 9 (November 1, 1994): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0467.

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In water treatment by ultrafiltration, effects of clay on the fouling due to organic matter in cross-flow ultrafiltration were evaluated by fouling model materials and clay. Fouling model materials selected were BSA (Bovine serum albumin, MW68,000), Dextran (MW70,000), and humic acid (MW8,000-200,000) at a size larger than molecular weight cut-off (MWCO 50,000, polysulfone) and alpha-lactalbumin, Dextran (MW9,300), fulvic acid (MW8,000) for smaller size than and that kaolin was selected as a clay material. The flux of BSA, Dextran (MW70,000) increased with an increase in the amount of kaolin, and the flux of alphalactalbumin, Dextran (MW9,300), fulvic acid did not increase with kaolin. In contrast, the flux of humic acid decreased with an increase in the quantity of kaolin. It was found that in the direct ultrafiltration of river water clay materials did not affect the flux decline, and could contribute to the prevention of fouling due to organic matter. It seemed that the pore size of membrane plays an important role in the effect of clay on the fouling due to organic matter.

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25

Litynska, Marta, Roman Antoniuk, Nataliia Tolstopalova, and Igor Astrelin. "Ferric Oxyhydroxide as Fouling Prevention Reagent for Low-Pressure Membranes." Journal of Ecological Engineering 20, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12911/22998993/99736.

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26

El-Azizi, Ibrahim M., Kieran M. Baker, and Robert G. J. Edyvean. "Prevention of SWRO membrane fouling using nano-alumina depth filter." Desalination and Water Treatment 51, no. 25-27 (May 20, 2013): 4862–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.776238.

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27

Zhang, Ershuai, Boyi Song, Yuanjie Shi, Hui Zhu, Xiangfei Han, Hong Du, Chengbiao Yang, and Zhiqiang Cao. "Fouling-resistant zwitterionic polymers for complete prevention of postoperative adhesion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 50 (November 30, 2020): 32046–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012491117.

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Postoperative adhesions are most common issues for almost any types of abdominal and pelvic surgery, leading to adverse consequences. Pharmacological treatments and physical barrier devices are two main approaches to address postoperative adhesions but can only alleviate or reduce adhesions to some extent. There is an urgent need for a reliable approach to completely prevent postoperative adhesions and to significantly improve the clinical outcomes, which, however, is unmet with current technologies. Here we report that by applying a viscous, cream-like yet injectable zwitterionic polymer solution to the traumatized surface, postoperative adhesion was completely and reliably prevented in three clinically relevant but increasingly challenging models in rats. The success rate of full prevention is over 93% among 42 animals tested, which is a major leap in antiadhesion performance. Clinically used Interceed film can hardly prevent the adhesion in any of these models. Unlike current antiadhesion materials serving solely as physical barriers, the “nonfouling” zwitterionic polymer functioned as a protective layer for antiadhesion applications with the inherent benefit of resisting protein/cell adhesions. The nonfouling nature of the polymer prevented the absorption of fibronectins and fibroblasts, which contribute to the initial and late-stage development of the adhesion, respectively. This is the key working mechanism that differentiated our “complete prevention” approach from current underperforming antiadhesion materials. This work implies a safe, effective, and convenient way to fully prevent postoperative adhesions suffered by current surgical patients.

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28

Melliti, E., K. Touati, H. Abidi, and H. Elfil. "Iron fouling prevention and membrane cleaning during reverse osmosis process." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16, no. 7 (July 10, 2018): 3809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1899-0.

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29

Rahmoune, M., C. Tarico, and M. Latour. "Application of piezoelectricity for marine fouling prevention in oceanographic sensors." Ferroelectrics 171, no. 1 (September 1995): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199508018448.

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30

YOKOYAMA, TADASHI. "Prevention and counterplan of mold staining. Mechanism of mold fouling." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 58, no. 6 (1985): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.58.345.

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31

Xiaokai, X., M. Chongfang, and C. Yongchang. "Investigation on the Electromagnetic Anti-Fouling Technology for Scale Prevention." Chemical Engineering & Technology 28, no. 12 (December 2005): 1540–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200500023.

