Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Foucault, Michel (1926-1984 ; philosophe)'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Foucault, Michel (1926-1984 ; philosophe).'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Ségura, Philip. "Michel Foucault : l'espace non-dialectique." Paris 8, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA083689.
Full textThe objective was to understand from the sentence of Michel Foucault: "Je n'accepte pas ce mot, dialectique. Non et non ! Il faut que les choses soient bien claires. Dès que l'on prononce le mot "dialectique" on commence à accepter, même si on ne le dit pas, le schéma hégélien de la thèse et de l'antithèse, et avec lui une forme de logique qui me paraît inadéquate, si l'on veut donner de ces problèmes une description vraiment concrète. ", the movement coming from the thought determinations which would go from the plan of immanence towards the modes of conceptualization. Many philosophers allotted to Foucault various periods of evolution of his thinking. I started my study by presupposing that Foucault worked throughout his life around the same level of immanence and that he continuously tried to explain it starting from the knowledge of various socio-history disciplines. And I tried to understand this movement which goes from the level of immanence to a conceptualization of his thinking built around the critical tradition. Foucault wants to proof that philosophy constructed the subject and a system of the human conscience. The dialectics presents itself as the central point of this system. How to understand the presence of the concept by knowing that above all it is the result of the overlapping connection of subject in the socio-history thinking?
Coelho, de Souza Sandra. "L'éthique de Michel Foucault." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100118.
Full textMy thesis shout Michel Foucault is mostly concerned by Foucault’s thought between "madness and civilization" (1960) and "history of sexuality" (1984). If one considers the thesis bibliography, it's possible to understand that Foucault’s work considered by me as more important of his thought is not always proposed by Foucault’s books; many articles and interviews elucidate the aims and trajectory of Foucault. This is the reason why they play an important role in the thesis. During one of his stays in Berkeley (October 1980), Foucault explain the themes of his ethics: "I am a moralist, insofar as a believe that one of the tasks, one of the meanings of human existence - the source of human freedom - is never to accept anything as definitiven untouchable, obvious or immobile" (history of the present, spring 1980). In this interview conducted by m. Bess, Foucault exposes the three elements of his moral thought. They are: "(1) the refusal to accept as self-evident the things that are proposed to us" - it concerns the first chapter of my thesis(l'experience fondamentale); "(2)the need to analyses and to know, since we can accomplishe nothing without reflexion and understanding thus the principle of curiosity" - it concerns la problematisation
Alenezi, Ahmad. "La problématique de la folie chez michel foucault." Paris 8, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA084196.
Full textAhmade, Ramez. "L'éthique comme pratique de la liberté selon Michel Foucault." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080030.
Full textThis thesis proposes, following Michel Foucault’s work, an enquiry into the ethics of the subject as a possible way to free oneself from knowledge-power relations and the effects of subjectivation. Freedom cannot, however, be identified with a simple emancipation from an external power; it is, in its ultimate form, a voluntary choice, a self-action that carries the project of forging its own subjectivity, with the use of its own techniques. It’s a “becoming-subject”, namely, having the ability to act, to produce, and to transform itself into a political and social subject. The aim of this thesis is to show the value and importance of an ethical approach for the present time, the issue at hand being the subject and its ability to be the agent and the master of its existence
Malette, Sébastien. "La «gouvernementalité» chez Michel Foucault." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23836/23836.pdf.
Full textShinkai, Yasuyuki. "L'invisible visible : études sur Michel Foucault." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0037.
Full textGoumaz, Christophe. "Visages et marges de la philosophie de Michel Foucault." Lyon 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO31012.
Full textIn his work, michel foucault suggests that phenomena should be approched through what constitutes their limit (law through crime and prison, normaly through madness. . . ). We, in our turn, have applied this method to foucault's work, which we have revisited, starting our study from its collateral works. We offer a singular reading of his work, relying mamily on his dits et ecrits. We have enhanced the value of the notion of ascesis, and asked more globally the question of the subject and subjectivation in a work witch intends to do without reference to its author. "who is subject?" "what is the event?" foucault's ascesis is a specific form of ascesis, devoted to the double task of downgrading and the making of the self. According to us, it opens out, by the practices it involves, on to a space of its own, which has to be characterized (fiction, distance, awe. . . ). Through this approach, we get back to the question of archives and their relation to history, with its political implications
Adorno, Francesco. "Vérité et sujet chez Michel Foucault." Paris 8, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA080974.
Full textThe works of foucault bring about an ensemble of problems in which we tried to treat in this work. From one period to another, we encounter a diversity of tone, style and subject among the works the destination and purpose seem uncertain. In particular, two moments reflect this discontinuity: between l'archeologie du savoir et surveiller et punir, foucault changes or seems to change methods; between la volonte de savoir et l'usage des plaisirs et le souci de soi, the project even of a story of sexuality seems to orient itself in a different way. In our opinion, the changes which accent foucault's path represent different moments of the same questioning that can be explained in different ways, but does not constitute less of a coherent path. In our opinion, foucault's fundamental problem was always disecting the processes of subject formation, and making clearer the knowledge which discreetly participates in his constitution. This hypothesis is based on the research of "literary" works: a collection of articles by literary critics; on the other hand we studied the inedited between 1976 and 1984. The first part of this research allowed us to confirm that already at the beginning of the 60's, foucault thought about a series of concepts that will be the basis of his archeo-genealogical method. The second part of this work allowed us to establish the existance of a certain graduality between 1976 and 1984 : in l'usage des plaisirs, foucault does not mention the genealogy of. .
Owono, Essono Aristide. "Homme, société et pouvoir : lecture foucaldienne de l'humanisme kantien." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AMIE0011.
