Journal articles on the topic 'Foule dense'

Aéroport Charles de Gaulle, le 3 août 2005. L'entrée du terminal 3 est obstruée par une foule dense de pèlerins d'origine pakistanaise installés majoritairement en France et en Grande-Bretagne, mais également en Hollande, Norvège, Italie, Espagne, Danemark, Grèce ou encore Suisse. Deux cent cinquante d'entre eux sont attendus pour l'embarquement d'un vol charter à destination de Damas, affrété par une agence parisienne du nom de « Tapis Volant ». Ce « Tour Spirituel 2005 » de deux semaines en Syrie et en Turquie est initié par une organisation islamique pakistanaise transnationale, d'inspiration soufie : le Minhaj- ul Quran (MUQ). Les pèlerins en provenance du Pakistan, s'étant vus refuser le visa pour la Turquie, ont du renoncer au voyage à l'exception notable du shaykh pakistanais, Tahirul Qadri, accueilli par ses dévots avec un enthousiasme mal contenu par l'adab de rigueur. Fondé à Jhang, au Pakistan, en 1981, le MUQ n'est pas une confrérie soufie, même si la structure de l'organisation, son idéologie et son fonctionnement présentent une indéniable influence mystique.

Forward osmosis (FO), using the osmotic pressure difference over a membrane to remove water, can treat highly foul streams and can reach high concentration factors. In this work, electrospun TFC membranes with a very porous open support (porosity: 82.3%; mean flow pore size: 2.9 µm), a dense PA-separating layer (thickness: 0.63 µm) covalently attached to the support and, at 0.29 g/L, having a very low specific reverse salt flux (4 to 12 times lower than commercial membranes) are developed, and their FO performance for the concentration of apple juice, manure and whey is evaluated. Apple juice is a low-fouling feed. Manure concentration fouls the membrane, but this results in only a small decrease in overall water flux. Whey concentration results in instantaneous, very severe fouling and flux decline (especially at high DS concentrations) due to protein salting-out effects in the boundary layer of the membrane, causing a high drag force resulting in lower water flux. For all streams, concentration factors of approximately two can be obtained, which is realistic for industrial applications.

Forward osmosis (FO), using the osmotic pressure difference over a membrane to remove water, can treat highly foul streams and can reach high concentration factors. In this work, electrospun TFC membranes with a very porous open support (porosity: 82.3%; mean flow pore size: 2.9 µm), a dense PA-separating layer (thickness: 0.63 µm) covalently attached to the support and, at 0.29 g/L, having a very low specific reverse salt flux (4 to 12 times lower than commercial membranes) are developed, and their FO performance for the concentration of apple juice, manure and whey is evaluated. Apple juice is a low-fouling feed. Manure concentration fouls the membrane, but this results in only a small decrease in overall water flux. Whey concentration results in instantaneous, very severe fouling and flux decline (especially at high DS concentrations) due to protein salting-out effects in the boundary layer of the membrane, causing a high drag force resulting in lower water flux. For all streams, concentration factors of approximately two can be obtained, which is realistic for industrial applications.

Hell is a strait and dark and foul smelling prison, an abode of demons and lost souls, filled with fire and smoke… It is a neverending storm of darkness, dark flames and dark smoke of burning brimstone, amid which the bodies are heaped one upon another without even a glimpse of air… All the filth of the world, all the offal and scum of the world we are told, shall run there as to a reeking sewer when the terrible conflagration of the last day has purged the world… The very air of this world, that pure element, becomes foul and unbreathable when it has been long enclosed. Consider then what must be the foulness of the air of hell. Imagine some foul and putrid corpse that has lain rotting and decomposing in the grave, a jellylike mass of liquid corruption. Imagine such a corpse a prey to flames, devoured by the fire of burning brimstone and giving off dense choking fumes of nauseous loathsome decomposition. And then imagine this sickening stench, multiplied a millionfold and a millionfold again from the millions upon millions of fetid carcasses massed together in the reeking darkness, a huge and rotting human fungus. Imagine all this and you will have some idea of the horror of the stench of hell.

Abstract The paper discussed the issue of eutrophication. The most conspicuous effect of eutrophication is the creation of dense blooms of noxious, foul-smelling phytoplankton that reduce water clarity and harm water quality. Nutrient concentration, temperature and pH of the water largely influence the growth rate and composition of duckweed in general, but it can be said that the temperature and solar irradiation are the most important factors. In order to compare the rate of biomass increase of duckweed biomass in natural conditions and in a laboratory grown sample was analysed by spectrophotometric methods in UV/VIS region (Spectrophotometer GENESYSTM) for the selected nutrients such as ammonium, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate.

In order to introduce EMS problems in large urban communities, I will first tell you the parable of the County of Smog. It covers an area of about 4,000 square miles and includes areas of mountain wilderness, dense urban population, coastal ocean communities and a peculiar blend of heat, foul air, and residential and industrial communities known simply as “The Valley.” About ten years ago, Smog County health officials established a pilot program to train a handful of firemen in reading electrocardiograms, the pharmacology of emergency cardiac drugs, intravenous infusions, and defibrillation. The firemen responded in a station wagon from a hospital. It was readily learned that these paramedical personnel could impact positively on the outcome of patients with cardiac conditions.

In this study, the effect of coagulation pretreatment on membrane fouling and ultrasonic cleaning efficiency was investigated using a dead-end polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) microfiltration system. The extent of membrane fouling was examined under different coagulation mechanisms such as charge neutralization (CN), electrostatic patch effect (EPE) and sweep flocculation (SW). Fouling through EPE mechanism provided the greatest flux decline and least permeate flux recovery over CN and SW. EPE produces more stable, smaller and more compact flocs while CN and SW have large, easily degraded and highly-branched structured flocs. The predominant fouling mechanism of EPE, CN and SW is pore blocking, a combination of pore blocking and cake formation, and cake formation, respectively. Better permeate flux recovery is observed with SW over CN and EPE, which implies formation of less dense and more porous cake deposits. The morphology of fouled membranes was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Studies in Germany, Belgium, France and Scotland have revealed that there are significant solids transport gradients in the depth of foul and combined sewage flows. Continuous field observations of changes in depths of sediment deposits in combined sewers have also indicated that there is an interaction between the erosion and deposition processes and changes in the mass transport of solids in regions in the overlying flow. A fuller understanding of the interactive phenomena is essential for both sewer sediment management and the minimization of associated pollution from wash-out of solids via CSOs. The paper presents results from the detailed studies in Hildesheim, Germany and those carried out in Dundee, Scotland, investigating the heterogeneity of solids movement with regard to gross solids, erosion of sewer sediments and their interactions with the suspended transport phases and the layer of very dense fluid found to be transported under certain circumstances, near the sediment bed or sewer invert (traditionally called ‘bed-load’).

La pièce de Denise Boucher Les fées ont soif constitue un événement important dans la courte histoire du théâtre québécois. Écrite dix ans après le choc provoqué par la création des Belles-Soeurs de Michel Tremblay, cette oeuvre, qualifiée de manifeste dramatique (par Lise Gauvin), semble pourtant avoir été largement oubliée si l’on en juge, d’un côté, par l’absence de reprise récente sur les scènes québécoises ; et, de l’autre côté, par le fait que son souvenir n’aura guère été rappelé, en 2008, soit trente ans après le scandale qui, à l’époque, avait mobilisé tout le milieu théâtral. C’est donc en tant qu’événement que nous avons choisi d’aborder le texte de Denise Boucher, entendu que la polémique entourant la pièce aura produit des échos bien au-delà de la sphère restreinte de la culture. C’est l’ensemble des discours produits à la fois par des professionnels, des artistes, des spécialistes et des gens ordinaires qui constitue le matériau privilégié de cette enquête au fil de laquelle nous entendons mettre en lumière les lignes de fractures idéologiques produites par l’événement des Fées ont soif au sein de la société québécoise. Cette étude s’inscrit dans la perspective d’une analyse du discours social québécois post-Révolution tranquille et dans la foulée des recherches actuelles sur la construction de la mémoire culturelle.

