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Journal articles on the topic 'Foul-release'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Kianejad, Sadra, and Naznin Ansarifard. "Numerical simulation of turbulent boundary layers of surfaces covered with foul release and antifouling coatings." Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 13, no. 1 (June 15, 2016): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v13i1.26017.

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In order to compare the frictional resistance of three kinds of ship’s hull coatings (Foul Release, SPC copper, SPC TBT) in the unfouled conditions, the numerical studies have been made. Simulations have been carried out for different Reynolds numbers in the range of 2.85 × – 5.5 × based on the plate length and flow velocity. Antifouling coatings have a larger mean roughness than Foul Release. The results have indicated that frictional resistance coefficient of Foul Release test plate is lower than SPC copper and SPC TBT test plates. The total resistance obtained by computational fluid dynamics has been compared with the experimental data and good agreement in results has been found which those have shown the ability of CFD modeling in calculating of fluid flow resistance by considering the coating characteristics.
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2

Selim, Mohamed S., Sherif A. El-Safty, Maher A. El-Sockary, Ahmed I. Hashem, Ossama M. Abo Elenien, Ashraf M. EL-Saeed, and Nesreen A. Fatthallah. "Modeling of spherical silver nanoparticles in silicone-based nanocomposites for marine antifouling." RSC Advances 5, no. 78 (2015): 63175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra07400b.

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3

Ashley, R. M., D. J. J. Wotherspoon, B. P. Coghlan, and I. McGregor. "The Erosion and Movement of Sediments and Associated Pollutants in Combined Sewers." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 8 (April 1, 1992): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0184.

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The complex and inhomogeneous nature of sediments in sewers, and the variability of the particles and dissolved substances flowing in dry and wet weather combined sewage, make the prediction of sediment erosion and pollutant release a difficult proposition. It is apparent that the erosion of sediments in sewers can release pollutants in concentrations which exceed by many times the levels found in the various contributing sources of the sediments and pollutants, and whilst this release is normally in the form of an initial highly polluting foul flush at the start of wet weather flow, the occurrence of foul flushes has not been found to be ubiquitous, even from event to event in the same sewer. The origins of foul flushes may be attributable to the speedy erosion of a weak layer of highly concentrated surficial sediments (or bed-load) at the start of wet weather flows. Various models have been proposed, and some successfully applied to field data, to simulate the erosion and movement of sediments and associated pollutants in combined sewer systems.
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4

Selim, M. S., M. A. Shenashen, Sherif A. El-Safty, S. A. Higazy, M. M. Selim, H. Isago, and A. Elmarakbi. "Recent progress in marine foul-release polymeric nanocomposite coatings." Progress in Materials Science 87 (June 2017): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.02.001.

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5

Rittschof, D., A. S. Clare, D. J. Gerhart, J. Bonaventura, C. Smith, and M. G. Hadfield. "Rapid field assessment of antifouling and foul‐release coatings." Biofouling 6, no. 2 (November 1992): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927019209386221.

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6

Kianejad, S. S., M. S. Seif, and N. Ansarifard. "Numerical Simulation of Frictional Resistance of Foul Release and Antifouling Coatings." Journal of Mechatronics 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jom.2015.1121.

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7

Zhao, Ke, Jun Yin, and Gang Zhu. "The Design and Operation of Yongin Feces and Livestock Wastewater Complex Treatment System in Korea." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 2063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.2063.

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The feces and livestock wastewater is characterized with complicated and high level in pollutant and foul odor, great change with loading. Humus activated sludge process with anaerobic-intermittent aeration mode were adopted to treat feces and livestock wastewater complex. The design and operation result showed that the process could remove effectively high concentration organic matter, TN,TP and SS, no foul gas release in residual sludge and during operation, the system has strong tolerance to the high hydraulic load through adjusting aeration period and reflux ratio. The feces and livestock treatment in China can draw lessons from the Yongin feces and livestock wastewater complex treatment system in Korea
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8

Selim, Mohamed S., Sherif A. El-Safty, Maher A. El-Sockary, Ahmed I. Hashem, Ossama M. Abo Elenien, Ashraf M. EL-Saeed, and Nesreen A. Fatthallah. "Tailored design of Cu2O nanocube/silicone composites as efficient foul-release coatings." RSC Advances 5, no. 26 (2015): 19933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra01597a.

