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Journal articles on the topic 'Fossil hominids'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Urciuoli, Alessandro, Clément Zanolli, Sergio Almécija, Amélie Beaudet, Jean Dumoncel, Naoki Morimoto, Masato Nakatsukasa, Salvador Moyà-Solà, David R. Begun, and David M. Alba. "Reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships of the late Miocene apes Hispanopithecus and Rudapithecus based on vestibular morphology." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 5 (January 25, 2021): e2015215118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015215118.

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Late Miocene great apes are key to reconstructing the ancestral morphotype from which earliest hominins evolved. Despite consensus that the late Miocene dryopith great apes Hispanopithecus laietanus (Spain) and Rudapithecus hungaricus (Hungary) are closely related (Hominidae), ongoing debate on their phylogenetic relationships with extant apes (stem hominids, hominines, or pongines) complicates our understanding of great ape and human evolution. To clarify this question, we rely on the morphology of the inner ear semicircular canals, which has been shown to be phylogenetically informative. Based on microcomputed tomography scans, we describe the vestibular morphology of Hispanopithecus and Rudapithecus, and compare them with extant hominoids using landmark-free deformation-based three-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses. We also provide critical evidence about the evolutionary patterns of the vestibular apparatus in living and fossil hominoids under different phylogenetic assumptions for dryopiths. Our results are consistent with the distinction of Rudapithecus and Hispanopithecus at the genus rank, and further support their allocation to the Hominidae based on their derived semicircular canal volumetric proportions. Compared with extant hominids, the vestibular morphology of Hispanopithecus and Rudapithecus most closely resembles that of African apes, and differs from the derived condition of orangutans. However, the vestibular morphologies reconstructed for the last common ancestors of dryopiths, crown hominines, and crown hominids are very similar, indicating that hominines are plesiomorphic in this regard. Therefore, our results do not conclusively favor a hominine or stem hominid status for the investigated dryopiths.

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2

McCollum, Melanie A., Frederick E. Grine, Steven C. Ward, and William H. Kimbel. "Subnasal morphological variation in extant hominoids and fossil hominids." Journal of Human Evolution 24, no. 2 (February 1993): 87–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1993.1009.

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3

Stringer, Chris. "Pictorial guides to fossil hominids." Journal of Human Evolution 15, no. 6 (September 1986): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2484(86)80031-8.

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4

Bower, B. "Fossil Hints at Hominids' European Stall." Science News 147, no. 6 (February 11, 1995): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3979183.

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5

Verhaegen, M. J. B. "Aquatic ape theory and fossil hominids." Medical Hypotheses 35, no. 2 (June 1991): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(91)90032-t.

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6

Karasik, D., B. Arensburg, A. M. Tillier, and O. M. Pavlovsky. "Skeletal Age Assessment of Fossil Hominids." Journal of Archaeological Science 25, no. 7 (July 1998): 689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1997.0264.

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7

Cazenave, Marine, Tracy L. Kivell, Marta Pina, David R. Begun, and Matthew M. Skinner. "Calcar femorale variation in extant and fossil hominids: Implications for identifying bipedal locomotion in fossil hominins." Journal of Human Evolution 167 (June 2022): 103183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103183.

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8

Kimbel, William H., and Yoel Rak. "Functional morphology of the asterionic region in extant hominoids and fossil hominids." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 66, no. 1 (January 1985): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330660104.

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9

Paunović, Maja. "Vindija Cave (Croatia) – site of fossil man (proposal for inclusion in the World Geological Heritage List)." Geologica Balcanica 26, no. 2 (June 30, 1996): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.26.2.15.

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Several sites of Upper Pleistocene fossil hominids have been found on the territory of Croatia. The cave Vindija contains most significant fossil remains (more than 100 specimens of hominids have been found together with other mammals). Four layers have been dated by the carbon method. The palaeontological, palaeo anthropological and archaeological importance of the findings and the measures for protection already taken are the arguments for its inclusion in the World Geological Heritage List.

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10

Clarke, Ronald J., Travis Rayne Pickering, Jason L. Heaton, and Kathleen Kuman. "The Earliest South African Hominids." Annual Review of Anthropology 50, no. 1 (October 21, 2021): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-091619-124837.

