Academic literature on the topic 'Fossil jet fuel'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fossil jet fuel"
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Zhang, Shuo. "Diverse sustainable methods for future jet engine." Applied and Computational Engineering 11, no. 1 (September 25, 2023): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/11/20230223.
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With global concerns over CO2 emissions and climate change, the aviation industry is investing in renewable fuels and sustainable engines. Bio-Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (Bio-SPK) and hydrogen are two significant biofuels that can replace fossil fuels in jet engines. Biofuel is considered a sustainable fuel; it is possible to replace fossil fuel in jet engines. Bio-SPK is an aviation fuel made from plant-derived lipids and processed to have similar properties to traditional jet fuel. It offers significant emissions savings compared to Jet-A1 but is not widely available due to high production costs and limited feedstock availability. While it can improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions, it has lower energy density than conventional aviation fuels, potentially reducing aircraft range or payload capacity. Hydrogen produces only water but requires careful extraction or manufacturing. Green hydrogen is carbon-neutral, grey hydrogen generates carbon, and blue hydrogen captures and stores carbon. However, most hydrogen is currently generated as grey hydrogen, which offers less environmental benefit than directly burning fossil fuels. This work provides an overview of current and future sustainable jet engine technologies.
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Shuaibu Alani Balogun, Ihwan Ghazali, Abdullahi Tanko Mohammed, Dhany Hermansyah, Ayu Amanah, and Mega Tri Kurnia. "Renewable Aviation Fuel: Review of Bio-jet Fuel for Aviation Industry." Engineering Science Letter 1, no. 01 (August 3, 2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56741/esl.v1i01.59.
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The search for environmentally sound, socially responsible, and economically viable renewable fuel generation methods is a major global concern. A type of aviation fuel called jet fuel or often spelled avtur is intended for use in aeroplanes with turbine (gas) engines. Jet fuel appears colourless. The fuels Jet A and Jet A-1 are the most frequently used ones in commercial aviation sector. Other than Jet B, which is utilised for its enhanced cold-weather operation, there are no other jet fuels that are frequently used in gas-turbine-engine in the aviation industry. Renewable aviation fuel or known as bio-jet fuels represent a sizable sector for the consumption of fossil fuels. The production of bioethanol and biodiesel for piston engine vehicles in internal combustion engines has already shown that biofuel can play a significant role in the development of sustainable renewable aviation jet fuel. Here, we also provide a book review on the potential bio-jet fuel as a renewable aviation jet fuel.
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Åkerblom, Arvid, Francesco Pignatelli, and Christer Fureby. "Numerical Simulations of Spray Combustion in Jet Engines." Aerospace 9, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9120838.
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The aviation sector is facing a massive change in terms of replacing the currently used fossil jet fuels (Jet A, JP5, etc.) with non-fossil jet fuels from sustainable feedstocks. This involves several challenges and, among them, we have the fundamental issue of current jet engines being developed for the existing fossil jet fuels. To facilitate such a transformation, we need to investigate the sensitivity of jet engines to other fuels, having a wider range of thermophysical specifications. The combustion process is particularly important and difficult to characterize with respect to fuel characteristics. In this study, we examine premixed and pre-vaporized combustion of dodecane, Jet A, and a synthetic test fuel, C1, based on the alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) certified pathway behind an equilateral bluff-body flameholder, spray combustion of Jet A and C1 in a laboratory combustor, and spray combustion of Jet A and C1 in a single-sector model of a helicopter engine by means of numerical simulations. A finite rate chemistry (FRC) large eddy simulation (LES) approach is adopted and used together with small comprehensive reaction mechanisms of around 300 reversible reactions. Comparison with experimental data is performed for the bluff-body flameholder and laboratory combustor configurations. Good agreement is generally observed, and small to marginal differences in combustion behavior are observed between the different fuels.
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Gurkan Aydin, Sinem, and Arzu Ozgen. "Bio-Based Jet Fuel Production by Transesterification of Nettle Seeds." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 1 (February 5, 2023): 10116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5556.
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The use of petroleum-based fuels in air transport and the increase in oil prices over the years have increased fuel costs. Due to this increase, fuel manufacturers and airline companies have started to search for alternative fuels. Since aviation has an important place in the transportation sector, biomass has the greatest potential in the search for renewable energy sources. Biological substances of plant and animal origin and containing carbon compounds are energy sources, and the fuels produced from them are called biofuels. Biofuels are an important source of sustainable energy, which greatly reduces the greenhouse gas effect, improves weather conditions, reduces dependence on oil produced from fossil fuels, and is important for new markets. The nettle seed oil used in the current study was purchased from the local market and was obtained using the cold-pressing method at low temperatures. After the completion of the transesterification process, a two-phase mixture consisting of biofuel-glycerin was obtained, and the upper phase containing fatty acids was taken and transferred to a clean tube. After the final washing processes, bio jet fuel was obtained by adding chemicals at certain rates. The analysis of the obtained fuel was conducted at the Tubitak Marmara Research Centre. When the report was evaluated and compared with international standards, consistent results were obtained. It can be predicted that sustainable fuels can replace fossil fuels in the future.
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Díaz-Pérez, Manuel Antonio, and Juan Carlos Serrano-Ruiz. "Catalytic Production of Jet Fuels from Biomass." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040802.
