Journal articles on the topic 'Fouling organisms – Control'
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1
Tadros, A. B. "The role of marine organisms in fouling control." Pigment & Resin Technology 18, no. 7 (July 1989): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb042623.
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Puentes, C., K. Carreño, M. Santos-Acevedo, J. Gómez-León, M. García, M. Pérez, M. Stupak, and G. Blustein. "Anti-fouling Paints Based on Extracts of Marine Organisms from The Colombian Caribbean." Ciencia y tecnología de buques 8, no. 15 (July 20, 2014): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25043/19098642.105.
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Habitually, control of biological fouling includes application of paints containing toxic substances that end upcontaminating marine ecosystem. Many organisms prevent settlement of other species synthesizing secondarymetabolites that could be used in the elaboration of environmentally friendly anti-fouling paints. This work evaluated the behavior of anti-fouling paints based on extracts from marine invertebrates in the ColombianCaribbean: Agelas tubulata, Myrmekioderma gyroderma, Oceanapia peltata, Aplysina lacunosa, Neopetrosia próxima,and Holothuria glaberrima. The painted panels were submerged in the port of Mar del Plata (Argentina); after 90 days in the sea signi!cant differences were registered in the total coverage between the painted panels andthe controls (p<0.05). The results obtained represent important progress toward using natural compounds incontrolling encrustations.
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Asapu, Sunitha, Santosh Pant, Peyman Majid, Isabel C. Escobar, and Cyndee L. Gruden. "Study of copper-charged membranes for control of fouling due to bacteria and algae organic matter." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 5, no. 4 (June 3, 2015): 516–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.001.
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The accumulation of micro-organisms, along with the presence of nutrients, forms biofilms. Biofoulants that are typically encountered in desalination systems include cellular organisms (e.g. bacteria or algae) and organic debris, including algae organic matter. The accumulation of these micro-organisms is problematic to membranes by causing irreversible fouling. The most adverse effects due to biofouling include declines in permeate flux and salt rejection. In addition, biofilm formation necessitates frequent membrane cleaning, increasing operating costs and decreasing membrane life. The goal of this research was to investigate the performance of low-fouling copper-charged membranes for microbial resistance. The extent of fouling on the microbial resistant membranes was characterized by assessing surface area coverage by image analysis. Fluorescent microscopy was used to determine activity of biofilm cells on the surface. The presence of extracellular polymeric substance was verified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The permeate flux values were compared for both unmodified and copper-charged membranes by conducting dead-end filtration experiments using synthetic brackish water.
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Jolkifli, Hjh Zuliza Hj, and Ranimah H. A. Wahab. "Plate Settlement: Determination of Fouling Organisms in Brunei." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, no. 1-2 (September 15, 2018): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.467.
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Shipping is considered a primary vector of biological invasion. Hull fouling is recognized as one of the common vectors involved in the translocation of marine pests that may have deleterious impacts to ecology and economy. In an effort to understand the fouling communities within Brunei waters and as an early attempt to obtain baseline data, PVC plates were deployed at a depth of 1 meter, checked for taxa composition and replaced with new plates monthly and quarterly over a period of one year. The Caribbean bivalve Mytilopsis sallei was absent throughout the period of study, and plates were mainly colonized by native fouling species and silt. Nevertheless, further verification on the absence of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) is still required. This study summarizes the improved methods of analysis for better control and management in order to impede the incursion or invasion of undesirable species.
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Angulo-Preckler, C., E. García-Lopez, B. Figuerola, C. Avila, and C. Cid. "Natural chemical control of marine associated microbial communities by sessile Antarctic invertebrates." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 85 (December 3, 2020): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01948.
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Organisms living in the sea are exposed to fouling by other organisms. Many benthic marine invertebrates, including sponges and bryozoans, contain natural products with antimicrobial properties, since microbes usually constitute the first stages of fouling. Extracts from 4 Antarctic sponges (Myxilla (Myxilla) mollis, Mycale tylotornota, Rossella nuda, and Anoxycalyx (Scolymastra) joubini) and 2 bryozoan species (Cornucopina pectogemma and Nematoflustra flagellata) were tested separately for antifouling properties in field experiments. The different crude extracts from these invertebrates were incorporated into a substratum gel at natural concentrations for an ecological approach. Treatments were tested by submerging plates covered by these substratum gels under water in situ during 1 lunar cycle (28 d) at Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Remarkably, the butanolic extracts of M. tylotornota and C. pectogemma showed complete growth inhibition of microscopic eukaryotic organisms, one of the succession stages involved in biofouling. Our results suggest that different chemical strategies may exist to avoid fouling, although the role of chemical defenses is often species-specific. Thus, the high specificity of the microbial community attached to the coated plates seems to be modulated by the chemical cues of the crude extracts of the invertebrates tested.
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Sá, Fabrício S. de, Rosebel C. Nalesso, and Karla Paresque. "Fouling organisms on Perna perna mussels: is it worth removing them?" Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 55, no. 2 (June 2007): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592007000200008.
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Perna perna mussel spat were suspended from ropes on a long-line cultivation, at Coqueiro´s Beach, Anchieta, South-eastern Brazil, in order to quantify the fouling community structure and its effects on growth and biomass of mussels. Half of the ropes had the fouling removed monthly, half had the foulingleft until the end of the experiment. Monthly samples of thirty mussels from each group were measured and their biomass determined. The fouling organisms were identified, quantified and their biomass evaluated on a monthly basis. After ten months, mussels on the cleaned treatment were significantly larger and heavier (ANOVA; P < 0.05; Bonferroni: unfouled > fouled), showing that fouling reduced mussel development. The most abundant epibiont organisms in terms of biomass were the algae Polysiphonia subtilissima (29%) and Ulva rigida (10.3%), followed by the bryozoans Bugula neritina (13.6%) and Perna perna spat (10.6%). Over 97 taxa and 42,646 individuals were identified, crustaceans being the most abundant group, predominantly one amphipod Cheiriphotis megacheles (12,980 ind.). Species abundance was positively correlated with algal biomass, revealing the influence of algae on vagile fauna, which provide both food and shelter. The benefits of fouling removal are discussed because the majority of species are important feeding items to fishes and yet, the costs of its fouling control added to the associated mussel spat loss make this fouling removal of questionable value.
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Ralston, Emily, and Geoffrey Swain. "Can Biomimicry and Bioinspiration Provide Solutions for Fouling Control?" Marine Technology Society Journal 45, no. 4 (July 1, 2011): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.4.15.
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AbstractBiomimicry, modeling biological systems to find engineering methods, and bioinspiration, improving upon or repurposing the biological model, may provide direction for the development of new antifouling solutions. Despite being subject to constant pressure from foulers, many organisms maintain a clean surface. The challenge lies in selecting the most effective and reproducible antifouling mechanisms from nature and mimicking or modifying them to provide a realistic engineered solution.
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PEREIRA, R. C., A. G. V. CARVALHO, B. A. P. GAMA, and R. COUTINHO. "Field experimental evaluation of secondary metabolites from marine invertebrates as antifoulants." Brazilian Journal of Biology 62, no. 2 (May 2002): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842002000200015.
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The crude organic extracts of the endemic gorgonian Phyllogorgia dilatata and two sponge species Aplysina fulva and Mycale microsigmatosa were evaluated for anti-fouling properties through field experiments. To investigate this property in ecologically meaningful conditions, crude extracts from these invertebrates were incorporated at concentrations naturally found in these marine organisms into a stable gel used as a substratum for fouling settlement. Crude extract from A. fulva showed no significant anti-fouling property at the natural concentrations used in the field experiments. In fact, fouling organisms settled significantly more on gels treated with A. fulva extract than on the control gel. On the other hand, both M. microsigmatosa and P. dilatata yielded crude extracts that exhibited a selective action inhibiting only the settlement of barnacles. The evidences obtained here by means of field experiments can provide a basis for future development of one kind of natural antifoulant technology to prevent marine biofouling.