A series of biocide-containing polyethylene composites were obtained using novel guanidine-containing copolymers immobilized on an inert mineral carrier. Multispecies microbial communities were isolated from the surface of polyethylene samples either incubated or found in the environment, and their taxonomic composition was determined. Biofilms reconstructed using microorganisms obtained from different ecotopes were shown to intensively foul polyethylene surfaces. The presence of polyguanidine biocide suppressed the growth and survival of both binary and multispecies biofilms, with a cumulative effect during long-term incubation. When microorganisms were co-cultivated in binary biofilms, the phenomenon of a decrease in biocide effectiveness was demonstrated. This protective effect is potentially based on cooperative interactions inside the binary biofilm community. Scanning electron microscopy showed a pronounced difference in the architecture of reconstructed biofilms incubated in the presence of biocide in comparison to control samples, where biocide suppressed the formation of dense and well-organized three-dimensional structures. Biofilm disruption by immobilized biocides occurred primarily during the later stages of biofilm formation, probably caused by polycation interaction with their negatively charged extracellular components.

Some diatoms are rich food for herbivorous copepods, while others are toxic for their recruitment. No negative effect of diatom Cylindrotheca closterium was ever observed for copepods, and some estuarine copepods preferred it as a food. Data on grazing diatoms by abundant now in the Black Sea coastal waters invasive copepod Oithona davisae are still contradictory. Interaction of O. davisae and C. closterium, both having high colonizing potential and both typical for coastal waters, was studied in experimental culture. Two weeks after inoculation of C. closterium the cultured O. davisae was drastically fouled by globulous conglomerates of diatom cells. Diatom cells in “colonies” on copepod exoskeleton were interconnected by means of adhesive substances at one of their flexible ends at the point-wise areas at various parts of copepods exoskeleton, and the opposite flexible ends performed various circular roll-over fan-shaped movements around the axis passing through the point of their attachment. “Colonies” behaved as integrated aggressive organisms against any approaching flagellate and prevented normal locomotion of copepods. Herein we present the first report on epizoic behavior of C. closterium: quick disastrous colonization of alive copepods O. davisae by diatom “colonies” led to total extinction of cyclopoid experimental population while alive diatoms formed dense network on copepods degenerative tissues.

The Sawyer PointOne hollow fiber membrane microfilter is promoted for household water treatment in developing countries. Critical limitations of membrane filtration are reversible and irreversible membrane fouling, managed by backwashing and chemical cleaning, respectively. The PointOne advertised lifespan is 10 years; users are instructed to backwash as maintenance. Owing to reduced turbidity and bacterial removal efficiencies, six PointOnes were removed from Honduran homes after 23 months of use. In the laboratory, we tested sterile water filtrate for turbidity and bacterial presence before and after backwashing and chemical cleaning. Sterile water filtrate from uncleaned filters had turbidity of 144–200 NTU and bacteria counts of 13–200 CFU. Cleaned filter effluent was positive for total coliforms. On one new and one used, cleaned filter, we imaged membranes with scanning electron microscopy and characterized surface elemental compositions with spectroscopy. Images and spectroscopy of the used, cleaned membrane revealed a dense, cake fouling layer consisting of inorganic metal oxides, organic material, and biofouling. Burst fibers were visually observed. This PointOne was thus irreversibly fouled and non-functional after <2 years of use. Further research is recommended to determine: impacts of source water quality on PointOne performance, a cleaning regimen to manage fouling, and an appropriate filter lifespan.

Marine mussels of the genus Mytilus live in the hostile intertidal zone, attached to rocks, bio-fouled surfaces and each other via collagen-rich threads ending in adhesive pads, the plaques. Plaques adhere in salty, alkaline seawater, withstanding waves and tidal currents. Each plaque requires a force of several newtons to detach. Although the molecular composition of the plaques has been well studied, a complete understanding of supra-molecular plaque architecture and its role in maintaining adhesive strength remains elusive. Here, electron microscopy and neutron scattering studies of plaques harvested from Mytilus californianus and Mytilus galloprovincialis reveal a complex network structure reminiscent of structural foams. Two characteristic length scales are observed characterizing a dense meshwork (approx. 100 nm) with large interpenetrating pores (approx. 1 µm). The network withstands chemical denaturation, indicating significant cross-linking. Plaques formed at lower temperatures have finer network struts, from which we hypothesize a kinetically controlled formation mechanism. When mussels are induced to create plaques, the resulting structure lacks a well-defined network architecture, showcasing the importance of processing over self-assembly. Together, these new data provide essential insight into plaque structure and formation and set the foundation to understand the role of plaque structure in stress distribution and toughening in natural and biomimetic materials.

The effects of flipping membranes with hydrophilic/hydrophobic asymmetry are well documented in the literature, but not much is known on the impact of flipping a membrane with dense/porous layer asymmetry. In this work, the pure water flux (PWF) of a commercial polyethersulfone (PES) membrane and a ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was measured in the normal and inverted positions. Our experimental results showed that the PWF was two orders of magnitude higher when the PES membrane was flipped to the inverted position, while the increase was only two times for the ceramic membrane. The filtration experiments were also carried out using solutions of bovine serum albumin and poly(vinylpyrrolidone). A mathematical model was further developed to explain the PWF increase in the inverted position based on the Bernoulli’s rule, considering a straight cylindrical pore of small radius connected to a pore of larger radius in series. It was found by simulation that a PWF increase was indeed possible when the solid ceramic membrane was flipped, maintaining its pore geometry. The flow from a layer with larger pore size to a layer with smaller pore size occurred in the backwashing of the fouled membrane and in forward and pressure-retarded osmosis when the membrane was used with its active layer facing the draw solution (AL-DS). Therefore, this work is of practical significance for the cases where the direction of the water flow is in the inverted position of the membrane.

Knowledge about laminar–turbulent transition on operating multi megawatt wind turbine (WT) blades needs sophisticated equipment like hot films or microphone arrays. Contrarily, thermographic pictures can easily be taken from the ground, and temperature differences indicate different states of the boundary layer. Accuracy, however, is still an open question, so that an aerodynamic glove, known from experimental research on airplanes, was used to classify the boundary-layer state of a 2 megawatt WT blade operating in the northern part of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. State-of-the-art equipment for measuring static surface pressure was used for monitoring lift distribution. To distinguish the laminar and turbulent parts of the boundary layer (suction side only), 48 microphones were applied together with ground-based thermographic cameras from two teams. Additionally, an optical camera mounted on the hub was used to survey vibrations. During start-up (SU) (from 0 to 9 rpm), extended but irregularly shaped regions of a laminar-boundary layer were observed that had the same extension measured both with microphones and thermography. When an approximately constant rotor rotation (9 rpm corresponding to approximately 6 m/s wind speed) was achieved, flow transition was visible at the expected position of 40% chord length on the rotor blade, which was fouled with dense turbulent wedges, and an almost complete turbulent state on the glove was detected. In all observations, quantitative determination of flow-transition positions from thermography and microphones agreed well within their accuracy of less than 1%.

Purpose: The aim of the study is to investigate biofilm forming capacity and the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical wound specimen. Method: A total number of 60 wound specimens were submitted to the bacteriology laboratory of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital for investigation, and screened for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The strains were identified on the basis of cultural characteristics, Gram staining, biochemical tests such as citrate, urease, indole, fermentation of sugar using triple sugar agar. The biofilm forming capacity of the strains are tested using the test tube method after standardizing the strains to approximately standard inoculated into a cooked meat broth. The growth rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains after 48 hours incubation are measured by taking the absorbance using Densi-Check. The strain growth rate is also checked. Biofilm formation at the liquid interface (pellicle) is qualitatively scored from the first to the last strain. The clinical significance of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm forming capacity and resistance to antibiotics which could result to none healing, delayed healing, foul smell of wound infection are checked for the experiment. Results: The analysis of the study shows that the strains are more susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin while the strains are less susceptible to Orfloxacin and Gentamycin. Conclusion: the data derived from human clinical studies make clear that biofilm have an important adverse effect on wound healing. Despite this, more fundamental scientific studies are required to understand what biofilm do to normal wound healing processes from cellular and immunological perspective.