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Concerns about depleting fossil fuels and global warming effects are pushing our society to search for new renewable sources of energy with the potential to substitute coal, natural gas, and petroleum. In this sense, biomass, the only renewable source of carbon available on Earth, is the perfect replacement for petroleum in producing renewable fuels. The aviation sector is responsible for a significant fraction of greenhouse gas emissions, and two billion barrels of petroleum are being consumed annually to produce the jet fuels required to transport people and goods around the world. Governments are pushing directives to replace fossil fuel-derived jet fuels with those derived from biomass. The present mini review is aimed to summarize the main technologies available today for converting biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels with a molecular weight and structure suitable for being used as aviation fuels. Particular emphasis will be placed on those routes involving heterogeneous catalysts.
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Ericsson, Karin. "Potential for the Integrated Production of Biojet Fuel in Swedish Plant Infrastructures." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 6531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206531.
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Replacing fossil jet fuel with biojet fuel is an important step towards reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from aviation. To this end, Sweden has adopted a GHG mandate on jet fuel, complementing those on petrol and diesel. The GHG mandate on jet fuel requires a gradual reduction in the fuel’s GHG emissions to up to 27% by 2030. This paper estimates the potential production of biojet fuel in Sweden for six integrated production pathways and analyzes what they entail with regard to net biomass input and the amount of hydrogen required for upgrading to fuel quality. Integrated production of biofuel intermediates from forestry residues and by-products at combined heat and power plants as well as at the forest industry, followed by upgrading to biojet fuel and other transportation fuels at a petroleum refinery, was assumed in all the pathways. The potential output of bio-based transportation fuels was estimated to 90 PJ/y, including 22 PJ/y of biojet fuel. The results indicate that it will be possible to meet the Swedish GHG mandate for jet fuel for 2030, although it will be difficult to simultaneously achieve the GHG mandates for road transportation fuels. This highlights the importance of pursuing complementary strategies for bio-based fuels.
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Boymans, Evert, Tom Nijbacker, Dennis Slort, Sander Grootjes, and Berend Vreugdenhil. "Jet Fuel Synthesis from Syngas Using Bifunctional Cobalt-Based Catalysts." Catalysts 12, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12030288.
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Advanced biofuels are required to facilitate the energy transition away from fossil fuels and lower the accompanied CO2 emissions. Particularly, jet fuel needs a renewable substitute, for which novel production routes and technology are needed that are more efficient and economically viable. The direct conversion of bio-syngas into fuel is one such development that could improve the efficiency of biomass for jet fuel processes. In this work, bifunctional catalysts based on hierarchical zeolites are prepared, tested and evaluated for their potential use in the production of actual jet fuel. The bifunctional catalysts Co/H-mesoZSM-5, Co/H-mesoBETA and Co/H-mesoY have been applied, and their performance is compared with their microporous zeolite-based counterparts and two conventional Fischer–Tropsch Co catalysts. Co/H-mesoZSM-5 and Co/H-mesoBETA showed great potential for the direct production of jet fuel as bifunctional catalysts. Besides the high jet fuel yields under Fischer–Tropsch synthesis conditions at, respectively, 30.4% and 41.0%, the product also contained the high branched/linear hydrocarbon ratio desired to reach jet fuel specifications. This reveals the great potential for the direct conversion of syngas into jet fuel using catalysts that can be prepared in few steps from commercially available materials.
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Azam, Qummare, Ahmed Mahjub Alhaj, Mohd Shukur Zainol Abidin, Siti Zubaidah Sulaiman, and Nurul Musfirah Mazlan. "AN OUTLINE OF ALTERNATIVE AVIATION FUELS FROM SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES." Jurnal Teknologi 85, no. 1 (December 2, 2022): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v85.14563.
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The depletion of fossil fuels and their market inequality have led to the popularity of biofuels. Biofuels are a renewable energy source which can be a promising solution to the environmental issues created by fossil fuels. The emission of greenhouse gases and fluctuating prices of fossil fuels have put pressure on developing countries and small economic nations. Thus, one of the main concerns is the production of bio jet fuel from renewable resources, with a relatively low greenhouse gas life cycle and sustainability with affordable prices. Therefore, it is imperative to introduce and produce alternative aviation fuels generated from sustainable resources, specifically biofuels. In this study, we have reviewed alternative aviation fuels and their sources. We have also outlined the selection criteria for alternative aviation fuels along with discussing the sources that can be potentially used as fuel for the aviation industry.
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He, Haozhou. "Current Status of Jet Engines and Their Future on Fuel Efficiency." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 53 (June 30, 2023): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v53i.9676.
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Recently, regulations on emissions for international aviation has become increasingly strict. In addition, cost of fossil fuel has increased owing to limited non-renewable resource. Therefore, it is important to understand fuel efficiency because this is a practical method to reduce the cost and emissions based on recent technology. In this article, theoretical background of jet engines will be demonstrated, which include structure of jet engines and cycle efficiency. Followed by factors that affect the efficiency of jet engines. Finally, applications of jet engines based on efficiency and methods that improve efficiency are demonstrated, which includes recent technologies and possible future directions.
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Jiménez-Islas, Donaji, Miriam E. Pérez-Romero, María de la Cruz Del Río-Rama, and Martha B. Flores-Romero. "Mapping Research Trends in Publications Related to Bio-Jet Fuel: A Scientometric Review." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170101.
