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1
SEKULA, ROBERT. "Environmental Aspects of Fossil Fuels Combustion in Poland." Energy Sources 18, no. 3 (April 1996): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908319608908769.
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SOMESHWAR, ARUN V., JAY P. UNWIN, WILLIAM THACKER, LAUREL EPPSTEIN, and BARRY MALMBERG. "Environmental aspects of wood residue combustion in forest products industry boilers." March 2011 10, no. 3 (April 1, 2011): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj10.3.27.
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We conducted a comprehensive review of air emissions resulting from burning wood residues in industrial boilers and potential methods to control these emissions. This report compares average emissions with similar data published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the burning of fossil fuels coal, oil, and natural gas in industrial boilers. As compared with coal or oil combustion, wood combustion in boilers generally leads to lower emissions of trace metals, hydrochloric acid, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx); higher emissions of carbon monoxide, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and total volatile organic compounds; and comparable emissions of particulate matter and polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and -furans (PCDDs/Fs) (both of which are highly dependent on the efficiency of the ultimate particulate matter control device). Most importantly, wood combustion is carbon dioxide-neutral, a distinct advantage over fossil fuel combustion. Firing wood in stoker units with sulfur-containing fuels, such as coal and oil, leads to a reduction in expected SO2 emissions because of the high carbon and alkali content of most wood ash, and cofiring wood with coal also has some benefits for NOx reduction. This report also discusses the generation and types of combustion ashes resulting from wood burning in mostly combination boilers in the United States and Canada, and provides an overview of ash management practices and the salient characteristics of such ashes relative to their trace metal, organic, and PCDD/F contents.
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Dash, Santanu Kumar, Suprava Chakraborty, Michele Roccotelli, and Umesh Kumar Sahu. "Hydrogen Fuel for Future Mobility: Challenges and Future Aspects." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 8285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148285.
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Nowadays, the combustion of fossil fuels for transportation has a major negative impact on the environment. All nations are concerned with environmental safety and the regulation of pollution, motivating researchers across the world to find an alternate transportation fuel. The transition of the transportation sector towards sustainability for environmental safety can be achieved by the manifestation and commercialization of clean hydrogen fuel. Hydrogen fuel for sustainable mobility has its own effectiveness in terms of its generation and refueling processes. As the fuel requirement of vehicles cannot be anticipated because it depends on its utilization, choosing hydrogen refueling and onboard generation can be a point of major concern. This review article describes the present status of hydrogen fuel utilization with a particular focus on the transportation industry. The advantages of onboard hydrogen generation and refueling hydrogen for internal combustion are discussed. In terms of performance, affordability, and lifetime, onboard hydrogen-generating subsystems must compete with what automobile manufacturers and consumers have seen in modern vehicles to date. In internal combustion engines, hydrogen has various benefits in terms of combustive properties, but it needs a careful engine design to avoid anomalous combustion, which is a major difficulty with hydrogen engines. Automobile makers and buyers will not invest in fuel cell technology until the technologies that make up the various components of a fuel cell automobile have advanced to acceptable levels of cost, performance, reliability, durability, and safety. Above all, a substantial advancement in the fuel cell stack is required.
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Volchyn, I. A., A. O. Yasynetskyi, and Wlodzimierz Przybylski. "ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF GREEN AMMONIA ROLE IN UKRAINIAN ENERGY SECTOR." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 2 (June 17, 2022): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2022.07.
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Ammonia production using traditional Haber-Bosch technology using natural gas or coal emits large amounts of carbon dioxide and consumes a significant amount of electricity, its generation consumes a lot of fossil fuel and produces a large amount of emissions of pollutants and CO2. The transition to the production of "green" ammonia with the help of electricity from renewable energy sources and nuclear power plants will require a significant increase in their capacity. This will not only avoid CO2 emissions from NH3 production, but also avoid emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases at thermal power plants by replacing their capacity with "green" capacity. Ammonia as a fuel has environmental advantages over traditional fuels, as it does not emit dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Only nitrogen oxides are formed, the emissions of which are reduced by the use of selective reduction technologies. Promising combustion of mixtures of ammonia and hydrogen. Co-combustion of coal and ammonia in existing boilers can significantly reduce emissions of pollutants and CO2. Bibl. 18, fig. 2, table. 2.
