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Journal articles on the topic 'Fossil South Australia St'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Cann, John H., Antonio P. Belperio, Victor A. Gostin, and Colin V. Murray-Wallace. "Sea-Level History, 45,000 to 30,000 yr B.P., Inferred from Benthic Foraminifera, Gulf St. Vincent, South Australia." Quaternary Research 29, no. 2 (March 1988): 153–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90058-0.

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Surficial sediments of Gulf St. Vincent, South Australia, are predominantly bioclastic, cool-temperate carbonates. Benthic foraminifera are abundant and distribution of species is closely related to water depth. For example, Massilina milletti is most common at depths ca. 40 m, while Discorbis dimidiatus is characteristics of shallow, subtidal environments. Elphidium crispum, a shallow-water species, and E. macelliforme, favoring deeper water, provide a useful numerical ratio. Their logarithmic relative abundance, in the sediment size fraction 0.50–0.25 mm, correlates strongly with water depth. Vibrocores SV 4 and SV 5 recovered undisturbed sections of Quaternary strata from the deepest part (ca. 40 m) of Gulf St. Vincent. Amino acid racemization and radiocarbon age determinations show that late Pleistocene sections of the cores were deposited over the time ca. 45,000 to 30,000 yr B.P. Species of fossil foraminifera, recovered from these sections, are mostly extant in modern Gulf St. Vincent, thus allowing paleoecological inferences of late Pleistocene sea levels. These inferred sea-level maxima can be correlated with those determined from study of Huon Peninsula coral reef terraces. Initial estimates of tectonically corrected sea levels for transgressions in Gulf St. Vincent at 40,000 and 31,000 yr B.P. are −22.5 m and −22 m, respectively. The intervening regression lowered sea level to −28 m.

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2

Conran, John G., and David C. Christophel. "A Fossil Byblidaceae Seed from Eocene South Australia." International Journal of Plant Sciences 165, no. 4 (July 2004): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386555.

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3

Easton, L. C. "Pleistocene Grey Kangaroos from the Fossil Chamber of Victoria Fossil Cave, Naracoorte, South Australia." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 130, no. 1 (January 2006): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/3721426.2006.10887045.

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4

Itzstein-Davey, Freea. "The representation of Proteaceae in modern pollen rain in species-rich vegetation communities in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 2 (2003): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02048.

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The Proteaceae family is a large Gondwanan plant family with a major centre of richness in south-western Australia. Modern pollen–vegetation relationships in the two areas of species richness in the northern and southern sandplains of south-western Australia were investigated to calibrate fossil-pollen studies concurrently conducted on Eocene, Pliocene and Quaternary sediment. Results indicated that the Proteaceae component in modern pollen rain can be quite high, contributing up to 50% of the count. Some sites showed a dominant type (such as Banksia–Dryandra), whilst others had up to six different genera represented. Exactly how and when the biodiversity of Proteaceae in south-western Australia developed is unknown. This work provides a benchmark for comparisons with studied fossil material to unravel patterns of diversity of this family in south-western Australia.

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Harris, Jamie M. "Fossil Occurrences of Cercartetus Nanus (Marsupialia: Burramyidae) in South Australia." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 130, no. 2 (January 2006): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/3721426.2006.10887063.

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Betts, Marissa J., John R. Paterson, James B. Jago, Sarah M. Jacquet, Christian B. Skovsted, Timothy P. Topper, and Glenn A. Brock. "A new lower Cambrian shelly fossil biostratigraphy for South Australia." Gondwana Research 36 (August 2016): 176–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.05.005.

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Reed, E. H., and S. J. Bourne. "Pleistocene Fossil vertebrate Sites of the South East Region of South Australia II." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 133, no. 1 (January 2009): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03721426.2009.10887108.

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8

Betts, Marissa J., John R. Paterson, James B. Jago, Sarah M. Jacquet, Christian B. Skovsted, Timothy P. Topper, and Glenn A. Brock. "A new lower Cambrian shelly fossil biostratigraphy for South Australia: Reply." Gondwana Research 44 (April 2017): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.11.004.

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9

Turner, S. "Australia's first discovered fossil fish is still missing!" Geological Curator 9, no. 5 (May 2011): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc83.

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Seeking Australian specimens collected in the 19th century always needs detective work. Fossils collected by one colourful collector, the Polish 'Count' Paul Strzelecki, from early travels in the colony of New South Wales are being sought. A 30-year search has still not brought to light in Australia or Britain the first fossil fish found from the Lower Carboniferous of New South Wales.

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10

Field, Judith, and John Dodson. "Late Pleistocene Megafauna and Archaeology from Cuddie Springs, South-eastern Australia." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 65 (1999): 275–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00002024.