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It is a fact that society has increased the need for mobility throughout the world. In that regard, it has become aware of the problems associated with the use of fossil fuels such as jet-fuel. As alter-natives, the use of bio-jet fuel has been proposed, which is a biofuel that researchers have evaluated and developed as an environmentally friendly alternative. The development of research on the topic of biofuels has generated a growing number of alternatives in the methods, technologies and raw materials for the production of bio-jet fuel. In this work, a bibliometric study has been developed to analyze the evolution of publications, the contribution of authors, countries, in terms of citation productivity on the topic of bio-jet fuel. Scientific publications were searched in the Scopus database for the period 2001 to 2021. The results showed that the publications have grown exponentially in the last 10 years. The most influential institution and country are from China. “Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews” is the most cited journal in the field of bio-jet fuel. The growth rate of publications was estimated using the Gompertz model, the rate was 0.2232 y-1. Most of the documents were published in journals Q1.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fossil jet fuel"
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Gaillot, Tiphaine. "Évaluation de l’impact des émissions aériennes sur le changement climatique : développement de la méthode d’Analyse du Cycle de Vie et recommandations pour la sélection de carburants alternatifs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS538.pdf.
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Face à l’augmentation de la demande du secteur aérien et de ses émissions, il convient d’évaluer l’impact de l’aviation sur l’environnement. La thèse s’intéresse ainsi à l’impact des émissions aériennes sur le changement climatique. Cette catégorie est la plus impactée par les avions subsoniques. Différents leviers ont été mis en place afin d’atténuer ce dernier, notamment l’incorporation de carburants alternatifs. La méthode d’Analyse du Cycle de Vie est celle utilisée dans ce travail. L’objectif est d’évaluer toutes les émissions ayant un impact direct et indirect sur le changement climatique lors d’un vol long et court courrier pour le carburant fossile aérien Jet A-1, et des carburants alternatifs de type FT-SPK (kérosène paraffinique issu de la synthèse Fischer-Tropsch) et hydrogène. Comme la majeure partie du carburant est brûlée en haute altitude pendant la phase de croisière et que la majorité des émissions ont un impact plus important aux altitudes de croisière, nous examinons la nature des émissions en haute altitude ainsi que leur impact sur le changement climatique à partir du GWP (global warming potential) à différents horizons temporels. L’évaluation des émissions en haute altitude pour différents types de carburants aux horizons temporels de 20 et 100 ans a illustré le rôle crucial des forceurs climatiques à courte durée de vie, notamment celui des oxydes d’azote et des contrails-cirrus. Dans un deuxième temps, le périmètre d’évaluation d’un trajet aérien a été élargi en prenant en compte l’aéroport, l’avion, la production et l’utilisation du carburant. Ces résultats ont montré l’importance de la part des émissions en haute altitude et celle de la phase de production lors de l’évaluation complète d’un trajet aérien. La thèse se termine par l’évaluation de l’impact des émissions lors de la phase d’utilisation et de production des mix de carburants en 2050 obtenus à partir des différentes demandes énergétiques propres aux scénarios du rapport de l’Agence internationale de l’énergie (AIE) publié en 2022. Le développement de procédés à faibles émissions ainsi que les changements de comportements et la mise en place de politiques spécifiques de sobriété sont indispensables à la diminution de l’impact du secteur aérien sur l’environnementGiven the increase in demand from the aviation sector and its emissions, we need to assess the impact of aviation on the environment. This thesis focuses on the impact of aviation emissions on climate change. This category is the most impacted by subsonic aircraft. Various levers have been deployed to mitigate this impact, including the incorporation of alternative fuels. The Life Cycle Assessment method is the one used in this work. The aim is to assess all emissions having a direct and indirect impact on climate change during a long-haul or short-haul, for the fossil fuel Jet A-1, and alternative jet fuels such as FT-SPK (paraffinic kerosene from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis) and hydrogen. As most of the fuel is burnt at high altitude during the cruise phase and the majority of emissions have a greater impact at cruising altitudes, we first look at the nature of emissions at high altitude and their impact on climate change, based on GWP (global warming potential) at different time horizons. The assessment of high-altitude emissions for different types of jet fuel over 20 and 100-year time horizons illustrated the crucial role of short-lived climate forcers, especially nitrogen oxides and contrails-cirrus. In a second stage, the scope of the air transport assessment has been extended to include the airport, the aircraft, and the production and use of the fuel. These results demonstrate the importance of high-altitude emissions and the production phase in the complete assessment. The thesis concludes with an assessment of the impact of emissions during the use and production phase of fuel mix in 2050, based on the different energy demands specific to the of the International Energy Agency (IEA) report published in 2022. The development of low-emission processes, as well as changes in behavior and the implementation of specific sobriety policies, are essential to reducing the environmental impact of the aviation sector
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Ledier, Constantin. "Application de la LIF de molécules aromatiques au dosage de carburants fossiles et biocarburants." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661595.