Full textSince his appearance in the world, man has always put the gods at the center of his existence. It was with the gods that he found the right stability between managing his existential fears and his constant desire to understand the laws of the universe. But, this theocentrism will be broken because the history of humanity is deeply marked by the destitution of the gods for the benefit of man, it is the advent of anthropocentrism, an attitude that puts man at the center of all. And later, this philosophical anthropocentrism will give birth to what is today called humanism, which also manifests itself in a deep love and unconditional respect for all that relates to human dignity in general. Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804) is one of the greatest essential figures of this humanist current, he will sublimate human nature at its peak. Indeed, with a rigorous and methodical use of reason (pure and practical), Kant's rationalist humanism has the ambition to make man an absolutely free and autonomous being, virtuous, creator and possessor of knowledge (or of truth), architect of the evolution of societies. Ultimately, one gets the impression that he always does everything in the interests of humanity. However, Michel Foucault (1926-1984) will undertake a radical deconstruction of the Kantian subject despite the great capacities that he has. In fact, Foucault will criticize Kantian humanism as a whole because of the importance he gives to man. Thus, for the good of all, the French philosopher believes that "the death of man" becomes an absolute requirement. This hostile attitude leads us to seriously question the true foundations of humanism. Indeed, why is man a danger? Should we admit that humanism is no longer useful to us today? And if the man is no longer important, what should he be replaced by? At this stage, it becomes imperative to proceed to an analysis of Foucault's zetetic approach in order to understand his real intentions. Essentially, this theoretical confrontation that he undertakes with Kant will allow us to reflect on the contemporary issues of humanism in the era of postmodernity
Haddouche, Zahir. "La question du temps et du présent chez Michel Foucault." Paris 8, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA083459.
Full textThe foucaldian company attempts to draw a critico-historic diagnosis of our culture to write the history of the present. Through this attachment in the question of the present, It is question in this thesis to show " beyond the breaks, beyond the methodological changes " that between the archaeologist ( 1961 ), the genealogist ( 1975 ) and the "last one Foucault ( 1984 )", there is strong links and not breaks of the methodological failures or even bends. Our analysis attempts to reveal the footbridges which bind (connect) these " three periods ": the first works on the knowledge and that where Foucault wonders about the problem of the knowledge and the power in that, later, where Foucault concentrates mainly on the study of the texts of the Greco-Roman philosophy
Sardinha, Diogo. "Ordre et temps dans la philosophie de Michel Foucault." Paris 10, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA100106.
Full textThe writings of Foucault are astonishing for the all but inexplicable way in which they invite us to suspend our beliefs regarding the history of either a problem or an institution – indeed, even the history of our own society. But how is this extraordinary feat accomplished ? Foucault develops his archaeology and genealogy along three main axes of the human experience: knowledge, power, and ethics. But do these all follow the same temporal restraints ? He claims that they are dominated by two distinct temporalities. One is superficial and continuous; the other is basic but discontinuous. Towards the end of his life, Foucault sketched a new research program, which he called "a historical and critical ontology of ourselves". This program requires a perspective that is at once epistemological, political, and ethical. For Foucault, it is no longer acceptable to use a single or dual axis, such as the power-knowledge axis, in order to pursue his research. Three are necessary. Foucault tells us that the interaction between knowledge, power, and ethics should be understood from a systematic point of view. But what exactly does this mean ? For we know that his work has always been in opposition to any idea of a system of thought ? Foucault was able to formulate the necessity of a "systematic" thought because his work already had an essential coherence to it. This coherence is inextricably linked to the three realms of experience: they all are divided in two strata ; the first one is immediately accessible, and the second one is mediated, and radical. In this scheme, the dimension of time necessarily overlaps with the dimension of order
Zengin, Ayse Nilüfer. "Corps et vérité chez Michel Foucault." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010536.
Full textPaltrinieri, Luca. "Naissance de la population : nature, raison, pouvoir chez Michel Foucault." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENSF0083.
Full textThis research explores the possibility to work in the wake of Foucault's work, conceived it as a certain philosophical practice consisting in constantly opening the field of philosophy to its 'outsides' and connecting the history of a concept with the historical framework of an experience of thought. The core of this archaeological and genealogical method is the relation between philosophical and historical practices and the use of the historical constructions to complete a philosophical task : to reveal and destabilize our present. Thus, to resume the interrupted task of the "historical ontology of ourselves" means considering Foucaldian genealogies as "machines" to be tested on the historical ground, which also involve a specific practice of practice of history. The genealogy of the scientific and political concept of "population" is here considered in an historical-critical perspective : this history can both clarify the specificity of the Foucaldian reading of "biopolitics" and question its results, assumptions and interpretations. Through the historical genealogy of the object "population" I want , on the one hand, to fight the idea that the concept was "invented" by a dominant scientific and political complex and on the other hand to reveal the multiple power relations, events and struggles that underlie its appearence. The emergence of "population" is thus placed within a history of governmentality which culminated in the middle of the eighteenth century, when a liberal governing art became dominant and the word "population" widely used
Lok, Wing-Kai. "Foucault, Levinas and the Ethical Embodied Subject." Thesis, Institute for Christian Studies, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10756/274413.
Full textLaarissa, Mohamed Mustapha. "Epistème, discours, pouvoir chez Michel Foucault." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010520.
Full textThis work intends to study three notions essential to Foucault : episteme, speech, power as referring at the same time to different phasis in the theoritical evolution of the author. So the question is to observe a thought in its moments of mutation, even of erisis. Consequently, we are concerned with an opened work, in a perpetual removal. That verifies the methodological importance of "l'archeologie du savoir". Meanwhile, if such a work reveals itsely very important for our study, it's not because it takes place in a reflexive form of a "theory of the method" but because it establishes a new object for history: the speech, regarded here with a differential point of view and no more with a totalising one, as it was with "les mots et les choses". Therefore, the two works stumble on the same obstacle : the reducing explanation of knowledge by knowledge. "surveiller et punir" and "la volonte de savoir" will outline admirably that dilemna in developing by the hypothesis of a necessary correlation between knowledge and power, what will be the elaboration of a new point of view on power : the relationnal point of view. But Foucault will paradoxically present power in its relation with resistance (which is opposed to it) : an omnipresent power, and a resistance which can only be then obliged to resort to a third dimension which is not reducible neither to knowledge nor to power : the dimension of the subjectivation, such as the Foucault's two last work, "l'usage des plaisirs "and" le souci de soi" present it to us. Foucault's thought will then finally take on the form of a triple historical ontology of knowledge, power and subjectivation (and not of subject)
Abe, Takashi. "La méthode archéologique de Michel Foucault : le statut du sujet." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100006.