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The earliest South African hominids (humans and their ancestral kin) belong to the genera Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo, with the oldest being a ca. 3.67 million-year-old nearly complete skeleton of Australopithecus (StW 573) from Sterkfontein Caves. This skeleton has provided, for the first time in almost a century of research, the full anatomy of an Australopithecus individual with indisputably associated skull and postcranial bones that give complete limb lengths. The three genera are also found in East Africa, but scholars have disagreed on the taxonomic assignment for some fossils owing to historical preconceptions. Here we focus on the South African representatives to help clarify these debates. The uncovering of the StW 573 skeleton in situ revealed significant clues concerning events that had affected it over time and demonstrated that the associated stalagmite flowstones cannot provide direct dating of the fossil, as they are infillings of voids caused by postdepositional collapse.

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11

Kennedy, Kenneth A. R., Siran U. Deraniyagala, William J. Roertgen, John Chiment, and Todd Disotell. "Upper pleistocene fossil hominids from Sri Lanka." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 72, no. 4 (April 1987): 441–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330720405.

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12

Haile-Selassie, Yohannes. "Phylogeny of early Australopithecus : new fossil evidence from the Woranso-Mille (central Afar, Ethiopia)." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1556 (October 27, 2010): 3323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0064.

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The earliest evidence of Australopithecus goes back to ca 4.2 Ma with the first recorded appearance of Australopithecus ‘anamensis’ at Kanapoi, Kenya. Australopithecus afarensis is well documented between 3.6 and 3.0 Ma mainly from deposits at Laetoli (Tanzania) and Hadar (Ethiopia). The phylogenetic relationship of these two ‘species’ is hypothesized as ancestor–descendant. However, the lack of fossil evidence from the time between 3.6 and 3.9 Ma has been one of its weakest points. Recent fieldwork in the Woranso-Mille study area in the Afar region of Ethiopia has yielded fossil hominids dated between 3.6 and 3.8 Ma. These new fossils play a significant role in testing the proposed relationship between Au. anamensis and Au. afarensis . The Woranso-Mille hominids (3.6–3.8 Ma) show a mosaic of primitive, predominantly Au. anamensis -like, and some derived ( Au. afarensis -like) dentognathic features. Furthermore, they show that, as currently known, there are no discrete and functionally significant anatomical differences between Au. anamensis and Au. afarensis . Based on the currently available evidence, it appears that there is no compelling evidence to falsify the hypothesis of ‘chronospecies pair’ or ancestor–descendant relationship between Au. anamensis and Au. afarensis . Most importantly, however, the temporally and morphologically intermediate Woranso-Mille hominids indicate that the species names Au. afarensis and Au. anamensis do not refer to two real species, but rather to earlier and later representatives of a single phyletically evolving lineage. However, if retaining these two names is necessary for communication purposes, the Woranso-Mille hominids are best referred to as Au. anamensis based on new dentognathic evidence.

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13

Adams, Justin W. "Fossil mammals from the Gondolin Dump A ex situ hominin deposits, South Africa." PeerJ 6 (August 6, 2018): e5393. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5393.

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The Gondolin palaeokarstic system, located in the UNESCO Fossil Hominids of South Africa World Heritage Site, has been sporadically excavated since the 1970s. Sampling of ex situ dumpsites in 1997 recovered the only two fossil hominin specimens recovered thus far from Gondolin. While one partial mandibular molar (GA 1) remains unattributed, the complete mandibular second molar (GA 2) represents the largest Paranthropus robustus Broom, 1938 tooth identified to date. While subsequent excavations and research at Gondolin has clarified the geological, temporal, taphonomic, and palaeoecologic context for the in situ deposits, this paper presents the first comprehensive description of the fossil assemblage ‘associated’ with the two ex situ hominins. Analysis of 42 calcified sediment blocks and naturally decalcified sediments excavated from three cubic metres of the Dump A deposits reinforce that the dump contains a heterogeneous aggregation of materials from across the Gondolin sedimentary deposits. A total of 15,250 individual fossil specimens were processed (via sifting or acetic-acid mediated processing of calcified sediment blocks), yielding a faunal record that largely mirrors that described from either (or both) the GD 1 and GD 2 in situ assemblages but includes representatives of four novel mammal groups (Families Cercopithecidae, Felidae, Herpestidae, Giraffidae) not recorded in either in situ sample. While basic assemblage characteristics including primary taphonomic data is presented, analysis and interpretation is limited by the ex situ origin of the sample. Ultimately, these results reinforce that the substantial mining-mediated obliteration of palaeokarstic deposits at Gondolin continue to obscure a clear association between the Gondolin Dump A hominins and any of the sampled and dated in situ deposits.