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The Cuddie Springs site in south-eastern Australia provides the first evidence of an unequivocal association of megafauna with humans for this continent. Cuddie Springs has been known as a fossil megafauna locality for over a century, but its archaeological record has only recently been identified. Cuddie Springs is an open site, with the fossil deposits preserved in a claypan on the floor of an ancient ephemeral lake. Investigations revealed a stratified deposit of human occupation and fossil megafauna, suggesting a temporal overlap and an active association of megafauna with people in the lead up to the Last Glacial Maximum, when conditions were more arid than the present day. Two distinct occupation phases have been identified and are correlated to the hydrology of the Cuddie Springs lake. When people first arrived at Cuddie Springs, sometime before 30,000 BP, the claypan on the lake floor was similar to a waterhole, with five species of megafauna identified. Flaked stone artefacts were found scattered through this level. After the lake dried, there was human occupation of the claypan. The resource base broadened to include a range of plant foods. Megafauna appear to be just one of a range of food resources exploited during this period. A return to ephemeral conditions resulted in only periodic occupation of the site with megafauna disappearing from the record around 28,000 BP. The timing of overlap and association of megafauna with human occupation is coincident with the earliest occupation sites in this region. The archaeological evidence from Cuddie Springs suggests an opportunistic exploitation of resources and no specialised strategies for hunting megafauna. Disappearance of megafauna is likely to be a consequence of climatic change during the lead up to the Last Glacial Maximum and human activities may have compounded an extinction process well under way.

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11

Thorn, Kailah M., Robin Roe, Alexander Baynes, Raymond P. Hart, Kenneth A. Lance, Duncan Merrilees, Jennifer K. Poorter, and Sandra Sofoulis. "Fossil mammals of Caladenia Cave, northern Swan Coastal Plain, south-western Australia." Records of the Western Australian Museum 32, no. 2 (2017): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/10.18195/issn.0312-3162.32(2).2017.217-236.

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12

Thorn, Kailah M., Robin Roe, Alexander Baynes, Raymond P. Hart, Kenneth A. Lance, Duncan Merrilees, Jennifer K. Poorter, and Sandra Sofoulis. "Fossil mammals of Caladenia Cave, northern Swan Coastal Plain, south-western Australia." Records of the Western Australian Museum 32, no. 2 (2017): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0312-3162.32(2).2017.217-236.

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13

Gell, P., J. Tibby, J. Fluin, P. Leahy, M. Reid, K. Adamson, S. Bulpin, et al. "Accessing limnological change and variability using fossil diatom assemblages, south-east Australia." River Research and Applications 21, no. 2-3 (2005): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.845.

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14

Macphail, Mike, and Andrew H. Thornhill. "How old are the eucalypts? A review of the microfossil and phylogenetic evidence." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 8 (2016): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16124.

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Molecular age estimates for the Eucalypteae (family Myrtaceae) suggest that the eucalypts, possibly associated with fire, have been present for ~65 million years. In contrast, macrofossils and fossil pollen attributable to three important eucalypt genera (Angophora, Corymbia and Eucalyptus) in the Eucalypteae date to ~51–53 million years ago (mid-Early Eocene) in Patagonia, eastern Antarctica and south-eastern Australia. At present, there is no fossil evidence to show that eucalypts had evolved before this epoch, i.e. when Australia was part of eastern Gondwana, although this seems probable on the basis of molecular-dated phylogenetic analyses. The primary reason is the absence of macrofossils, whereas the earliest fossil eucalypt-type pollen recorded (Myrtaceidites tenuis) is attributed to Angophora and Corymbia, not Eucalyptus. This pollen type is recorded in Australia and Antarctica but not in New Zealand or South America. The only Myrtaceidites morphospecies found in Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene deposits in Australia is M. parvus, whose affinity lies with multiple extant Myrtaceae groups other than the Eucalypteae. In the present paper, we review current phylogenetic and microfossil databases for the eucalypts and assess this evidence to develop a ‘consensus’ position on the origin and evolution of the eucalypts in the Australian region.

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15

Greenwood, DR. "Eocene monsoon forests in central Australia?" Australian Systematic Botany 9, no. 2 (1996): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9960095.

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The Australian Tertiary plant fossil record documents rainforests of a tropical to temperate character in south-eastern and south-western Australia for much of the Early Tertiary, and also shows the climatically mediated contraction of these rainforests in the mid to Late Tertiary. The fossil record of Australian monsoon forests, that is semi-evergreen to deciduous vine forests and woodlands of the wet-dry tropics, however, is poorly known. Phytogeographic analyses have suggested an immigrant origin for some floral elements of present day monsoon forests in northern Australia, while other elements appear to have a common history with the tropical rainforests sensu stricto and/or the sclerophyllous flora. Early Tertiary macrofloras in northern South Australia may provide some insight into the origins of Australian tropical monsoon forests. The Middle Eocene macrofloras of the Poole Creek palaeochannel, and the ?Eocene-Oligocene silcrete macrofloras of Stuart Creek, both in the vicinity of modern Lake Eyre South, have foliar physiognomic characteristics which distinguish them from both modern rainforest and Eocene-Oligocene floras from south-eastern Australia. Preliminary systematic work on these floras suggests the presence of: (1) elements not associated today with monsoon forests (principally 'rainforest' elements, e.g. Gymnostoma, cf. Lophostemon, cf. Athertonia, Podocarpaceae, ?Cunoniaceae); (2) elements typical of both monsoon forests and other tropical plant communities (e.g. cf. Eucalyptus, cf. Syzygium, and Elaeocarpaceae); (3) elements likely to be reflecting sclerophyllous communities (e.g. cf. Eucalyptus, Banksieae and other Proteaceae); and (4) elements more typically associated with, but not restricted to, monsoon forests (e.g. Brachychiton). The foliar physiognomic and floristic evidence is interpreted as indicating a mosaic of gallery or riverine rainforests, and interfluve sclerophyllous plant communities near Lake Eyre in the Early Tertiary; deciduous forest components are not clearly indicated. Palaeoclimatic analysis of the Eocene Poole Creek floras suggests that rainfall was seasonal in the Lake Eyre area in the Eocene; however, whether this seasonality reflects a monsoonal airflow is not clear.