Full textIn this study, the works of Foucault were chronologically examined. Analysis was made on the development of his philosophical method known as archaeology, and on its dominant topic : the subject. Foucault treated the concept of subject as an operational concept, through which his research was realized. Through the 1960s, in parallel with the development of archaeology, he criticized the epistemic function of the subject, which was the very basis of Human Sciences. At the end of the 1960s, through a radical reconstruction of the archaeological method, he discovered a new object of research the discourse. On the basis of such methodological change, the new research examined the status of the subject differently. The concept of "subjectification" was introduced in order to describe a dynamic process interrelated with the function of power, in which subjectivity is formed. This process of subjectification further introduced the dimension of ethics
Martins, Victor Mendonça Nobre. "L'Oedipe selon Foucault : Foucault lecteur et non-lecteur de Freud à travers le «complexe d’Oedipe»." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC069.
Full textFoucault's work, from the 1970s until his death in 1984, was marked by a critique of the "Oedipus complex", a concept essential to Freud. The radicalism of Foucault's critics would have implied, on the one hand, a certain distance from the psychoanalysts of his works and, on the other hand, that his readers take a certain distance from the Freudian letter. A fundamental detail to the understanding of this difficult interlocution: the references of the philosopher to the "Oedipus complex" were always formulated without presenting to his readers any quote from Freud. From within his own text, which systematically refers to the work of the psychoanalyst, Foucault summoned each time his interlocutor without ever giving him the floor. What reading of Freud would he have done? How could he write so much on the "Oedipus complex" without ever mentioning Freud? In order to identify the modalities, the aspects, the forms of this erased reading operation, we will approach the main Foucaldian references to the "Oedipus complex" and their negative logic
Han, Béatrice. "Michel Foucault entre l'historique et le transcendantal." Paris 12, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA120004.
Full textInvestigating the problem of the historical and the tanscendantal in michel foucault's works enabled me to reveal the author's most constant preoccupation, which was to give a transposition of the "critical" question of the conditions of possibility of knowledge that would allow it to escape from the deadends of the transcendantal theme (understood as anthropologized). Moreover, studying foucault's three main philosophical sources (kant, nietzsche, heidegger) led me to discover, for each stage of the author's intellectual development, the lack of a sound and consistant enough theoretical foundation. Henceforth, i tried to pinpoint and identify the recurrent guises of the transcendantal theme infoucault's work, mostly by analyzing the notions of "episteme", "historical a priori", "power knowledge" and "problematization"
Kozlowski, Michal. "Fonctions du discours et figures du sujet : Michel Foucault, théoricien de la liberté." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0073.
Full textMichel Foucault is often perceived as the one willing to deconstruct the very idea of the subject. In my analysis I attempt to show the contrary. Foucault's cautious work aims at the reconstruction of the concept of the subject in order to think it through both it its limitations and the possibilities to realiza its freedom. In that perspective I account for two key notions that Foucault works out : the one of the actuality abd the one of the genealogy. I introduce in Foucault theoretical structure the spinozian concept of conatus understood, as permanent will of the self-constitution of a subject by the subject. These three notions together let me account for political strategies of emancipation in the Foucaultian sense. The main argument developed in my dissertation leads to the conclusion that Michel Foucault far from being a new conservatism offers as a matter of the new visions of progressivism, a skeptical one perhaps but genuinely mature
Palazzolo, Ândrea Cristina Pimentel. "Instituições de Sequestro em Michel Foucault." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20973.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2018-04-06T12:54:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ândrea Cristina Pimentel Palazzolo.pdf: 470628 bytes, checksum: e3c10b51d4a52478b015535a5c69efa2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-06
The present study consists of a theoretical exercise, of a bibliographic character, destined to compose a master's thesis in Philosophy. The theme chosen is intended to accompany the reflections of Michel Foucault (1926-1984) on the so-called "kidnapping institutions". The way forward is to follow the footsteps of Michel Foucault's trajectory from his broader scope (the general panorama of his thinking) to the particular theme of "kidnapping institutions", especially through the moment of that trajectory in which they appear explicitly. To achieve such a purpose, there is an introduction about the intellectual path of the philosopher in (his) three moments, followed by the discipline and its generalization. Then, the study focuses the appearance of a disciplinary society, researching the "kidnapping institutions" in Modernity, in order to answer the question: after all, what is the very first function of "kidnapping institutions"?
O presente estudo consiste em um exercício teórico, de caráter bibliográfico, destinado a compor uma dissertação de mestrado em Filosofia. O tema escolhido tem o intuito de acompanhar as reflexões de Michel Foucault ( 1926-1984) sobre as assim chamadas “instituições de sequestro”. O caminho percorrido busca seguir os passos da trajetória de Michel Foucault desde seu âmbito maior ( o panorama geral do seu pensamento) até o tema particular das “ instituições de sequestro” , passando, especialmente pelo momento daquela trajetória na qual elas aparecem de modo explícito. Para tanto há uma introdução sobre a trajetória intelectual do filósofo em seus três momentos. Trata-se, em seguida, da disciplina e sua generalização. Na sequência, o estudo explicita o surgimento da sociedade disciplinar, para, então, investigar as “instituições de sequestro”, na Modernidade, e responder à pergunta: afinal, qual é a função precípua das “instituições de sequestro” ?