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9

Lim, Chin-Sing, Gary H. Dickinson, Stacy Sommer, Serena Lay-Ming Teo, Rajan B. Bodkhe, Dean C. Webster, and Yong Ying Loo. "A small-scale waterjet test method for screening novel foul-release coatings." Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 12, no. 3 (January 8, 2015): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11998-014-9648-x.

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10

Smith, Benjamin R., and David R. Edds. "Zebra Mussel Colonization of Construction Materials, and Effectiveness of a Foul Release Coating." Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 117, no. 3 & 4 (September 2014): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1660/062.117.0301.

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11

Wendt, Dean E. "Methods of assessing antifouling and foul-release efficacy of non-toxic marine coatings." Green Materials 5, no. 1 (March 2017): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.17.00002.

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12

Barletta, M., C. Aversa, E. Pizzi, M. Puopolo, and S. Vesco. "Design, manufacturing and testing of anti-fouling/foul-release (AF/FR) amphiphilic coatings." Progress in Organic Coatings 123 (October 2018): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.07.016.

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13

Wan, Fei, Xiaowei Pei, Bo Yu, Qian Ye, Feng Zhou, and Qunji Xue. "Grafting Polymer Brushes on Biomimetic Structural Surfaces for Anti-Algae Fouling and Foul Release." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4, no. 9 (September 12, 2012): 4557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am300912w.

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14

Selim, Mohamed S., Ahmed Elmarakbi, Ahmed M. Azzam, Mohamed A. Shenashen, Ashraf M. EL-Saeed, and Sherif A. El-Safty. "Eco-friendly design of superhydrophobic nano-magnetite/silicone composites for marine foul-release paints." Progress in Organic Coatings 116 (March 2018): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2017.12.008.

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15

Scandura, Gabriele, Rosaria Ciriminna, Yi-Jun Xu, Mario Pagliaro, and Giovanni Palmisano. "Nanoflower-Like Bi2WO6Encapsulated in ORMOSIL as a Novel Photocatalytic Antifouling and Foul-Release Coating." Chemistry - A European Journal 22, no. 21 (April 18, 2016): 7063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201600831.

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16

Buskens, Pascal, Mariëlle Wouters, Corné Rentrop, and Zeger Vroon. "A brief review of environmentally benign antifouling and foul-release coatings for marine applications." Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 10, no. 1 (November 21, 2012): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11998-012-9456-0.

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17

Selim, Mohamed S., Sherif A. El-Safty, Maher A. El-Sockary, Ahmed I. Hashem, Ossama M. Abo Elenien, Ashraf M. EL-Saeed, and Nesreen A. Fatthallah. "Data on photo-nanofiller models for self-cleaning foul release coating of ship hulls." Data in Brief 8 (September 2016): 1357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2016.08.010.

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18

Rath, Sangram K., S. Praveen, Jayesh G. Chavan, Srikanth Billa, T. Umasankar Patro, and Manoranjan Patri. "Dual approach of bimodality and nano-reinforcement towards toughened PDMS based foul release coatings." Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 18, no. 3 (February 23, 2021): 871–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11998-020-00450-0.

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19

Yu, Jian. "Biodegradation-based Polymer Surface Erosion and Surface Renewal for Foul-release at Low Ship Speeds." Biofouling 19, sup1 (January 2003): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0892701031000063820.

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20

Callow, Maureen E., and James A. Callow. "Enhanced adhesion and chemoattraction of zoospores of the fouling algaenteromorphato some foul‐release silicone elastomers." Biofouling 13, no. 2 (October 1998): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927019809378378.

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21

Selim, Mohamed S., Mohamed A. Shenashen, Ahmed Elmarakbi, Nesreen A. Fatthallah, Shin-ichi Hasegawa, and Sherif A. El- Safty. "Synthesis of ultrahydrophobic and thermally stable inorganic–organic nanocomposites for self-cleaning foul release coatings." Chemical Engineering Journal 320 (July 2017): 653–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.03.067.

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22

Lee, Yechan, Sujeet Kumar, Sou Hyun Kim, Keum-Yong Seong, Hyeseon Lee, Chaerin Kim, Young-Suk Jung, and Seung Yun Yang. "Odorless Glutathione Microneedle Patches for Skin Whitening." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020100.