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Les industries automobile et aéronautique sont confrontées dans le futur proche à une raréfaction des carburants fossiles, ainsi qu'au problème de pollution de l'environnement émis par les systèmes propulsifs. Pour s'affranchir de ces problèmes, l'utilisation de carburants alternatifs censés apporter rendement et préservation de l'environnement, s'est considérablement développée ces derniers temps. Cependant, leurs impacts sur la pollution, consommation et rendement de combustion ne sont toujours pas clairement établis. En particulier, il est nécessaire de quantifier leurs effets sur les phénomènes physiques clés à la base des processus que sont l'évaporation du carburant liquide et le mélange carburant vapeur/air. L'analyse expérimentale de ces processus physiques nécessite alors l'emploi de diagnostics lasers non-intrusifs et quantitatifs, permettant de mesurer des grandeurs physiques comme les distributions spatiales instantanées de température et de concentration du carburant en phase vapeur. Parmi les techniques optiques les plus attrayantes, l'imagerie de fluorescence induite par laser (PLIF) offre de nombreux avantages. L'objectif de la thèse a été, dans un premier temps, de caractériser les propriétés spectroscopiques de quatre carburants multi-composants, le kérosène (Jet A1), le Biomass-to-Liquid (BtL), le Diesel et l'Ester Méthylique Huile Végétale (EMHV) qui, mis à part le premier, possèdent des propriétés spectroscopiques encore peu connues. L'exploitation de leurs propriétés de fluorescence a ensuite permis d'évaluer leurs capacités à fournir des signaux autorisant la mesure de la température et de la concentration du carburant en phase vapeur. Dans un second temps, un étude exhaustive des propriétés de fluorescence de plusieurs cétones (3-pentanone, benzophénone) et aromatiques (fluoranthène, acénaphtène, naphtalène, 1,2,4-triméthylbenzène...) en fonction de la température et du quenching de l'oxygène moléculaire, a été réalisée à pression atmosphérique pour identifier les traceurs fluorescents potentiellement adaptés au dosage optique des quatre carburants. Les données photophysiques collectées ont ensuite été utilisées pour parfaire l'établissement des couples carburants/traceurs fluorescents ainsi que les stratégies de mesures de température et de concentration de carburant associées. L'exploitation des données acquises lors de différentes campagnes de mesures a ainsi mis en évidence la possibilité de détecter simultanément la fluorescence de plusieurs molécules aromatiques (mono-, di- et/ou tri-aromatique) naturellement présentes ou ajoutées artificiellement dans les carburants. Le cas du Diesel a nécessité le développement d'un carburant modèle pour permettre une étude de son évaporation. L'application de cette nouvelle approche PLIF a été validée sur un injecteur hélicoptère LPP de nouvelle génération fonctionnant avec trois carburants spécifiques que sont le Jet A1, le BtL et un mélange Jet A1/BtL
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Foster, Gillian Joanne. "Ethylene Supply in a Fluid Context: Implications of Shale Gas and Climate Change." MDPI AG, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6803/1/energies%2D11%2D02967.pdf.
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The recent advent of shale gas in the U.S. has redefined the economics of ethylene manufacturing globally, causing a shift towards low-cost U.S. production due to natural gas feedstock, while reinforcing the industry's reliance on fossil fuels. At the same time, the global climate change crisis compels a transition to a low-carbon economy. These two influencing factors are complex, contested, and uncertain. This paper projects the United States' (U.S.) future ethylene supply in the context of two megatrends: the natural gas surge and global climate change. The analysis models the future U.S. supply of ethylene in 2050 based on plausible socio-economic scenarios in response to climate change mitigation and adaptation pathways as well as a range of natural gas feedstock prices. This Vector Error Correction Model explores the relationships between these variables. The results show that ethylene supply increased in nearly all modeled scenarios. A combination of lower population growth, lower consumption, and higher natural gas prices reduced ethylene supply by 2050. In most cases, forecasted CO2 emissions from ethylene production rose. This is the first study to project future ethylene supply to go beyond the price of feedstocks and include socio-economic variables relevant to climate change mitigation and adaptation.
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Cahen-Fourot, Louison, Emanuele Campiglio, Elena Dawkins, Antoine Godin, and Eric Kemp-Benedict. "Capital stranding cascades: The impact of decarbonisation on productive asset utilisation." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6854/1/WP_18_final.pdf.
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This article develops a novel methodological framework to investigate the exposure of eco-
nomic systems to the risk of physical capital stranding. Combining Input-Output (IO) and
network theory, we define measures to identify both the sectors likely to trigger relevant capital
stranding cascades and those most exposed to capital stranding risk. We show how, in a sample
of ten European countries, mining is among the sectors with the highest external asset strand-
ing multipliers. The sectors most affected by capital stranding triggered by decarbonisation
include electricity and gas; coke and refined petroleum products; basic metals; and transporta-
tion. From these sectors, stranding would frequently cascade down to chemicals; metal products;
motor vehicles water and waste services; wholesale and retail trade; and public administration.
Finally, we provide an estimate for the lower-bound amount of assets at risk of transition-related
stranding, which is in the range of 0.6-8.2% of the overall productive capital stock for our sample
of countries, mainly concentrated in the electricity and gas sector, manufacturing, and mining.
These results confirm the systemic relevance of transition-related risks on European societies.Series: Ecological Economic Papers
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Liang, Jason Jian. "Design and Development of an Experimental Apparatus to Study Jet Fuel Coking in Small Gas Turbine Fuel Nozzles." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/43080.
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An experimental apparatus was designed and built to study the thermal autoxidative carbon deposition, or coking, in the fuel injection nozzles of small gas turbine engines. The apparatus is a simplified representation of an aircraft fuel system, consisting of a preheating section and a test section, which is a passage that simulates the geometry, temperatures, pressures and flow rates seen by the fuel injection nozzles. Preliminary experiments were performed to verify the functionality of the apparatus. Pressure drop across the test section was measured throughout the experiments to monitor deposit buildup, and an effective reduction in test section diameter due to deposit blockage was calculated. The preliminary experiments showed that the pressure drop increased more significantly for higher test section temperatures, and that pressure drop measurement is an effective method of monitoring and quantifying deposit buildup.