Colombo, Agustin. "Le bios de la brebis : la problématique de la subjectivité dans le christianisme chez Michel Foucault." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080114.
Full textThis dissertation investigates the genealogical value that Michel Foucault assigns to Christianity focusing on the configuration of subjectivity, particularly on the way of life as a main domain in which subjectivity is constituted. More precisely, the dissertation is structured by following the three genealogical domains or constitutive areas of “focal points of experience” in Foucault’s last works. The first part tackles the problem of truth, in particular for what concerns the forms of veridiction; the second part focuses on the analysis of the forms of power, or more exactly, the techniques of governmentality; the last part approaches the forms of subjectivation or the practices of self. Based on available Foucauldian corpus and unpublished material –especially the Confessions of the Flesh (Les aveux de la chair) – the description and analysis of these three domains aim to answer two fundamental questions related to the Foucauldian diagnosis of the present: What is the historical role of Christianity in the configuration of the current forms of subjection? Are there any Christian phenomena according to which we could resist to those forms of subjection?
Favreau, Jean-François. "L' espace littéraire de / selon Michel Foucault." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA070021.
Full textThis work follows the motive of literature in the whole work of Michel Foucault. Literature appears as a documentary material witnessing to modemity and its madness, a way to defy classical philosoph/s fundaments, a preserved space for a mysticism of language, as well as a challenging stimulation for the thinking. Then, discourse about literature represents a thinking laboratory, making visible the biggest impulses, changes and intuitions of Foucault. As an historian, critic and philosopher, he approached this exception zone where the specific rule challenges the automatisms of the law. Its space successively appears as a carnival, abyss, laboratory or battlefield. In its radical isolation, the very structured and mirroring literary space represents for Foucault a repeated occasion for a step aside, and a companion against/for philosophy. Here we can find the same questions Foucault asked in his major books (what he called "serious" discourse), but from a different point of view: what does it mean to be "against"? who speaks? how to change the angle of thinking? what is modernity ? What should appear after humanity? To manage this study, we had to go through Foucault's own references and readings: the decisive input of the generation of Bataille, Blanchot and Klossowski, the singular works of Roussel or Sade, the neighbourhood of Barthes, Derrida and Sollers. Fiction seemed to us a relevant criterion to think the work of Foucault as a whole. It's a way to take into consideration the geography and the dramaturgy of his thinking; it is both the place and the operating mode that Foucault uses to change and build his own trajectory. Fiction, in Foucault's work, finally appears as a pattern in which the writing and the building of a life affect each other
Basso, Elisabetta. "Michel Foucault et la "Daseinanalyse" : une enquête méthodologique." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010530.
Full textAidara, Chérif Abdourahmane. "La notion de déviance dans la philosophie de Michel Foucault." Paris 10, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA100124.
Full textInstead of to reduce itself to an area, the work of michel foucault proceeds to the cross-roads of various disciplines. In our perspective, we do not propose a new study of the history on the thought of foucault. We wish, concerning what we consider as a problematisation on the abnormality, to make rise a meditation that could be set out the next manner: in which measure a problematisation on the abnor, mality can be accompanied by the work of foucault, if we consider this constant link in its researches between the gap to the norm on the one hand, the society and the policies on the other hand. The true question remains to know if it can exist a society in which the power doesn't need abnormalities, illegalisms. Does not the penal machinery, as noted foucault, have for function, rather than to aim to the extinction of the abnormalities, to aim on the contrary to their control, to their maintenance in a certain balanced state which could economically be useful and politically fertile? To reply to this question we have envisaged the connection between the subject and the games of truth from either the coercive practices as in the case of the psychiatry and the penitentiary system, either through the practices of oneself that, according to foucault, represents an important phenome, non in our societies since the greek and roman period, even if it has not been sufficiently studied. Power, truth and abnormal subject, here are therefore the three axes from which we have ex, amined the work of foucault before determining it exact impact in the judicial and penal, epistemology
Martinez, Teran María Teresa. "Le concept de pouvoir dans la philosophie de Michel Foucault." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010708.
Full textBach, Augusto. "Michel Foucault e a história arqueológica." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4742.
Full textThe main objective of this doctor degree thesis is to analyze the philosophical problems of Michel Foucault s archeological history presented in two of his major works: Madness and Civilization and The Order of Things. This last work, at the same time philosophical and related to historical science, has as its main goal (defined in its subtitle) to accomplish an archeology of the human sciences. The stretching of his investigation field to study the human sciences can be understood as a natural thematic progression of Foucault s research about the archeology of history. Since Madness and Civilization, Foucault has been always interested in showing how our culture sought to understand what was the fundamentally the other in man. In The Order of Things, taking as a starting-point the study of certain strategies that man used to comprehend himself, Foucault has constructed his archeological history stressing the discontinuities that ended up presenting our own culture as strange to us. It is about the philosophical problem of the historical discontinuities signalized by Foucault and its relation to a traditional, continued and dialectical history that this thesis will deal in its chapters, attempting to understand the philosophical position of this new way of writing history.
Esta tese de doutorado tem por objetivo analisar o estatuto filosófico da história arqueológica empreendida por Michel Foucault em duas de suas principais obras: História da Loucura e As Palavras e as Coisas. Esta última obra, simultaneamente filosófica e de história das ciências, tem o objetivo (definido em seu subtítulo) de realizar uma arqueologia das ciências humanas. Tal intuito de estender o domínio de sua investigação para dar conta das ciências do homem pode ser compreendido como um prolongamento temático natural da pesquisa histórica foucaultiana. Pois desde a História da Loucura Foucault sempre esteve interessado em fazer aparecer o modo como nossa cultura procurou encerrar e significar o que era fundamentalmente outro no homem. Voltando-se, em As Palavras e as Coisas, às estratégias que o homem buscou para compreender a si mesmo, Foucault traça sua história arqueológica assinalando-a com descontinuidades que fazem com que nossa cultura nos pareça estranha a nós próprios. É sobre o estatuto filosófico das descontinuidades assinaladas por Foucault e sua relação com uma história tradicional, contínua e dialética que a tese versará, ao longo de seus capítulos, na tentativa de diagnosticar a postura filosófica desse novo modo de escrever a história.