A hallmark of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is its ability to establish biofilm based infections that are difficult to eradicate. Biofilms are less susceptible to host inflammatory and immune response and have higher antibiotic tolerance that frees living planktonic cells. The aim of the study is to investigate biofilm forming capacity and the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical wound specimen. A total number of60 wound specimens will be submitted to the bacteriology laboratory of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital for investigation, and will be screened for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and strains will be identified on the basis of cultural characteristics, Gram staining, biochemical tests such as citrate, urease, indole, fermentation of sugar using triple sugar agar. The biofilm forming capacity of the strains will be tested using the test tube method after the strains are standardized to approximately standard inoculated into a cooked meat broth. The growth rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains after 48 hours incubation will be measured by taking the absorbance using Densi-Check. The strain growth rate will be checked. Biofilm formation at the liquid interface (pllicle) will be observed as a ring and this will be qualitatively scored from the first to the last strain. The cultures will be decanted gently and rinsed twice with sterile distilled water and steained with 0.1% w/v safranin, the stain will be decolorized using 100% alcohol, and the absorbance for strains will be measured at 590nm. The strain with the most and least biofilm formation will be recorded with the absorbance rates. The clinical significance of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm forming capacity and resistance to antibiotics which could result to none healing, delayed healing, foul smell of wound infection will be checked for the experiment.

Die hedendaagse meganisering van die natuur en die beskouing van die natuur as ’n verbruikersartikel is die hoofoorsaak van die benarde situasie van die planeet vandag. Die moontlikheid van omgewingsrampe wat die mensdom en die aarde mag tref, is tans ’n belangrike gesprek in wetenskaplike, sowel as in literêre kringe. Rouxnette Meiring raak hierdie kwessies aan in haar tweeluikjeugromans, Kraak en Snak (2018). Sy skep ’n distopiese narratief wat die verval van beskawing uitbeeld. ’n Opvoedkundige aspek van hierdie tekste is dat jong lesers aan heersende omgewingskwessies bekendgestel word en met die gevolge van onverskilligheid teenoor die natuurlike omgewing gekonfronteer word. Dit kan tot kritiese denke en besinning oor die mens-natuurverhouding lei. Deurgaans word ’n waarskuwing aan Meiring se lesers gerig oor die gevolge van misbruik van die natuur. In die tekste word die gevare van die wangebruik van tegnologie ook duidelik. ’n Utopiese faset van die tweeluik en van die distopie, is die meelopende uitbeelding van genesing en van herstel van die natuurlike omgewing. Hoop is ’n kenmerk van distopiese jeugverhale en dit is inderdaad ook die geval met Kraak en Snak, waar jongvolwasse protagoniste uitgebeeld word as redders en veranderingsagente in ’n vervalle natuurlike omgewing, waar onderdrukkende en voorskriftelike volwasse leiers ’n skrikbewind voer. Die besluite en lewenswyse van volwassenes lei tot die haglike situasie waarin die karakters in ’n distopie hulself bevind en waaruit hulle moet ontsnap ten einde ’n beter toekoms te beding. Jongvolwasse distopiese verhale verteenwoordig vreesaanjaende toekomsvoorstellings waarin teenswoordige vrese en kulturele dilemmas uitgebeeld word (Ames 2013:4) en te midde van hierdie fiktiewe voorstellings bevind jongvolwassenes hulle. Hulle moet hul eie vrese oorkom ten einde ’n onderdrukkende bestel omver te werp. Hulle is jong redders wat as’t ware die foute van voorgeslagte moet identifiseer, in die gesig staar en antwoorde en uitkoms daarop moet vind. Die jongvolwassenes in distopiese verhale vir die jeug kan verandering bewerkstellig op wyses waaraan volwassenes dalk nog nie kon dink nie en bo alles is daar die element van hoop – iets wat selde in distopieë vir volwasse lesers voorkom (Basu, Broad en Hintz 2013:2). My doel met hierdie artikel is om Kraak en Snak as voorbeeldtekste deur ’n ekokritiese lens te beskou. Vir die doeleindes van hierdie ondersoek is oorsigartikels van Oppermann (2008), Garrard (2004, 2008 en 2010) en Heise (2006) van groot nut gevind. Broad en Hintz (2013) se opvattings oor distopiese letterkunde word ook betrek. Ek ondersoek die tweeluik as voorbeelde van ekodistopiese tekste en bring sodoende die teoretiese raamwerke van ekokritiek en distopiese letterkunde byeen. Ek stel ondersoek in na die verteenwoordiging van die omgewing (natuurlik en ontwikkeld) in die tekste. Die jong protagonis(te) se verhouding met die omgewing, soos uitgebeeld in die betrokke tekste, kom ook onder die soeklig. In die tweeluik is die natuur en tegnologie belangrike rolspelers, daarom fokus ek ook op die uitbeelding van tegnologie en die interaksie tussen die jongvolwasse protagoniste, die omgewing en tegnologie.