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Venkatesan, V., and N. Nallusamy. "A Review on Microalgae Biodiesel Production and its Usage in Direct Injection Diesel Engines as Alternate Fuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.776.
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Biodiesel is one of the promising alternative fuels for automotive engines due to the depletion of fossil fuel resources, increasing energy demands and environmental concerns. The biodiesel can be obtained from various bio energy resources such as edible and non-edible vegetable oils and animal fats. However, the use of biodiesel derived from edible oils such as palm oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil has negative impact on global food market. Biodiesel from microalgae is considered as a third generation biofuel derived from non-edible resources and best suited for internal combustion engines. Microalgae have the potential to provide sufficient fuel for global consumption due to its high oil content and fast growing ability. This paper provides a brief overview of biodiesel production from microalgae biomass and its suitability as alternate fuel in diesel engines. This review highlights the selection of suitable algae species for oil production, fuel properties in comparison with standard diesel and other biodiesel fuels, performance, combustion and emission characteristics when used in engines, and the economical aspects. Further, the research and development aspects of biodiesel from microalgae as fuel for automobile diesel engines are also reviewed.
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Molina, Santiago, Ricardo Novella, Josep Gomez-Soriano, and Miguel Olcina-Girona. "New Combustion Modelling Approach for Methane-Hydrogen Fueled Engines Using Machine Learning and Engine Virtualization." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 16, 2021): 6732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206732.
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The achievement of a carbon-free emissions economy is one of the main goals to reduce climate change and its negative effects. Scientists and technological improvements have followed this trend, improving efficiency, and reducing carbon and other compounds that foment climate change. Since the main contributor of these emissions is transportation, detaching this sector from fossil fuels is a necessary step towards an environmentally friendly future. Therefore, an evaluation of alternative fuels will be needed to find a suitable replacement for traditional fossil-based fuels. In this scenario, hydrogen appears as a possible solution. However, the existence of the drawbacks associated with the application of H2-ICE redirects the solution to dual-fuel strategies, which consist of mixing different fuels, to reduce negative aspects of their separate use while enhancing the benefits. In this work, a new combustion modelling approach based on machine learning (ML) modeling is proposed for predicting the burning rate of different mixtures of methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2). Laminar flame speed calculations have been performed to train the ML model, finding a faster way to obtain good results in comparison with actual models applied to SI engines in the virtual engine model framework.
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Loo, Dong Lin, Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, Jun Sheng Teh, Liviu Catalin Andrei, Slađana Starčević, and Farooq Sher. "Applications Characteristics of Different Biodiesel Blends in Modern Vehicles Engines: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 9677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179677.
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Two main aspects of the transportation industry are pollution to the environment and depletion of fossil fuels. In the transportation industry, the pollution to the environment can be reduced with the use of cleaner fuel, such as gas-to-liquid fuel, to reduce the exhaust emissions from engines. However, the depletion of fossil fuels is still significant. Biodiesel is a non-toxic, renewable, and biodegradable fuel that is considered an alternative resource to conventional diesel fuel. Even though biodiesel shows advantages as a renewable source, there are still minor drawbacks while operating in diesel engines. Modern vehicle engines are designed to be powered by conventional diesel fuel or gasoline fuel. In this review, the performance, emissions, combustion, and endurance characteristics of different types of diesel engines with various conditions are assessed with biodiesel and blended fuel as well as the effect of biodiesel on the diesel engines. The results show that biodiesel and blended fuel had fewer emissions of CO, HC, and PM but higher NOx emissions than the diesel-fuelled engine. In the endurance test, biodiesel and blended fuel showed less wear and carbon deposits. A high concentration of wear debris was found inside the lubricating oil while the engine operated with biodiesel and blends. The performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of biodiesel and its blends showed that it can be used in a diesel engine. However, further research on long-term endurance tests is required to obtain a better understanding of endurance characteristics about engine wear of the diesel engine using biodiesel and its blends.