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Glutathione is a natural anti-aging substance that prevents the oxidation of protein thiols from reactive oxygen species. In the pharmaceutical industry, reduced glutathione (GSH) has been widely used for skin whitening due to its ability to inhibit tyrosinase. However, its poor permeability and foul odor limit its use in skin applications. Herein, we report a GSH-loaded dissolving microneedle (MN) patch prepared with hyaluronic acid (HA) that enables enhanced permeation across the skin and reduces the foul odor of GSH. HA was selected to prepare odorless GSH solutions and used for MN fabrications as a carrier of GSH. GSH-loaded MN (GSH-MN) arrays prepared from MN-forming solution containing up to 10% GSH showed good pattern uniformity and appropriate mechanical properties for insertion into the skin. The GSH-MNs with a loading capacity of 17.4% dissolve within 10 min following insertion into porcine skin and release the loaded GSH without being oxidized. This new approach combines functional biopolymers to reduce the characteristic GSH odor and advanced transdermal delivery based on MN technology to enhance skin permeation without pain. We believe this technique could expand the application of GSH in many cosmeceutical fields.
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23

Yang, Wufang, Wenwen Zhao, Yupeng Liu, Haiyuan Hu, Xiaowei Pei, Yang Wu, and Feng Zhou. "The effect of wetting property on anti-fouling/foul-release performance under quasi-static/hydrodynamic conditions." Progress in Organic Coatings 95 (June 2016): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.02.018.

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24

Swain, G. W., J. R. Griffith, J. D. Bultman, and H. L. Vincent. "The use of barnacle adhesion measurements for the field evaluation of non‐toxic foul release surfaces." Biofouling 6, no. 2 (November 1992): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927019209386216.

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25

Nendza, Monika. "Hazard assessment of silicone oils (polydimethylsiloxanes, PDMS) used in antifouling-/foul-release-products in the marine environment." Marine Pollution Bulletin 54, no. 8 (August 2007): 1190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.04.009.

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26

Rath, Sangram K., Jayesh G. Chavan, Tanaji K. Ghorpade, T. Umasankar Patro, and Manoranjan Patri. "Structure–property correlations of foul release coatings based on low hard segment content poly(dimethylsiloxane–urethane–urea)." Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 15, no. 1 (October 23, 2017): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11998-017-9982-x.

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27

Silva, Elisabete R., Ameessa V. Tulcidas, Olga Ferreira, Raquel Bayón, Amaya Igartua, Gemma Mendoza, Filipe J. M. Mergulhão, et al. "Assessment of the environmental compatibility and antifouling performance of an innovative biocidal and foul-release multifunctional marine coating." Environmental Research 198 (July 2021): 111219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111219.

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28

Vesco, S., C. Aversa, M. Puopolo, and M. Barletta. "Advances in design and manufacturing of environmentally friendly and biocide-free antifouling/foul-release coatings: replacement of fluorinate species." Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 16, no. 3 (October 15, 2018): 661–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11998-018-0144-6.

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29

Chiang, Ho Yin, Jinping Cheng, Xuan Liu, Chunfeng Ma, and Pei-Yuan Qian. "Synthetic Analogue of Butenolide as an Antifouling Agent." Marine Drugs 19, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19090481.

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Butenolide derivatives have the potential to be effective and environmentally friendly antifouling agents. In the present study, a butenolide derivative was structurally modified into Boc-butenolide to increase its melting point and remove its foul smell. The structurally modified Boc-butenolide demonstrated similar antifouling capabilities to butenolide in larval settlement bioassays but with significantly lower toxicity at high concentrations. Release-rate measurements demonstrated that the antifouling compound Boc-butenolide could be released from polycaprolactone-polyurethane (PCL-PU)-based coatings to inhibit the attachment of foulers. The coating matrix was easily degraded in the marine environment. The performance of the Boc-butenolide antifouling coatings was further examined through a marine field test. The coverage of biofouler on the Boc-butenolide coatings was low after 2 months, indicating the antifouling potential of Boc-butenolide.
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30

Selim, Mohamed S., Sherif A. El-Safty, Maher A. El-Sockary, Ahmed I. Hashem, Ossama M. Abo Elenien, Ashraf M. EL-Saeed, and Nesreen A. Fatthallah. "Smart photo-induced silicone/TiO2 nanocomposites with dominant [110] exposed surfaces for self-cleaning foul-release coatings of ship hulls." Materials & Design 101 (July 2016): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.124.

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31

Soleimani, Soolmaz, Ali Jannesari, Morteza Yousefzadi, Arash Ghaderi, and Adnan Shahdadi. "Eco-friendly foul release coatings based on a novel reduced graphene oxide/Ag nanocomposite prepared by a green synthesis approach." Progress in Organic Coatings 151 (February 2021): 106107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.106107.