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) has a potential for intratemporal complications. Gradenigo syndrome, lateral sinus thrombosis and cavernous sinus thrombosis must be considered when patients present with ear discharge, headache, fever and lateral rectus palsy. Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging are essential in confirming the diagnosis but do not substitute for a good clinical eye in establishing the diagnosis and initiating proper treatment. CASE A 17 year old male with an 11-year history of otorrhea on the right ear was admitted because of on-and-off diffuse headache, drowsiness, occasional sensorial changes, high grade fever and vomiting. Later in the ward, he complained of double vision; anisocoria and lateral rectus palsy were confirmed by active generation test. Associated symptoms included right-sided frontal, orbital and mastoid pain with neck stiffness. Otoscopy showed yellowish foul smelling discharge with a pink, smooth mass partially obstructing the external auditory canal. Leukocytosis was seen with a count of 32.9 x 103/L. Pure tone audiometry revealed moderate conductive hearing loss on the right ear. CT scan with contrast (Figure 1) showed lytic erosion of the underpneumatized right mastoid bone and sigmoid sinus plates with slightly asymmetric right internal auditory canal (IAC). Penicillin G 5 million “IU” every 6 hours and Chloramphenicol 1.5 grams IV every 8 hours were given for 3 weeks, but he continued to deteriorate and two units of PRBC were transfused. Because of his worsening condition, Penicillin G was shifted to Ceftriaxone 2 grams IV BID while Chloramphenicol IV was continued at the same dose. The patient’s headache and fever steadily lessened after 4 weeks but orbital pain and diplopia persisted. On the 50th hospital day, patient underwent Modified Radical Mastoidectomy, right. Intraoperatively, granulation tissue was noted occupying the enlarged mastoid cavity and antrum. A 0.5 cm break at the sigmoid sinus was also occupied by granulation tissue. IV antibiotics was continued 2 weeks postoperatively and after 64 days of hospitalization he was discharged on oral Ciprofloxacin 500mg BID for 1 month with steroid/antibiotic otic drops. Regular follow-up documented gradual lessening of diplopia, headache and orbital pain. Complete resolution of diplopia with normal ophthalmologic findings and a dry mastoidectomy cavity were noted on the fourth month of follow-up. DISCUSSION In the Philippines, the prevalence of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is estimated at 2.5 – 29.5%.1 Complications of chronic otitis media can cause grave morbidity and even mortality2 even though the intratemporal and/or intracranial complications of infectious ear disease have become rarer with the advent of broad spectrum antibiotics.3 The spread of infection can occur by osteothrombosis, bone erosion and when present along preformed pathways.2 The triad of Gradenigo syndrome includes otorrhea, retroorbital pain and abducens nerve palsy. Chole and Donald found that the most common presenting symptom in 22 patients from 1976-1995 was otalgia (72%) followed by deep pain, headache and otorrhea (59%). Cranial nerve VI paralysis was only present in 18.2% of the cases.4 Homer and others reported 3 cases with middle ear infection and 6th nerve palsy without petrositis. 5 MRI and CT are required to identify the deep seated petrous apex as the site of the inflammatory process.6 While CT scans may demonstrate opacification of the air cells of the petrous apex with cortical bone erosion, MRI is very useful for assessing inflammatory soft tissue lesions around the petrous apex.5 Both CT and MRI are essential to establish opacification of air cells in the petrous apex under suspicion, as opposed to assymetric pneumatization.2 However, acute petrositis cannot always be equated with Gradenigo syndrome.7 A study by Back and others documented 8 cases of radiologically confirmed apical petrositis that did not manifest the classical syndrome of deep facial pain, otitis media and ipsilateral abducens nerve palsy.8 Petrous apicitis is essentially mastoiditis that occurs in the petrous apex.2 Because the trigeminal (CN V) or gasserian ganglion lies in Meckel’s cave on the antero-superior aspect of the petrous tip, damage or irritation to the ganglion may explain the deep facial pain in some patients with apicitis. The petroclinoid ligament extends from the tip of the petrous apex to the clinoid. Below this ligament, the gasserian ganglion (CN V) and abducens nerve (CN VI) travel in the small Dorello's canal. Inflammation extending into the canal produces the triad of symptoms recognized by Gradenigo9: lateral rectus (CN VI) palsy, retroorbital pain (CN V), and otorrhea. Lateral Sinus Thrombophlebitis (LST) or thrombosis of the lateral sinus usually forms as an extension of a perisinus abscess following mastoid bone erosion from cholesteatona, granulation tissue or coalescence which eventually leads to pressure necrosis and mural thrombus formation.2 Classic symptoms of LST include a "picket fence" fever pattern, chills and progressive anemia. Symptoms of septic emboli, headache and papilledema may indicate extension to involve the cavernous sinus4 or sudden intracranial hypertension resulting from decreased venous drainage from the skull.2 The diagnostic procedure of choice is MRI with MR angiography. The thrombus can be identified by its signal intensity on MRI and the flow void in the affected sinus is clearly documented on MR angiography.10 Non-contrast CT findings include dense cord sign, dense dural sinuses, diffuse cerebral edema, non hemorrhagic infarct or multifocal haemorrhages.11 Papilledema and anisocoria may be symptoms of progression of lateral sinus thrombophlebitis or development of cavernous sinus thrombosis.4 Fresh thrombi from the lateral sinus can propagate and extend to the cavernous sinus via the superior and inferior petrosal sinus. Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis is usually a late complication of an infection of the central face or paranasal sinuses. Other causes include bacteremia, trauma, and infections of the maxillary teeth or ear, as seen in our patient. CST is generally a fulminant process with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Headache is the most common presenting symptom that usually precedes fever, periorbital edema (which may or may not occur) and cranial nerve dysfunction. This intimate relationship of veins, arteries, nerves, meninges, petrous apex and paranasal sinuses account for the characteristic etiology and presentation of CST. The internal carotid artery with its surrounding sympathetic plexus passes through the cavernous sinus. The third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves are attached to the lateral wall of the sinus while the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the fifth cranial nerve are embedded in the wall.8 Other signs and symptoms include chemosis resulting from occlusion of the ophthalmic veins, lateral gaze palsy (isolated cranial nerve VI), ptosis, mydriasis and eye muscle weakness from cranial nerve III dysfunction. These are followed by manifestations of increased retrobulbar pressure (such as exophthalmos) and increased intraocular pressure (such as sluggish pupil and decreased visual acuity). Systemic signs indicative of sepsis are late findings. The complications of Gradenigo syndrome, lateral sinus thrombophlebitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis from chronic suppurative otitis media need immediate diagnosis and aggressive medical treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics against gram positive cocci (Staphylococci and Streptococci), gram negative bacilli (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and to a lesser extent, Anaerobes. These antibiotics should also cross the blood-brain barrier. Mastoidectomy is required once the patient is neurologically stable.2 In cases of lateral sinus thrombosis, surgical removal of emboli can be done. However, Cummings, Syms and colleagues2 report 6 patients operated on without opening and evacuating the lateral sinus clot who all survived, albeit with a longer 49 day average hospital stay. Once a highly controversial issue, ligation of the internal jugular vein is seldom needed. In the majority of recent cases, anticoagulation has not been found to be necessary.2

Abstract The detailed characterization of fouling in membranes is essential to understand any observed improvement or reduction on filtration performance. Electron microscopy allows detailed structural characterization, and its combination with labeling techniques, using electron-dense probes, typically allows for the differentiation of biomolecules. Developing specific protocols that allow for differentiation of biomolecules in membrane fouling by electron microscopy is a major challenge due to both as follows: the necessity to preserve the native state of fouled membranes upon real filtration conditions as well as the inability of the electron-dense probes to penetrate the membranes once they have been fouled. In this study, we present the development of a heavy metal staining technique for identification and differentiation of biomolecules in membrane fouling, which is compatible with cryofixation methods. A general contrast enhancement of biomolecules and fouling is achieved. Our observations indicate a strong interaction between biomolecules: A tendency of proteins, both in solution as well as in the fouling, to surround the lipids is observed. Using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy at cryogenic conditions, cryo-SEM, in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, the spatial distribution of proteins and lipids within fouling is shown and the role of proteins in fouling discussed.

A hallmark of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is its ability to establish biofilm based infections that are difficult to eradicate. Biofilms are less susceptible to host inflammatory and immune response and have higher antibiotic tolerance that frees living planktonic cells. The aim of the study is to investigate biofilm forming capacity and the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical wound specimen. A total number of60 wound specimens will be submitted to the bacteriology laboratory of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital for investigation, and will be screened for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and strains will be identified on the basis of cultural characteristics, Gram staining, biochemical tests such as citrate, urease, indole, fermentation of sugar using triple sugar agar. The biofilm forming capacity of the strains will be tested using the test tube method after the strains are standardized to approximately standard inoculated into a cooked meat broth. The growth rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains after 48 hours incubation will be measured by taking the absorbance using Densi-Check. The strain growth rate will be checked. Biofilm formation at the liquid interface (pllicle) will be observed as a ring and this will be qualitatively scored from the first to the last strain. The cultures will be decanted gently and rinsed twice with sterile distilled water and steained with 0.1% w/v safranin, the stain will be decolorized using 100% alcohol, and the absorbance for strains will be measured at 590nm. The strain with the most and least biofilm formation will be recorded with the absorbance rates. The clinical significance of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm forming capacity and resistance to antibiotics which could result to none healing, delayed healing, foul smell of wound infection will be checked for the experiment.

Pilonidal disease is a common anorectal problem that typically affects young people. Pilonidal sinus describes a hair-filled cavity in the subcutaneous fat of the post sacral intergluteal region known as the natal cleft. the pilonidal sinus, presented with boil with slight seropurulent foul discharge from post anal region in the natal cleft. The most commonly used surgical techniques for pilonidal sinus includes excision with primary closure and excision with reconstructive flap with their own limitation(PNS).In Ayurveda acharya Sushruta has considered it under shalyaj nadi vrana ( sinus or fistula due to foreign body). Sushruta mentioned the chedana as well as ksharkarma in the management of Nadivrana. Hence the study concluded that excision & ksharkarma in pilonidal sinus is one of the potential treatment option to avoid recurrence. Nowadays Pilonidal Sinus (PNS) is becoming common disease in between 20-50 years of age, in men and mostly dense hairy persons. Commonly it occurs midline over the coccyx. It results in purulent discharge, pain and discomfort. In Ayurvedic practice, there are many surgeons who are practicing classical Ksharasutra management to treat PNS, which is very effective but there are some problems using classical Kshara in the management of PNS, such as discomfort, burning sensation, itching and irritation due to Snuhi-ksheera. So patients can do their daily routine work without any pain or discomfort. In Ayurveda, Shastra and Anushstra Karma are described in detail. Kshara is best among Shastra and Anushastras. Two types of Kshara are there - Paneeya and Pratisarneeya. Pratisarneeya Kshara is of three types- Mridu, Madhyama and Teekshana. Kshara Karma include - Pratisarneeya Kshara application, Kshara Sutra therapy and Kshara Varti. Pratisaraniya Kshara is mainly used in wound management, various anorectal disorders such as Arsha (Haemorrhoids), kushtha, Arbuda, Dushta Nadivrana, Guda Bhramsha (Rectal prolapse). Kshara is a caustic material. It causes chemical burn on the area where it is applied. It helps in sloughing of necrosed and infected tissues. Kshara Sutra therapy is used specially in Bhagandara (Fistula in Ano), Nadivrana (Pilonidal sinus) and various benign growth of skin such as papilloma, warts etc. Kshara Varti is used in chronic non healing wounds for debridement and in sinuses or fistula in ano. Ksahra Karma has been very much effective non surgical means in the management of various disorders especially in anorectal disorders.