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H., Pal Vishal. "Performance and Emissions Analysis of 4-Stroke Biodiesel Engine at Different Injection Pressure." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 2361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34817.
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Alternative fuels for diesel engines have become increasingly important due to several socioeconomic aspects, imminent depletion of fossil fuel and growing environmental concerns. Global warming concerns due to the production of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide (CO2) as results from internal combustion engine have seen as one of major factor the promotion of the use of biofuels. Therefore, the use of biodiesel fuel (BDF) as an alternative for fossil diesel (DSL) is among the effective way to reduce the CO2 emission. In this experimental study, the effects on engine performance and fuel-induced emission characteristics were studied using fuel blends and under different fuel injection pressure. Even though the brake thermal efficiency was obtained maximum for the conventional diesel at standard operating condition, the same can also be achieved with biodiesel blends by increasing the injection pressure higher than that of the level used for conventional diesel. This experimental test was done using a small 4-stroke single cylinder diesel engine with electric dynamometer loads integrated with emission gas analyser that attached to the exhaust pipeline. As results of experimental investigations, decreasing in NOX Emission, SOX Emission, CO Emission and also brake specific fuel consumption compare to pure diesel.
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Aljaafari, Abdulelah, I. M. R. Fattah, M. I. Jahirul, Yuantong Gu, T. M. I. Mahlia, Md Ariful Islam, and Mohammad S. Islam. "Biodiesel Emissions: A State-of-the-Art Review on Health and Environmental Impacts." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 6854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186854.
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Biodiesel is an alternative source of fuel for various automotive applications. Because of the increasing demand for energy and the scarcity of fossil fuels, researchers have turned their attention to biodiesel production from various sources in recent years. The production of biofuels from organic materials and waste components allows for the use of these waste resources in transporting resources and people over long distances. As a result, developing sustainable measures for this aspect of life is critical, as knowledge of appropriate fuel sources, corresponding emissions, and health impacts will benefit the environment and public health assessment, which is currently lacking in the literature. This study investigates biodiesel’s composition and production process, in addition to biodiesel emissions and their associated health effects. Based on the existing literature, a detailed analysis of biodiesel production from vegetable oil crops and emissions was undertaken. This study also considered vegetable oil sources, such as food crops, which can have a substantial impact on the environment if suitable growing procedures are not followed. Incorporating biodegradable fuels as renewable and sustainable solutions decreases pollution to the environment. The effects of biodiesel exhaust gas and particulates on human health were also examined. According to epidemiologic studies, those who have been exposed to diesel exhaust have a 1.2–1.5 times higher risk of developing lung cancer than those who have not. In addition, for every 24 parts per billion increase in NO2 concentration, symptom prevalence increases 2.7-fold. Research also suggests that plain biodiesel combustion emissions are more damaging than petroleum diesel fuel combustion emissions. A comprehensive analysis of biodiesel production, emissions, and health implications would advance this field’s understanding.
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Zhao, Yan, Vince McDonell, and Scott Samuelsen. "Residential Fuel Transition and Fuel Interchangeability in Current Self-Aspirating Combustion Applications: Historical Development and Future Expectations." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 3547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103547.
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To reduce greenhouse gases and air pollutants, new technologies are emerging to reduce fossil fuel usage and to adopt more renewable energy sources. As the major aspects of fuel consumption, power generation, transportation, and industrial applications have been given significant attention. The past few decades witnessed astonishing technological advancement in these energy sectors. In contrast, the residential sector has had relatively little attention despite its significant utilization of fuels for a much longer period. However, almost every energy transition in human history was initiated by the residential sector. For example, the transition from fuelwood to cheap coal in the 1700s first took place in residential houses due to urbanization and industrialization. The present review demonstrates the energy transitions in the residential sector during the past two centuries while portending an upcoming energy transition and future energy structure for the residential sector. The feasibility of the 100% electrification of residential buildings is discussed based on current residential appliance adoption, and the analysis indicates a hybrid residential energy structure is preferred over depending on a single energy source. Technical considerations and suggestions are given to help incorporate more renewable energy into the residential fuel supply system. Finally, it is observed that, compared to the numerous regulations on large energy-consumption aspects, standards for residential appliances are scarce. Therefore, it is concluded that establishing appropriate testing methods is a critical enabling step to facilitate the adoption of renewable fuels in future appliances.