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14

Zhisheng, An, and Ho Chuan Kun. "New Magnetostratigraphic Dates of LantianHomo erectus." Quaternary Research 32, no. 2 (September 1989): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(89)90077-x.

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AbstractSkeletal remains ofHomo erectusfound in Pleistocene loess at two sites near Lantian in central China are of greatly different geologic age. The cranium found in the fossil-bearing strata at Gongwangling is about 1.15 myr old whereas the remains found at the Chenjiawo locality in middle Pleistocene loess are about 0.65 myr old. The dating is based on new paleomagnetic polarity determinations and on the lithostratigraphic position of the fossils in the loess-paleosol sequence. Our results confirm that both localities are older than the first occupation of Zhoukoudian. New dates, palaeoenvironmental settings, and morphological features of the hominids from Lantian localities have significant bearing on the understanding of adaptive radiations of the middle and late hominids in Asia.

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15

Kramer, P. A. "Modelling the locomotor energetics of extinct hominids." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 20 (October 15, 1999): 2807–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.20.2807.

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Bipedality is the defining characteristic of Hominidae and, as such, an understanding of the adaptive significance and functional implications of bipedality is imperative to any study of human evolution. Hominid bipedality is, presumably, a solution to some problem for the early hominids, one that has much to do with energy expenditure. Until recently, however, little attention could be focused on the quantifiable energetic aspects of bipedality as a unique locomotor form within Primates because of the inability to measure empirically the energy expenditure of non-modern hominids. A recently published method provides a way of circumventing the empirical measurement dilemma by calculating energy expenditure directly from anatomical variables and movement profiles. Although the origins of bipedality remain clouded, two discernible forms of locomotor anatomy are present in the hominid fossil record: the australopithecine and modern configurations. The australopithecine form is best represented by AL 288–1, a partial skeleton of Australopithecus afarensis, and is characterized as having short legs and a wide pelvis. The modern form is represented by modern humans and has long legs and a narrow pelvis. Human walking is optimized to take advantage of the changing levels of potential and kinetic energy that occur as the body and limbs move through the stride cycle. Although this optimization minimizes energy expenditure, some energy is required to maintain motion. I quantify this energy by developing a dynamic model that uses kinematic equations to determine energy expenditure. By representing both configurations with such a model, I can compare their rates of energy expenditure. I find that the australopithecine configuration uses less energy than that of a modern human. Despite arguments presented in the anthropological literature, the shortness of the legs of AL 288-1 provides no evidence that she was burdened with a compromised or transitional locomotor anatomy. Instead, she may well have been an effective biped at walking speeds, not despite her short legs, but rather because of them.

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16

Begun, D. "Miocene fossil hominids and the chimp-human clade." Science 257, no. 5078 (September 25, 1992): 1929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1411507.

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17

Beynon, A. D., and M. C. Dean. "Distinct dental development patterns in early fossil hominids." Nature 335, no. 6190 (October 1988): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335509a0.

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18

Pickford, M. "The geological context of the Kanapoi fossil hominids." Human Evolution 16, no. 1 (January 2001): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02438922.

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19

Bruner, Emiliano. "Human paleoneurology: Shaping cortical evolution in fossil hominids." Journal of Comparative Neurology 527, no. 10 (January 2, 2019): 1753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.24591.

