Academic literature on the topic 'Foule dense'

Aéroport Charles de Gaulle, le 3 août 2005. L'entrée du terminal 3 est obstruée par une foule dense de pèlerins d'origine pakistanaise installés majoritairement en France et en Grande-Bretagne, mais également en Hollande, Norvège, Italie, Espagne, Danemark, Grèce ou encore Suisse. Deux cent cinquante d'entre eux sont attendus pour l'embarquement d'un vol charter à destination de Damas, affrété par une agence parisienne du nom de « Tapis Volant ». Ce « Tour Spirituel 2005 » de deux semaines en Syrie et en Turquie est initié par une organisation islamique pakistanaise transnationale, d'inspiration soufie : le Minhaj- ul Quran (MUQ). Les pèlerins en provenance du Pakistan, s'étant vus refuser le visa pour la Turquie, ont du renoncer au voyage à l'exception notable du shaykh pakistanais, Tahirul Qadri, accueilli par ses dévots avec un enthousiasme mal contenu par l'adab de rigueur. Fondé à Jhang, au Pakistan, en 1981, le MUQ n'est pas une confrérie soufie, même si la structure de l'organisation, son idéologie et son fonctionnement présentent une indéniable influence mystique.

Forward osmosis (FO), using the osmotic pressure difference over a membrane to remove water, can treat highly foul streams and can reach high concentration factors. In this work, electrospun TFC membranes with a very porous open support (porosity: 82.3%; mean flow pore size: 2.9 µm), a dense PA-separating layer (thickness: 0.63 µm) covalently attached to the support and, at 0.29 g/L, having a very low specific reverse salt flux (4 to 12 times lower than commercial membranes) are developed, and their FO performance for the concentration of apple juice, manure and whey is evaluated. Apple juice is a low-fouling feed. Manure concentration fouls the membrane, but this results in only a small decrease in overall water flux. Whey concentration results in instantaneous, very severe fouling and flux decline (especially at high DS concentrations) due to protein salting-out effects in the boundary layer of the membrane, causing a high drag force resulting in lower water flux. For all streams, concentration factors of approximately two can be obtained, which is realistic for industrial applications.

Forward osmosis (FO), using the osmotic pressure difference over a membrane to remove water, can treat highly foul streams and can reach high concentration factors. In this work, electrospun TFC membranes with a very porous open support (porosity: 82.3%; mean flow pore size: 2.9 µm), a dense PA-separating layer (thickness: 0.63 µm) covalently attached to the support and, at 0.29 g/L, having a very low specific reverse salt flux (4 to 12 times lower than commercial membranes) are developed, and their FO performance for the concentration of apple juice, manure and whey is evaluated. Apple juice is a low-fouling feed. Manure concentration fouls the membrane, but this results in only a small decrease in overall water flux. Whey concentration results in instantaneous, very severe fouling and flux decline (especially at high DS concentrations) due to protein salting-out effects in the boundary layer of the membrane, causing a high drag force resulting in lower water flux. For all streams, concentration factors of approximately two can be obtained, which is realistic for industrial applications.

Hell is a strait and dark and foul smelling prison, an abode of demons and lost souls, filled with fire and smoke… It is a neverending storm of darkness, dark flames and dark smoke of burning brimstone, amid which the bodies are heaped one upon another without even a glimpse of air… All the filth of the world, all the offal and scum of the world we are told, shall run there as to a reeking sewer when the terrible conflagration of the last day has purged the world… The very air of this world, that pure element, becomes foul and unbreathable when it has been long enclosed. Consider then what must be the foulness of the air of hell. Imagine some foul and putrid corpse that has lain rotting and decomposing in the grave, a jellylike mass of liquid corruption. Imagine such a corpse a prey to flames, devoured by the fire of burning brimstone and giving off dense choking fumes of nauseous loathsome decomposition. And then imagine this sickening stench, multiplied a millionfold and a millionfold again from the millions upon millions of fetid carcasses massed together in the reeking darkness, a huge and rotting human fungus. Imagine all this and you will have some idea of the horror of the stench of hell.