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32

Korkut, Emin, and Mehmet Atlar. "An experimental investigation of the effect of foul release coating application on performance, noise and cavitation characteristics of marine propellers." Ocean Engineering 41 (February 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2011.12.012.

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33

Stein, Judith, Kathryn Truby, Christina Darkangelo Wood, Jeff Stein, Martha Gardner, Geoffrey Swain, Christopher Kavanagh, et al. "Silicone Foul Release Coatings: Effect of the Interaction of Oil and Coating Functionalities on the Magnitude of Macrofouling Attachment Strengths." Biofouling 19, sup1 (January 2003): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0892701031000089525.

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34

Sokolova, Anastasiya, Nicholas Cilz, Justin Daniels, Shane J. Stafslien, Lenora H. Brewer, Dean E. Wendt, Frank V. Bright, and Michael R. Detty. "A comparison of the antifouling/foul-release characteristics of non-biocidal xerogel and commercial coatings toward micro- and macrofouling organisms." Biofouling 28, no. 5 (May 2012): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2012.690197.

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35

Candries, M., and M. Atlar. "Experimental Investigation of the Turbulent Boundary Layer of Surfaces Coated With Marine Antifoulings." Journal of Fluids Engineering 127, no. 2 (December 22, 2004): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1891148.

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Turbulent boundary-layer measurements have been carried out on flat surfaces coated with two different new generation marine antifoulings. The coatings were applied on 1-m-long test sections that were fitted in a 2.1-m-long flat plate setup. The measurements were carried out in two different recirculating water tunnels by means of two-component laser Doppler velocimetry and were compared with measurements of a smooth steel reference surface and a surface covered with sand grit. Both coatings exhibited an increase in frictional resistance compared to the reference surface, but the increase was significantly smaller for the Foul(ing) Release coatings than for the Tin-free SPC coating. The coatings did not significantly affect the boundary-layer thickness. When expressed in inner variables, the coatings did not have an effect on the turbulence intensity profiles, but when expressed in outer variables, the coatings affected the near-wall turbulence intensities.
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36

Mirabedini, S. M., S. Pazoki, M. Esfandeh, M. Mohseni, and Z. Akbari. "Comparison of drag characteristics of self-polishing co-polymers and silicone foul release coatings: A study of wettability and surface roughness." Progress in Organic Coatings 57, no. 4 (December 2006): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2006.10.001.

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37

Afsar, Anisul, Rocky De Nys, and Peter Steinberg. "The Effects of Foul-release Coatings on the Settlement and Behaviour of Cyprid Larvae of the Barnacle Balanus amphitrite amphitrite Darwin." Biofouling 19, sup1 (January 2003): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0892701021000057909.

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38

Rath, S. K., J. G. Chavan, Savita Sasane, Jagannath, M. Patri, A. B. Samui, and B. C. Chakraborty. "Two component silicone modified epoxy foul release coatings: Effect of modulus, surface energy and surface restructuring on pseudobarnacle and macrofouling behavior." Applied Surface Science 256, no. 8 (February 2010): 2440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.10.084.

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39

Lee, Donguk, Seungyong Choi, Myungjun Moon, and Minyoung Shon. "Antifouling and Removal Efficiency of Foul‐Release Polydimethylsiloxane‐based Coatings: Lab‐Scale and Seawater Immersion Fouling Test and Hydrodynamic Shearing Test." Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 42, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bkcs.12248.

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40

Chang, S. P., Chin Mei Lin, Ching Wen Lou, Wen Hao Hsing, and Jia Horng Lin. "Manufacture and Performance Evaluation of Elastic/Bamboo Wrapped Yarn." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.425.

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Bamboo charcoal shows many advantages such as: moisture-proof foul smells reduction, the release of negative ion and far infrared ray, keep warm etc. For the purpose of increasing disersification, comfortable and beautiful feeling of the fiber efficiency, it already popularly applied to textile industry. This study used the elastic fibers as core yarn that was covered with polyester textured yarn contained bamboo charcoal to produce covered yarn. Elastic yarn was draw for suitable ratio and then covered with polyester yarn to form covered yarn, different draw ratio worked by changing roller speed, adjust twist number by controlling take up roller speed and twister speed of covering machine to get ideal stretch power were studied. Experiment results indicated that maximum break strength (4.52gw/denier) that when the speed of the rotor is 6000rpm while drawing ratio at 350%, twist number 2turns/cm. Maximum breaking elongation (24.57%) could get at speed of the rotor is 4000rpm when drawing at 350%, twist number 4.5turns/cm.
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41

Masuda, Hiroshi. "Antifouling Paint for Minimizing Transfer of Aquatic Species by Biofouling of Ship - Combination of Silicone Foul-release Coating and In-water Cleaning." Journal of The Japan Institute of Marine Engineering 46, no. 4 (2011): 596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.46.596.