Book chapters on the topic "Fossil jet fuel"
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Crane, Hewitt, Edwin Kinderman, and Ripudaman Malhotra. "Our Energy Inheritance: Fossil Fuels." In A Cubic Mile of Oil. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195325546.003.0014.
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The use of fossil fuels—petroleum, natural gas, and coal—is ubiquitous today and has made possible the advances of modern civilization. These fuels are capable of providing energy for a variety of applications—from very small to very large—and touch our lives in many ways. A small gas-fired heater uses about 50,000 Btu/hr (1 standard cubic foot [scf] of gas/min) and keeps our homes warm. A 200-horsepower gasoline engine in a family car consumes around 2 gal/hr of oil and can carry a load of five passengers a distance of 60 miles on a level highway. An 1,800-ton/hr cement plant consumes 900 MBtu/hr (about 0.9 million scf gas/hr) when in full operation and produces the building material widely used for constructing homes, offices, industries, roads, and bridges. A large, coal-fired electric power station (1,000 MW rating) requires between 300 and 500 tons of coal per hour and produces enough electricity to power half a million homes. The range of power that fossil fuels, particularly oil, can deliver is truly amazing: the same basic fuel that powers jet aircraft also powers children’s model aircraft engines. It is unlikely that aircraft will ever be powered by solar panels mounted on the wings or by on-board nuclear reactors. The importance of fossil fuels in our lives cannot be overemphasized. It took millions of years to accumulate them, and their potential exhaustion in just a few centuries should seriously concern all of us. In this chapter, we briefly review the circumstances that led to formation of our fossil fuels and then discuss how much of each of them is available. This discussion requires clarifying the special meanings ascribed to such terms as reserves and resources. For all three fuels, we look at the global distribution of our resources. We also present estimates of possible resource lifetimes under varying conditions of use and indicate the nominal equipment and infrastructure requirements for producing these inherited resources at a rate of 1 CMO/yr. As we shall see, our conventional reserves are somewhat limited, but our resource base is large, and unconventional oil and gas resources offer a substantially greater potential. Nonetheless, exploiting unconventional resources is certain to be more expensive and, in most cases, potentially more damaging to the environment.
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Dong, PengBo. "Internal Flow and Spray Dynamics of Multi-Hole Nozzle." In Droplet Dynamics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104601.
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Faced with dual challenges of “carbon neutral” and emission control, fossil fuel-based internal combustion engines need to explore new ways and technical paths to reduce harmful emissions and Carbon dioxide emissions simultaneously. Fuel injection process is playing a significant role not only in traditional engines but also in new low/zero carbon engines. Multi-hole nozzles have a wide range of applications in the fuel supply system. While the accepted spray study work and jet break-up models are usually developed under the quasi-steady-state of fuel injection by a single-hole nozzle. There are rare models that can describe the whole break-up processes of multi-hole nozzle spray, including complex internal flow factors, plume interaction, and the effect of start/end of injection. In this chapter, characteristics of spray morphology, evolution processes, and evaporation characteristics, emerging from the practical diesel multi-hole nozzles, were discussed and analyzed during the transient injection processes in detail. Moreover, the relationship between multi-hole nozzle internal flow properties and the corresponding spray behaviors was investigated by numerical simulation method systematically. Therefore, multi-hole spray modeling processes under engine operating conditions and the optimized design of diesel multi-hole nozzles are expected to get some benefits and clues from the current results.
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Hebda, Wiktor. "Rosyjska agresja militarna na Ukrainę a bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Polski." In THE WAR MUST GO ON: Dynamika wojny w Ukrainie i jej reperkusje dla bezpieczeństwa Polski, 115–24. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381388801.11.
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The chapter presents selected aspects of Poland’s energy security in the context of the Russian aggression against Ukraine. An analysis of the updates to the Energy Policy of Poland until 2040, adopted in March 2022 is offered. The next section describes the condition of the Polish fossil fuel sector in 2022. Finally, a concise prognostic analysis of Poland’s energy security in the coming months of 2023 is outlined.
Conference papers on the topic "Fossil jet fuel"
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Parveg, A. S. M. Sazzad, Nicholas Hentges, and Albert Ratner. "Experimental Investigation of the Combustion Behavior of Jet-A/Water Emulsified Fuel and Ethanol-Blended Jet-A/Water Emulsified Fuel Droplets." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70615.
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Abstract The demanding emission requirements must be satisfied by the modern aero-engines which led the researchers into exploration and development of environment-friendly, and sustainable aviation fuels. Water emulsification in fuels is a proven mechanism to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOX) and pollutant emissions. Furthermore, water addition in liquid fuel can improve the combustion performance and fuel economy by micro-explosions and puffing phenomenon due to the volatility difference between liquid fuels and water. These micro-explosions and puffing result in the breaking of fuel droplets into smaller droplets which promotes secondary atomization of the liquid fuels. The secondary atomization contributes to a higher combustion rate, improves fuel-air mixing, and thus improves fuel economy. Also, with the depletion of fossil-fuel sources, the scientific community is exploring renewable sources which can be both reliable and better substitutes for conventional fossil fuels. Blending biofuel with fossil fuel is an interesting way to a sustainable solution for green energy production and carbon footprint reduction of conventional aviation fuels. In these contexts, the present study reports an experimental investigation on the combustion characteristics of water emulsified Jet-A and water emulsified ethanol-blended Jet-A fuels. The Ultrasonication method is used to prepare homogenized fuel emulsions with three different water concentrations (2.5%, 5% & 10% by weight) for both Jet-A and ethanol-blended Jet-A fuels. Blended Jet-A fuels are prepared for different ethanol concentrations (2.5%, 5% & 10% by weight). Combustion characteristics such as ignition delay, combustion rate, and droplet burning time data are generated for each emulsified fuel. The results are compared for both Jet-A, and ethanol-blended Jet-A fuel emulsions. It is found that there is a general decrease in combustion rate and droplet burning time for all the emulsions. This decrease is higher with higher content of water and ethanol. There is also a general increase in ignition delay. Again, this increase is higher for emulsions with higher water concentration. Hopefully, the outcomes of the present study will increase further interest in combustion characteristics modification of conventional aviation fuels by emulsification. In addition, the findings of the present study will provide experimental data which can be applied for future computational modeling of the combustion process of emulsified fuel.