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Martin, Helene A. "History of the family Malpighiaceae in Australia and its biogeographic implications: evidence from pollen." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 2 (2002): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01039.

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Three pollen types of the family Malpighiaceae have been identified in the Tertiary fossil record of south-eastern Australia. There are two species of the family native to Australia and they have the same pollen type. There was thus a greater diversity of malpighiaceous taxa during the Tertiary than there is today. The family is found mainly in tropical regions and it is thought that northern South America was the centre of origin. The restriction of the two species to coastal north-eastern Australia suggests recent migration into the area and gives no hint of the long history of the family in Australia.

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17

Hill, Robert S., Tom Lewis, Raymond J. Carpenter, and Sung Soo Whang. "Agathis (Araucariaceae) macrofossils from Cainozoic sediments in south-eastern Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 21, no. 3 (2008): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb08006.

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Organically preserved Cainozoic leaf fossils previously referred to Agathis are re-examined, and in all cases their affinity with that genus is confirmed. Previously undescribed organically preserved leaf fossils from several Cainozoic sites in south-eastern Australia are compared with Agathis and Wollemia and two new species of Agathis are described. Intraspecific variation in leaf cuticle morphology is examined in extant A. macrophylla in particular, and is found to be much higher than previously recorded. This makes assignment of fossil Agathis leaves to species difficult, especially when only leaf fragments are available. The new fossils extend the record of organically preserved Agathis macro-remains back to the Late Paleocene, but do not significantly extend the known spatial distribution.

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18

Droser, Mary L., Lidya G. Tarhan, Scott D. Evans, Rachel L. Surprenant, and James G. Gehling. "Biostratinomy of the Ediacara Member (Rawnsley Quartzite, South Australia): implications for depositional environments, ecology and biology of Ediacara organisms." Interface Focus 10, no. 4 (June 12, 2020): 20190100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0100.

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The Precambrian Ediacara Biota—Earth's earliest fossil record of communities of macroscopic, multicellular organisms—provides critical insights into the emergence of complex life on our planet. Excavation and reconstruction of nearly 300 m 2 of fossiliferous bedding planes in the Ediacara Member of the Rawnsley Quartzite, at the National Heritage Ediacara fossil site Nilpena in South Australia, have permitted detailed study of the sedimentology, taphonomy and palaeoecology of Ediacara fossil assemblages. Characterization of Ediacara macrofossils and textured organic surfaces at the scale of facies, bedding planes and individual specimens has yielded unprecedented insight into the manner in which the palaeoenvironmental settings inhabited by Ediacara communities—particularly hydrodynamic conditions—influenced the aut- and synecology of Ediacara organisms, as well as the morphology and assemblage composition of Ediacara fossils. Here, we describe the manner in which environmental processes mediated the development of taphofacies hosting Ediacara fossil assemblages. Using two of the most common Ediacara Member fossils, Arborea and Dickinsonia , as examples, we delineate criteria that can be used to distinguish between ecological, environmental and biostratinomic signals and reconstruct how interactions between these processes have distinctively shaped the Ediacara fossil record.

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19

SCHMIDT, ROLF, and YVONNE BONE. "Biogeography of Eocene bryozoans from the St Vincent Basin, South Australia." Lethaia 36, no. 4 (December 2003): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00241160310006394.

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20

Sprigg, Reg. "On the 1946 Discovery of the Precambrian Ediacabian Fossil Fauna in South Australia." Earth Sciences History 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.7.1.p13447q2753jr055.

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The discovery of the Ediacarian metazoan fossil fauna in South Australia on March 27, 1946, by the author represented the culmination of a decade of widespread and diligent search. It was not, as one authority has recorded,…"basically fortuitous." The find was made in the course of widespread mapping of the late Proterozoic-Cambrian succession and followed Sprigg's remapping, remeasurement and redefinition of Howchin's "Adelaide Series" through to the base of the fossiliferous Cambrian succession.

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21

Basinger, J. F., D. R. Greenwood, P. G. Wilson, and D. C. Christophel. "Fossil flowers and fruits of capsular Myrtaceae from the Eocene of South Australia." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 2 (January 2007): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-001.

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Flowers and fruits of the Myrtaceae are described from the Middle Eocene Golden Grove locality of South Australia, and the taxon is here named Tristaniandra alleyi gen. et sp.nov. Flowers are pentamerous and perigynous, with sepals, petals, and stamens inserted on the rim of a hypanthium. Filaments are basally fused to form antepetalous stamen bundles, each consisting of about 6–8 stamens. The tricarpellate ovary becomes exserted on maturation, forming a partly exserted, dry fruit with loculicidal dehiscence. These features are typical of capsular-fruited members of the Myrtaceae; in particular, taxa in the tribe Kanieae. While the characteristics of the fossils are not found within any one extant genus, the fossils show some similarity to living species of Tristaniopsis , although the staminal bundles are more comparable to those found in Tristania , which is only distantly related and has a rather different fruit. Capsular-fruited Myrtaceae are now primarily confined to Australasia, and appear to have had a Gondwanic origin in the latest Cretaceous to Paleogene. Nevertheless, as fossil flowers and fruits are rare, and infrafamilial identification of pollen and leaves is difficult, the Paleogene record of capsular Myrtaceae is largely equivocal. The Golden Grove fossils establish a record of the tribe Kanieae within Eocene coastal rainforest vegetation at paleolatitude 55°–58°S during a time of global warmth.