The German anatomist and artist Gunther von Hagens’s exhibition Body Worlds has toured Europe, Asia and the US several times, provoking both interest and dismay, fascination and disgust. This “original exhibition of real human bodies” features whole cadavers as well as specific body parts and it is organized thematically around specific bodily functions such as the respiratory system, blood circulation, skeletal materials and brain and nervous system. In each segment of the exhibition these themes are illustrated using parts of the body, presented in glass cases that are associated with each function. Next to these cases are the full body cadavers—the so-called “plastinates”. The Body Worlds exhibition is all about perception-in-motion: it is about circumnavigating bodies, stopping in front of a plastinate and in-corporating it, leaning over an arm or reaching towards a face, pointing towards a discrete blood vessel, drawing an abstract line between two organs. Experiencing here is above all a matter of reaching-towards and incorporeally touching bodies (Manning, Politics of Touch). These bodies are dead, still, motionless, “frozen in time between death and decay” (von Hagens, Body Worlds). Dead and still eerily animate, just as the surface of a freeze-frame photograph would seem to capture spatially a movement in its unfolding becoming, plastinates do not simply appear as dead matter used to represent vitality, but rather [...] as persons who managed to survive together with their bodies. What “inner quality” makes them appear alive? In what way is someone present, when what is conserved is not opinions (in writing), actions (in stories) or voice (on tape) but the body? (Hirschauer 41—42) Through the corporeal transformation—the plastination process—that these bodies have gone through, and the designed space of the exhibition—a space that makes possible both innovative and restrictive movements—these seemingly dead bodies come alive. There is a movement within these bodies, a movement that resonates with-in the exhibition space and mobilises visitors.Two ways of thinking movement in relation to stillness come out of this. The first one is concerned with the ordering and designing of space by means of visual cues, things or texts. This relates to stillness and slowness as suggestive, imposed and enforced upon bodies so that the possibilities of movement are reduced due to the way an environment is designed. Think for example of the way that an escalator moulds movements and speeds, or how signs such as “No walking on the grass” suggest a given pattern of walking. The second one is concerned with how movement is linked up with and implies continuous change. If a body’s movement and exaltation is reduced or slowed down, does the body then become immobile and still? Take ice, water and steam: these states give expression to three different attributes or conditions of what is considered to be one and the same chemical body. But in the transformation from one to the other, there is also an incorporeal transformation related to the possibilities of movement and change—between motion and rest—of what a body can do (Deleuze, Spinoza).Slowing Down Ever since the first exhibition Body Worlds has been under attack from critics, ethicists, journalists and religious groups, who claim that the public exhibition of dead bodies should, for various reasons, be banned. In 2004, in response to such criticism, the Californian Science Centre commissioned an ethical review of the exhibition before taking the decision on whether and how to host Body Worlds. One of the more interesting points in this review was the proposition that “the exhibition is powerful, and guests need time to acclimate themselves” (6). As a consequence, it was suggested that the Science Center arrange an entrance that would “slow people down and foster a reverential and respectful mood” (5). The exhibition space was to be organized in such a way that skeletons, historical contexts and images would be placed in the beginning of the exhibition, the whole body plastinates should only be introduced later in the exhibition. Before my first visit to the exhibition, I wasn’t sure how I would react when confronted with these dead bodies. To be perfectly honest, the moments before entering, I panicked. Crossing the asphalt between the Manchester Museum of Science and the exhibition hall, I felt dizzy; heart pounding in my chest and a sensation of nausea spreading throughout my body. Ascending a staircase that would take me to the entrance, located on the third floor in the exhibition hall, I thought I had detected an odour—rotten flesh or foul meat mixed with chemicals. Upon entering I was greeted by a young man to whom I presented my ticket. Without knowing in advance that this first room had been structured in such a way as to “slow people down”, I immediately felt relieved as I realized that the previously detected smell must have been psychosomatic: the room was perfectly odourless and the atmosphere was calm and tempered. Dimmed lights and pointed spotlights filled the space with an inviting and warm ambience. Images and texts on death and anatomical art were spread over the walls and in the back corners of the room two skeletons had been placed. Two glass cases containing bones and tendons had been placed in the middle of the room and next to these a case with a whole body, positioned upright in ‘anatomically correct’ position with arms, hands and legs down. There was nothing gruesome or spectacular about this room; I had visited anatomical collections, such as that of the Hunterian Museum in London or Medical Museion in Copenhagen, which in comparison far surpassed the alleged gruesomeness and voyeurism. And so I realized that the room had effectively slowed me down as my initial state of exaltation had been altered and stalled by the relative familiarity of images, texts and bare bones, all presented in a tempered and respectful way.Visitors are slowed down, but they are not still. There is no degree zero of movement, only different relations of speeds and slowness. Here I think it is useful to think of movement and change as it is expressed in Henri Bergson’s writings on temporality. Bergson frequently argued that the problem of Western metaphysics had been to spatialise movement, as in the famous example with Zeno’s arrow that—given that we think of movement as spatial—never reaches the tree towards which it has been shot. Bergson however did not refute the importance and practical dimensions of thinking through immobility; rather, immobility is the “prerequisite for our action” (Creative Mind 120). The problem occurs when we think away movement on behalf of that which we think of as still or immobile.We need immobility, and the more we succeed in imagining movement as coinciding with the immobilities of the points of space through which it passes, the better we think we understand it. To tell the truth, there never is real immobility, if we understand by that an absence of movement. Movement is reality itself (Bergson, Creative Mind 119).This notion of movement as primary, and immobility as secondary, gives expression to the proposition that immobility, solids and stillness are not given but have to be achieved. This can be done in several ways: external forces that act upon a body and transform it, as when water crystallizes into ice; certain therapeutic practices—yoga or relaxation exercises—that focus and concentrate attention and perception; spatial and architectural designs such as museums, art galleries or churches that induce and invoke certain moods and slow people down. Obviously there are other kinds of situations when bodies become excited and start moving more rapidly. Such situations could be, to name a few, when water starts to boil; when people use drugs like nicotine or caffeine in order to heighten alertness; or when bodies occupy spaces where movement is amplified by means of increased sensual stimuli, for example in the extreme conditions that characterize a natural catastrophe or a war.Speeding Up After the Body Worlds visitor had been slowed down and acclimatised in and through the first room, the full body plastinates were introduced. These bodies laid bare muscles, tissues, nerves, brain, heart, kidneys, and lungs. Some of these were “exploded views” of the body—in these, the body and its parts have been separated and drawn out from the position that they occupy in the living body, in some cases resulting in two discrete plastinates—e.g. one skeleton and one muscle-plastinate—that come from the same anatomical body. Congruent with the renaissance anatomical art of Vesalius, all plastinates are positioned in lifelike poses (Benthien, Skin). Some are placed inside a protective glass case while others are either standing, lying on the ground or hanging from the ceiling.As the exhibition unfolds, the plastinates themselves wipe away the calmness and stillness intended with the spatial design. Whereas a skeleton seems mute and dumb these plastinates come alive as visitors circle and navigate between them. Most visitors would merely point and whisper, some would reach towards and lean over a plastinate. Others however noticed that jumping up and down created a resonating effect in the plastinates so that a plastinate’s hand, leg or arm moved. At times the rooms were literally filled with hordes of excited and energized school children. Then the exhibition space was overtaken with laughter, loud voices, running feet, comments about the gruesome von Hagens and repeated remarks on the plastinates’ genitalia. The former mood of respectfulness and reverence has been replaced by the fascinating and idiosyncratic presence of animated and still, plastinated bodies. Animated and still? So what is a plastinate?Movement and Form Through plastination, the body undergoes a radical and irreversible transformation which turns the organic body into an “inorganic organism”, a hybrid of plastic and flesh (Hirschauer 36). Before this happens however the living body has to face another phase of transition by which it turns into a dead cadaver. From the point of