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Eigenbrod, Christian, Frank Giese, Manfredo Reimert, Peter Rickmers, and Konstantin Klinkov. "Autoignition Properties of Fossil- and GTL-Kerosene and its Model Fuel." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95060.
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The autoignition properties of GTL-kerosene sprays have been examined in a hot blow-down wind-tunnel. The results are compared to those of fossil kerosene and the model fuel for GTL-kerosene. A total of more than 1100 experiments were carried out in the pressure range between 4.5 and 6 bar and at temperatures between 740 and 840 K. The sprays were injected in a jet-in-crossflow configuration into hot air of about 30 m/s velocity. It can be shown that the induction times of GTL-kerosene are essentially longer (between 10 and 30%) than those from fossil Jet A1 and its pressure and temperature dependency compares favorably to those of n-decane sprays. This indicates that GTL-kerosene has very good properties if a lean prevaporized premixed combustion with low NOx-emissions is desired. N-decane as the well matching model fuel for GTL-kerosene was found through single droplet ignition experiments performed in microgravity in the Bremen drop tower. These experiments were comparing various mono- and bi-component fuel’s ignition properties to those of GTL-kerosene droplets.
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Costa, Mário, Bruno Pizziol, Miguel Panao, and André Silva. "Multiple Impinging Jet Air-Assisted Atomization." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4737.
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The growth of the aviation sector triggered the search for alternative fuels and continued improvements in thecombustion process. This work addresses the technological challenges associated with spray systems and theconcern of mixing biofuels with fossil fuels to produce alternative and more ecological fuels for aviation. This workproposes a new injector design based on sprays produced from the simultaneous impact of multiple jets, using anadditional jet of air to assist the atomization process. The results evidence the ability to control the average dropsize through the air-mass flow rate. Depending on the air-mass flow rate there is a transition between atomizationby hydrodynamic breakup of the liquid sheet formed on the impact point, to an aerodynamic breakup mechanism,as found in the atomization of inclined jets under cross-flow conditions. The aerodynamic shear breakupdeteriorates the atomization performance, but within the same order of magnitude. Finally, our experiments showthat mixing a biofuel with a fossil fuel does not significantly alter the spray characteristics, regarded as a stepfurther in developing alternative and more ecological fuels for aero-engines.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4737
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Parveg, A. S. M. Sazzad, Gurjap Singh, and Albert Ratner. "Experimental Investigation of Effects of Graphene Nano Particles (GNP) on the Combustion Behaviors of Renewable Jet Fuel Droplets." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23412.
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Abstract Due to the impact of fossil fuel use on the environment, renewable jet fuel has been pursued as an alternative fuel for aircraft engines. Several renewable jet fuels are developed with minimal carbon footprint and pollutants emission to replace petroleum jet fuels. To modify certain combustion behaviors such as combustion rate, ignition delay and total combustion time, colloidal suspension of carbon-based nanoparticles to liquid fuels has proven to be an effective mechanism. But the influence of carbon-based nanoparticles on the combustion behaviors of renewable jet fuels at different concentrations has not yet been investigated. Researchers have been exploring ways to modify the combustion performances of renewable jet fuel, and in this work, the addition of carbon-based nanoparticles (Graphene Nano Particles) is examined as a potential performance enhancing additive for fuel transport safety. The effects of Graphene Nano Particles (GNP) on the ignition and combustion characteristics of soy oil and canola oil based renewable jet fuel at different mass concentrations (1%, 2% & 3%) loading are investigated in this manuscript. The impact of different mass concentrations loading of GNP on the combustion behavior is analyzed by post-processing the high-speed images. It is observed that the ignition delay decreased by 8.52% and combustion rate decreased by 7.26% for renewable jet fuel at 3% GNP loading. GNP also caused a maximum decrease of total combustion time by 13.61% at 3% loading. It is expected that this study will drive further interest in fuel characteristics improvement of renewable jet fuel and will provide experimental data for future computational modeling.
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Klingshirn, Christopher D., Matthew J. DeWitt, Rich Striebich, David Anneken, Linda Shafer, Edwin Corporan, Matt Wagner, and Dean Brigalli. "Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet Fuel Evaluation, Performance, and Emissions in a T-63 Turbine Engine." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-46572.