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Rodzkin, Aleh, and Borivoj Krstic. "Ecological aspects of peat, straw, and wood ash application for energy willow cultivation." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 142 (2022): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn2242007r.
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The utilization of ash obtained as a result of the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, peat) or biomass (straw, wood, solid waste) is an environmental problem that should be optimally solved. The chemical characteristics of ash depend on several factors, mostly on sources of fuel. According to characteristics, ash can be used in agriculture, forestry, or utilized for other purposes. The content of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr) in peat ash is several times higher than in willow wood ash and straw ash. It means that peat ash application is limited to agricultural crops and its optimal application is one year before planting SRC trees, especially on poor and acid soils. The application of peat ash at a dose of 10 mg dry mass ha-1 in willow plantations on post-mining peaty soils changed soil acidity from 5.2 pH to 5.88 pH and stimulated tree growth. Wood and straw ash was applied to wil?low plantations on arable loam-sandy soils in doses 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 t dry mass ha-1. The positive effect of ash application in doses 1.0 and 1.5 t dry mass ha-1 showed in the second year after the application both for soil and for willow growth.
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Kshirsagar, Pravin R., Hariprasath Manoharan, Shitharth Selvarajan, Sara A. Althubiti, Fayadh Alenezi, Gautam Srivastava, and Jerry Chun-Wei Lin. "A Radical Safety Measure for Identifying Environmental Changes Using Machine Learning Algorithms." Electronics 11, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11131950.
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Due to air pollution, pollutants that harm humans and other species, as well as the environment and natural resources, can be detected in the atmosphere. In real-world applications, the following impurities that are caused due to smog, nicotine, bacteria, yeast, biogas, and carbon dioxide occur uninterruptedly and give rise to unavoidable pollutants. Weather, transportation, and the combustion of fossil fuels are all factors that contribute to air pollution. Uncontrolled fire in parts of grasslands and unmanaged construction projects are two factors that contribute to air pollution. The challenge of assessing contaminated air is critical. Machine learning algorithms are used to forecast the surroundings if any pollution level exceeds the corresponding limit. As a result, in the proposed method air pollution levels are predicted using a machine learning technique where a computer-aided procedure is employed in the process of developing technological aspects to estimate harmful element levels with 99.99% accuracy. Some of the models used to enhance forecasts are Mean Square Error (MSE), Coefficient of Determination Error (CDE), and R Square Error (RSE).
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Vershinina, Ksenia, Vadim Dorokhov, Daniil Romanov, Galina Nyashina, and Geniy Kuznetsov. "Multi-Criteria Efficiency Analysis of Using Waste-Based Fuel Mixtures in the Power Industries of China, Japan, and Russia." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 2460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072460.
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This paper presents the results of analyzing the efficiency of the following five fuel types: dry coal, wet coal processing waste, coal–water slurry, and two waste-derived slurries. In the calculations, we employed 16 criteria related to the energy industry, economy, social aspects, safety at plants, and environmental protection. We used the experimental data, obtained from the combustion of the fuels under study at three heating temperatures (700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C). Three countries were analyzed, where all of them have a high share of using fossil fuels in the energy industry: Japan, China, and Russia. The total performance indicator was calculated using three multiple-criteria decision analysis techniques (weighted sum method, weighted product method, and analytic hierarchy process). The choice of weight coefficients was confirmed for each method. We found that coal and coal–water slurry had the lowest integral efficiency indicators (0.016–0.535 and 0.045–0.566, respectively). The maximum effect was achieved when using waste-derived slurry with used turbine oil (0.190–0.800) and coal processing waste (0.535–0.907). There were, on average, 3%–60% differences in the integral efficiency indicator for the same fuel in different countries. The difference in the efficiency indicator of the same fuel in different countries was on average 3%–60%; with changes in temperature, the difference in efficiency was 5%–20%; and when changing the calculation procedure, the difference was 10%–90%.