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20

Abbott, Stephen, Erik Trinkaus, and David B. Burr. "Dynamic bone remodeling in later Pleistocene fossil hominids." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 99, no. 4 (April 1996): 585–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199604)99:4<585::aid-ajpa5>3.0.co;2-t.

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21

Weber, Gerhard W., and Viktoria A. Krenn. "Zygomatic Root Position in Recent and Fossil Hominids." Anatomical Record 300, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23490.

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22

Neves, Walter A., Joseph F. Powell, Andre Prous, Erik G. Ozolins, and Max Blum. "Lapa vermelha IV Hominid 1: morphological affinities of the earliest known American." Genetics and Molecular Biology 22, no. 4 (December 1999): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571999000400001.

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Several studies concerning the extra-continental morphological affinities of Paleo-Indian skeletons, carried out independently in South and North America, have indicated that the Americas were first occupied by non-Mongoloids that made their way to the New World through the Bering Strait in ancient times. The first South Americans show a clear resemblance to modern South Pacific and African populations, while the first North Americans seem to be at an unresolved morphological position between modern South Pacific and Europeans. In none of these analyses the first Americans show any resemblance to either northeast Asians or modern native Americans. So far, these studies have included affirmed and putative early skeletons thought to date between 8,000 and 10,000 years B.P. In this work the extra-continental morphological affinities of a Paleo-Indian skeleton well dated between 11,000 and 11,500 years B.P. (Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1, or "Luzia") is investigated, using as comparative samples Howells' (1989) world-wide modern series and Habgood's (1985) Old World Late Pleistocene fossil hominids. The comparison between Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1 and Howells' series was based on canonical variate analysis, including 45 size-corrected craniometric variables, while the comparison with fossil hominids was based on principal component analysis, including 16 size-corrected variables. In the first case, Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1 exhibited an undisputed morphological affinity firstly with Africans and secondly with South Pacific populations. In the second comparison, the earliest known American skeleton had its closest similarities with early Australians, Zhoukoudian Upper Cave 103, and Taforalt 18. The results obtained clearly confirm the idea that the Americas were first colonized by a generalized Homo sapiens population which inhabited East Asia in the Late Pleistocene, before the definition of the classic Mongoloid morphology.

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23

Eckhardt, Robert B., and Reiner Protsch von Zieten. "Morphological variation in the nasal region of extant and fossil hominids." Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 78, no. 2 (November 30, 1990): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zma/78/1990/211.

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24

Lacruz, Rodrigo S., Fernando Ramirez Rozzi, and Timothy G. Bromage. "Variation in enamel development of South African fossil hominids." Journal of Human Evolution 51, no. 6 (December 2006): 580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.05.007.

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25

Demes, Brigitte, and Norman Creel. "Bite force, diet, and cranial morphology of fossil hominids." Journal of Human Evolution 17, no. 7 (November 1988): 657–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(88)90023-1.

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26

Feldesman, Marc R., and John K. Lundy. "Stature estimates for some African Plio-Pleistocene fossil hominids." Journal of Human Evolution 17, no. 6 (September 1988): 583–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(88)90086-3.

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27

Gauld, Suellen C. "Allometric patterns of cranial bone thickness in fossil hominids." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 100, no. 3 (July 1996): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199607)100:3<411::aid-ajpa8>3.0.co;2-w.

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28

Ruff, Christopher B. "Morphological adaptation to climate in modern and fossil hominids." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 37, S19 (1994): 65–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330370605.

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29

Morwood, M. J., F. Aziz, P. O'Sullivan, Nasruddin, D. R. Hobbs, and A. Raza. "Archaeological and palaeontological research in central Flores, east Indonesia: results of fieldwork 1997–98." Antiquity 73, no. 280 (June 1999): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00088244.

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The tuffaceous sandstones and siltstones of the Ola Bula Formation in central Flores. east Indonesia, contain many fossil sites. Here, excavations at Boa Lesa and Dozu Dhalu and the results of regional site surveys are described. Stone artefacts indicate that hominids had arrived on the island by 840,000 years ago, post-dating a major change in the Lower Pleistocene fauna. Since water crossings were required to reach Flores from mainland Southeast Asia, this evidence has implications for the intellectual, technological and linguistic capabilities of early hominids.