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Due to potential beneficial environmental impacts and increased supply availability, alternative fuels derived from renewable resources are evolving on the forefront as unconventional substitutes for fossil fuel. Focus is being given to the evaluation and certification of Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet (HRJ), a fuel produced from animal fat and/or plant oils (triglycerides) by hydroprocessing, as the next potential synthetic aviation fuel. Extensive efforts have recently been performed at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) at Wright Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB) to evaluate the potential of two HRJ fuels produced from camelina and tallow feedstocks. These have included characterization of the fuel chemical and physical fuel characteristics, and Fit-for-Purpose properties (FFP). The present effort describes general combustion performance and emission propensity of a T63-A-700 Allison turbine engine operated on the HRJs and 50/50 (by volume) HRJ/JP-8 fuel blends relative to a specification JP-8. In addition, engine and emission testing with a blend of the tallow-derived HRJ and 16% bio-derived aromatic components was completed. Fundamental engine performance characterization allows for determination of the suitability of potential synthetic fuels while quantitation of gaseous and particulate matter emissions provides an assessment of the potential environmental impact compared to current petroleum-derived fuels. In addition, an extended 150 hour endurance test was performed using a 50/50 blend of tallow-derived HRJ with JP-8 to evaluate the long-term operation of the engine with the synthetic fuel blend. This paper discusses the laboratory testing performed to characterize HRJs and results from the basic engine operability and emissions studies of the alternative fuel blends.
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Otto, Marcel, Ladislav Vesely, Jayanta Kapat, Michael Stoia, Nicholas D. Applegate, and Greg Natsui. "Ammonia as an Aircraft Fuel: Thermal Assessment From Airport to Wake." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-84359.
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Abstract Over the past two decades, zero-emission aviation initiatives have focused on using drop-in biofuels and sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) to replace fossil-based jet fuels to achieve near-term reductions in carbon emissions with minimal impacts on the global aircraft fleet and supporting infrastructure. While significant advances have been made in the production of such fuels, scaling up manufacturing capability to provide cost-competitive drop-in fuels has been a challenge. This paper discusses ammonia as a carrier of electricity-derived, green hydrogen for aviation, with near-zero emission. Ammonia is proposed as both a carrier of hydrogen as fuel and to provide cooling for compressor intercooling and cooled cooling air for NOx elimination and condensation of water vapor in the exhaust to reduce contrail formation. The performance of ammonia with regard to all of these objectives will be evaluated. A detailed analysis of the energetics concerning the flow of ammonia from leaving the airport storage, to the fuel tanks of the aircraft to the wake of the engine will be performed. Conclusions will be drawn on how ammonia compares to Jet A, SAF, and hydrogen in overall performance as aviation fuel.
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Kumar, Manish, and Srinibas Karmakar. "Comparison of Atomization Characteristics of Jet A-1 and Alternative Aviation Fuels Using High-Speed Imaging Technique." In ASME 2019 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2019-2747.
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Abstract Environmental pollution from gas turbine engines is becoming a serious concern recently because of the steep growth in the aviation sector globally. Therefore, potential alternative fuels which can partially or fully replace fossil-based jet fuel are getting significant attention. However, the search for suitable candidate fuels which can fulfill the requirement in terms of fuel properties and combustion performance is continuing. The present study deals with an experimental investigation of atomization characteristics of Jet A-1, butanol, and butyl butyrate in quiescent atmospheric air. A high-speed imaging technique has been adopted to make a comparison of ligament breakup characteristics and droplet formation of these alternative biofuels with that of Jet A-1. Various fuel properties, including density, viscosity, and surface tension, are compared. An effort is made to understand how the variation in fuel properties influences the atomization mechanism of each fuel. The surface tension seems to be similar for these three fuels with a slight variation in density. However, there is a significant variation in viscosity. Viscosity appears to play a major role in the difference observed in ligament length and droplet formation. Due to the higher viscosity of butanol, the droplet formation seems to be delayed compared to Jet A-1, whereas the lower viscosity of butyl butyrate promotes faster droplet formation. The effect of blending of these biofuels with Jet A-1 on atomization characteristics will be compared with that of Jet A-1.
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Sakthikumar, Ramachandran, Deivandren Sivakumar, B. N. Raghunandan, and John T. C. Hu. "Atomization Characteristics of Jatropha-Derived Alternative Aviation Fuels From Aircraft Engine Injector." In ASME 2017 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2017-4882.
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Search for potential alternative jet fuels is intensified in recent years to meet stringent environmental regulations imposed to tackle degraded air quality caused by fossil fuel combustion. The present study describes atomization characteristics of blends of jatropha-derived biofuel with conventional aviation kerosene (Jet A-1) discharging into ambient atmospheric air from a dual-orifice atomizer used in aircraft engines. The biofuel blends are characterized in detail and meet current ASTM D7566 specifications. The experiments are conducted by discharging fuel spray into quiescent atmospheric air in a fuel spray booth to measure spray characteristics such as fuel discharge behavior, spray cone angle, drop size distribution and spray patternation at six different flow conditions. The characteristics of spray cone angle are obtained by capturing images of spray and the measurements of spray drop size distribution are obtained using laser diffraction particle analyzer (LDPA). A mechanical patternator system comprising 144 measurement cells is used to deduce spray patternation at different location from the injector exit. A systematic comparison on the atomization characteristics between the sprays of biofuel blends and the 100% Jet A-1 is presented. The measured spray characteristics of jatropha-derived alternative jet fuels follow the trends obtained for Jet A-1 sprays satisfactorily both in qualitative and quantitative terms.
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Andrejczyk, Robert. "Implications of Sustainable Aviation Fuel for the Rotorcraft Industry." In Vertical Flight Society 79th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0079-2023-18146.