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22

Wilson, George D. F. "Gondwanan groundwater: subterranean connections of Australian phreatoicidean isopods (Crustacea) to India and New Zealand." Invertebrate Systematics 22, no. 2 (2008): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is07030.

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Phreatoicidea Stebbing, 1893 live in freshwaters of Gondwana: Australia, South Africa, India and New Zealand. Many of these isopods have a subterranean lifestyle. Parsimony analysis of morphological data of generic exemplars and a Triassic fossil was used to explore the timing of this habitat adaption. The monophyly of the Hypsimetopidae Nicholls, 1943, including blind taxa Hyperoedesipus Nicholls & Milner, 1923 (Western Australia), Nichollsia Chopra and Tiwari, 1950 (Ganges Plain, India) and Phreatoicoides Sayce, 1900 (Tasmania and Victoria) was strongly supported. Crenisopus Wilson and Keable, 1999 (Kimberleys, Western Australia) and the PonderellidaeWilson & Keable, 2004 (Queensland mound springs) may be sister to hypsimetopids. Blind Phreatoicidae found only in south-eastern Australia and in New Zealand were also monophyletic. The hypogean habitat, blindness, fossil and plate tectonic evidence were mapped on the cladogram to estimate timing of this adaptation. A subterranean adaptation before 130 million years ago was supported for hypsimetopids. Phreatoicus Chilton, 1891 and Neophreatoicus Nicholls, 1944 (hypogean in New Zealand) were in a monophyletic clade with epigean Phreatoicidae, Crenoicus Nicholls, 1944 (south-eastern Australia) and Notamphisopus Nicholls, 1943 (New Zealand). Blindness in epigean taxa is consistent with recolonisation of surface waters from underground refuges. Because Crenoicus is sister-group to the New Zealand clade, and because overseas dispersal between Australia and New Zealand is unlikely, the minimum age for these blind phreatoicids is ~80 million years. This evidence is consistent with a subterranean freshwater fauna surviving the presumed Oligocene inundation of New Zealand.

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23

Gehling, James G., Bruce N. Runnegar, and Mary L. Droser. "Scratch Traces of Large Ediacara Bilaterian Animals." Journal of Paleontology 88, no. 2 (March 2014): 284–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/13-054.

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Ediacara fan-shaped sets of paired scratchesKimberichnus teruzziifrom the Ediacara Member of the Rawnsley Quartzite, South Australia, and the White Sea region of Russia, represent the earliest known evidence in the fossil record of feeding traces associated with the responsible bilaterian organism. These feeding patterns exclude arthropod makers and point to the systematic feeding excavation of seafloor microbial mats by large bilaterians of molluscan grade. Since the scratch traces were made into microbial mats, animals could crawl over previous traces without disturbing them. The trace maker is identified asKimberella quadrata, whose death masks co-occur with the mat excavation traces in both Russia and South Australia. The co-occurrence of animals and their systematic feeding traces in the record of the Ediacara biota supports previous trace fossil evidence that bilaterians existed globally before the Cambrian explosion of life in the ocean.

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Bell, Phil R., Russell D. C. Bicknell, and Elizabeth T. Smith. "Crayfish bio-gastroliths from eastern Australia and the middle Cretaceous distribution of Parastacidae." Geological Magazine 157, no. 7 (October 30, 2019): 1023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756819001092.

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AbstractFossil crayfish are typically rare, worldwide. In Australia, the strictly Southern Hemisphere clade Parastacidae, while ubiquitous in modern freshwater systems, is known only from sparse fossil occurrences from the Aptian–Albian of Victoria. We expand this record to the Cenomanian of northern New South Wales, where opalized bio-gastroliths (temporary calcium storage bodies found in the foregut of pre-moult crayfish) form a significant proportion of the fauna of the Griman Creek Formation. Crayfish bio-gastroliths are exceedingly rare in the fossil record but here form a remarkable supplementary record for crayfish, whose body and trace fossils are otherwise unknown from the Griman Creek Formation. The new specimens indicate that parastacid crayfish were widespread in eastern Australia by middle Cretaceous time, occupying a variety of freshwater ecosystems from the Australian–Antarctic rift valley in the south, to the near-coastal floodplains surrounding the epeiric Eromanga Sea further to the north.

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25

Hill, RS. "Araucaria (Araucariaceae) species from Australian tertiary sediments — a micromorphological study." Australian Systematic Botany 3, no. 2 (1990): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9900203.