Gagnon, Simon-Olivier. "Michel Foucault et le souci de soi dans l'Antiquité." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33943.
Full textWe propose a study on the culture of the care of the self in Antiquity, as it is exposed and interpreted by Michel Foucault in his course Herméneutique du sujet at the Collège de France. Based on the interpretation of the texts of the principal Latin philosophers of imperial Stoicism (Seneca, Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius), the dissertation brings together the elements of a Foucaldian theory of the subject. The first part deals with Foucault’s perspective on the "genesis" of the subject, with regard to the "techniques of the self " through which one rationalizes oneself. The second part situates the subject that is elaborated in the practical experience of the relation to oneself, in asceticism and discipline, with regard to the relation to the other, to the body, to knowledge and to language. The last part presents the historical context in which the injunction to self-care has become an ethical imperative. It is then suggested that the crisis of Athenian democracy at the end of the 5th century played a significant role in the emergence of the Socratic injunction, and that the latter echoes the ruling classes on the political incompetence of the masses. The care of the self and the constant exercise of self-control then appear as prerequisites for participation in political life and common decisions. The culture of the self slowly change with the decline of the City- State, Roman domination, and the Hellenization of Rome, while reaching its peak in the High Empire. The culture of the self ends in the Christian construction of a culture of renunciation. It is asserted then that in each of these historical configurations, the culture of the self has fulfilled an important social function, but each time different.
Marinho, Ernandes Reis. "La vision de l'homme chez Foucault." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010621.
Full textLemoine, Simon. "Contributions à une philosophie du dispositif, Usages de Foucault." Poitiers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011POIT5012.
Full textA significant part of human relations is unthought. Those invisible relations, are diffuse, heterogeneous, variegated, mediated, delayed, amplified, hybridized, beyond the thinking-understanding. In many places, those relations turn to the advantage of mechanisms. In other words, they lead the subject to do thousands of things that he would not have done on his own, and also gradually modeled the subject according to their goals (they have gradually modeled a subject ergonomic, persistent, oriented, etc. ). Those determined relations are taking place largely in the microphysical dimension, usually neglected. A careful study of mechanisms brings us to perceive the existence and importance of that largely unexplored continent
Hwedi, Nafati. "La relation entre l'individu et le pouvoir dans la philosophie de Michel Foucault." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA1005.
Full textFoucault suggests analysing a new shape of power by exceeding the former shape " to let live " or " make die ". These analyses take a determined point (history) to penetrate to the archipelagos of various powers. Foucault worries to distinguish, in these processes, the truth which belongs solely to the power
Carter, Kelly A. "Foucault's Foundationless Democratic Theory." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5475/.
Full textAmironesei, Razvan. "Biopouvoir et nihilisme à partir de l'oeuvre de Michel Foucault." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29996/29996.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this dissertation is to examine the contemporary formation of a nihilism of biopower from a critical analysis of Michel Foucault’s work. We begin by formulating a genealogy of his notion of power, doubled by a critique of his treatment of disciplinary violence. In this context, we show that violence is inextricably linked to the « real » of disciplinary power, which is unrepresentable in itself and that one must understand in terms of a immanent and permanent form of « excess ». Second, this genealogy of power allows to put forward our analysis of contemporary biopolitics. We show that the object of biopolitics is not defined by the necessary intervention on the organic mass of living populations as Foucault suggests, but is rather the effect of a process of continuous production and subjectification of a « bios », seen as the emergence of a specific form of life elaborated at the intersection of practices of freedom and a politics of coercion. Third, this nihilism of disciplinary power and biopolitics is analyzed from a theological-political injunction of infinite perfectibility of « bios ». Thus, our concept of nihilism does not involve a axiological depreciation of life but rather is a mechanism of power which « affirms » quasi-exhaustively the way of life of a biopolitical individual. The modality of resistance to nihilism is discussed through the critical investigation of the foucaldian notion of withdrawal or distanciation of the self from itself (la déprise de soi). This notion along with the « loss of the self » are conceptualized not as a form of liberation from the nihilism of biopower, but rather as a potential transformation of its contemporary expression.
Frackowiak, Mathieu. "Histoire et vérité chez Michel Foucault." Thesis, Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040235.
Full textWith this PhD, I propose a reading of Foucault – and particularly the « Cours au Collège de France » which deals with three questions. First, how to think through the historic work of Foucault, the operations which characterize that work and its fictional dimension? Second, what kind of importance do foucaldian “genealogies” carry for Truth in History and their way of practicing historical studies? And last, can we say that there is a foucaldian history? My work demonstrate that, in Michel Foucault’s thinking, Truth – and the way we write the history of Truth in Western Thought – organizes History, a role which has been described in the thesis as “eugenics” because of its consequences on the order of discourses, in science and, consequently, on real and possible ways of living for human beings. We try to think, therefore, against that eugenics and to characterize the way Foucault practiced history, and to understand the consequences of this practice on philosophy?