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Seed, Raymond. "Fouling Organisms of the Indian Ocean: Biology and Control Technology. Rachakonda Nagabhushanam , Mary-Frances Thompson." Quarterly Review of Biology 74, no. 1 (March 1999): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/393022.
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Heylen, Camille, Alice Oliveira Aguiar, Gabrielle String, Marta Domini, Nathaniel Goff, Anna Murray, Ayse Asatekin, and Daniele Lantagne. "Laboratory Efficacy of Locally Available Backwashing Methods at Removing Fouling in Hollow-Fiber Membrane Filters Used for Household Water Treatment." Membranes 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11050375.
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Hollow-fiber membrane filters (HFMFs) for household water treatment (HWT) can efficaciously remove disease-causing organisms in laboratory settings. However, lower effectiveness in use in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and humanitarian contexts (HCs) has been observed and attributed to membrane fouling and the associated cleaning. In LMICs/HCs, it is not possible to prevent and control fouling using commonly known methods (e.g., testing influent water, maintenance regimes), and the literature on fouling/cleaning of HFMFs distributed in LMICs is scarce. As such, controlled laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of locally available (in LMICs/HCs) backwashing solutions at removing fouling using different influent waters and HFMF types. Four commonly distributed HFMFs were selected; fouling layers were developed by filtering three influent water compositions, representing LMIC/HC waters, for 10-days, and bleach, water, or vinegar backwashing solutions were used for daily backwashing. Filter performance indicators included: fiber mechanical properties (strain at break, break force), water quantity performance (flow), water quality performance (turbidity, E. coli), and imaging. The study found fouling developed rapidly and altered mechanical properties and water quantity indicators within 200 h of filtration. Fouling did not decrease water quality indicators. Backwashing improved the filter’s mechanical properties and water quantity performance, but it did not fully recover the initial performance. Additionally, recovery differed between backwashing solutions, and no universal cleaning recommendation appropriate for HFMFs in LMICs/HCs was identified. Overall, fouling development and control depended on HFMF type, influent water quality, and backwashing solution type; thus, caution before distributing HFMFs for long-term use in LMICs/HCs is recommended.
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Obaza, Adam K., and Jonathan P. Williams. "Spatial and temporal dynamics of the overwater structure fouling community in southern California." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 11 (2018): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18083.
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Overwater structures within coastal estuaries are novel habitats that may facilitate the introduction and spread of non-native fouling organisms, although permitting agencies lack quantitative data to develop mitigation measures. To explore this habitat impact, abundance (percentage cover) and community composition of fouling communities were examined over space and time, using photoquadrats on floating docks. Floating dock pontoons within 12 bays and harbours were sampled throughout southern California to document spatial patterns in non-native species. To evaluate community development on newly available substrate, dock floats within Alamitos Bay were sampled quarterly for 1 year following removal of fouling organisms. Percentage coverage of non-native species was greater than coverage of native or cryptogenic species both underneath and along the sides of structures in outer and inner bay areas of embayments and community composition varied significantly among sampling locations. The percentage cover of non-native species and community composition in cleared floats rapidly converged on those of uncleared control floats, suggesting that seasonal dynamics are a strong driver of non-native species colonisation. Quantification of these dynamics could serve as a starting point in the development of mitigation measures and highlights the importance of evaluating all possible impacts from coastal development projects during the permitting process.
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Briant, Hannah G., Abraham Stephens, Emily Ralston, Kelli Z. Hunsucker, and Geoffrey Swain. "An Effective Mesocosm Design for Studying the Settlement and Recruitment of Fouling Organisms." Marine Technology Society Journal 51, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.51.2.8.
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AbstractMesocosms are a powerful tool in the scientific community. They bridge the gap between laboratory and field studies by creating a contained test apparatus that allows for greater control over test organisms while still exposing them to natural environmental variations. A new mesocosm was designed to monitor the in-situ settlement patterns of barnacles. This paper focuses on testing the efficacy of the mesocosm to manage potential problems such as biofouling, corrosion, and poor water quality. The mesocosm consisted of a PVC cube, where four of the six sides had windows covered with 100-μm plankton mesh. Every 2 days, the cube was rotated so that one of the mesh sides was held out of the water, preventing biofouling from clogging the mesh. Biofouling on the outside of the mesocosm significantly correlated to the days of immersion in the marine environment; the longer a side was immersed, the greater the biofouling coverage (p < 0.05, R2 > 0.50). Therefore, the design successfully managed fouling without the use of harmful chemicals. Phytoplankton composition inside and outside the mesocosm was not significantly different (p > 0.05), proving that there was food available to the barnacle larvae for development. There was a lower amount of meroplankton inside the mesocosm (p < 0.05) as compared to outside, showing that this mesocosm successfully excluded most competing larvae. This mesocosm design was successful at inhibiting biofouling growth, maintaining water quality and sufficient food, preventing competitive settlers, and housing specific settlement experimentation.
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Petersen, Dennis S., Thomas Kleinteich, Stanislav N. Gorb, and Lars Heepe. "Competing with barnacle cement: wetting resistance of a re-entrant surface reduces underwater adhesion of barnacles." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 145 (August 2018): 20180396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0396.
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Surfaces with re-entrant topographies can repel liquids even of extremely low surface tension, almost independently of the material's inherent wettability. We show that this topography-based wetting resistance can also be applied to underwater applications, reducing the permanent adhesion of marine hardfouling organisms. Having combined a biofouling assay in the marine environment with microscopic analyses, we demonstrate how a synergistic effect of a soft silicone-based material with a re-entrant mushroom-shaped surface topography strongly increases the fouling release ability of such coatings compared with a smooth control made from the same material. Our coating inhibited the complete wetting of the solidifying glues produced by marine organisms, which resulted in a decreased contact area and, consequently, low adhesion. Our work suggests that topography-induced wetting resistance of surfaces may become a viable approach in preventing permanent adhesion of marine hardfouling organisms.
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Sanciolo, Peter, Paul Monis, Justin Lewis, Greg Ryan, Andrew Salveson, Nicola Fontaine, Judy Blackbeard, and Stephen Gray. "Effectiveness and Energy Requirements of Pasteurisation for the Treatment of Unfiltered Secondary Effluent from a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant." Water 12, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 2100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082100.
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Pasteurisation was investigated as a process to achieve high microbial quality standards in the recycling of water from unfiltered secondary effluents from a wastewater treatment plants in Melbourne, Australia. The relative heat sensitivity of key bacterial, viral, protozoan and helminth wastewater organisms (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, FRNA bacteriophage, adenovirus, coxsackievirus, Cryptosporidium, and Ascaris) were determined by laboratory scale tests. The FRNA phage were found to be the most heat resistant, followed by enterococci and E. coli. Pilot scale challenge testing of a 2 ML/day pasteurisation pilot plant using unfiltered municipal wastewater and male specific coliphage (MS2) phage showed that temperatures between 69 °C and 75 °C achieved log reductions values between 0.9 ± 0.1 and 5.0 ± 0.5 respectively in the contact chamber. Fouling of the heat exchangers during operation using unfiltered secondary treated effluent was found to increase the energy consumption of the plant from 2.2 kWh/kL to 5.1 kWh/kL. The economic feasibility of pasteurisation for the current municipal application with high heat exchanger fouling potential can be expected to depend largely on the available waste heat from co-generation and on the efforts required to control fouling of the heat exchangers.
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Bin Ahmad Fawzan, Mohammed Ridha, and Felicia Wong Yen Myan. "Comparisons of Flow Patterns over a Hierarchical and a Non-hierarchical Surface in Relation to Biofouling Control." MATEC Web of Conferences 152 (2018): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815202014.