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30

Smith, Amanda L., Chris Robinson, Andrea B. Taylor, Olga Panagiotopoulou, Julian Davis, Carol V. Ward, William H. Kimbel, Zeresenay Alemseged, and Callum F. Ross. "Comparative biomechanics of the Pan and Macaca mandibles during mastication: finite element modelling of loading, deformation and strain regimes." Interface Focus 11, no. 5 (August 13, 2021): 20210031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2021.0031.

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The mechanical behaviour of the mandibles of Pan and Macaca during mastication was compared using finite element modelling. Muscle forces were calculated using species-specific measures of physiological cross-sectional area and scaled using electromyographic estimates of muscle recruitment in Macaca . Loading regimes were compared using moments acting on the mandible and strain regimes were qualitatively compared using maps of principal, shear and axial strains. The enlarged and more vertically oriented temporalis and superficial masseter muscles of Pan result in larger sagittal and transverse bending moments on both working and balancing sides, and larger anteroposterior twisting moments on the working side. The mandible of Pan experiences higher principal strain magnitudes in the ramus and mandibular prominence, higher transverse shear strains in the top of the symphyseal region and working-side corpus, and a predominance of sagittal bending-related strains in the balancing-side mandible. This study lays the foundation for a broader comparative study of Hominidae mandibular mechanics in extant and fossil hominids using finite element modelling. Pan 's larger and more vertical masseter and temporalis may make it a more suitable model for hominid mandibular biomechanics than Macaca .

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31

Lacruz, Rodrigo S., and Timothy G. Bromage. "Appositional enamel growth in molars of South African fossil hominids." Journal of Anatomy 209, no. 1 (July 2006): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00597.x.

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32

Deraniyagala, Siran U. "Fossil Remains of 28,000-Year-Old Hominids from Sri Lanka." Current Anthropology 30, no. 3 (June 1989): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/203757.

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33

Durband, Arthur C. "Mandibular Fossa Morphology in the Ngandong and Sambungmacan Fossil Hominids." Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 291, no. 10 (October 2008): 1212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.20698.

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34

Zirkle, Dexter, Richard S. Meindl, and C. Owen Lovejoy. "Upright walking has driven unique vascular specialization of the hominin ilium." PeerJ 9 (October 19, 2021): e12240. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12240.

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Background A novel physis in hominins modulates broadening and shortening of the ilium. We report analysis of a vascular canal system whose origin may be associated with this physis and which appears to be also unique to hominins. Its presence is potentially identifiable in the fossil record by its association with a highly enlarged foramen that is consistently present in modern humans and hominin fossils. Methods We measured the diameter of this foramen in humans, fossil hominins, and African great apes and corrected for body size. Results The mean relative human foramen diameter is significantly greater than those of either Pan or Gorilla. Moreover, eight of the nine values of the Cohen’s d for these differences in ratios are highly significant and support the ordering of magnitudes: Pan < Gorilla < Homo. The relative foramen diameter of A.L. 288-1 is above the 75th percentile of all other hominoids and at the high end of humans. The foramen is also present in ARA-VP-6/500. Conclusions We posit that the presence and significant enlargement of this foramen in fossils can reasonably serve as an indicator that its anterior inferior iliac spine emerged via the unique hominin physis. The foramen can therefore serve as an indicator of hominin iliac ontogenetic specialization for bipedality in fossil taxa.

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35

Deocampo, Daniel M., Robert J. Blumenschine, and Gail M. Ashley. "Wetland Diagenesis and Traces of Early Hominids, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania." Quaternary Research 57, no. 2 (March 2002): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2317.