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The cuticular micromorphology of four existing and four new species of Araucaria from Australian Tertiary sediments is examined using scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy is very useful for distinguishing species, but less successful for determining the affinities of the fossil species within the genus. Two fossil species, A. balcombensis Selling and A. hastiensis Bigwood & Hill, are closely related to the extant South American species A. araucana (Molina) K. Koch (section Columbea). Five fossil species, A. lignitici Cookson & Duigan, A. planus R. Hill, sp. nov., A. prominens R. Hill, sp. nov., A. readiae R. Hill & Bigwood and A. uncinatus R. Hill, sp. nov., are assigned to section Eutacta, but their affinities within that section are uncertain. One fossil species, A. fimbriatus R. Hill, sp. nov., cannot be placed into a section with confidence. The presence of A. balcombensis and A. hastiensis in south-eastern Australia in the early Tertiary, along with species of Nothofagus in a subgenus now restricted to South America, suggests that there may have been early Tertiary forests in Australia similar to the Araucaria araucana–Nothofagus associations found today near the tree line in the Andes. The presence of at least three Araucaria species at the late Oligocene-early Miocene Monpeelyata deposit suggests that complex araucarian forests similar to those found today in New Caledonia may have been more widespread in the region in the past.

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SURPRENANT, RACHEL L., JAMES G. GEHLING, and MARY L. DROSER. "BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL INSIGHTS FROM THE PRESERVATIONAL VARIABILITY OF FUNISIA DOROTHEA, EDIACARA MEMBER, SOUTH AUSTRALIA." PALAIOS 35, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 359–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2020.014.

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ABSTRACT The Ediacara Biota represents a turning point in the evolution of life on Earth, signifying the transition from single celled organisms to complex, community-forming macrobiota. The exceptional fossil record of the soft-bodied Ediacara Biota provides critical insight into the nature of this transition and into ecosystem dynamics leading up to the so-called “Cambrian Explosion”. However, the preservation of non-biomineralizing organisms in a diversity of lithologies goes hand-in-hand with considerable taphonomic complexity that often shrouds true paleoecological and paleobiological signatures. We address the nature of this taphonomic complexity within the fossiliferous sandstones of the Ediacara Member in South Australia. Utilizing the most fossiliferous outcropping of the Ediacara Member, located at the Nilpena Station National Heritage Ediacara Fossil Site, we conduct a focused, taxon-level biostratinomic characterization of the tubular organism Funisia dorothea. Funisia is the most abundant body fossil in the Ediacara Member, making the characterization of its preservational variability essential to the accurate interpretation of regional paleobiology and paleoecology. We describe remarkable biostratinomic complexity in all Funisia populations at Nilpena, identifying four distinct preservational variants of internal and external molds and four additional successive biostratinomic grades corresponding to loss of external characters. Synthesis of these observations identify the most robust preservational forms of Funisia for use in paleobiological interpretation and highlight the important impact that Funisia's high abundance had on regional paleoecology and on population-scale preservation in the Ediacara Member.

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Li, Yifan, Luliang Huang, Cheng Quan, Jianhua Jin, and Alexei A. Oskolski. "Fossil wood of Syzygium from the Miocene of Guangxi, South China: the earliest fossil evidence of the genus in eastern Asia." IAWA Journal 42, no. 4 (September 17, 2021): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10069.

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Abstract A new species, Syzygium guipingensis sp. nov. (Myrtaceae), is described based on mummified fossil wood from the Miocene Erzitang Formation of Guiping Basin, Guangxi, South China. This species represents the most ancient reliable fossil record of the genus Syzygium in eastern Asia, showing the greatest similarity to the extant species S. buxifolium Hook. et Arnott. Its occurrence in the Miocene is consistent with the diversification age of the Asian lineage within Syzygium as estimated by molecular dating (11.4 Ma). The fossil record of Syzygium suggests that this genus migrated from Australia to eastern Asia in the Miocene, coincidently with the formation of island chains between these continents.

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Bennett, C. Verity, Paul Upchurch, Francisco J. Goin, and Anjali Goswami. "Deep time diversity of metatherian mammals: implications for evolutionary history and fossil-record quality." Paleobiology 44, no. 2 (February 6, 2018): 171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2017.34.

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AbstractDespite a global fossil record, Metatheria are now largely restricted to Australasia and South America. Most metatherian paleodiversity studies to date are limited to particular subclades, time intervals, and/or regions, and few consider uneven sampling. Here, we present a comprehensive new data set on metatherian fossil occurrences (Barremian to end Pliocene). These data are analyzed using standard rarefaction and shareholder quorum subsampling (including a new protocol for handling Lagerstätte-like localities).Global metatherian diversity was lowest during the Cretaceous, and increased sharply in the Paleocene, when the South American record begins. Global and South American diversity rose in the early Eocene then fell in the late Eocene, in contrast to the North American pattern. In the Oligocene, diversity declined in the Americas, but this was more than offset by Oligocene radiations in Australia. Diversity continued to decrease in Laurasia, with final representatives in North America (excluding the later entry ofDidelphis virginiana) and Europe in the early Miocene, and Asia in the middle Miocene. Global metatherian diversity appears to have peaked in the early Miocene, especially in Australia. Following a trough in the late Miocene, the Pliocene saw another increase in global diversity. By this time, metatherian biogeographic distribution had essentially contracted to that of today.Comparison of the raw and sampling-corrected diversity estimates, coupled with evaluation of “coverage” and number of prolific sites, demonstrates that the metatherian fossil record is spatially and temporally extremely patchy. Therefore, assessments of macroevolutionary patterns based on the raw fossil record (as in most previous studies) are inadvisable.