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Biofouling can be defined as unwanted deposition and development of organisms on submerged surfaces. It is a major problem as it causes water contamination, infrastructures damage and increase in maintenance and operational cost especially in the shipping industry. There are a few methods that can prevent this problem. One of the most effective methods which is using chemicals particularly Tributyltin has been banned due to adverse effects on the environment. One of the non-toxic methods found to be effective is surface modification which involves altering the surface topography so that it becomes a low-fouling or a non-stick surface to biofouling organisms. Current literature suggested that non-hierarchical topographies has lower antifouling performance compared to hierarchical topographies. It is still unclear if the effects of the flow on these topographies could have aided in their antifouling properties. This research will use Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to study the flow on these two topographies which also involves comparison study of the topographies used. According to the results obtained, it is shown that hierarchical topography has higher antifouling performance compared to non-hierarchical topography. This is because the fluid characteristics at the hierarchical topography is more favorable in controlling biofouling. In addition, hierarchical topography has higher wall shear stress distribution compared to non-hierarchical topography
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Alsaab, Ahmad, Nick Aldred, and Anthony S. Clare. "Automated tracking and classification of the settlement behaviour of barnacle cyprids." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 128 (March 2017): 20160957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0957.
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A focus on the development of nontoxic coatings to control marine biofouling has led to increasing interest in the settlement behaviour of fouling organisms. Barnacles pose a significant fouling challenge and accordingly the behaviour of their settlement-stage cypris larva (cyprid) has attracted much attention, yet remains poorly understood. Tracking technologies have been developed that quantify cyprid movement, but none have successfully automated data acquisition over the prolonged periods necessary to capture and identify the full repertoire of behaviours, from alighting on a surface to permanent attachment. Here we outline a new tracking system and a novel classification system for identifying and quantifying the exploratory behaviour of cyprids. The combined system enables, for the first time, tracking of multiple larvae, simultaneously, over long periods (hours), followed by automatic classification of typical cyprid behaviours into swimming, wide search, close search and inspection events. The system has been evaluated by comparing settlement behaviour in the light and dark (infrared illumination) and tracking one of a group of 25 cyprids from the water column to settlement over the course of 5 h. Having removed a significant technical barrier to progress in the field, it is anticipated that the system will accelerate our understanding of the process of surface selection and settlement by barnacles.
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Manilal, Aseer, Sugathan Sujith, Balu Sabarathnam, George Seghal Kiran, Joseph Selvin, Chippu Shakir, and Aaron Premnath LIPTON. "Bioactivity of the red algae Asparagopsis taxiformis collected from the Southwestern coast of India." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 58, no. 2 (June 2010): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592010000200002.
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Among the diverse variety of red algae, Asparagopsis taxiformis constitutes one of the abundant biomass in the Kollam coast (Southwest coast of India). Therefore, in the present study, A. taxiformis was collected, extracted and fractionated using column chromatography. The individual fractions were evaluated in vitro for their antifouling, anticyanobacterial, piscicidal and crustaceans toxicity assays. The fraction eluted with 2:8, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate exhibited strong and broad spectrum of bioactivity. In antifouling assay against Limnea truncatula, the active algal fraction produced 80% of foot repellency at 150 mg/L whereas in anticyanobacterial assay, the active fraction inhibited 100% growth of Trichodesmium sp. at 320 mg/L. The algal fraction showed higher piscicidal effect at the level of 60 mg/L. The crustacean toxicity of the active fraction was also evaluated to find compounds without toxicity in non target organisms, Penaeus monodon and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. It was found that column fraction showed less toxicity against the non target organisms. The chemical constituents of the active fraction were identified by means of chromatographic systems such as TLC, reverse phase HPLC and GC-MS. The overall activity profile envisages that the active column fraction of A. taxiformis might contain synergistic bioactive metabolites that could be utilized for the control of fouling organisms, algal bloom and herbivorous/predaceous fishes in aquaculture ponds.
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Jiang, Weibin, Quanliang Niu, Lin Cheng, Tao Zhou, and Huasheng Xie. "Characterization of silicon acrylic resin containing silica nanoparticles as candidate materials for antifouling and anticorrosion properties in seawater." Corrosion Reviews 38, no. 4 (August 27, 2020): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2019-0091.
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AbstractThe damage caused by marine fouling organisms to ships and underwater artificial equipment is becoming increasingly serious issue, and the prevention and control of marine biofouling has always been a research hotspot in marine coatings. Aiming at the problems of poor adhesion, long curing time and high curing temperature of low-surface energy marine antifouling coatings of organosilicon, a hydrophobic low-surface energy nano-SiO2/silicon acrylic resin nanocomposite coating was synthesized. The anticorrosive property of the composite coatings was analyzed by simulated seawater periodic immersion experiments. The gel permeation chromatography analysis showed that polydimethyl-siloxanes (PDMS) is involved in cross-linking reactions. The dynamic thermomechanical analysis indicated that the glass transition temperature of resin is 58 °C. The contact angle (CA) test showed that the CA of nanocomposite coating is 109.99°. All the detection results can support the excellent antifouling and anticorrosion performance of the low surface energy nanocomposite coatings.
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Paradas, Wladimir C., and Gilberto M. Amado Filho. "Are metals of antifouling paints transferred to marine biota?" Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 55, no. 1 (March 2007): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592007000100006.
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Because of its high toxicity, TBT (trybutiltin) was banned since 2003, which resulted in a greater re-use of Cu as based-biocide in antifouling paints (AFP). The aim of this work is to determine if metals form of AFP are transferred to benthic organisms from Guanabara Bay (GB) (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Metal concentrations were measured in two main fouling algae species Ulva flexuosa and U. fasciata and one isopod species, Sphaeroma serratum, in two GB marinas areas from sites with artificial substrate covered by AFP and natural substrate.In addition, control samples were collected in an adjacent open ocean area. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined by Atomic Absortion Spectrophotometry. Higher concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn were detected in both algal species from GB in relation to control areas. Among samples of algae and isopod species from GB, populations collected over artificial surfaces covered by AFP presented significantly higher metal concentration than population of rocky natural substrate. Our data showed that the leaching of metals by antifouling paints present on decks and boats are being taken up by algae and isopods. These results indicate that antifouling coatings are the main source of heavy metal to biota of GB marina area.
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Bernbom, Nete, Yoke Yin Ng, Stefan Møller Olsen, and Lone Gram. "Pseudoalteromonas spp. Serve as Initial Bacterial Attractants in Mesocosms of Coastal Waters but Have Subsequent Antifouling Capacity in Mesocosms and when Embedded in Paint." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 22 (August 30, 2013): 6885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01987-13.
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ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study was to determine if the monoculture antifouling effect of several pigmented pseudoalteromonads was retained inin vitromesocosm systems using natural coastal seawater and when the bacteria were embedded in paint used on surfaces submerged in coastal waters.Pseudoalteromonas piscicidasurvived on a steel surface and retained antifouling activity for at least 53 days in sterile seawater, whereasP. tunicatasurvived and had antifouling activity for only 1 week. However, during the first week, allPseudoalteromonasstrains facilitated rather than prevented bacterial attachment when used to coat stainless steel surfaces and submerged in mesocosms with natural seawater. The bacterial density on surfaces coated with sterile growth medium was 105cells/cm2after 7 days, whereas counts on surfaces precoated withPseudoalteromonaswere significantly higher, at 106to 108cells/cm2. However, after 53 days, seven of eightPseudoalteromonasstrains had reduced total bacterial adhesion compared to the control.P. piscicida,P. antarctica, andP. ulvaeremained on the surface, at levels similar to those in the initial coating, whereasP. tunicatacould not be detected. Larger fouling organisms were observed on all plates precoated withPseudoalteromonas; however, plates coated only with sterile growth medium were dominated by a bacterial biofilm. Suspensions of aP. piscicidastrain and aP. tunicatastrain were incorporated into ship paints (Hempasil x3 87500 and Hempasil 77500) used on plates that were placed at the Hempel A/S test site in Jyllinge Harbor. For the first 4 months, no differences were observed between control plates and treated plates, but after 5 to 6 months, the control plates were more fouled than the plates with pseudoalteromonad-based paint. Our study demonstrates that no single laboratory assay can predict antifouling effects and that a combination of laboratory and real-life methods must be used to determine the potential antifouling capability of new agents or organisms.