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42

Yang, Qiang, Zhanping Zhang, Yuhong Qi, and Hongyang Zhang. "Influence of Phenylmethylsilicone Oil on Anti-Fouling and Drag-Reduction Performance of Silicone Composite Coatings." Coatings 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121239.

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In this study, we explore the effect of phenylmethylsilicone oil (PSO) addition amount and viscosity in a fouling release coating based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The surface properties, mechanical properties, anti-fouling and drag-reduction performance of the coating were studied. Meanwhile the influence of the basic properties of the coating on the anti-fouling and drag-reduction performance was also studied. Subsequently, the antifouling performance of the coating was investigated by the Navicula Tenera and bacteria adhesion test. As a result, the high content of PSO paint has a high foul removal rate. The incorporation of PSO into paint can reduce the elastic modulus and surface energy of the coating to reduce its relative adhesion factor (RAF). The lower the RAF, the better the antifouling effect of the coating. The drag-reduction performance of the coating was verified by the torque selection experiment, and the results showed that incorporation of PSO into paint can enhance the elongation and hydrophobicity of the coating, thereby increasing the drag reduction rate of the coating.
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43

Ivce, Renato, Matej Grubiša, and Darijo Mišković. "Protection Coatings for the Underwater Part of Ship’s Hull." Journal of Maritime & Transportation Science 55, no. 1 (January 2018): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/2018.00.04.

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In this article authors present a general consideration of the underwater part of ship’s hull protection by protective coatings, paying particular attention to antifouling paints. Following the presentation of the importance of ship’s hull maintenance and protection in order to make navigation safer and to keep the ship in operation for as long as possible, a summary is made of the main types of antifouling products used throughout the history up to the present time. As far back as a thousand years BC, people had developed techniques to protect objects from falling into disrepair and understood the importance of preserving construction materials in order to prolong their useful life and value. Marine industry has been developing day by day and attention is increasingly focused on the safety of ships and crews, as well as on the protection of marine environment. Tin-free self-polishing copolymer (SPC) and foul release technologies are currently applied, in addition to many alternative solutions being suggested. Modern approaches to effective environment-friendly antifouling systems and their performance are highlighted.
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44

Butler, D., Y. Xiao, S. H. P. G. Karunaratne, and S. Thedchanamoorthy. "The gully pot as a physical, chemical and biological reactor." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 7 (April 1, 1995): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0237.

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The gully pot operates under two distinct regimes: dry weather and wet weather. During dry weather, rapid drops in dissolved oxygen concentration result in the establishment of anaerobic conditions. This leads to the release of oxygen demanding soluble organics, ammonium and possibly sulphides. Complex changes also occur to the phase and bio-availability of a range of heavy metals. Concurrently, some material previously held in suspension in the inflow settles to the base of the pot to form a bed whilst significant amounts of smaller material remain in suspension. The bed formed under the liquor seems to undergo an aging process. In wet weather, incoming runoff rapidly displaces the standing liquor, which can represent a significant fraction of the total flow volume and pollutant load contributing to a first foul flush. The solids trapping efficiency of the pot is high for larger particles, but poor for smaller particles which carry proportionately more of the pollutant load. Organics and smaller solids can be re-entrained, but there is little evidence of large-scale overturning of the bed.
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45

Tian, Limei, Yue Yin, Wei Bing, and E. Jin. "Antifouling Technology Trends in Marine Environmental Protection." Journal of Bionic Engineering 18, no. 2 (March 2021): 239–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42235-021-0017-z.