Francisco, Alessandro de Lima. "Calçando os tamancos de Paul-Michel: um estudo sobre a psicologia na problematização filosófica de Michel Foucault com base nos manuscritos inéditos dos anos 1950." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20710.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2017-12-20T08:44:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandro de Lima Francisco.pdf: 4293336 bytes, checksum: 1ab770c4fad6118674ccf4af48e7e223 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-11
This research refers mainly to Jacques Lagrange’s unpublished manuscripts related to courses offered by Michel Foucault at École Normale Supérieure de Paris, and deposited at Institut Mémoires de l’Édition Contemporaine. It also refers to those by Michel Foucault himself recently deposited at Bibliothèque Nationale de France. The latter focus on files concerning the 1950s –a period not to be ignored if one intends to understand the development of his researches, in order to apprehend the role of Psychology in Michel Foucault’s philosophical problematic. This research intends to show that – leaving from a discourse on psykhé (Psychology) and reaching a conduction of psykhé (Psykhogogía) - , Foucault’s considerations adopt an anti-psychologic posture, while they allow a new understanding of subjectivity
Cette recherche est consacrée à l’étude des manuscrits inédits de Jacques Lagrange en ce qui concerne les cours proférés par Michel Foucault à l’École Normale de Paris pendant les années 1950, déposés à l’Institut Mémoires de l’Édition Contemporaine, et ceux de Michel Foucault lui-même récemment déposés à la Bibliothèque Nationale de France, plus spécialement les dossiers relatifs aux années 1950 – période qui ne peut être négligée si l’on souhaite entendre le développement de recherches de Michel Foucault –, pour comprendre le rôle de la psychologie dans sa problématisation philosophique, en essayant encore de soutenir qu’en partant d’un discours sur la psyché (psychologie), dans les années 1950, et en arrivant à une conduction de la psyché (psycagogie), les réflexions de Foucault, d’un côté, adoptent une posture antipsychologiste, mais, d’un autre côte, rendent possible une nouvelle compréhension de la subjectivité
Esta pesquisa se debruça mormente sobre os manuscritos inéditos de Jacques Lagrange relativos aos cursos ministrados por Michel Foucault na École Normale de Paris, depositados no Institut Mémoires de l’Édition Contemporaine, e aqueles do próprio Michel Foucault recentemente depositados na Bibliothèques Nationale de France, concentrando-se nos dossiês concernentes aos anos 1950 – período que não pode ser negligenciado se se pretende entender o desenvolvimento de suas pesquisas –, para compreender o papel da Psicologia na problematização filosófica de Michel Foucault, buscando defender que, partindo de um discurso sobre a psykhé (Psicologia) e alcançando uma condução da psykhé (Psykhagogía), as reflexões de Foucault adotam uma postura antipsicologista, possibilitando, contudo, uma nova compreensão da subjetividade.
Bellahcène, Driss. "Michel Foucault et le savoir pouvoir." Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082375.
Full textThe topic of this thesis is to analyse the connexion between knowledge and power in Foucault's works. First the power is an exercice, a mecanism. It can't be possessed. Neither knowledge nor power can overwhelm one another or be confused. There is a mutual capture. Truth must be understood as a complex network between knowledge and power (as a conflictual force field). Also the link between subjectivity and truth can't be reduced the game for power. Knowledge points out strata, files as strata. . . It is then what power integrates himself and explains and is explained by it. As a mecanism, power is not limited to contain forms of knowledge-power but generates effects of power and products knowledge. Foucault presents two examples of this acting productivity : discipline (police of behaviour) and sexuality. The discipline as technology of taming, is a concentration of forms of knowledge-power controling the subject in order to turn to automatism the subject body's functions, to extract the more possible and economicaly usefull force and to prevent resistance. The connexion between subjectivity and truth can't be resumed only to the connexion with power and knowledge : it escapes the sexuality mecanism. Telling truths would be like playing the game for power with his domination stategies
Jacinthe, Fodnot. "L’éthique publique, de l’équité de la justice chez Rawls à la norme, la biopolitique et la vérité chez Foucault." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA080087.
Full textMy public ethics as a reflection between humanity and sovereignty shows a double contribution of the political subject and the state in the production of the values that we need collectively. The political subject brings a word or a speech inspired by the human fundamental needs and the human conditional of life. The human point of view discussed inside this work is also understood by the rawlsian inviolability of the person and the human rights as priority which express a lot of preoccupations toward mankind as dignified creatures. Moreover, the foucaldian biopolitics suggests a system of state control of the mankind as a biological being and also taking care of their human nature. The dynamism of the political subject is not able to weaken the state encouragement to increase the power, his enlightenment and his influence, and his perpetuity. The public ethics set up a space of justification and legitimization of the public decisions and the behavior of every body. That will be in the advantage of the well-being of the community collectively and the comfort of everybody specially when the commitment of the political subject brings him to tell the truth about himself, his life and the condition of life. John Rawls by his equity and his justice system provides values giving man and woman access to comfort and well-being in his well organized society against all sense of utilitarianism. Because, a society with constitutional democracy provides a system of values previously accepted for the absolute respect of the person, from which perceiving the equitable distribution of property (fundamental liberties, the distribution of the resources and the country’s wealth on the profit of desadvantaged and poor people, and values aiming for durable political consensus). Even though, the political and legal reality, the constancy of the fight justify mostly the effectiveness of those values
Schottmann, Franziska. "Visages du langage : Michel Foucault face à la littérature (1961-1969)." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070067.
Full textThere is a "being of language. " Based on this simple affirmation, Michel Foucault's writings on literature unfold a large and ramified network evolving by the subtle play of difference and repetition. By discussing Foucault's essays and articles dealing with literature, the question arises of how language contributes to the construction of thinking. How can a gesture of writing create a way of thinking and which are the specific forms and concepts of this thinking? Or, to speak with Foucault, what means "thinking and talking"? In our discussion of Foucault's notion of a "being of language", it becomes apparent that language has a strictly fictional dimension that subverts any reflexive and self-conscious speech. When the syntax of sentences prefigures the architecture of a thought, the gap opened up by the conjunction "and" in "thinking and talking" reveals the purely literai and material dimension of language. Foucault's notion of "being of language" that is neither a concept nor a pure phrase is not the basis for a stable ontology linked to a ontological founded poetic but the ironic reversal of any attempt of poetologicai formalization. Thus, the goal of this study is the patient deployment of the textual echoes and the maze of motifs that, far from asserting Foucault's books as defined units, dissolves them while creating new and very different links between them
Pérez, Valérie. "(Se) gouverner selon la nature et la vérité : lire "Emile ou de l'éducation" de Jean-Jacques Rousseau avec Foucault et Deleuze." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080133.