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Baltadakis, A., J. Casserly, L. Falconer, M. Sprague, and TC Telfer. "European lobsters utilise Atlantic salmon wastes in coastal integrated multi-trophic aquaculture systems." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 12 (November 5, 2020): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00378.
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In this study, we investigated if juvenile European lobsters Homarus gammarus would eat waste from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar cages in a coastal integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) setup and if there were any impacts on growth. Trophic interactions between salmon and lobsters were assessed using δ15N and δ13C stable isotope analysis and fatty acid profiling from fish feed as indicators of nutrient flow. Analysis revealed that lobsters directly utilised particulate waste from salmon production, as levels of indicator fatty acids from salmon feed were significantly higher in lobster tissues near the fish cages compared to the control site. Route of uptake may have been direct consumption of waste feed or faecal material or indirectly through fouling organisms. Stable isotope analysis did not indicate nutrient transfer to lobsters, suggesting that the duration of the study and/or the amount of waste consumed was not sufficient for stable isotope analysis. Lobsters grew significantly over the trial period at both sites, but there was no significant difference in lobster growth between the sites. Our results show a trophic relationship between salmon and lobsters within this IMTA system, with no apparent advantage or disadvantage to growth.
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Baldanzi, Simone, Ignacio T. Vargas, Francisco Armijo, Miriam Fernández, and Sergio A. Navarrete. "Experimental Assessment of a Conducting Polymer (PEDOT) and Microbial Biofilms as Deterrents and Facilitators of Macro-Biofouling: Larval Settlement of the Barnacle Notobalanus flosculus (Darwin, 1854) from Central Chile." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010082.
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Maritime enterprises have long sought solutions to reduce the negative consequences of the settlement and growth of marine biofouling (micro- and macro-organisms) on virtually all surfaces and materials deployed at sea. The development of biofouling control strategies requires solutions that are cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Polymer-based coatings, such as the poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its potential applications, have blossomed over the last decade thanks to their low cost, nontoxicity, and high versatility. Here, using multiple-choice larval settlement experiments, we assessed the efficacy of PEDOT against the balanoid barnacle Notobalanus flosculus one of the most common biofouling species in Southeastern Pacific shores, and compared results against a commercially available antifouling (AF) coating, and biofilms at different stages of succession (1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks). We show that larval settlement on PEDOT-coated surfaces was similar to the settlement on AF-coated surfaces, while larvae settled abundantly on roughened acrylic and on early-to-intermediate stages of biofilm (one to four weeks old). These results are promising and suggest that PEDOT is a good candidate for fouling-resistant coating for specific applications at sea. Further studies to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of barnacle larval deterrence, as well as exposure to field conditions, are encouraged.
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Melendres, Adriano R. "Growth and absorption response of Eucheuma denticulatum(Burman) Collins & Hervey) to fish farm water quality condition." Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology 10, no. 4 (2021): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jamb.2021.10.00319.
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Two sampling sites (573m apart) were selected, one serves as the experimental site with floating cages for milkfish and pompano located near the coast, and the other representing the control site also with floating cages containing the same fish species located in a deeper area of the bay. Biomass and growth rates of E. denticulatum was measured on a monthly interval, along with physico-chemical parameters in the two sites, monitored for a period of up to one year. Results showed that seaweed species grew well within the conditions of the experimental fish farming site, where water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen were found to be well within the optimal range. Growth, aside from the seasonal changes in the weather pattern that influenced water movement, was affected by the presence of epiphytes, predators and fouling organisms that were present during culture. These factors have reduced potential biomass, nutrient absorption, and growth rates of the seaweeds. The introduction of the extractive species in the fish farm appeared to have checked the adverse effects of fish culture activities whose daily inputs of commercial feeds, aside from feces and metabolic wastes, could be the main contributor to the suspended solids in the surrounding waters. The levels of ammonia at 0.5 m (average: 0.047mg/L) in the experimental site was observed to be lower than that of the control site, whereas the levels of nitrate (ave: 0.226mg/L) and phosphate (ave: 0.149mg/L) in the same depth remained relatively high suggesting that these nutrients were not absorbed much.
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V.R. de Messano, Luciana, Leila Y. Reznik, Lucio Sathler, and Ricardo Coutinho. "Evaluation of biocorrosion on stainless steels using laboratory-reared barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 61, no. 6 (October 28, 2014): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-07-2013-1278.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to use the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite reared in the laboratory to investigate the effects of juveniles on corrosion behaviour of three stainless steels (SS): UNS S31600, N08904 and UNS S32760. Design/methodology/approach – Barnacle larvae were maintained in a laboratory until they reached the cypris larval stage. A total of 100 cyprids were added to four individual containers; each SS coupon (70 × 50 × 2 mm3) was immersed into the containers. After the cyprids attached to the coupons, juveniles were reared for 21 days with the microalgae Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve. Values of open circuit potential (OCP), breakdown potential (Eb) and polarisation resistance (Rp) were evaluated, along with surface examinations. Findings – OCP differences between barnacles and control coupons were not apparent. However, the lowest values of Eb and Rp were observed in the presence of juvenile barnacles, demonstrating the SS corrosion caused by these organisms. Crevice corrosion around the base of the barnacles was detected during visual inspections, despite the small size of the barnacles and the short duration of the experiments. Originality/value – The A. amphitrite assays were useful as a tool for testing corrosion behaviour of the SS under laboratory conditions. This was the first study to test the use of this common protocol in anti-fouling research as a method to study marine biocorrosion.
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Ushivtsev, Vladimir B., Sergey V. Vostokov, Nikita B. Vodovsky, Maya L. Galaktionova, and Gulnara А. Akhmedova. "DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES ON THE BASIS OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTTOM STATIONS IN DIFFERENT ZONES OF THE NORTH-CASPIAN SHELF." South of Russia: ecology, development 13, no. 3 (October 9, 2018): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2018-3-13-30.
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Aim.On the basis of four experimental bottom stations installed at various depths of the North Caspian shelf, the local communities of marine organisms were formed, on various constructions and in close proximity to them were investigated. The aim of the work is to study the features of community development on the basis of bottom biological stations, to measure their quantitative characteristics, to assess the informative character of the structural and functional characteristics of local communities for analyzing the state of the marine environment. Methods. Experimental bottom stations were installed in various regions of the North Caspian shelf using diving equipment to study their impact on the environment. Control over the development of associated fauna was carried out with the help of traps and the method of direct accounting for the materials of photo-video surveys. Sampling of fouling was carried out by the method of registration sites. Based on the number of species of flora and fauna of local communities, a ballroom information system has been suggested, that can be used for monitoring. Results. Research materials indicate a significant difference in the species composition, biomass and the structure of communities of local cenoses formed at the bottom stations with the same design and ecological capacity at various depths of the North Caspian shelf. In the shallow shelf zone at depths of 6-8 m in the local community of the bottom station, the vegetation component is dominant. At great depths, the total biomass increases in local cenoses and animal communities, including filter-feeders, make significant contribution to the self-purification of the marine environment. Conclusions. The results indicate the possibility of using complex observations of the structure and functional characteristics of local communities formed on the base of bottom stations, as well as the development of species of indicators and objects of accumulation of toxicants for assessing the state of the marine environment. The development of this approach involves the experiments with different station costructioons and materials and use of biotechnology implantation of test organisms on the design of bottom stations.