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Maher, W. A. "Trace metal concentrations in marine organisms from St. Vincent Gulf, South Australia." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 29, no. 1 (May 1986): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00149330.

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Antos, Mark, and William Steele. "A likely breeding record of Brown Quail Synoicus ypsilophorus at St Peter Island, Nuyts Archipelago, South Australia." Australian Field Ornithology 38 (2021): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo38107112.

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This note reports observations of birds and other vertebrates during a short stay at St Peter Island, Nuyts Archipelago, South Australia, during November 2019. Of most interest was a sighting of juvenile Brown Quail Synoicus ypsilophorus, outside the generally reported range of this species and representing the first breeding record of which we are aware for this species at St Peter Island. This is one of a series of relatively recent sightings in the west of South Australia, which indicates an ongoing range expansion for this species. Further fauna surveys on the Nuyts Archipelago, with documentation of observations, are encouraged.

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Sappenfield, Aaron, Mary L. Droser, and James G. Gehling. "Problematica, trace fossils, and tubes within the Ediacara Member (South Australia): redefining the ediacaran trace fossil record one tube at a time." Journal of Paleontology 85, no. 2 (March 2011): 256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-068.1.

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Ediacaran trace fossils are becoming an increasingly less common component of the total Precambrian fossil record as structures previously interpreted as trace fossils are reinterpreted as body fossils by utilizing qualitative criteria. Two morphotypes, Form E and Form F of Glaessner (1969), interpreted as trace fossils from the Ediacara Member of the Rawnsley Quartzite in South Australia are shown here to be body fossils of a single, previously unidentified tubular constructional morphology formally described herein as Somatohelix sinuosus n. gen. n. sp. S. sinuosus is 2-7 mm wide and 3-14 cm long and is preserved as sinusoidal casts and molds on the base of beds. Well-preserved examples of this fossil preserve distinct body fossil traits such as folding, current alignment, and potential attachment to holdfasts. Nearly 200 specimens of this fossil have been documented from reconstructed bedding surfaces within the Ediacara Member. When viewed in isolated hand sample, many of these specimens resemble ichnofossils. However, the ability to view large quantities of reassembled and successive bedding surfaces within specific outcrops of the Ediacara Member provides a new perspective, revealing that isolated specimens of rectilinear grooves on bed bases are not trace fossils but are poorly preserved specimens of S. sinuosus. Variation in the quality and style of preservation of S. sinuosus on a single surface and the few distinct characteristics preserved within this relatively indistinct fossil also provides the necessary data required to define a taphonomic gradient for this fossil. Armed with this information, structures which have been problematic in the past can now be confidently identified as S. sinuosus based on morphological criteria. This suggests that the original organism that produced this fossil was a widespread and abundant component of the Ediacaran ecosystem.

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PERRI, E., M. E. TUCKER, and A. SPADAFORA. "Carbonate organo-mineral micro- and ultrastructures in sub-fossil stromatolites: Marion lake, South Australia." Geobiology 10, no. 2 (October 31, 2011): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2011.00304.x.

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Murray, Andrew P., Dianne Padley, David M. McKirdy, Webber E. Booth, and Roger E. Summons. "Oceanic transport of fossil dammar resin: The chemistry of coastal resinites from South Australia." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, no. 14 (July 1994): 3049–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90178-3.

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Gehling, J. G. "Earliest known echinoderm — a new Ediacaran fossil from the Pound Subgroup of South Australia." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 11, no. 4 (January 1987): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115518708619143.

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Gr�n, Rainer, Kevin Moriarty, and Rod Wells. "Electron spin resonance dating of the fossil deposits in the Naracoorte Caves, South Australia." Journal of Quaternary Science 16, no. 1 (January 2001): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1417(200101)16:1<49::aid-jqs570>3.0.co;2-#.

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36

Fraser, Rebecca, and Roderick Wells. "Palaeontological excavation and taphonomic investigation of the late Pleistocene fossil deposit in Grant Hall, Victoria Fossil Cave, Naracoorte, South Australia." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 31 (2006): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115510608619579.

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FRASER, REBECCA A., and RODERICK T. WELLS. "Palaeontological excavation and taphonomic investigation of the late Pleistocene fossil deposit in Grant Hall, Victoria Fossil Cave, Naracoorte, South Australia." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 30, sup1 (January 2006): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115510609506860.

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Liddle, Nerida R., Matthew C. McDowell, and Gavin J. Prideaux. "Insights into the pre-European mammalian fauna of the southern Flinders Ranges, South Australia." Australian Mammalogy 40, no. 2 (2018): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17035.