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AbstractMarine fouling is a worldwide problem, which is harmful to the global marine ecological environment and economic benefits. The traditional antifouling strategy usually uses toxic antifouling agents, which gradually exposes a serious environmental problem. Therefore, green, long-term, broad-spectrum and eco-friendly antifouling technologies have been the main target of engineers and researchers. In recent years, many eco-friendly antifouling technologies with broad application prospects have been developed based on the low toxicity and non-toxicity antifouling agents and materials. In this review, contemporary eco-friendly antifouling technologies and materials are summarized into bionic antifouling and non-bionic antifouling strategies (2000–2020). Non-bionic antifouling technologies mainly include protein resistant polymers, antifoulant releasing coatings, foul release coatings, conductive antifouling coatings and photodynamic antifouling technology. Bionic antifouling technologies mainly include the simulated shark skin, whale skin, dolphin skin, coral tentacles, lotus leaves and other biology structures. Brief future research directions and challenges are also discussed in the end, and we expect that this review would boost the development of marine antifouling technologies.
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46

Mcllhatton, T. D., R. Sakrabani, R. M. Ashley, and R. Burrows. "Erosion mechanisms in combined sewers and the potential for pollutant release to receiving waters and water treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 3 (February 1, 2002): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0055.

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The problems associated with solids in sewerage systems result in common difficulties such as blockages and flooding and the subsequent maintenance requirements have been well documented. Concerns regarding pollutant release have also been demonstrated, with the contribution from in-sewer solids to the quality of the flow during a storm event being especially significant. These events known as “foul flushes” in combined sewers typically occur in the initial period of storm flows, when the concentration of suspended sediments and other pollutants are significantly higher than at other times. Traditionally impacts from these events have been related to the suspended solids phase of the flow passing through a CSO structure. It is now apparent that much of the suspended load originates from solids eroded from the bed. The “near bed solids” which are re-entrained into the flow, together with solids eroded from the bulk bed, account for large changes in the suspended sediment concentration under time varying flow conditions. The influence of these eroded solids and their potential impact on receiving waters and treatment plants will be reviewed using data obtained from field studies carried out in the main Dundee interceptor sewer in Scotland. This paper describes some of the methods employed to investigate the characteristics of the pollutants associated with solids erosion in combined sewers.
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47

McIlhatton, T. D., R. M. Ashley, and S. J. Tait. "Improved formulations for rapid erosion of diverse solids in combined sewers." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 5 (September 1, 2005): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0128.

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For more than a decade, research carried out in Scotland has investigated the movement of sediment in sewers and the associated pollutant release. Pollution by discharges from combined sewer overflows can adversely affect watercourses, particularly those in urban areas. Solids and dissolved contaminants, many derived from in-sewer deposits during a storm event, can be especially significant. This phenomenon can occur during events known as ‘foul flushes’. In combined sewers these typically occur in the initial period of storm flows, when the concentration of suspended sediments and other pollutants is significantly higher than at other times. It has become apparent that much of the suspended load originates from solids eroded from the bed. The ‘near bed solids’ which are re-entrained into the flow, together with solids eroded from the bulk bed, account for large changes in the suspended sediment concentration under time varying flow conditions. This paper describes some of the methods employed to investigate the solids eroding in combined sewers during peak flow events. The work examined the potential for sediment re-suspension under high flow conditions both in the laboratory and in the field.
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48

Faria, Sara I., Rita Teixeira-Santos, Luciana C. Gomes, Elisabete R. Silva, João Morais, Vítor Vasconcelos, and Filipe J. M. Mergulhão. "Experimental Assessment of the Performance of Two Marine Coatings to Curb Biofilm Formation of Microfoulers." Coatings 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090893.

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Biofilms formed on submerged marine surfaces play a critical role in the fouling process, causing increased fuel consumption, corrosion, and high maintenance costs. Thus, marine biofouling is a major issue and motivates the development of antifouling coatings. In this study, the performance of two commercial marine coatings, a foul-release silicone-based paint (SilRef) and an epoxy resin (EpoRef), was evaluated regarding their abilities to prevent biofilm formation by Cyanobium sp. and Pseudoalteromonas tunicata (common microfoulers). Biofilms were developed under defined hydrodynamic conditions to simulate marine settings, and the number of biofilm cells, wet weight, and thickness were monitored for 7 weeks. The biofilm structure was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at the end-point. Results demonstrated that EpoRef surfaces were effective in inhibiting biofilm formation at initial stages (until day 28), while SilRef surfaces showed high efficacy in decreasing biofilm formation during maturation (from day 35 onwards). Wet weight and thickness analysis, as well as CLSM data, indicate that SilRef surfaces were less prone to biofilm formation than EpoRef surfaces. Furthermore, the efficacy of SilRef surfaces may be dependent on the fouling microorganism, while the performance of EpoRef was strongly influenced by a combined effect of surface and microorganism.
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49

Islam, Mitheel Ibna, Monowara Khatun, Md Shahidul Islam, Md Nurul Amin, and Shitil Ibna Islam. "Association between C - reactive protein and Premature Rupture of Membrane." Ibrahim Cardiac Medical Journal 4, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icmj.v4i2.52988.