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Wang, Jian Bing, Fan Zhao, Xiao Ling Yang, Wen Ya Han, Kevin Long, and Yun Rui Zhou. "Marine Environmental Risk Assessment Method for Active Substances Used in Antifouling Systems on Ships in China." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 962–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.962.
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A Chinese risk assessment procedure was developed to address active substances used in biologically active (biocidal) antifouling paints. The priority was to promote the use of environmentally friendly, technically and economically viable alternatives to DDT/TBT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane/tributyltin) in the control of marine fouling organisms. The procedure was based upon European Union Biocide Product Directive (EU-BPD) and International Standard Organization (ISO) method for the Environmental risk assessment of antifouling systems. In order to focus on Chinese national conditions, international templates were adapted to address regional differences. In the Chinese method, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity information is assessed on a step by step basis, allowing an antifouling substance to be defined as either Risk of high concern or Relatively low risk at the end of the decision making process. 4,5-Dichloro-2-n-Octyl-3-Isothiazolinone (DCOIT, Sea-nine), triphenylborane pyridine (TPBP), 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide (Capsaicin) and Zinc ethylene (bis) dithiocarbamate (Zineb), popularly used in China as active substance of antifouling paints, were reviewed according to the developed procedure. The preliminary results indicate that Sea-nine use in antifouling products can be considered low risk, whereas TPBP, Capsaicin and Zineb failed the screening procedure on the basis of bioaccumulation potential, persistence and an unacceptable risk ratio, respectively. Data availability was determined to be a critical factor in the assessments due to the application of Safety Factors for data-poor substances.
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Bixler, Gregory D., and Bharat Bhushan. "Biofouling: lessons from nature." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1967 (May 28, 2012): 2381–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0502.
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Biofouling is generally undesirable for many applications. An overview of the medical, marine and industrial fields susceptible to fouling is presented. Two types of fouling include biofouling from organism colonization and inorganic fouling from non-living particles. Nature offers many solutions to control fouling through various physical and chemical control mechanisms. Examples include low drag, low adhesion, wettability (water repellency and attraction), microtexture, grooming, sloughing, various miscellaneous behaviours and chemical secretions. A survey of nature's flora and fauna was taken in order to discover new antifouling methods that could be mimicked for engineering applications. Antifouling methods currently employed, ranging from coatings to cleaning techniques, are described. New antifouling methods will presumably incorporate a combination of physical and chemical controls.
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Skowroński, Jarosław, Marta Bojarska, and Mirosław Neska. "The Concept of the System for Parameterization of Functionalized Membranes." Solid State Phenomena 223 (November 2014): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.223.3.
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Microbial biofilm formation on membrane surface layer (biofouling) impedes filtration processes through increased material-and energy consumption and causes the risk of contamination by microorganisms and their metabolites. Due to the constantly growing resistance of microorganisms to the commonly used methods of prevention, it is necessary to develop functionalised materials and coatings of stable, non-specific, and effective antimicrobial properties. The integral step in the process of the development of such materials and coatings is universal and reliable testing under process conditions. The intensity of biological fouling is proportional to the microbial cell concentration in the system. Potentially present organisms are systematically varied and may include bacteria, fungi, and microscopic plants. The most convenient and universal method for microbial cell concentration assessment features the measurement of optical density of the liquid. Moreover, biofilm formation is dependent on the physiochemical factors, such as temperature, the chemical composition of feed liquid, membrane material, process flows, and pressures, etc. Additionally, process conditions may affect the activity of the functionalised material used for membrane formation. For this purpose, an integrated approach for multiparameteric assessment is needed, taking into account the measurements of the above listed parameters and allowing for comparisons. The proposed modular test stand includes a number of actuators and measurement sensors, which enable the following control functions: the control over the process fluid flow, the control over the emission on the test object of electromagnetic radiation in the required spectrum, and implementation of the optical density measurements of the fluid. The whole installation test is placed in one closed cubature of controlled thermal conditions. The control system allows the recording and archiving of process data, which are collected (on-line) by a PLC and transferred to a PC via Ethernet interface. Dedicated software application on the PC provides a preliminary analysis and allows remote monitoring via a web browser. Remote access to measurement data can also be used for the creation of a network of series of such test stands, in which different aspects of the studied phenomenon are simultaneously analysed and controlled as the modules of a network control system (NCS). The described system will allow the multiparameteric, universal and reliable assessment of antimicrobial properties of functionalised membranes under process conditions. The modular character of the proposed approach will be fully reconfigurable and adaptive for a wide range of membrane types. The results to be obtained will support the process of sustainable membrane development.
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Wang, Jian Bing, Jun Yang Cheng, Ting Shi, Qing Huang, and Xu Wen He. "Membrane Fouling Mechanism and its Control in the Treatment of Brackish Water with Reverse Osmosis Process." Advanced Materials Research 788 (September 2013): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.788.268.
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Brackish water was treated with reverse osmosis process. The fouling mechanism of RO and its control method was studied. In the treatment of brackish water, the salt removal efficiency was above 95% and the effluent quality was up to the standard for drinking water quality (GB5749-2006). The SDI of the influent of RO was less than 5 after the raw water was pretreated by the combination of coagulation and sedimentation process and filtration process, which met the demand of the water quality of the RO influent. If ultrafiltration was added, the water quality of the pre-treatment was better. Coagulation and precipitation was not very effective for the removal of dissolved organic compounds, especially for the removal of organic compounds with molecular amount ranging from 1000 to 10000. The formation of RO membrane fouling can be divided into five stages, which is membrane surface coarseness stage by inorganic substrate, organic compounds adsorption stage, organism adhesion stage, microbial film development stage, and irreversible membrane block stage. The membrane fouling was effectively alleviated by the strategy of first alkali solution cleaning and then acid solution cleaning.
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Venugopalan, Vayalam P. "Industrial Seawater Cooling Systems under Threat from the Invasive Green Mussel Perna viridis." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, no. 1-2 (September 15, 2018): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.475.
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The green mussel Perna viridis, native to the Asia-Pacific region, has been introduced to other regions such as the Caribbean, Japan and North and South America. It is a large, commercially important species, widely cultivated and harvested in Southeast Asia, but is also considered an invasive species elsewhere, capable of replacing native species. As a fouling organism in intake systems of coastal power plants, it causes flow blockage and loss of cooling efficiency. Mussel colonization during peak settlement season can exceed 35,000 individuals/m2 and biomass can exceed 100 kg/m2. They can withstand wide fluctuations in temperature and salinity. Previous work has shown that a conventional biofouling control measure such as chlorination is not very effective against these bivalves, unless applied continuously for extended periods of time. We require more efficient, environmentally compatible methods of biofouling control. The paper discusses these issues in the context of the perceived invasion potential of P. viridis.
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Erfle, Peer, Juliane Riewe, Heike Bunjes, and Andreas Dietzel. "Stabilized Production of Lipid Nanoparticles of Tunable Size in Taylor Flow Glass Devices with High-Surface-Quality 3D Microchannels." Micromachines 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10040220.
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Nanoparticles as an application platform for active ingredients offer the advantage of efficient absorption and rapid dissolution in the organism, even in cases of poor water solubility. Active substances can either be presented directly as nanoparticles or can be integrated in a colloidal carrier system (e.g., lipid nanoparticles). For bottom-up nanoparticle production minimizing particle contamination, precipitation processes provide an adequate approach. Microfluidic systems ensure a precise control of mixing for the precipitation, which enables a tunable particle size definition. In this work, a gas/liquid Taylor flow micromixer made of chemically inert glass is presented, in which the organic phases are injected through a symmetric inlet structure. The 3D structuring of the glass was performed by femtosecond laser ablation. Rough microchannel walls are typically obtained by laser ablation but were smoothed by a subsequent annealing process resulting in lower hydrophilicity and even rounder channel cross-sections. Only with such smooth channel walls can a substantial reduction of fouling be obtained, allowing for stable operation over longer periods. The ultrafast mixing of the solutions could be adjusted by simply changing the gas volume flow rate. Narrow particle size distributions are obtained for smaller gas bubbles with a low backflow and when the rate of liquid volume flow has a small influence on particle precipitation. Therefore, nanoparticles with adjustable sizes of down to 70 nm could be reliably produced in continuous mode. Particle size distributions could be narrowed to a polydispersity value of 0.12.