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Many Australian mammal species have suffered significant declines since European colonisation. During the first century of settlement, information on species distribution was rarely recorded. However, fossil accumulations can assist the reconstruction of historical distributions. We examine a fossil vertebrate assemblage from Mair’s Cave, one of few known from the southern Flinders Ranges, South Australia. The Mair’s Cave assemblage was dominated by mammals but also included birds and reptiles. Of the 18 mammals recovered, two have not previously been recorded from the southern Flinders Ranges, at least one is extinct and seven are recognised as threatened nationally. Characteristics of the assemblage suggest that it was accumulated by a Tyto owl species. Remains of Tyto delicatula and a larger unidentified owl were recovered from the assemblage. Most mammals identified from the assemblage presently occupy Australia’s semiarid zone, but a single specimen of the broad-toothed rat (Mastacomys fuscus), which primarily occurs in high-moisture, low-temperature environments was also recovered. This suggests either that the southern Flinders Ranges once experienced higher past precipitation, or that M. fuscus can tolerate a broader climatic range than its current distribution suggests. Our study contributes new knowledge on the biogeography and ecology of several mammal species, data useful for helping to refine restoration targets.

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Evans, Scott D., Ian V. Hughes, James G. Gehling, and Mary L. Droser. "Discovery of the oldest bilaterian from the Ediacaran of South Australia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 14 (March 23, 2020): 7845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001045117.

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Analysis of modern animals and Ediacaran trace fossils predicts that the oldest bilaterians were simple and small. Such organisms would be difficult to recognize in the fossil record, but should have been part of the Ediacara Biota, the earliest preserved macroscopic, complex animal communities. Here, we describeIkaria wariootiagen. et sp. nov. from the Ediacara Member, South Australia, a small, simple organism with anterior/posterior differentiation. We find that the size and morphology ofIkariamatch predictions for the progenitor of the trace fossilHelminthoidichnites—indicative of mobility and sediment displacement. In the Ediacara Member,Helminthoidichnitesoccurs stratigraphically below classic Ediacara body fossils. Together, these suggest thatIkariarepresents one of the oldest total group bilaterians identified from South Australia, with little deviation from the characters predicted for their last common ancestor. Further, these trace fossils persist into the Phanerozoic, providing a critical link between Ediacaran and Cambrian animals.

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Hill, RS. "Leaves of Eucryphia (Eucryphiaceae) from tertiary sediments in south-eastern Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 3 (1991): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910481.

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Eucryphia leaves recovered from Tertiary sediments in south-eastern Australia are assigned to three new species, E. falcata (Late Palaeocene, Lake Bungarby), E. microstoma (Early Eocene, Regatta Point) and E. aberensis (Middle to Late Eocene, Loch Aber). Leaves from Early Pleistocene sediments at Regatta Point are re-examined and are considered to be closely related to the extant species, E. lucida and E. milliganii. An examination of the leaf morphology of the fossil and extant species suggests that evolution has taken place, resulting in smaller leaves at higher latitudes and/or altitudes probably in response to climatic change. There is also evidence for an increase in the size and complexity of peltiform cuticular extensions on the abaxial leaf surface from the Early Tertiary to the present, which may be a response to lower water availability or increasing occurrence of frost.

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Haby, Nerissa, and Darren Herpich. "Search for cryptic Pseudomys shortridgei in suitable habitat in the south-east of South Australia." Australian Mammalogy 32, no. 1 (2010): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am09022.

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Pseudomys shortridgei has been recorded from a restricted and fragmented distribution across southern Australia. Fossil deposits represented the species in mainland South Australia. However, the discovery of an extant population of P. shortridgei in the lower south-east of South Australia, and its morphological similarity to the more common Rattus fuscipes and R. lutreolus highlighted the need to verify the current distribution of the species. Existing vegetation community and systematic baseline biological survey data were used in a fast, cost-effective and systematic desktop assessment to identify the distribution of potentially suitable habitat. Attributes within 12 spatial layers were assigned a value of ecological relevance, reclassified and combined using weighted overlay analysis in ESRI ArcGIS 9.1. At ground-truthed sites, randomly assigned to the most suitable habitat within the ‘equal weightings’ output, understorey had been poorly represented by available data and some vegetation community classifications were no longer current. Despite this limitation, potentially suitable habitat was located within three remnants and targeted in a small mammal survey. From 1459 trap-nights, only Antechinus flavipes, R. fuscipes, Isoodon obesulus obesulus, Austrelaps superbus and Mus musculus were captured. It is unlikely that P. shortridgei inhabits the remnants targeted; however, further field surveys targeting smaller remnants or vegetation communities poorly represented by existing data used in the desktop assessment are recommended.

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Bean, Lynne B. "Reappraisal of Mesozoic fishes and associated invertebrates and flora from Talbragar and Koonwarra, eastern Australia." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 129, no. 1 (2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs17001.

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Eastern Australia has two major Mesozoic fossil localities. The Talbragar Fish Bed in central west New South Wales contains an assemblage of Upper Jurassic fishes, plants and insects. The Koonwarra Fossil Bed, in South Gippsland, Victoria, has an assemblage of Lower Cretaceous fishes, plants and insects. The geological settings of these localities are described. Each locality has a common genus of fish that was originally described as Leptolepis. The names of both these fish have been changed, the Talbragar one to Cavenderichthys talbragarensis and the Koonwarra one to Waldmanichthys koonwarri. Both of these fish have been placed into the Family Luisiellidae, together with a Patagonian fish, Luisiella feruglioi. Each locality also has a member of the family Archaeomenidae: Archaeomene tenuis from Talbragar and Wadeichthys oxyops from Koonwarra. The relationships of these and other fish have been discussed by various authors over the last 20 years and a summary of these comments is presented, as well as a brief comparison between the plants of both localities. The localities of Talbragar, Koonwarra and the Argentinian fishes during the Mesozoic appear to have similar palaeo-environmental settings, which may explain the similarities in the assemblages. The Australian localities contain well-preserved specimens which shed light on the diversity and extent of fishes in southern Gondwana, a region otherwise poorly represented in the fossil record.