view of an individual body that lives, breathes and evolves, this transformation implies turning into a decomposing and rotting piece of flesh, tissue and bones. Any corpse will sooner or later turn into something else, ashes, dust or earth. This process can be slowed down using various techniques and chemicals such as mummification or formaldehyde, but this will merely slow down the process of decomposition, and not terminate it.The plastination technique is rather different in several respects. Firstly the specimen is soaked in acetone and the liquids in the corpse—water and fat—are displaced. This displacement prepares the specimen for the next step in the process which is the forced vacuum impregnation. Here the specimen is placed in a polymer mixture with silicone rubber or epoxy resin. This process is undertaken in vacuum which allows for the plastic to enter each and every cell of the specimen, thus replacing the acetone (von Hagens, Body Worlds). Later on, when this transformation has finished, the specimen is modelled according to a concept, a “gestalt plastinate”, such as “the runner”, “the badminton player” or “the skin man”. The concept expresses a dynamic and life-like pose—referred to as the gestalt—that exceeds the individual parts of which it is formed. This would suggest that form is in itself immobility and that perception is what is needed to make form mobile; as gestalt the plastinated body is spatially immobilised, yet it gives birth to a body that comes alive in perception-movement. Once again I think that Bergson could help us to think through this relation, a relation that is conceived here as a difference between form-as-stillness and formation-as-movement:Life is an evolution. We concentrate a period of this evolution in a stable view which we call a form, and, when the change has become considerable enough to overcome the fortunate inertia of our perception, we say that the body has changed its form. But in reality the body is changing form at every moment; or rather, there is no form, since form is immobile and the reality is movement. What is real is the continual change of form; form is only a snapshot view of a transition (Bergson, Creative Evolution 328, emphasis in original).In other words there is a form that is relative to human perception, but there is “underneath” this form nothing but a continuous formation or becoming as Bergson would have it. For our purposes the formation of the gestalt plastinate is an achievement that makes perceptible the possibility of divergent or co-existent durations; the plastinate belongs to a temporal rhythm that even though it coincides with ours is not identical to it.Movement and Trans-formation So what kind of a strange entity is it that emerges out of this transformation, through which organic materials are partly replaced with plastic? Compared with a living body or a mourned cadaver, it is first and foremost an entity that no longer is subject to the continuous evolution of time. In this sense the plastinate is similar to cryogenetical bodies (Doyle, Wetwares), or to Ötzi the ice man (Spindler, Man in the ice)—bodies that resist the temporal logic according to which things are in constant motion. The processes of composition and decomposition that every living organism undergoes at every instant have been radically interrupted.However, plastinates are not forever fixed, motionless and eternally enduring objects. As Walter points out, plastinated cadavers are expected to “remain stable” for approximately 4000 years (606). Thus, the plastinate has become solidified and stabilized according to a different pattern of duration than that of the decaying human body. There is a tension here between permanence and change, between bodies that endure and a body that decomposes. Maybe as when summer, which is full of life and energy, turns into winter, which is still and seemingly without life. It reminds us of Nietzsche's Zarathustra and the winter doctrine: When the water is spanned by planks, when bridges and railings leap over the river, verily those are believed who say, “everything is in flux. . .” But when the winter comes . . . , then verily, not only the blockheads say, “Does not everything stand still?” “At bottom everything stands still.”—that is truly a winter doctrine (Bennett and Connolly 150). So we encounter the paradox of how to accommodate motion within stillness and stillness within motion: if everything is in continuous movement, how can there be stillness and regularity (and vice versa)? An interesting example of such temporal interruption is described by Giorgio Agamben who invokes an example with a tick that was kept alive, in a state of hibernation, for 18 years without nourishment (47). During those years this tick had ceased to exist in time, it existed only in extended space. There are of course differences between the tick and von Hagens’s plastinates—one difference being that the plastinates are not only dead but also plastic and inorganic—but the analogy points us to the idea of producing the conditions of possibility for eternal, timeless (and, by implication, motionless) bodies. If movement and change are thought of as spatial, as in Zeno’s paradox, here they have become temporal: movement happens in and because of time and not in space. The technique of plastination and the plastinates themselves emerge as processes of a-temporalisation and re-spatialisation of the body. The body is displaced—pulled out of time and history—and becomes a Cartesian body located entirely in the coordinates of extended space. As Ian Hacking suggests, plastinates are “Cartesian, extended, occupying space. Plastinated organs and corpses are odourless: like the Cartesian body, they can be seen but not smelt” (15).Interestingly, Body Worlds purports to show the inner workings of the human body. However, what visitors experience is not the working but the being. They do not see what the body does, its activities over time; rather, they see what it is, in space. Conversely, von Hagens wishes to “make us aware of our physical nature, our nature within us” (Kuppers 127), but the nature that we become aware of is not the messy, smelly and fluid nature of bodily interiors. Rather we encounter the still nature of Zarathustra’s winter landscape, a landscape in which the passage of time has come to a halt. As Walter concludes “the Body Worlds experience is primarily visual, spatial, static and odourless” (619).Still in Constant MotionAnd yet...Body Worlds moves us. If not for the fact that these plastinates and their creator strike us as gruesome, horrific and controversial, then because these bodies that we encounter touch us and we them. The sensation of movement, in and through the exhibition, is about this tension between being struck, touched or moved by a body that is radically foreign and yet strangely familiar to us. The resonant and reverberating movement that connects us with it is expressed through that (in)ability to accommodate motion in stillness, and stillness in motion. For whereas the plastinates are immobilised in space, they move in time and in experience. As Nigel Thrift puts it The body is in constant motion. Even at rest, the body is never still. As bodies move they trace out a path from one location to another. These paths constantly intersect with those of others in a complex web of biographies. These others are not just human bodies but also all other objects that can be described as trajectories in time-space: animals, machines, trees, dwellings, and so on (Thrift 8).This understanding of the body as being in constant motion stretches beyond the idea of a body that literally moves in physical space; it stresses the processual intertwining of subjects and objects through space-times that are enduring and evolving. The paradoxical nature of the relation between bodies in motion and bodies at rest is obviously far from exhausted through the brief exemplification that I have tried to provide here. Therefore I must end here and let someone else, better suited for this task, explain what it is that I wish to have said. We are hardly conscious of anything metaphorical when we say of one picture or of a story that it is dead, and of another that it has life. To explain just what we mean when we say this, is not easy. Yet the consciousness that one thing is limp, that another one has the heavy inertness of inanimate things, while another seems to move from within arises spontaneously. There must be something in the object that instigates it (Dewey 182). References Agamben, Giorgio. The Open. Trans. Kevin Attell. Stanford: Stanford U P, 2004.Bennett, Jane, and William Connolly. “Contesting Nature/Culture.” Journal of Nietzsche Studies 24 (2002) 148-163.Benthien, Claudia. Skin: On the Cultural Border Between Self and the World. Trans. Thomas Dunlap. New York: Columbia U P, 2002. California Science Center. “Summary of Ethical Review.” 10 Jan. 2009.Bergson, Henri. The Creative Mind. Trans. Mabelle Andison. Mineola: Dover, 2007. –––. Creative Evolution. Trans. Arthur Mitchell. New York: Cosimo Classics, 2005Deleuze, Gilles. Spinoza: Practical Philosophy. Trans. Robert Hurley. San Francisco: City Lights, 1988.Dewey, John. Art as Experience. New York: Perigee, 2005.Doyle, Richard. Wetwares. Minnesota: Minnesota U P, 2003.Hacking, Ian. “The Cartesian Body.” Biosocieties 1 (2006) 13-15.Hirschauer, Stefan. “Animated Corpses: Communicating with Post Mortals in an Anatomical Exhibition.” Body & Society 12.4 (2006) 25-52.Kuppers, Petra. “Visions of Anatomy: Exhibitions and Dense Bodies.” differences 15.3 (2004) 123-156.Manning, Erin. Politics of Touch: Sense, Movement, Sovereignty. Minnesota: Minnesota UP, 2007. Spindler, Konrad. The Man in the Ice. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1994.Thrift, Nigel. Spatial Formations. London: Sage, 1996.Von Hagens, Gunther, and Angelina Whalley. Body Worlds: The Original Exhibition of Real Human Bodies. Heidelberg: Institute for Plastination, 2008.Walter, Tony. “Plastination for Display: A New Way to Dispose of the Dead.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 10.3 (2004) 603-627.