Full textThis work is attempt to discuss Rousseau's problematisation of education, using concepts drawn from contem-porary French philosophy. However, if one examines the relation between Foucault and Emile by em-ploying the concept of alèthurgie, one cannot but be struck by the figure of the governor in Emile, who appears in the text to be the guarantor and the condition for the emergence of an idea of truth within the narrative- a truth which is natural, which governs the activities of men, and which is deeply in-volved in the process of education. In his 2012 lectures at the College de France, published under the title ‘The government of the living,’ Michel Fou-cault strove "to develop the concept of government by the truth" through an analysis of the power relations within Oedipus. In particular, Foucault ana-lysed the relation between truth, knowledge, and the exercise of governmen-tal power. In this work, I examine the relation between Foucault’s analysis and Emile Rousseau’s novel Emile. The relation between them may seem paradoxical: after all, Foucault is concerned with truth, and Emile is a work of fiction. The government of childhood can also be illuminated by the Deleuzian concept of Becoming. The Becoming does have something to tell us about childhood, the emancipation of the individual, and about education as a life-long project
Shim, Jaiwon. "Michel Foucault : liberté, pouvoir et leur histoire : introduction thématique à son anthropologie nominaliste." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100086.
Full textThis thesis consists of four parts: I. Archaeology and genealogy, II. Micropower and government, III. Liberty and care of self, IV. Birth of nominalist anthropology. In part I, archaeology evolves toward a critical-rational method, while genealogy applies to the polemical position against the theoretical-speculative visions of the world. Part II deals with the micropower Foucault reveals with “discipline” as total individualising socio-control. Then the micropower reveals itself as physical-moral relations of power which enable this “discipline” to exist. Nevertheless, it integrates the nominalist conception of power as strategic relation between social agents. And it is in this context that we find the forerunner of the conception of “government”. As power consists in “government” (a conducting relation between free individuals), it is no longer opposed to individual liberty as practice of the self-subjectifying will. This conception of liberty treated in part III is drawn from the histories of the “care of self”. Foucault problematizes this care of self with the “techniques of self” which accompany it as practical matrix. In fact, he repositions them in the context of the care of self with “the greatness of mind”. Concerning nominalism (which is treated in part IV), Foucault asserts that history takes an interest in the factual truths of specific events. Thus nominalism joins Foucault's anthropology as his found-again ultimate horizon. This renewed tendency means there is a nominalist return to anthropology
Leonelli, Massimo R. "Foucault généalogiste, stratège et dialecticien : de l'histoire critique au diagnostic du présent." Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100176.
Full textThe extension of the reflexive view of a genealogy of genealogy itself, which governs the problematisation of Foucault's own research, revolves around three differing pieces of historical writing: History as "the other side of reason" in The History of Madness. This is a work that attempts to escape Hegelism by means of a metamorphosis of Hegelian concepts (derived principally from The Phenomenology of the Spirit and from J. Hyppolite) through their reaction with certain aspects of Nietzschian genealogy. History as the principle of the intelligibility of the historiography of "war", which is the object and criterion of the course, Il faut défendre la société, in which Foucault examines the tools of his own research. The complex and decisive relationship between Foucault's analysis and the analysis of Marx and different forms of Marxism (Lukàcs, Plekhanov, Gramsci, Lefèvre, Althusser, Balibar. . . ) is revealed through their comparisons. From the re-establishment of exact references to Marx to the highlighting of the immense importance of Augustin Thierry, the reconstruction of sources proues the validity of Foucault's thesis. History as the repetition-transformation of the question: "Was ist Aufklarung?", which defines modernity and the very historicity of modernity. The reflexive nature of Foucault's reading of Kant's text allows us to clarify certain disputed points of interpretation (the best illustration being a comparison to Habermas) and to capture a kind of retrospective coherence which is characteristic of the reflected elaboration that follows the experimental process (G. Canguilhem)
Allsobrook, Christopher John. "Foucault, historicism and political philosophy." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003073.
Full textCanavese, Mariana. "Les usages de Foucault en Argentine (1958-1989) : de l'homme nouveau à la fin du printemps démocratique." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0030.
Full textMichel Foucault's work has been referenced by intellectuals of several disciplines and ideologies and has originated an intense and heterogeneous reception during the second half of the XX century in Argentina. This thesis offers the results of a research which central aim has been to explore and reconstruct the uses of Foucault's work by Argentina's intellectuals and social scientists. The research performed consisted in reviewing the ways those political- intellectual interventions have had impact in specific ways on the local culture and politics between 1958 and 1989. The research relied on critical reading of political-intellectual interventions and written documents, as well as files and secondary bibliography consulted. Sorne of the key participants of this movement were deeply interviewed to analyze the relationship between readers and readings. This research is placed in the field of intellectual history and, as case study, proposes a transdisciplinary approach which integrates tools and technique related to the intellectual and cultural history, the contemporary political theory and philosophy, and the cultural sociology. This work is based on the ideas' circulation and reception problems and the transcultural transfer
Dodge, Jason J. "Resisting Con(texts); Spacing, Language, and the University." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/DodgeJJ2009.pdf.
Full textHortonéda, Jeanine. "Deux contemporains Michel Foucault et Gilles Deleuze : convergences, divergences, résurgences." Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20115.