Abstract The paper discussed the issue of eutrophication. The most conspicuous effect of eutrophication is the creation of dense blooms of noxious, foul-smelling phytoplankton that reduce water clarity and harm water quality. Nutrient concentration, temperature and pH of the water largely influence the growth rate and composition of duckweed in general, but it can be said that the temperature and solar irradiation are the most important factors. In order to compare the rate of biomass increase of duckweed biomass in natural conditions and in a laboratory grown sample was analysed by spectrophotometric methods in UV/VIS region (Spectrophotometer GENESYSTM) for the selected nutrients such as ammonium, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate.

In order to introduce EMS problems in large urban communities, I will first tell you the parable of the County of Smog. It covers an area of about 4,000 square miles and includes areas of mountain wilderness, dense urban population, coastal ocean communities and a peculiar blend of heat, foul air, and residential and industrial communities known simply as “The Valley.” About ten years ago, Smog County health officials established a pilot program to train a handful of firemen in reading electrocardiograms, the pharmacology of emergency cardiac drugs, intravenous infusions, and defibrillation. The firemen responded in a station wagon from a hospital. It was readily learned that these paramedical personnel could impact positively on the outcome of patients with cardiac conditions.

In this study, the effect of coagulation pretreatment on membrane fouling and ultrasonic cleaning efficiency was investigated using a dead-end polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) microfiltration system. The extent of membrane fouling was examined under different coagulation mechanisms such as charge neutralization (CN), electrostatic patch effect (EPE) and sweep flocculation (SW). Fouling through EPE mechanism provided the greatest flux decline and least permeate flux recovery over CN and SW. EPE produces more stable, smaller and more compact flocs while CN and SW have large, easily degraded and highly-branched structured flocs. The predominant fouling mechanism of EPE, CN and SW is pore blocking, a combination of pore blocking and cake formation, and cake formation, respectively. Better permeate flux recovery is observed with SW over CN and EPE, which implies formation of less dense and more porous cake deposits. The morphology of fouled membranes was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Studies in Germany, Belgium, France and Scotland have revealed that there are significant solids transport gradients in the depth of foul and combined sewage flows. Continuous field observations of changes in depths of sediment deposits in combined sewers have also indicated that there is an interaction between the erosion and deposition processes and changes in the mass transport of solids in regions in the overlying flow. A fuller understanding of the interactive phenomena is essential for both sewer sediment management and the minimization of associated pollution from wash-out of solids via CSOs. The paper presents results from the detailed studies in Hildesheim, Germany and those carried out in Dundee, Scotland, investigating the heterogeneity of solids movement with regard to gross solids, erosion of sewer sediments and their interactions with the suspended transport phases and the layer of very dense fluid found to be transported under certain circumstances, near the sediment bed or sewer invert (traditionally called ‘bed-load’).

La pièce de Denise Boucher Les fées ont soif constitue un événement important dans la courte histoire du théâtre québécois. Écrite dix ans après le choc provoqué par la création des Belles-Soeurs de Michel Tremblay, cette oeuvre, qualifiée de manifeste dramatique (par Lise Gauvin), semble pourtant avoir été largement oubliée si l’on en juge, d’un côté, par l’absence de reprise récente sur les scènes québécoises ; et, de l’autre côté, par le fait que son souvenir n’aura guère été rappelé, en 2008, soit trente ans après le scandale qui, à l’époque, avait mobilisé tout le milieu théâtral. C’est donc en tant qu’événement que nous avons choisi d’aborder le texte de Denise Boucher, entendu que la polémique entourant la pièce aura produit des échos bien au-delà de la sphère restreinte de la culture. C’est l’ensemble des discours produits à la fois par des professionnels, des artistes, des spécialistes et des gens ordinaires qui constitue le matériau privilégié de cette enquête au fil de laquelle nous entendons mettre en lumière les lignes de fractures idéologiques produites par l’événement des Fées ont soif au sein de la société québécoise. Cette étude s’inscrit dans la perspective d’une analyse du discours social québécois post-Révolution tranquille et dans la foulée des recherches actuelles sur la construction de la mémoire culturelle.