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Background and Objectives: Early diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis (ChAm) in patients with premature rupture of membrane (PROM) is essential for its prompt treatment with antibiotics. Amniocentesis may be used to detect subclinical infections in cases of PROM. But the procedure is an invasive one. The present study was undertaken to study the role of plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) in the prediction of clinical chorioamnionitis in case of PROM. Materials & Methods The cross-sectional study was carried out in the of Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Khulna Medical College Hospital, Khulna over a period 1 year from July 2014 to June 2015. A total of 90 clinically diagnosed cases of PROM (rupture of the membrane with release of the amniotic fluid more than 1 hour prior to the onset of labor) were consecutively included in the study based on predefined enrolment criteria. Clinical ChAm is defined by findings such as leukocytosis [WBC count, >15,000/µL, fetal tachycardia, maternal fever (temperature, >100.4°F), fundal or uterine tenderness, or foul-smelling amniotic fluid]. A CRP value of > 10 mg/L was considered as raised or positive CRP. The risk of developing clinical ChAm in patients with raised CRP was then estimated by computing the Odds ratio. Result: The mean age of the women with PROM was 23.9 years. The patients presented with fundal or uterine tenderness (10%), raised maternal temperature (8.9%), foetal tachycardia (10%), maternal tachycardia (13.3%), foul smelling amniotic fluid (6.7%). Over half (52.2%) of the patients were preterm PROM and the rest were term PROM. Positive CRP was found in 16.7% cases. Raised WBC count and raised ESR were found in 11.1 and 33.3% cases respectively. Over two-thirds (70%) who developed clinical chorioamnionitis had raised CRP as opposed to 10% of those who did not develop the condition. The risk of having raised CRP in patients who developed clinical chorioamnionitis was > 20-fold (4.5 - 97.7) higher than those who did not develop the condition (p < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of CRP in diagnosing and ruling out chorioamnionitis respectively in cases of PROM were 70% and 90% respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of the test are 46.7% and 96% respectively. Conclusion: The study concluded that a substantial proportion of the PROM cases with clinical chorioamnionitis is manifested with raised CRP compared to PROM cases without chorioamnionitis. However, CRP is moderately sensitive to diagnose chorioamnionitis and highly specific to rule out the condition in cases with PROM. Ibrahim Cardiac Med J 2014; 4(2): 26-31
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50

Fears, Kenan P., Andrew Barnikel, Ann Wassick, Heonjune Ryou, Janna N. Schultzhaus, Beatriz Orihuela, Jenifer M. Scancella, et al. "Adhesion of acorn barnacles on surface-active borate glasses." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1784 (September 9, 2019): 20190203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0203.

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Concerns about the bioaccumulation of toxic antifouling compounds have necessitated the search for alternative strategies to combat marine biofouling. Because many biologically essential minerals have deleterious effects on organisms at high concentration, one approach to preventing the settlement of marine foulers is increasing the local concentration of ions that are naturally present in seawater. Here, we used surface-active borate glasses as a platform to directly deliver ions (Na + , Mg 2+ and BO 4 3− ) to the adhesive interface under acorn barnacles ( Amphibalanus ( =Balanus ) amphitrite ). Additionally, surface-active glasses formed reaction layers at the glass–water interface, presenting another challenge to fouling organisms. Proteomics analysis showed that cement deposited on the gelatinous reaction layers is more soluble than cement deposited on insoluble glasses, indicating the reaction layer and/or released ions disrupted adhesion processes. Laboratory experiments showed that the majority (greater than 79%) of adult barnacles re-attached to silica-free borate glasses for 14 days could be released and, more importantly, barnacle larvae did not settle on the glasses. The formation of microbial biofilms in field tests diminished the performance of the materials. While periodic water jetting (120 psi) did not prevent the formation of biofilms, weekly cleaning did dramatically reduce macrofouling on magnesium aluminoborate glass to levels below a commercial foul-release coating. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Transdisciplinary approaches to the study of adhesion and adhesives in biological systems’.
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