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García, Mónica, Mirta Stupak, Miriam Pérez, and Guillermo Blustein. "Transitioning to nontoxic antifouling paints." Pigment & Resin Technology 44, no. 2 (March 2, 2015): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-03-2014-0022.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reduce the amount of copper in antifouling paints by using eugenol as an additive. Biofouling leads to deterioration of any submerged material. The most widespread method for control is the application of cuprous oxide antifouling paints which are toxic. First of all, the paper describes the effect of eugenol on larvae of Balanus amphitrite (fouling organism) under laboratory conditions and then the preparation, application and performance of different types of antifouling paints in field trials. Design/methodology/approach – Three types of soluble matrix antifouling paints were prepared with different pigments. The first one containing 16 per cent v/v copper, the second with 1.6 per cent copper and the third with 1.6 per cent copper + 2 per cent eugenol. Findings – After 12 months of immersion in Mar del Plata harbour paints containing 1.6 per cent copper + eugenol and 16 per cent copper were the most effective. Although these formulations showed a similar performance, copper + eugenol-based paint contains 90 per cent lesser copper than a traditional copper-based formulation. Originality/value – The use of antifouling paints with copper + eugenol combination as pigment is a promising alternative due to its performance, low cost and reduction in copper leaching to environment.
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Stelzer, Sacha, Suhelen Egan, Martin R. Larsen, Douglas H. Bartlett, and Staffan Kjelleberg. "Unravelling the role of the ToxR-like transcriptional regulator WmpR in the marine antifouling bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata." Microbiology 152, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28740-0.
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The dark-green-pigmented marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata produces several target-specific compounds that act against a range of common fouling organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, invertebrate larvae and algal spores. The ToxR-like regulator WmpR has previously been shown to regulate expression of bioactive compounds, type IV pili and biofilm formation phenotypes which all appear at the onset of stationary phase. In this study a comparison of survival under starvation or stress between the wild-type P. tunicata strain and a wmpR mutant (D2W2) does not suggest a role for WmpR in regulating starvation- and stress-resistant phenotypes such as those that may be required in stationary phase. Both proteomic [2-dimensional PAGE (2D-PAGE)] and transcriptomic (RNA arbitrarily primed PCR) studies were used to discover members of the WmpR regulon. 2D-PAGE identified 11 proteins that were differentially expressed by WmpR. Peptide sequence data were obtained for six of these proteins and identified using the draft P. tunicata genome as being involved in protein synthesis, amino acid transamination and ubiquinone biosynthesis, as well as hypothetical proteins. The transcriptomic analysis identified three genes significantly up-regulated by WmpR, including a TonB-dependent outer-membrane protein, a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase and a hypothetical protein. Under iron-limitation the wild-type showed greater survival than D2W2, indicating the importance of WmpR under these conditions. Results from these studies show that WmpR controls the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in iron acquisition and uptake, amino acid metabolism and ubiquinone biosynthesis in addition to a number of proteins with as yet unknown functions.
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Wortham, Jen L., and Lauren VanMaurik. "Gill fouling in the economically important freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) (Caridea: Palaemonidae)." Journal of Crustacean Biology, November 6, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruz079.
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Abstract The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879), lives in freshwater environments of the Indo-West Pacific region and is commonly farmed. Males transition into three male morphotypes that differ in behavior and morphology. Small-clawed males (SM) molt into orange-clawed males (OC) that molt into the harvested and largest blue-clawed males (BC). Grooming behaviors can remove fouling such as sediment particles, bacteria, and other organisms, all of which are commonly found in the natural environment as well as in aquaculture environments. Because individuals of this species groom their bodies frequently, especially the gills, the objective of the study was to observe gills of male morphotypes and females and evaluate their fouling levels and types using light microscopy, bacterial counts, and scanning electron microscopy. The male morphotypes and females are fouled differently, with grooming behaviors being effective in removing sedimentary and bacterial fouling from the gills. Although their relative efficiencies in removing fouling materials from the gills were not statistically significant, OC and BC exhibited contrasting gill fouling patterns with higher bacterial than sedimentary fouling in the former but the opposite in the latter. This difference may be attributed to differential levels of fouling related to variation in behavioral priorities, grooming behaviors, and morphology. Control of bacterial and sedimentary fouling in aquaculture could have large implications on the quality and survival of harvested individuals.
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Muras, Andrea, Severine Larroze, Celia Mayer, Tânia Teixeira, Reut Wengier, Yehuda Benayahu, and Ana Otero. "Evaluation of the Anti-fouling Efficacy of Bacillus licheniformis Extracts Under Environmental and Natural Conditions." Frontiers in Marine Science 8 (August 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.711108.
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There is an increasing interest in developing innovative coatings and testing natural products with anti-fouling activity to substitute current highly toxic biocides that have a harmful impact on marine organisms. Bacillus licheniformis species have shown different anti-biofilm and anti-fouling activities in vitro, but so far, its efficacy in field trials has not been tested. For this purpose, the capacity of different extracts of B. licheniformis NCTC 10341T to prevent micro and macro-fouling was first tested in vitro. The methanol cell extract (MCE) inhibited bacterial biofilm formation without significantly affecting planktonic growth and displayed a significant efficacy to prevent larval settlement of the macro-fouler Bugula neritina in vitro without inducing lethality. Additionally, the MCE presented low toxicity against the non-target species Artemia salina. The B. licheniformis MCE was then incorporated in a self-polishing paint at 2 and 5% w/w and tested in a static immersion experiment in the Gulf of Aqaba (northern Red Sea) for 180 days. Fouling coverage decreased by 30% in the 5% MCE-treated panels in comparison with the control panels. Differences in the anti-biofilm activity of the extracts depending on the culture medium highlight the importance of the strict control of culture conditions for the production of biomass with stable bioactive activity. The results indicate the potential of B. licheniformis NCTC 10341T crude extracts for environmentally friendly anti-fouling applications, although a deeper characterization of the bioactive compounds present in the B. licheniformis MCE and its mode of action is required to allow strict control of the activity of the extracts to achieve large-scale industrial production.
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Esina, Lyubov Mikhailovna, Valeriia Victorovna Bogomolova, Olga Nikolaevna Krivonos, and Svetlana Leonidovna Chernyavskaya. "PRODUCING ENZYMATIC HYDROLYZATE FROM FRESHWATER MOLLUSC DREISSENA POLYMORPHA." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry, June 25, 2019, 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2019-2-101-111.
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Pipelines, mechanisms and hydraulic structures laid on the bottom of freshwater bodies are exposed to massive exposure of fouling organisms - mollusks Dreissena polymorpha . Such fouling hinders the equipment operation and increases the corrosion of materials, besides, utilization of mollusks ( Dreissena polymorpha ) requires financial expenditure. Therefore, to solve the problem, dreissena was suggested to be used as a raw material for producing enzymatic hydrolyzate. The data of the mass-size and chemical composition of the raw materials (dreissena flesh) are presented. During the analysis of the model of a 2-factor experiment (the amount of enzyme preparation and the duration of fermentolysis were taken as factors) there was defined the optimal amount of enzyme (bacterial protease - protozyme). The comparative analysis of a control sample (without adding the enzyme) and enzymatic hydrolyzates of dreissena was carried out. There was stated the increase in protein content (3.7-17.8%), in dry matter (7.0-22.7%), amine nitrogen (446.2-158.6 mg/100 g). The periods of the most intensive increase in the degree of hydrolysis (during the first 2 hours of enzymatic hydrolysis by 2.8% and further 3-4 hours by 1.2%), as well as periods of values stabilization (during 2-3 hours and after 4 hours of enzymatic hydrolysis an increase by 0.6% on average). The change in the optical density of hydrolyzate solutions and their TCA-filtrates has been studied, which helped to compare the degree of protein destruction. There has been presented the technological chart of producing enzymatic hydrolyzates from dreissena with following conditions for fermentolysis: temperature 50 ºС, water ratio 1:1, quantity of enzyme protozyme 0.1% to the mass of blanched dreissena with valves, duration 3-4 hours.