Full textFoucault and Deleuze: two philosophers, two contemporaries with an unusual career whose meeting and mutual acknoledgement throws a glimmering ligth on each other's thinking. By comparing Foucault's and Deleuze's texts, one can find out how concepts –even philosophical practices– pass and transform from one to the other. Their asymmetrical respective publications put into relief perspectives on topical questions theoretical and political common commitments, particulary on the issue of relationships between politics and subjectivization practices; How the subject came into being through desire, and how the body harnesses its pleasures –caught between subjection to and desubjection from – give rise to an array of questions about what a life that would be free from the concept of subject, êthopoiétique, alêthurgique, in a word, a philosophical life can be. Two philosophers concerned with the event – even though Deleuze's notion of transformation does not coincide with Foucault's genealogical and archeological approach – who share the same sharp sense of criticism in order to provide a new vision of thought and foster the resurgence of an ethical questioning after the “dead of man” and the “dead of God”
Fujita, Kojiro. "Pour une philosophie de la subjectivation. Etude sur Michel Foucault." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC0002/document.
Full textThis thesis seeks to shed light on the philosophy of the subjectivation in the work of Michel Foucault. From our perspective, the early Foucault (from Madness and Civilization to The Order of Things) strived to overcome the philosophy of the subject in order to advance a thought of anonymity, but the later Foucault (from The Archaeology of Knowledge to The History of Sexuality) attempted to take up the problem of the subject again beyond that anonymity so as to finally elaborate the concept of subjectivation. Hence, our thesis inquires how the later Foucault continued to re-examine the subject in three anonymous domains – knowledge, power and ethics –, in order to extract from Foucault’s works what one can finally call the philosophy of the subjectivation. Thus this philosophy consists of three elements: the logic of the subjectivation, the politics of the subjectivation and the ethics of the subjectivation. Since most existing studies are related to the later element, our thesis is primarily devoted to the former two. The first half of the thesis addresses the logic of the subjectivation to reveal our existence in the system of knowledge, and the second half deals with the politics of the subjectivation to reveal our existence in that of power. Theses researches can no longer be accomplished by traditional thoughts (realism of scientific objectivity, phenomenology of transcendental subjectivity, epistemology of ideal forms, hermeneutics of fundamental meaning, etc.), which are never foreign to the philosophy of the subject, but only by Foucault’s thought itself, which is well destined to the philosophy of the subjectivation. Thus, our thesis reads Foucault’s thought by this same thought itself in order to extract the philosophy of the subjectivation from there. However, ultimately, it not only explores the concept of subjectivation, but also paradoxically sheds light on what one can call the “counter-subjectivation”
Cuestas, Fedra. "Marginalité et subjectivité." Paris 8, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA083988.
Full textEven though it is possible to consider that the problematic of marginality is new in philosophy, we investigate here authors who, without directly engaging in its study, have specifically worked on it. This research attempts to rescue the concept of marginality in the works of Foucault, Butler and Agamben, leading to find figures connected to a power that pushes them towards what would seem to be a limit. These figures allow one to embrace and delve into the mission they have initiated on questioning the concept of marginality. In this thesis, we address the subject of subjectivity consigned to the margins of the society. We pretend to reflect on the conditions that produce what is called marginality, to research the possible forms of subjectivity associated to it
Si bien se podría creer que la problemática de la marginalidad es nueva en filosofía, aquí se indaga en autores que sin dedicarse de manera directa a su estudio, han trabajado específicamente sobre ella. Una búsqueda que intenta rescatar el concepto de marginalidad en las obras de Foucault, Butler y Agamben, lleva a encontrarse con figuras vinculadas a un poder que las empuja hacia lo que parecería ser un límite. Estas figuras permiten interiorizarse y profundizar en la tarea por ellos iniciada de cuestionar el concepto de marginalidad. En esta tesis se aborda la temática de la subjetividad relegada a las márgenes de lo social. Se pretende reflexionar sobre las condiciones que producen aquello que es llamado la marginalidad, para indagar sobre las formas de subjetividad que vinculadas a ella son posibles
Hébert, Philippe G. "Le parrèsiaste chez Foucault." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28064/28064.pdf.
Full textKoll, Peter. "Risque et naturalité. De la naissance de l'objet 'société' et la (dé-)subjectivation : une généalogie." Paris 8, 2011. http://octaviana.fr/document/156506394#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textThe object of the following text appears as a genealogy of risk. This appearance is conveyed first through a reading of the sociological meaning risk has taken, according to which risk concerns the very structure of modern society. Thus the genealogy we undertake will concern the birth of the object called 'society', which indeed appears firstly as a new type of objectivity. In order to grasp the meaning of this latter concept, understood as a discursive function, we propose to 'read' – in the texts of so-called classical sociology – "society" as a function on a (discursive) field of naturality. Based on this thesis an account is developed of the paradoxical nature of naturality, which paradox can be expressed as the 'internal outside of society'. This paradox will allow us to fully appreciate the genealogical meaning of risk, which will then appear as the dispositif that expresses and reinforces the paradox which is inherent to the nature of society
Sachikonye, Tawanda. "A Foucauldian critique of neo-liberalsim." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003038.
Full textBaron, Marine. "Norme et volonté chez Michel Foucault." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H213.
Full textIn Discipline and Punish, Michel Foucault highlights the fact that the sentences handed down against convicts, that were formerly exercising directly on their bodies, are now exercised on their souls, and more precisely on their will. To change the individual by the norm by exerting an influence on his own will, which is nevertheless commonly associated with an irreducible character, is the paradoxical challenge of the normative power, at least of the relations or relations of power defined by Foucault. Through a sociological and psychological approach, the individual is apprehended by the judicial authority as if it were largely the result of determinism. It is by changing his environment that one could change his behavior, that one would make his out -of-the-ordinary will a normed will. However, these attempts presented as remedies have a mixed effectiveness. Prison, for example, which maintains mechanisms of exclusion and forgetfulness of individuals can only fail to normalize individual wishes because it cultivates within it the "deviant wills", as if to perpetuate illegalisms necessary to preserve power relations within society. But how can the norm affect individual will? It seems that the thought of Michel Foucault highlighting the failures of the action of the normative power on the individual will has found in this certain current legal answers, for example in the recent establishment of procedures of the plea-guilty, by the setting, eventually forgotten, of an age of sexual consent or by multiplying alternatives to prison