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International governments and the airline industry have set goals to progressively replace aviation fossil fuels with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). SAF is presently less than 0.1 % of the global aviation fuel supply but projected to be greater than 50% by 2050. SAF is kerosene synthetically produced from sustainable agriculture and recycled waste. SAF has lower contrail-forming particulates and has substantial benefit of lifecycle CO2 reduction from using sustainable feedstocks rather than petroleum. The rotorcraft industry consumes less than 1% of the global aviation fuel supply and is not driving the transition to SAF but will need to have compatibility with SAF. The American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) has developed a process in conjunction with the FAA and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) whereby SAF blends are approved as drop-in equivalent to ASTM D1655 Jet A/A1 fuel and can then be seamlessly distributed and utilized under existing aircraft approvals for Jet A/A1. SAF candidates are comprehensively evaluated by an OEM task group. Global aviation industry, certification agencies, and military are harmonizing around this approach. The FAA has encouraged rotorcraft manufacturers to monitor OEM task group proceedings and provide input for concerns to rotorcraft. A unique rotorcraft concern regarding suction lift fuel systems is explained as an example.
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Lokesh, Kadambari, Vishal Sethi, Theoklis Nikolaidis, and Devaiah Karumbaiah. "System Level Performance and Emissions Evaluation of Renewable Fuels for Jet Engines." In ASME 2014 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2014-8107.
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Incessant demand for fossil derived energy and the resulting environmental impact has urged the renewable energy sector to conceive one of the most anticipated sustainable, alternative “drop-in” fuels for jet engines, called as, Bio-Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (Bio-SPKs). Second (Camelina SPK & Jatropha SPK and third generation (Microalgae SPK) advanced biofuels have been chosen to analyse their influence on the behaviour of a jet engine through numerical modelling and simulation procedures. The thermodynamic influence of each of the biofuels on the gas turbine performance extended to aircraft performance over a user-defined trajectory (with chosen engine/airframe configuration) have been reported in this paper. Initially, the behaviour of twin-shaft turbofan engine operated with 100% Bio-SPKs at varying operating conditions. This evaluation is conducted from the underpinning phase of adopting the chemical composition of Bio-SPKs towards an elaborate and careful prediction of fluid thermodynamics properties (FTPs). The engine performance was primarily estimated in terms of fuel consumption which steers the fiscal and environmental scenarios in civil aviation. Alternative fuel combustion was virtually simulated through stirred-reactor approach using a validated combustor model. The system-level emissions (CO2 and NOx) have been numerically quantified and reported as follows: the modelled aircraft operating with Bio-SPKs exhibited fuel economy (mission fuel burn) by an avg. of 2.4% relative to that of baseline (Jet Kerosene). LTO-NOx for the user-defined trajectory decreased by 7–7.8% and by 15–18% considering the entire mission. Additionally, this study reasonably qualitatively explores the benefits and issues associated with Bio-SPKs.
Reports on the topic "Fossil jet fuel"
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Steinbuks, Jevgenijs, and Badri Narayanan. Fossil Fuel Producing Economies Have Greater Potential for Interfuel Substitution. GTAP Working Paper, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp73.
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This study extends the literature on interfuel substitution by investigating the role of transactions costs and technological adjustment, focusing specifically on differences across countries with different potential for fossil fuel production. We find that fossil fuel producing economies have higher elasticities of interfuel substitution. Our simulations show that, compared to the baseline case of uniform elasticities, energy and climate policies result in a greater substitution among different sources of energy for countries with larger potential to produce fossil fuels. These results are important because they imply lower economic cost for policies aimed at climate abatement and more efficient utilization of energy resources in energy-intensive economies. Keywords: climate policies, dynamic linear logit, energy subsidies, fossil fuel production, GTAP-E model, interfuel substitution JEL: E22, H25, Q41
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Chepeliev, Maksym, Thomas Hertel, and Dominique van der Mensbrugghe. Cutting Russia’s Fossil Fuel Exports: Short-Term Pain for Long-Term Gain. GTAP Working Paper, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp91.
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In response to the invasion of Ukraine, most OECD countries have announced punishing sanctions against Russia. In addition to targeting financial markets and service sectors, some countries have begun to impose restrictions on exports of Russia’s fossil fuels. In this paper, we analyze a scenario whereby most OECD countries put major restrictions on Russia’s energy exports. Results suggest that the short-term implications are likely to be non-trivial for EU – Russia’s largest energy export destination. Households’ real income could drop by 0.7-1.7 percent (relative to the reference case) with energy prices growing by as much as 11 percent. But after the initial adjustment period, the cost of such restrictions for the EU is expected to be more modest over the longer run (0.04 percent slowdown in the annual growth rate of real income over the 2022-2030 period), even as they lead to substantial environmental co-benefits through reductions in CO2 (6.6 percent in 2030) and air pollutant emissions (2.8-5.9 percent in 2030). Such emission reductions would take the EU more than halfway to its Green Deal mitigation target, reducing the necessary carbon price by around 40 EUR per tCO2. Adverse impacts on the Russian economy would be overwhelming and, in relative terms, 10 time larger than that for EU. By 2030 the cumulative reduction in Russian real income would exceed 1.1 trillion USD, while lost revenue from fossil fuel exports would be almost 1.4 trillion USD. Key words: Russia; Fossil fuel export restrictions; Economic impacts; European Union; Climate mitigation; Environmental co-benefits; Computable general equilibrium. JEL codes: C68, O13, Q43, F17, F18