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Chaves Fonnegra, Andia, Mateo López Victoria, Fernando Parra Velandia, and Sven Zea. "ECOLOGÍA QUÍMICA DE LAS ESPONJAS EXCAVADORAS CLIONA APRICA, C. CARIBBAEA, C. DELITRIX Y C. TENUIS." Bulletin of Marine and Coastal Research 34 (January 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.25268/bimc.invemar.2005.34.0.233.
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The Caribbean encrusting and excavating sponges Cliona aprica, C. caribbaea, C. delitrix and C. tenuis (Porifera, Hadromerida, Clionaidae), aggresively undermine and displace live coral tissue. At San Andrés island and Islas del Rosario (Colombian Caribbean), in all 145 observed cases of direct contact of the sponges C. aprica, C. caribbaea and C. tenuis with 17 coral species, corals showed unhealthy signs in their tissue. It was also noticed that the surface of these sponges is colonized by few organisms and that they are rarely preyed upon. To establish the possible use of chemical substances by these sponges in competition for space with corals (allelopathy), as inhibitors of larval settlement (antifouling), and as feeding deterrents against generalist fish (antipredatory), the activity of crude organic extracts was experimentally evaluated. Extracts were prepared in methanol and 1:2 metanol:dichloromethane and incorporated in experimental media at the natural concentration within the sponges. Using an unpublished method being developed by J. Pawlik (University of North Caroline at Wilmington) and M. Ilan (Tel Aviv University), PhytagelTM disks with crude extracts of each of the four sponge species, placed on the coral Montastrea cavernosa, produced a greater degree of polyp mortality than control gels without extract. Gels with extracts of the sponges C. aprica and C. caribbaea + C. tenuis, served in Petri dishes and used as substratum in the field, inhibited significantly the settlement of fouling organisms, in comparison to control gels. In laboratory trials, wheat flour pellets with extracts C. delitrix and C. caribbaea + C. tenuis were significantly rejected by the omnivore reef damselfish, Stegastes partitus, whereas pellets with extract of C. aprica did not deter feeding. These results suggest that substances present in the crude organic extracts of these sponges may be responsible in part for their ability to compete for reef substrata and to defend themselves from potential aggressors.
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Petersen, Dennis S., Marika Schultz, Stanislav N. Gorb, and Lars Heepe. "A systematic investigation into the effect of fibrillar microstructures on the settlement and attachment strength of the bay barnacle Balanus improvisus under natural conditions." Applied Physics A 126, no. 9 (August 18, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-03870-2.
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Abstract Barnacles are one of the most prominent hardfouling organisms in the marine environment. They are able to adhere efficiently to nearly every surface underwater including artificial ones like ship hulls and maritime installations. This overgrowing can lead to huge economical costs. Previous studies have shown that specific microstructure types including micropillars can reduce the initial settlement of barnacles. However, it is not clear how adult barnacles are influenced by microstructured surfaces and whether microstructures can even decrease the resulting adhesion strength of them under natural conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to systematically investigate the influence of height, diameter, aspect ratio and flexibility of fibrillar microstructures made from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on initial settlement of barnacles as well as the permanent attachment of adult ones. Micropillars with three different heights (50 µm, 100 µm, 200 µm) and two different diameters (25 µm, 50 µm) were exposed to the Baltic Sea for 12 weeks. On a weekly basis, all barnacles (Balanus [= Amphibalanus] improvisus) were tracked individually to calculate the release-to-settlement ratio and to capture the average attachment duration prior to detachment. The results have shown that with increasing height, both initial settlement and fouling density development were reduced. An increase of diameter showed a similar relationship but at a much smaller scale. All tested microstructures decreased the detachment rates of barnacles from the surface compared to a flat PDMS control. However, they appear to complicate the development of a strong adhesive joint in the young adult phase. Some grade of flexibility in the microstructures appeared to increase the fouling retention. The results shed light in the interaction between adult barnacle adhesion and microstructures and may help in the development of new antifouling technologies.
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He, Jian, Qi Dai, Yuxuan Qi, Pei Su, Miaoqin Huang, Caihuan Ke, and Danqing Feng. "Bacterial Nucleobases Synergistically Induce Larval Settlement and Metamorphosis in the Invasive MusselMytilopsis sallei." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 85, no. 16 (June 21, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01039-19.
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ABSTRACTMarine bacterial biofilms have long been recognized as potential inducers of larval settlement and metamorphosis in marine invertebrates, but few chemical cues from bacteria have been identified. Here, we show that larval settlement and metamorphosis of an invasive fouling mussel,Mytilopsis sallei, could be induced by biofilms of bacteria isolated from its adult shells and other substrates from the natural environment. One of the strains isolated,Vibrio owensiiMS-9, showed strong inducing activity which was attributed to the release of a mixture of nucleobases including uracil, thymine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, and guanine into seawater. In particular, the synergistic effect of hypoxanthine and guanine was sufficient for the inducing activity ofV. owensiiMS-9. The presence of two or three other nucleobases could enhance, to some extent, the activity of the mixture of hypoxanthine and guanine. Furthermore, we determined that bacteria producing higher concentrations of nucleobases were more likely to induce larval settlement and metamorphosis ofM. salleithan were bacteria producing lower concentrations of nucleobases. The present study demonstrates that bacterial nucleobases play an important role in larval settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrates. This provides new insights into our understanding of the role of environmental bacteria in the colonization and aggregation of invasive fouling organisms and of the metabolites used as chemical mediators in cross-kingdom communication within aquatic systems.IMPORTANCEInvasive species are an increasingly serious problem globally. In aquatic ecosystems, invasive dreissenid mussels are well-known ecological and economic pests because they appear to effortlessly invade new environments and foul submerged structures with high-density aggregations. To efficiently control exotic mussel recruitment and colonization, the need to investigate the mechanisms of substrate selection for larval settlement and metamorphosis is apparent. Our work is one of very few to experimentally demonstrate that compounds produced by environmental bacteria play an important role in larval settlement and metamorphosis in marine invertebrates. Additionally, this study demonstrates that bacterial nucleobases can be used as chemical mediators in cross-kingdom communication within aquatic systems, which will enhance our understanding of how microbes induce larval settlement and metamorphosis of dreissenid mussels, and it furthermore may allow the development of new methods for application in antifouling.
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Xu, Wei-Feng, Na-Na Wu, Yan-Wei Wu, Yue-Xuan Qi, Mei-Yan Wei, Laura M. Pineda, Michelle G. Ng, et al. "Structure modification, antialgal, antiplasmodial, and toxic evaluations of a series of new marine-derived 14-membered resorcylic acid lactone derivatives." Marine Life Science & Technology, June 28, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42995-021-00103-0.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractMarine natural products play critical roles in the chemical defense of many marine organisms and are essential, reputable sources of successful drug leads. Sixty-seven 14-membered resorcylic acid lactone derivatives 3–27 and 30–71 of the natural product zeaenol (1) isolated from the marine-derived fungus Cochliobolus lunatus were semisynthesized by chlorination, acylation, esterification, and acetalization in one to three steps. The structures of these new derivatives were established by HRESIMS and NMR techniques. All the compounds (1–71) were evaluated for their antialgal and antiplasmodial activities. Among them, 14 compounds displayed antifouling activities against adhesion of the fouling diatoms. In particular, 9 and 34 exhibited strong and selective inhibitory effects against the diatoms Navicula laevissima and Navicula exigua (EC50 = 6.67 and 8.55 μmol/L), respectively, which were similar in efficacy to those of the positive control SeaNine 211 (EC50 = 2.90 and 9.74 μmol/L). More importantly, 38, 39, and 69–71 showed potent antiplasmodial activities against Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values ranging from 3.54 to 9.72 μmol/L. Very interestingly, the five antiplasmodial derivatives displayed non-toxicity in the cytotoxicity assays and the zebrafish embryos model, thus, representing potential promising antiplasmodial drug agents. The preliminary structure–activity relationships indicated that biphenyl substituent at C-2, acetonide at positions C-5′ and C-6′, and tri- or tetra-substituted of acyl groups increased the antiplasmodial activity. Therefore, combining evaluation of chemical ecology with pharmacological models will be implemented as a systematic strategy, not only for environmentally friendly antifoulants but also for structurally novel drugs.