The Digital TurnMuch of the 19th century disappeared from public view during the 20th century. Historians recovered what they could from archives and libraries, with the easy pickings-the famous and the fortunate-coming first. Latterly, social and political historians of different hues determinedly sought out the more hidden, forgotten, and marginalised. However, there were always limitations to resources-time, money, location, as well as purpose, opportunity, and permission. 'History' was principally a professionalised and privileged activity dominated by academics who had preferential access to, and significant control over, the resources, technologies and skills required, as well as the social, economic and cultural framework within which history was recovered, interpreted, approved and disseminated.Digitisation and the broader development of new communication technologies has, however, transformed historical research processes and practice dramatically, removing many constraints, opening up many opportunities, and allowing many others than the professional historian to trace and track what would have remained hidden, forgotten, or difficult to find, as well as verify (or otherwise), what has already been claimed and concluded. In the 21st century, the SEARCH button has become a dominant tool of research. This, along with other technological and media developments, has altered the practice of historians-professional or 'public'-who can now range deep and wide in the collection, portrayal and dissemination of historical information, in and out of the confines of the traditional institutional walls of retained information, academia, location, and national boundaries.This incorporation of digital technologies into academic historical practice generally, has raised, as Cohen and Rosenzweig, in their book Digital History, identified a decade ago, not just promises, but perils. For the historian, there has been the move, through digitisation, from the relative scarcity and inaccessibility of historical material to its (over) abundance, but also the emerging acceptance that, out of both necessity and preference, a hybridity of sources will be the foreseeable way forward. There has also been a significant shift, as De Groot notes in his book Consuming History, in the often conflicted relationship between popular/public history and academic history, and the professional and the 'amateur' historian. This has brought a potentially beneficial democratization of historical practice but also an associated set of concerns around the loss of control of both practice and product of the professional historian. Additionally, the development of digital tools for the collection and dissemination of 'history' has raised fears around the commercialised development of the subject's brand, products and commodities. This article considers the significance and implications of some of these changes through one protracted act of recovery and reclamation in which the digital made the difference: the life of a notorious 19th century professional agitator on both sides of the Atlantic, John De Morgan. A man thought lost, but now found."Who Is John De Morgan?" The search began in 1981, linked to the study of contemporary "race riots" in South East London. The initial purpose was to determine whether there was a history of rioting in the area. In the Local History Library, a calm and dusty backwater, an early find was a fading, but evocative and puzzling, photograph of "The Plumstead Common Riots" of 1876. It showed a group of men and women, posing for the photographer on a hillside-the technology required stillness, even in the middle of a riot-spades in hand, filling in a Mr. Jacob's sandpits, illegally dug from what was supposed to be common land. The leader of this, and other similar riots around England, was John De Morgan. A local journalist who covered the riots commented: "Of Mr. De Morgan little is known before or since the period in which he flashed meteorlike through our section of the atmosphere, but he was indisputably a remarkable man" (Vincent 588). Thus began a trek, much interrupted, sometimes unmapped and haphazard, to discover more about this 'remarkable man'. "Who is John De Morgan" was a question frequently asked by his many contemporary antagonists, and by subsequent historians, and one to which De Morgan deliberately gave few answers. The obvious place to start the search was the British Museum Reading Room, resplendent in its Victorian grandeur, the huge card catalogue still in the 1980s the dominating technology. Together with the Library's newspaper branch at Colindale, this was likely to be the repository of all that might then easily be known about De Morgan.From 1869, at the age of 21, it appeared that De Morgan had embarked on a life of radical politics that took him through the UK, made him notorious, lead to accusations of treasonable activities, sent him to jail twice, before he departed unexpectedly to the USA in 1880. During that period, he was involved with virtually every imaginable radical cause, at various times a temperance advocate, a spiritualist, a First Internationalist, a Republican, a Tichbornite, a Commoner, an anti-vaccinator, an advanced Liberal, a parliamentary candidate, a Home Ruler. As a radical, he, like many radicals of the period, "zigzagged nomadically through the mayhem of nineteenth century politics fighting various foes in the press, the clubs, the halls, the pulpit and on the street" (Kazin 202). He promoted himself as the "People's Advocate, Champion and Friend" (Allen). Never a joiner or follower, he established a variety of organizations, became a professional agitator and orator, and supported himself and his politics through lecturing and journalism. Able to attract huge crowds to "monster meetings", he achieved fame, or more correctly notoriety. And then, in 1880, broke and in despair, he disappeared from public view by emigrating to the USA.LostThe view of De Morgan as a "flashing meteor" was held by many in the 1870s. Historians of the 20th century took a similar position and, while considering him intriguing and culturally interesting, normally dispatched him to the footnotes. By the latter part of the 20th century, he was described as "one of the most notorious radicals of the 1870s yet remains a shadowy figure" and was generally dismissed as "a swashbuckling demagogue," a "democratic messiah," and" if not a bandit … at least an adventurer" (Allen 684). His politics were deemed to be reactionary, peripheral, and, worst of all, populist. He was certainly not of sufficient interest to pursue across the Atlantic. In this dismissal, he fell foul of the highly politicised professional culture of mid-to-late 20th-century academic historians. In particular, the lack of any significant direct linkage to the story of the rise of a working class, and specifically the British Labour party, left individuals like De Morgan in the margins and footnotes. However, in terms of historical practice, it was also the case that his mysterious entry into public life, his rapid rise to brief notability and notoriety, and his sudden disappearance, made the investigation of his career too technically difficult to be worthwhile.The footprints of the forgotten may occasionally turn up in the archived papers of the important, or in distant public archives and records, but the primary sources are the newspapers of the time. De Morgan was a regular, almost daily, visitor to the pages of the multitude of newspapers, local and national, that were published in Victorian Britain and Gilded Age USA. He also published his own, usually short-lived and sometimes eponymous, newspapers: De Morgan's Monthly and De Morgan's Weekly as well as the splendidly titled People's Advocate and National Vindicator of Right versus Wrong and the deceptively titled, highly radical, House and Home. He was highly mobile: he noted, without too much hyperbole, that in the 404 days between his English prison sentences in the mid-1870s, he had 465 meetings, travelled 32,000 miles, and addressed 500,000 people. Thus the newspapers of the time are littered with often detailed and vibrant accounts of his speeches, demonstrations, and riots.Nonetheless, the 20th-century technologies of access and retrieval continued to limit discovery. The white gloves, cradles, pencils and paper of the library or archive, sometimes supplemented by the century-old 'new' technology of the microfilm, all enveloped in a culture of hallowed (and pleasurable) silence, restricted the researcher looking to move into the lesser known and certainly the unknown. The fact that most of De Morgan's life was spent, it was thought, outside of England, and outside the purview of the British Library, only exacerbated the problem. At a time when a historian had to travel to the sources and then work directly on them, pencil in hand, it needed more than curiosity to keep searching. Even as many historians in the late part of the century shifted their centre of gravity from the known to the unknown and from the great to the ordinary, in any form of intellectual or resource cost-benefit analysis, De Morgan was a non-starter.UnknownOn the subject of his early life, De Morgan was tantalisingly and deliberately vague. In his speeches and newspapers, he often leaked his personal and emotional struggles as well as his political battles. However, when it came to his biographical story, he veered between the untruthful, the denial, and the obscure. To the twentieth century observer, his life began in 1869 at the age of 21 and ended at the age of 32. His various political campaign "biographies" gave some hints, but what little he did give away was often vague, coy and/or unlikely. His name was actually John Francis Morgan, but he never formally acknowledged it. He claimed, and was very proud, to be Irish and to have been educated in London and at Cambridge University (possible but untrue), and also to have been "for the first twenty years of his life directly or indirectly a railway servant," and to have been a "boy orator" from the age of ten (unlikely but true). He promised that "Some day-nay any day-that the public desire it, I am ready to tell the story of my strange life from