Chaque année dans le monde on rapporte plusieurs accidents liés aux foules denses. Ces accidents peuvent entraîner des blessures et même des décès dans les cas les plus extrêmes. Les chutes dans les foules denses ont été observées comme l’un des éléments déclencheurs possibles de ces accidents. De telles chutes résultent des difficultés de recouvrement de l’équilibre postural dans ce contexte particulier. Cependant, les connaissances concernant l’équilibre postural dans ce contexte sont très limitées en raison de la nature complexe des environnements liés aux foules denses. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche expérimentale pour étudier le rétablissement d’équilibre postural suite à des perturbations externes dans des environnements de foules humaines avec différents niveaux de densité. En particulier, comme les perturbations peuvent survenir de n’importe quelle direction dans les foules, nous étudions dans un premier temps la réaction d’individus isolés à des perturbations externes provenant de plusieurs directions. Nous proposons ensuite une méthode permettant de prédire les stratégies de recouvrement d’équilibre des participants sur la base d’informations cinématiques uniquement. Des expériences impliquant plusieurs individus sont par la suite étudiées. En particulier, nous avons étudié l’effet de la densité de la foule sur l’initiation et les caractéristiques des pas de récupération d’équilibre. Finalement, un nouveau paradigme expérimental a été proposé pour étudier l’équilibre postural en conditions réelles lors d’événements impliquant des foules denses. Cette approche a ensuite été utilisée au sein de foules durant des concerts de musique punk rock. Les résultats fournissent de nouvelles informations concernant la nature des interactions physiques et les stratégies de récupération d’équilibre utilisées dans ce contexte
Every year, several crowd accidents are reported around the world. These accidents can result in injuries and even fatalities. One of the triggering element of these accidents has been reported to result from falls associated with loss of standing balance in this dense crowd context. However, knowledge regarding human standing balance in dense crowd is very limited due the complex nature of this environment. In this thesis we proposed an experimental approach to study standing balance recovery of individuals following external perturbations in environments with different crowd density. In particular, as perturbation may occur from any direction in dense crowds we first study the reaction to single individuals to external perturbations arising from different directions. Based on the data collected during of this experiment, we were able to propose a method to predict participants’ recovery strategies following external perturbations based on kinematic information. Experiment involving multiple individuals were then considered. In particular, we study the effect of the crowd density on the initiation and the characteristics of recovery steps. Eventually, a novel experimental paradigm was proposed to study standing balance during real crowded events. This approach was then used within punk rock concert crowds. Results provided new insights regarding the physical interactions and recovery strategies observed in this context