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32

Iversen, V., J. Mohaupt, A. Drews, M. Kraume, and B. Lesjean. "Side effects of flux enhancing chemicals in membrane bioreactors (MBRs): study on their biological toxicity and their residual fouling propensity." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.660.

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Soluble and colloidal materials like soluble microbial products (SMP) or extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are considered to be major foulants in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Removing these fouling causing substances is thus thought to reduce the fouling of the membrane in general. In addition to traditional strategies for fouling prevention which mostly try to remedy the effects of fouling by air scour, etc., the new and promising method of adding chemicals is being investigated here. Previous tests with 30 different substances have shown that several of these reduce SMP concentration in the supernatant and enhance filtration. Nevertheless, additive dosing might have unknown side effects in filtration systems. Results presented in this study indicate that these additives may themselves cause severe fouling on different membranes if they remain unbound in the liquid phase. Therefore, the thorough control of the dosing rate of these chemicals will be of paramount importance in full scale applications. Biological toxicity of additives was measured in terms of respiration. OUR tests did not show inhibiting effects for most additives. Chitosan even showed an enhanced OUR due to biodegradability. Oxygen transfer could be enhanced for 25% with the addition of a polymer.

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33

Geng, Z., and E. R. Hall. "Characterization of fouled membranes from a membrane enhanced biological phosphorus removal system." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 10 (November 1, 2006): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.707.

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Characterization of fouled membranes is the first step towards a good understanding of membrane fouling nature and thus formulating effective engineering measures for fouling prevention and control. In this study, fouled membrane fibres collected from a pilot scale membrane enhanced biological phosphorus removal (MEBPR) process were systematically examined. Several analytical tools, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), conventional optical microscopy (COM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization – mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis, and conventional chemical analysis techniques were used. The results indicated that membrane fouling in the MEBPR process was mainly of an organic nature, and most extractable foulants were carbohydrates and humic or humic-like substances. Unlike in other wastewater treatment membrane bioreactors, microbial growth on fouled membranes was not substantial, probably due to the vigorous aeration applied and the strong hydrodynamic conditions within the membrane pore structure. After a period of sludge filtration, membrane surfaces became more hydrophobic and the resultant hydrophobic interactions between the fouled membranes and mixed liquor constituents might have accelerated the fouling process.

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34

Lee, Songbok Lee, and Seungkwan Hong. "Evaluation of manganese removal by adsorption for prevention of membrane fouling." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 58 (2017): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.11433.

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35

Graham, Mary, and Nathaniel Cady. "Nano and Microscale Topographies for the Prevention of Bacterial Surface Fouling." Coatings 4, no. 1 (January 17, 2014): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings4010037.

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36

Jegla, Zdeněk, Bohuslav KilkovskÝ, and Petr Stehlík. "Calculation Tool for Particulate Fouling Prevention of Tubular Heat Transfer Equipment." Heat Transfer Engineering 31, no. 9 (August 2010): 757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457630903500932.

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37

Maartens, A., E. P. Jacobs, and P. Swart. "UF of pulp and paper effluent: membrane fouling-prevention and cleaning." Journal of Membrane Science 209, no. 1 (November 2002): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-7388(02)00266-1.

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38

Rahmoune, Miloud, and Mireille Latour. "Application of Mechanical Waves Induced by Piezofilms to Marine Fouling Prevention." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 7, no. 1 (January 1996): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x9600700104.

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39

Dickenson, Natasha C., Jason S. Krumholz, Kelli Z. Hunsucker, and Michael Radicone. "Iodine-infused aeration for hull fouling prevention: a vessel-scale study." Biofouling 33, no. 10 (November 17, 2017): 955–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2017.1393803.

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Gilron, Jack, M. Waisman, N. Daltrophe, N. Pomerantz, M. Milman, I. Ladizhansky, and E. Korin. "Prevention of precipitation fouling in NF/RO by reverse flow operation." Desalination 199, no. 1-3 (November 2006): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.136.

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Ahmed, Farah, Boor Singh Lalia, Victor Kochkodan, Nidal Hilal, and Raed Hashaikeh. "Electrically conductive polymeric membranes for fouling prevention and detection: A review." Desalination 391 (August 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.01.030.