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Hargrave, Matthew S., Anothai Ekelund, Göran M. Nylund, and Henrik Pavia. "Filtration and fertilisation effects of the bivalves Mytilus edulis and Magallana gigas on the kelp Saccharina latissima in tank culture." Journal of Applied Phycology, July 23, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02553-6.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBiofouling by opportunistic epiphytes is a major concern in seaweed aquaculture. Colonisation of fouling organisms contributes to a reduction in algal performance as well as a lower quality crop. Further, epiphyte removal techniques often increase maintenance costs of cultivation systems. There have been a variety of methods to mitigate fouling in tank cultivations of seaweed, including the use of biological controls. Here, we present the use of filter feeding bivalves, the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and Pacific oyster (Magallana gigas), as a novel biofilter that also serves as a source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in tank cultivations of the sugar kelp, Saccharina latissima. We observed significant reductions of fouling epiphytes on seaweed blades of around 50% by bivalve filtration, significant elevations of ammonium (NH4+) and phosphate (PO43−) by bivalves and alterations to kelp tissue quality when co-cultivated with bivalves rather than supplied with ambient seawater. Stable isotope ratios and seawater chlorophyll a concentrations provided evidence for bivalve biofiltration and the incorporation of their by-products into kelp tissue.
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"Abstracts of the First European Conference on “Biofilms – prevention of microbial adhesion”, held at the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt DBU in Osnabrück, Germany, from 31 March to 2 April 2004." Biofilms 1, no. 3 (July 2004): 183–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479050504001346.
Full textAbstract:
Jamming the command language of bacteria: a new approach to the control of bacterial infectionsThe cep quorum-sensing system of Burkholderia cepacia H111 plays a pivotal role for biofilm formation and pathogenicityDetachment of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 biofilmsProtozoan grazing on biofilms and the role of quorum sensing in grazing resistanceControl of heat exchanger biofilmsComputer-aided design of a novel antibacterial agent for the treatment of Burkholderia cepacia infectionsAnaerobic regulatory network essential for efficient Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formationDevelopment and testing of a new phosphorylcholine polymer coating to prevent biofilm formation on optical fiber sensor systemsBactericidal layers based on silver nanoparticlesMetagenomics: a novel tool to exploit microbial communities for industrial applicationsFormation of biofilms – do not forget the hydrodynamicsMicrobial adhesion – a target for the development of household and industrial productsConcept of a specialty paper producer to avoid microbiological problemsIdentification of primary biofilm organisms on steel surfaces of bottling plantsCarbon sharing in complex microbial biofilms grown on polychlorinated biphenyl dropletsDevelopment of methods for assessing microbial colonization of coil-coated steel sheetsMicrobial in situ activity assessment using “BACTRAPS” with 13C-labelled substratesMagnetic resonance imaging as a tool for non-invasive imaging of biofilmsPhototrophic biofilms – development and growth characteristics in a special flow chamberA new mechanism of bacterial adhesion to materials and organisms containing the chitin and/or chitosanExtracellular polymeric substances – the “glue” of biofilmsSphingomonas biofilm architecture grown under different hydrodynamic conditionsMolecular basis of biofilm formation in staphylococci and its implication for virulenceExtracellular polymeric substances – the dark matter of biofilmsThe multi-functional Staphylococcus aureus autolysin Aaa mediates adherence to immobilized fibrinogen and fibronectinHierarchy within the regulatory cascade of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formationHuman biofilms in situAn in vitro testing system based on bioreactor technology for the analysis of biofilm formation on dental materialsImmune compounds – inhibitors of microbial adhesion in cell cultureA proteomic approach to identify quorum-sensing regulated and surface-induced proteins of the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida IsoFEvidence that IcaB deacetylases the staphylococcal N-acetylglucosamine polymer polysaccharide intercellular adhesinMicroelectrode and confocal laser scanning microscopy study of particle-supported biofilmsBiocidal silica coatingsInhibition of adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to acrylic by subinhibitory concentrations of antibioticsThe influence of antiplaque agents on streptococcal biofilm grown on enamel and glassComparison of digital image analysis programs for confocal laser scanning microscopy data sets of biofilmsFungal biofilms on mineral materialsThe influence of subinhibitory concentrations of fluconazol and amphotericin B in the adhesion of different Candida species to acrylicInhibition of biofilm formation by mutants group streptococci on toothbrush bristles in vivoQuorum sensing of biofilm-associated Erwinia persicinusGrowth with sodium dodecyl sulphate induces aggregation and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1Microbial contamination of stationary eyewash units in laboratoriesMicrobial biofilms on building stoneScanning transmission X-ray mapping of microbial biofilms and associated metalsA marine biofilm formation model in multi-well platesSecondary metabolites in bacterial biofilms and their protective function against protozoan grazingAnalysis of Deinococcus geothermalis biofilm properties with lectin staining and confocal laser scanning microscopyEffect of the surface roughness of cast titanium on bacterial colonizationMetabolic activity of microbial biofilm on hydroxyapatite-coated titanium surfacesMultiple quorum sensing in hypogean biofilmsDetermination of adsorption isotherms for the attachment of Deinococcus geothermalis by an enzyme-activity-based methodBiosurfactant from Streptococcus thermophilus A inhibit microbial adhesion on silicone rubberThe influence of nitrogen on the development of biofilmsBiogeography of biliary stent community biofilmsDevelopment of a novel screening system for the characterization of biofilm growth on different carriersPrevention of Pseudomonas fluorescens adhesion to surfaces using bacteriophage S1ConAn, a new software developed for digital image analysis of three-dimensional biofilm dataLectin-binding-analysis of rotating annular reactor cultivated biofilmsAdhesiveness and hydrophobicity of food spoilage yeastsInvestigation of microbial adhesion on a thickness shear mode resonatorStaphylococcus epidermis adhesion on modified urea/urethane elastomersPseudomonas aeruginosa lectin LecB is a cell surface protein involved in biofilm formationAerobic biofilms as Trojan horses for anaerobic product spoiling bacteria?Reduced fouling tendencies of ultrafiltration membranes in waste-water treatment by plasma modificationA universal method for analysing the diversity of mycosporines and mycosporine-like amino acids in microorganisms and environmental rock inhabiting microbial communitiesIn vivo biofilm formation on dental hard tissuesImplant-associated osteomyelitis: analysis of the local cellular immune responseFluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) of interfacial microbial communitiesConcepts of electrochemical treatment and useful techniques for proper implementationInhibition of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation on vascular graft surfaces coated with elemental silverPlanktonic versus biofilm-grown Staphylococcus aureus cells – determination of different expression patterns with DNA microarraysDiversity of the microbial community and the catabolic genes in biofilms grown on polychlorinated biphenyls dropletsA modular approach to the mathematical modelling of biofilm systemsThe study of castor-oil-derived polyurethane in relation to biofilmMetagenome survey of biofilms in drinking water networks