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la détection des piétons dans des foules très denses depuis un système mono-camera, avec comme but d’obtenir des détections localisées de toutes les personnes. Ces détections peuvent être utilisées soit pour obtenir une estimation robuste de la densité, soit pour initialiser un algorithme de suivi. Les méthodologies classiques utilisées pour la détection de piétons s’adaptent mal au cas où seulement les têtes sont visibles, de part l’absence d’arrière-plan, l’homogénéité visuelle de la foule, la petite taille des objets et la présence d’occultations très fortes. En présence de problèmes difficiles tels que notre application, les approches à base d’apprentissage supervisé sont bien adaptées. Nous considérons un système à plusieurs classifieurs (Multiple Classifier System, MCS), composé de deux ensembles différents, le premier basé sur les classifieurs SVM (SVM- ensemble) et le deuxième basé sur les CNN (CNN-ensemble), combinés dans le cadre de la Théorie des Fonctions de Croyance (TFC). L’ensemble SVM est composé de plusieurs SVM exploitant les données issues d’un descripteur différent. La TFC nous permet de prendre en compte une valeur d’imprécision supposée correspondre soit à une imprécision dans la procédure de calibration, soit à une imprécision spatiale. Cependant, le manque de données labellisées pour le cas des foules très denses nuit à la génération d’ensembles de données d’entrainement et de validation robustes. Nous avons proposé un algorithme d’apprentissage actif de type Query-by- Committee (QBC) qui permet de sélectionner automatiquement de nouveaux échantillons d’apprentissage. Cet algorithme s’appuie sur des mesures évidentielles déduites des fonctions de croyance. Pour le second ensemble, pour exploiter les avancées de l’apprentissage profond, nous avons reformulé notre problème comme une tâche de segmentation en soft labels. Une architecture entièrement convolutionelle a été conçue pour détecter les petits objets grâce à des convolutions dilatées. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur la technique du dropout pour obtenir un ensemble CNN capable d’évaluer la fiabilité sur les prédictions du réseau lors de l’inférence. Les réalisations de cet ensemble sont ensuite combinées dans le cadre de la TFC. Pour conclure, nous montrons que la sortie du MCS peut être utile aussi pour le comptage de personnes. Nous avons proposé une méthodologie d’évaluation multi-échelle, très utile pour la communauté de modélisation car elle lie incertitude (probabilité d’erreur) et imprécision sur les valeurs de densité estimées
This study deals with pedestrian detection in high- density crowds from a mono-camera system. The detections can be then used both to obtain robust density estimation, and to initialize a tracking algorithm. One of the most difficult challenges is that usual pedestrian detection methodologies do not scale well to high-density crowds, for reasons such as absence of background, high visual homogeneity, small size of the objects, and heavy occlusions. We cast the detection problem as a Multiple Classifier System (MCS), composed by two different ensembles of classifiers, the first one based on SVM (SVM-ensemble) and the second one based on CNN (CNN-ensemble), combined relying on the Belief Function Theory (BFT) to exploit their strengths for pixel-wise classification. SVM-ensemble is composed by several SVM detectors based on different gradient, texture and orientation descriptors, able to tackle the problem from different perspectives. BFT allows us to take into account the imprecision in addition to the uncertainty value provided by each classifier, which we consider coming from possible errors in the calibration procedure and from pixel neighbor's heterogeneity in the image space. However, scarcity of labeled data for specific dense crowd contexts reflects in the impossibility to obtain robust training and validation sets. By exploiting belief functions directly derived from the classifiers' combination, we propose an evidential Query-by-Committee (QBC) active learning algorithm to automatically select the most informative training samples. On the other side, we explore deep learning techniques by casting the problem as a segmentation task with soft labels, with a fully convolutional network designed to recover small objects thanks to a tailored use of dilated convolutions. In order to obtain a pixel-wise measure of reliability about the network's predictions, we create a CNN- ensemble by means of dropout at inference time, and we combine the different obtained realizations in the context of BFT. Finally, we show that the output map given by the MCS can be employed to perform people counting. We propose an evaluation method that can be applied at every scale, providing also uncertainty bounds on the estimated density

In 1905, the state board of health for Connecticut looked back over the last half century and noted the tremendous change that had occurred. In the first half of the nineteenth century, “all the towns and cities in Connecticut were very rural in character, and nowhere were populations so dense from overcrowding as to affect the public health. Hence there was no conspicuous disparity in the salubrity of different towns.” As Connecticut industrialized and urbanized, disparity in the salubrity of different parts of the state increased. It became “an accepted fact, sustained by careful observation, that the death-rate was always higher in cities than in the country.” Although the pure past to which the Connecticut State Board of Health alluded may not have been as pure and healthful as it assumed, nonetheless, the board was correct in noting the increase in mortality in the industrial towns and cities that grew up over the century. Growing awareness of the “effect of environment and employment upon the prevalence o f . . . disease” created momentum for public action. The vision of an activist state promoting public health and protecting the citizens, particularly the “weak” and “poor,” from the vagaries of the market—whether those were represented by “foul” water or depleted resources—increasingly found support among other reformers. The urban industrial setting that made Connecticut’s cities so unhealthy also generated concerns overworking children, long working hours for women in the paid labor force, industrial diseases, and overcrowded tenements. Like the antipollution reformers, those who were concerned over these conditions increasingly looked to the state to legislate remedies. Laws that limited women’s working hours and child labor and that controlled the conditions of tenements found favorable hearings among legislatures attuned to an electorate demanding reform of the conditions they found in their daily lives. Environmental reformers—both public health activists and supporters of protection for fish—were important voices in this rising chorus that favored a more active state. The momentum for public action began in Massachusetts, the most industrialized and urbanized New England state, and spread to the other states of the region and ultimately to the entire nation.