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Van Hulle, S. W. H., A. Vergote, J. Hogie, and P. Dejans. "Practical Assessment of Electronic Water Treatment for the Prevention of Fouling." Chemical Engineering & Technology 30, no. 5 (May 2007): 659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200600398.

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Mei, Ji. "Researching Advances in Application of Bio-Inspired Superhydrophobic Metallic Surface." Key Engineering Materials 871 (January 2021): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.871.125.

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Abstract:

Metal materials are very important engineering materials, which are irreplaceable in the history of mankind. Infiltrating theoretical basis described in the paper comprehensively introduces the super hydrophobic of metal surface which has important theoretical significance and broad application prospects in many fields of basic research and industrial application including self-cleaning, fluid drag reduction, water miniature conveyer, condensation, ice prevention, resistant corrosion and protection, liquid transmission, oil-water separation, biological fouling and Marine fouling and control, etc. It also puts forward the corrosion mechanism of super hydrophobic surface to extend the bionic super hydrophobic metal materials in the field of industrial and civilian sectors.

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Salaeh, S., W. Khongnakorn, and W. Chaipetch. "The Future Challenges of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for High Strength Wastewater." Journal of Applied Membrane Science & Technology 25, no. 3 (November 7, 2021): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/amst.v25n3.226.

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This article is to present a review of anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR), process, operational condition, fouling mechanism and future challenge for high strength wastewater. Since1969s, membrane filtration technology has been used and continuously developed for wastewater treatment and recovery. AnMBR has proposed for the economic feasibility owing to the low footprint, high yield production under the relatively low energy consumption. Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) configuration is the widely used couple with a flat sheet or hollow fibre modules. The various factors of operating condition are influence on the performance such as hydraulic retention time (HRT= 6 – 12 d), solid retention time (SRT > 100 d) and operating temperature (T = 10 - 56oC). In addition, the increase in temperature is related to high methanogenic activity and high COD removal efficiency (85% - 99%). However, the limitation of this process is fouling that occurs from the soluble microbial product (SMP), exopolymer substance (EPS) and biopolymer cluster (BPC). Almost of appropriate operating conditions for high performance, anti-fouling, the majority of effective microorganisms and energy balance are discussed in detail. For the challenge work, improvement of the prevention membrane fouling and high energy recovery in the hybrid/combination system with forward osmosis (FO), membrane distillation (MD) and powder activated carbon (PAC)-AnMBR.

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OGAWA, Kazuya. "The Prevention of Marine Fouling on FRP Ship Hull by Coating a Non-polluting and Anti-fouling Paint-I : Effectiveness of Silicone Coated Film against Marine Fouling." Journal of Japan Institute of Navigation 95 (1996): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9749/jin.95.211.

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Mao, Xin, Xin Cui, and Shuiping Chen. "Research Progress of Nanomaterials in the Prevention of Biological Fouling on Ships." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2002, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2002/1/012013.

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Mohammed Saedi Jami and Eiji Iritani. "Prevention of Membrane Fouling by High-Efficient Microfiltration Accompanied With Cyclic Backwashing." Hosokawa Powder Technology Foundation ANNUAL REPORT 12 (2004): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14356/hptf.03502.

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Liu, Mingyan, Xiulun Li, Ruitai Lin, Wanda Nie, Rucheng Zhang, and Ningsheng Ling. "Fouling prevention with fluidized particles in evaporation of traditional chinese medicine extract." China Particuology 2, no. 2 (April 2004): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1672-2515(07)60028-1.

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Kyriacou, G., P. Vadgama, and W. Wang. "Characterization of a laminar flow cell for the prevention of biosensor fouling." Medical Engineering & Physics 28, no. 10 (December 2006): 989–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2006.05.008.

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Warsinger, David M., Amelia Servi, Sarah Van Belleghem, Jocelyn Gonzalez, Jaichander Swaminathan, Jehad Kharraz, Hyung Won Chung, Hassan A. Arafat, Karen K. Gleason, and John H. Lienhard V. "Combining air recharging and membrane superhydrophobicity for fouling prevention in membrane distillation." Journal of Membrane Science 505 (May 2016): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.01.018.

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