earliest recollection to the present time" (St. Clair 4). He never did and the 20th century could unearth little evidence in relation to any of his claims.The blend of the vague, the unlikely and the unverifiable-combined with an inclination to self-glorification and hyperbole-surrounded De Morgan with an aura, for historians as well as contemporaries, of the self-seeking, untrustworthy charlatan with something to hide and little to say. Therefore, as the 20th century moved to closure, the search for John De Morgan did so as well. Though interesting, he gave most value in contextualising the lives of Victorian radicals more generally. He headed back to the footnotes.Now FoundMeanwhile, the technologies underpinning academic practice generally, and history specifically, had changed. The photocopier, personal computer, Internet, and mobile device, had arrived. They formed the basis for both resistance and revolution in academic practices. For a while, the analytical skills of the academic community were concentrated on the perils as much as the promises of a "digital history" (Cohen and Rosenzweig Digital).But as the Millennium turned, and the academic community itself spawned, inter alia, Google, the practical advantages of digitisation for history forced themselves on people. Google enabled the confident searching from a neutral place for things known and unknown; information moved to the user more easily in both time and space. The culture and technologies of gathering, retrieval, analysis, presentation and preservation altered dramatically and, as a result, the traditional powers of gatekeepers, institutions and professional historians was redistributed (De Groot). Access and abundance, arguably over-abundance, became the platform for the management of historical information. For the search for De Morgan, the door reopened. The increased global electronic access to extensive databases, catalogues, archives, and public records, as well as people who knew, or wanted to know, something, opened up opportunities that have been rapidly utilised and expanded over the last decade. Both professional and "amateur" historians moved into a space that made the previously difficult to know or unknowable now accessible.Inevitably, the development of digital newspaper archives was particularly crucial to seeking and finding John De Morgan. After some faulty starts in the early 2000s, characterised as a "wild west" and a "gold rush" (Fyfe 566), comprehensive digitised newspaper archives became available. While still not perfect, in terms of coverage and quality, it is a transforming technology. In the UK, the British Newspaper Archive (BNA)-in pursuit of the goal of the digitising of all UK newspapers-now has over 20 million pages. Each month presents some more of De Morgan. Similarly, in the US, Fulton History, a free newspaper archive run by retired computer engineer Tom Tryniski, now has nearly 40 million pages of New York newspapers. The almost daily footprints of De Morgan's radical life can now be seen, and the lives of the social networks within which he worked on both sides of the Atlantic, come easily into view even from a desk in New Zealand.The Internet also allows connections between researchers, both academic and 'public', bringing into reach resources not otherwise knowable: a Scottish genealogist with a mass of data on De Morgan's family; a Californian with the historian's pot of gold, a collection of over 200 letters received by De Morgan over a 50 year period; a Leeds Public Library blogger uncovering spectacular, but rarely seen, Victorian electoral cartoons which explain De Morgan's precipitate departure to the USA. These discoveries would not have happened without the infrastructure of the Internet, web site, blog, and e-mail. Just how different searching is can be seen in the following recent scenario, one of many now occurring. An addition in 2017 to the BNA shows a Master J.F. Morgan, aged 13, giving lectures on temperance in Ledbury in 1861, luckily a census year. A check of the census through Ancestry shows that Master Morgan was born in Lincolnshire in England, and a quick look at the 1851 census shows him living on an isolated blustery hill in Yorkshire in a railway encampment, along with 250 navvies, as his father, James, works on the construction of a tunnel. Suddenly, literally within the hour, the 20-year search for the childhood of John De Morgan, the supposedly Irish-born "gentleman who repudiated his class," has taken a significant turn.At the end of the 20th century, despite many efforts, John De Morgan was therefore a partial character bounded by what he said and didn't say, what others believed, and the intellectual and historiographical priorities, technologies, tools and processes of that century. In effect, he "lived" historically for a less than a quarter of his life. Without digitisation, much would have remained hidden; with it there has been, and will still be, much to find. De Morgan hid himself and the 20th century forgot him. But as the technologies have changed, and with it the structures of historical practice, the question that even De Morgan himself posed – "Who is John De Morgan?" – can now be addressed.SearchingDigitisation brings undoubted benefits, but its impact goes a long way beyond the improved search and detection capabilities, into a range of technological developments of communication and media that impact on practice, practitioners, institutions, and 'history' itself. A dominant issue for the academic community is the control of "history." De Groot, in his book Consuming History, considers how history now works in contemporary popular culture and, in particular, examines the development of the sometimes conflicted relationship between popular/public history and academic history, and the professional and the 'amateur' historian.The traditional legitimacy of professional historians has, many argue, been eroded by shifts in technology and access with the power of traditional cultural gatekeepers being undermined, bypassing the established control of institutions and professional historian. While most academics now embrace the primary tools of so-called "digital history," they remain, De Groot argues, worried that "history" is in danger of becoming part of a discourse of leisure, not a professionalized arena (18). An additional concern is the role of the global capitalist market, which is developing, or even taking over, 'history' as a brand, product and commodity with overt fiscal value. Here the huge impact of newspaper archives and genealogical software (sometimes owned in tandem) is of particular concern.There is also the new challenge of "navigating the chaos of abundance in online resources" (De Groot 68). By 2005, it had become clear that:the digital era seems likely to confront historians-who were more likely in the past to worry about the scarcity of surviving evidence from the past-with a new 'problem' of abundance. A much deeper and denser historical record, especially one in digital form seems like an incredible opportunity and a gift. But its overwhelming size means that we will have to spend a lot of time looking at this particular gift horse in mouth. (Cohen and Rosenzweig, Web).This easily accessible abundance imposes much higher standards of evidence on the historian. The acceptance within the traditional model that much could simply not be done or known with the resources available meant that there was a greater allowance for not knowing. But with a search button and public access, democratizing the process, the consumer as well as the producer can see, and find, for themselves.Taking on some of these challenges, Zaagsma, having reminded us that the history of digital humanities goes back at least 60 years, notes the need to get rid of the "myth that historical practice can be uncoupled from technological, and thus methodological developments, and that going digital is a choice, which, I cannot emphasis strongly enough, it is not" (14). There is no longer a digital history which is separate from history, and with digital technologies that are now ubiquitous and pervasive, historians have accepted or must quickly face a fundamental break with past practices. However, also noting that the great majority of archival material is not digitised and is unlikely to be so, Zaagsma concludes that hybridity will be the "new normal," combining "traditional/analogue and new/digital practices at least in information gathering" (17).ConclusionA decade on from Cohen and Rozenzweig's "Perils and Promises," the digital is a given. Both historical practice and historians have changed, though it is a work in progress. An early pioneer of the use of computers in the humanities, Robert Busa wrote in 1980 that "the principal aim is the enhancement of the quality, depth and extension of research and not merely the lessening of human effort and time" (89). Twenty years later, as Google was launched, Jordanov, taking on those who would dismiss public history as "mere" popularization, entertainment or propaganda, argued for the "need to develop coherent positions on the relationships between academic history, the media, institutions…and popular culture" (149). As the digital turn continues, and the SEARCH button is just one part of that, all historians-professional or "amateur"-will take advantage of opportunities that technologies have opened up. Looking across the whole range of transformations in recent decades, De Groot concludes: "Increasingly users of history are accessing the past through complex and innovative media and this is reconfiguring their sense of themselves, the world they live in and what history itself might be about" (310). ReferencesAllen, Rob. "'The People's Advocate, Champion and Friend': The Transatlantic Career of Citizen John De Morgan (1848-1926)." Historical Research 86.234 (2013): 684-711.Busa, Roberto. "The Annals of Humanities Computing: The Index Thomisticus." Computers and the Humanities 14.2 (1980): 83-90.Cohen, Daniel J., and Roy Rosenzweig. Digital History: A Guide to Gathering, Preserving, and Presenting the Past on the Web. Philadelphia, PA: U Pennsylvania P, 2005.———. "Web of Lies? 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