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AbstractLateral variations in whole-rock and clay geochemistry of basal Bed II claystones in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, reflect water quality differences across the Eastern Lacustrine Plain ∼1.75 myr ago. Bulk Ba/Sr and (Na2O+K2O+MgO)/Al2O3 range from 1.4 to 4.2 and from 0.7 to 1.4, respectively, and indicate leaching of lacustrine claystones beneath freshwater wetlands at times following lake retreat. Bulk MgO/Al2O3 (0.3–1.0) and molar Mg/Al (0.5–3.9) ratios of <0.2-μm clays reflect alteration of Mg-rich lacustrine clays. These indicators point to freshest conditions near Locality 43 of Hay (1976; HWK-East; Leakey, 1971), moderate conditions to the east (Locality 40-MCK), and high salinity and alkalinity to the west (Localities 85-VEK, 45-FLK).Clay geochemistry and artifact abundances are well correlated (r=−0.67, p<0.005), suggesting a relationship between paleo-water quality and hominid paleoecology. This pattern is consistent with predictions of greatest artifact discard/loss around freshwater sources where scavanging opportunities were greatest for hominids. This quantifies a relationship between artifact density distribution and a paleoecological proxy over landscape scales for the first time in Early Stone Age archaeology. In contrast, fossil bone abundance is uncorrelated (r=0.14, p=0.6), reflecting more complex taphonomic processes. Quantitative tests of landscape-scale land-use models are important for understanding early hominid behavior and its evolution.

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36

Bromage, Timothy G., and M. Christopher Dean. "Re-evaluation of the age at death of immature fossil hominids." Nature 317, no. 6037 (October 1985): 525–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/317525a0.

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37

Spoor, Fred, Meave G. Leakey, and Louise N. Leakey. "Correlation of cranial and mandibular prognathism in extant and fossil hominids." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60, no. 2 (May 2005): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190509520482.

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38

Ruez, Dennis R. "Ecological Stress in the Evolution of Fossil Hominids in South Africa." Paleontological Society Special Publications 13 (2014): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200013344.

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39

Dean, M. C. "The dental developmental status of six East African juvenile fossil hominids." Journal of Human Evolution 16, no. 2 (February 1987): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(87)90076-5.

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40

Lestrel, P. E., F. Ohtsuki, and C. A. Wolfe. "Cranial vault shape in fossil hominids: Fourier descriptors in norma lateralis." HOMO 61, no. 5 (October 2010): 287–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchb.2010.07.002.

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41

Coqueugniot, H�l�ne, Anne-marie Tillier, and Jaroslav Bruzek. "Mandibular ramus posterior flexure: a sex indicator inHomo sapiens fossil hominids?" International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 10, no. 6 (2000): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1212(200011/12)10:6<426::aid-oa533>3.0.co;2-#.

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42

Zazzo, Antoine, Hervé Bocherens, Daniel Billiou, André Mariotti, Michel Brunet, Patrick Vignaud, Alain Beauvilain, and Hassane Taisso Mackaye. "Herbivore paleodiet and paleoenvironmental changes in Chad during the Pliocene using stable isotope ratios of tooth enamel carbonate." Paleobiology 26, no. 2 (2000): 294–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0294:hpapci>2.0.co;2.

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Chad is a key region for understanding early hominid geographic expansion in relation to late Miocene and Pliocene environmental changes, owing to its location 2500 km west from the Rift Valley and to the occurrence of sites ranging in age from about 6 to 3 Ma, some of which yield fossil hominids. To reconstruct changes in herbivore paleodiet and therefore changes in the paleoenvironment, we measured the carbon and oxygen isotope composition of 80 tooth-enamel samples from three time horizons for nine families of Perissodactyla, Proboscidea, and Artiodactyla. The absence of significant alteration of in vivo isotopic signatures can be determined for carbon, thus allowing paleodietary and paleoenvironmental interpretations to be made.While the results generally confirm previous dietary hypotheses, mostly based on relative crown height, there are some notable surprises. The main discrepancies are found among low-crowned proboscideans (e.g., Anancus) and high-crowned rhinocerotids (Ceratotherium). Both species were more opportunistic feeders than it is usually believed. This result confirms that ancient feeding ecology cannot always be inferred from dental morphology or extant relatives.There is an increase in the average carbon isotope composition of tooth enamel from the oldest unit to the youngest, suggesting that the environment became richer in C4 plants with time. In turn, more C4 plants indicate an opening of the plant cover during this period. This increase in carbon isotope composition is also recorded within genera such as Nyanzachoerus, Ceratotherium, and Hexaprotodon, indicating a change from a C3-dominated to a C4-dominated diet over time. It appears that, unlike other middle Pliocene hominid sites in eastern and southern Africa, this part of Chad was characterized by very open conditions and that savanna-like grasslands were already dominant when hominids were present in the area.