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McDowell, Matthew C., Alexander Baynes, Graham C. Medlin, and Gavin J. Prideaux. "The impact of European colonization on the late-Holocene non-volant mammals of Yorke Peninsula, South Australia." Holocene 22, no. 12 (September 24, 2012): 1441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683612455542.

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Over the last 200 years Australia has suffered the greatest rate of mammal species extinction of any continent. This demands extensive biodiversity research, but unfortunately has been hampered by poor documentation of Australia’s native species at the time of European colonization. Late-Holocene fossil mammal assemblages preserved in caves, rockshelters and surface lag deposits from deflated sand dunes can provide a more complete understanding of pre-European ecological conditions than can be developed from our knowledge of present biodiversity. In South Australia, few regions have experienced greater landscape modification and biodiversity loss than Yorke Peninsula. We investigate the composition, richness, evenness and age of two owl accumulations from southeastern and southwestern Yorke Peninsula and contrast them with a surface lag deposit assemblage probably accumulated by humans. We then examine the pre-European biogeography of the fauna recovered. The three assemblages have similar species richness, but differ dramatically in composition and evenness. The biases imposed by differing accumulation agents can explain compositional differences between owl and human assemblages, but not the differences between the respective owl accumulations. We argue that key substrate differences – one area is dominated by sand and the other by calcrete – have favoured distinct vegetation communities that fostered distinctly different mammal assemblages from which raptors accumulated prey. The ecological requirements of the extant mammals appear to be reflected in the fossil assemblages, providing support for the application of uniformitarian principles and confidence in the relevance of late-Holocene fossil assemblages to modern conservation and natural resource management.

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44

Brown, Lauren. "The enigmatic palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography of the giant, horned, fossil turtles of Australasia: a review and reanalysis of the data." Herpetological Journal, Volume 29, Number 4 (October 1, 2018): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/29.4.252263.

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The distribution pattern of the bizarre Australasian giant, horned, fossil turtles of the clade Meiolaniidae has puzzled biogeographers since their discovery late in the nineteenth century. While their distribution suggests a Gondwanan origin, the lack of fossil evidence from key times and places has inhibited a better understanding of their dispersal pathways to Australia and the south-west Pacific islands in which their fossils have been found. Much palaeoecological speculation related to their dispersal capabilities, ranging from purely terrestrial to freshwater, estuarine, and saltwater lifestyles, has been proposed to explain their enigmatic presence across a wide swath of Oceania. Various lines of fossil, anatomical and ecological evidence now strongly suggest a highly terrestrial lifestyle, and we believe these traits, reinforced by an abundance of marine predators and ever-widening saltwater gaps between land areas during the Late Mesozoic and Tertiary, minimise the importance of saltwater dispersal as an explanation for the observed meiolaniid distribution pattern. Here we propose that the fragmentation of Gondwana provided the main dispersal vehicle for the meiolaniids and that land connections were also used to access suitable habitats and expand their range. The recently recognised continent of Zealandia, along with Australia, South America, and probably Antarctica, transported all known meiolaniid turtles to their present locations. However, ice cover on Antarctica, and the nearly total submergence of Zealandia in essence preclude the current likelihood of fossil discovery in these critical locations. The islands of New Caledonia, Tiga (in the Loyalty Islands), Walpole, and Lord Howe served as refugia for Zealandia meiolaniids as the continent submerged.

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45

Triantafillos, Lianos, Stephen Donnellan, and Alan J. Butler. "Population genetic structure of the muricid gastropodLepsiella vinosain Gulf St Vincent, South Australia." Molluscan Research 19, no. 2 (January 1998): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.1998.10673716.

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de Silva Samarasinghe, J. R., L. Bode, and L. B. Mason. "Modelled response of Gulf St Vincent (South Australia) to evaporation, heating and winds." Continental Shelf Research 23, no. 14-15 (September 2003): 1285–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(03)00129-8.

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47

James, Noel P., and Yvonne Bone. "Eocene cool-water carbonate and biosiliceous sedimentation dynamics, St Vincent Basin, South Australia." Sedimentology 47, no. 4 (August 2000): 761–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00315.x.

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48

Butler, A. J. "Recruitment of sessile invertebrates at five sites in Gulf St. Vincent, South Australia." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 97, no. 1 (June 1986): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(86)90065-1.

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49

Pledge, Neville S. "The Curramulka local fauna: A new late Tertiary fossil assemblage from Yorke Peninsula, South Australia." Beagle : Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 9, no. 1 (December 1992): 115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.263122.

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50

Beattie, Robert G., and Steven Avery. "Palaeoecology and palaeoenvironment of the Jurassic Talbragar Fossil Fish Bed, Gulgong, New South Wales, Australia." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 36, no. 4 (December 2012): 453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2012.671675.

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