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Stock, Michala K., David G. Reynolds, Ari J. Masters, Timothy G. Bromage, and Donald H. Enlow. "Line of Sight in Hominoids." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 40, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-40.3.251.

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Objectives: It remains unclear how the realignments of the face and basicranium that characterize humans were acquired, both phylogenetically and ontogenetically. The developmentally constrained nature of the skull has been previously demonstrated in other primates using Donald H. Enlow's mammalian craniofacial architectural relationships. Here, we compare crania of our closest relatives to gain greater understanding of how and why the relationship of the face and cranial base is developmentally constrained in order to inform instances of abnormal growth and clinical intervention. Study design: A method for evaluating these fundamental architectural relationships using 3D landmark data was developed, thereby taking overall size and the geometric relationships among points into account. A sample of cone-beam computed tomography scans derived from humans and extant apes were analyzed (n=10 and n=6, respectively), as well as fossil hominid crania (n=7). Landmarks for 23 craniofacial architectural points were identified and recorded. Results and Conclusions: Principal components analyses reveal that despite the similarities in craniofacial architecture between humans, extant apes and fossil hominids, appreciable trends in variation between the extant species suggest that the repositioning of the foramen magnum was only one of a constellation of traits that realigned the basicranium and face during the transition to bipedalism.

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Lenartowicz, Piotr, and Jolanta Koszteyn. "Fossil Hominids - an Empirical Premise of the Descriptive Definition of homo sapiens." Forum Philosophicum 5 (2000): 141–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/forphil2000513.

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Ogihara, Naomichi. "Reconstructing Bipedal Locomotion of Fossil Hominids Using Biomechanics: Current State and Challenges." Anthropological Science (Japanese Series) 116, no. 2 (2008): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/asj.116.99.

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Tobias, P. "The South African early fossil hominids and John Talbot Robinson (1923–2001)." Journal of Human Evolution 43, no. 4 (October 2002): 563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2484(02)90583-x.

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Kappelman, John. "The evolution of body mass and relative brain size in fossil hominids." Journal of Human Evolution 30, no. 3 (March 1996): 243–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1996.0021.

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Tobias, Phillip V. "The South African early fossil hominids and John Talbot Robinson (1923–2001)." Journal of Human Evolution 43, no. 4 (October 2002): 563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2002.0583.

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Hartwig-Scherer, Sigrid. "Body weight prediction in early fossil hominids: Towards a taxon-“independent” approach." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 92, no. 1 (September 1993): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330920103.

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Amster, Guy, and Guy Sella. "Life history effects on the molecular clock of autosomes and sex chromosomes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 6 (January 25, 2016): 1588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515798113.

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One of the foundational results in molecular evolution is that the rate at which neutral substitutions accumulate on a lineage equals the rate at which mutations arise. Traits that affect rates of mutation therefore also affect the phylogenetic “molecular clock.” We consider the effects of sex-specific generation times and mutation rates in species with two sexes. In particular, we focus on the effects that the age of onset of male puberty and rates of spermatogenesis have likely had in hominids (great apes), considering a model that approximates features of the mutational process in mammals, birds, and some other vertebrates. As we show, this model can account for a number of seemingly disparate observations: notably, the puzzlingly low X-to-autosome ratios of substitution rates in humans and chimpanzees and differences in rates of autosomal substitutions among hominine lineages (i.e., humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas). The model further suggests how to translate pedigree-based estimates of human mutation rates into split times among extant hominoids (apes), given sex-specific life histories. In so doing, it largely bridges the gap reported between estimates of split times based on fossil and molecular evidence, in particular suggesting that the human–chimpanzee split may have occurred as recently as 6.6 Mya. The model also implies that the “generation time effect” should be stronger in short-lived species, explaining why the generation time has a major influence on yearly substitution rates in mammals but only a subtle one in human pedigrees.

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