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Di Vito Nolfi, Giuseppe, Katia Gallucci, and Leucio Rossi. "Green Diesel Production by Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Vegetables Oils." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 13041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413041.
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Non-renewable fossil fuels and the air pollution associated with their combustion have made it necessary to develop fuels that are environmentally friendly and produced from renewable sources. In addition, global warming and climate change have brought to the attention of many countries the need to develop programs and reforms, such as the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations and the European Green Deal, that finance and promote the conversion of all socio-economic activities in favor of sustainable and environmentally friendly development. These major projects include the development of non-polluting biofuels derived from renewable sources. Vegetable oils are a renewable source widely used to produce biofuels due to their high energy density and similar chemical composition to petroleum derivatives, making them the perfect feedstock for biofuel production. Green diesel and other hydrocarbon biofuels, obtained by the catalytic deoxygenation of vegetable oils, represent a sustainable alternative to mineral diesel, as they have physico-chemical properties similar to derived oil fuels. The catalyst, temperature, hydrogen pressure, and the type of vegetable oil can influence the type of biofuel obtained and its properties. The main aspects discussed in this review include the influence of the catalyst and reaction conditions on the catalytic deoxygenation reaction.
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Braverman, V. Ya. "ON THE REPLACEMENT OF FOSSIL COAL IN LOCAL SOLID FUEL BOILERS." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.1.2019.01.
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The paper substantiates the need to replace fossil coal in local solid fuel boilers by biocoal produced from various types of agricultural waste. Selection of the best available technology for biocoal production should be based on an integrated assessment including economic, environmental and social aspects. It is noted that direct combustion of agricultural waste does not meet environmental safety standards and also requires significant costs for modernization of existing boiler equipment. It is proposed to produce biocoal from agricultural waste using modern methods of thermochemical treatment — torrefaction and carbonization. End-products of biomass torrefaction — biocoal pellets or briquettes — have high calorific value, low sulfur and heavy metal contents, and low nitrogen oxide emissions. Hydrothermal carbonization is currently the most advanced biomass processing technology. It completely prevents pollution and has a number of significant advantages over other methods of biomass treatment. These advantages make it possible to consider hydrothermal carbonization to be the best available technology for the production of biochar, liquid biofuel and other products from non-food biomass. Bibl. 15, Fig. 2, Tab. 1.
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Tran, Manh-Kien, Steven Sherman, Ehsan Samadani, Reid Vrolyk, Derek Wong, Mitchell Lowery, and Michael Fowler. "Environmental and Economic Benefits of a Battery Electric Vehicle Powertrain with a Zinc–Air Range Extender in the Transition to Electric Vehicles." Vehicles 2, no. 3 (June 27, 2020): 398–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles2030021.
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Emissions and pollution from the transportation sector due to the consumption of fossil fuels by conventional vehicles have been negatively affecting the global climate and public health. Electric vehicles (EVs) are a cleaner solution to reduce the emission and pollution caused by transportation. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are the main type of energy storage system used in EVs. The Li-ion battery pack must be considerably large to satisfy the requirement for the vehicle’s range, which also increases the cost of the vehicle. However, considering that most people use their vehicles for short-distance travel during daily commutes, the large pack is expensive, inefficient and unnecessary. In a previous paper, we proposed a novel EV powertrain design that incorporated the use of a zinc–air (Zn–air) battery pack as a range-extender, so that a smaller Li-ion pack could be used to save costs. The design and performance aspects of the powertrain were analyzed. In this study, the environmental and economic benefits of the proposed dual-battery powertrain are investigated. The results from the new powertrain were compared with values from a standard EV powertrain with one large Li-ion pack and a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) powertrain. In addition, an air pollution model is developed to determine the total amount of pollution released by the transportation sector on Highway 401 in Ontario, Canada. The model was then used to determine the effects of mass passenger EV rollout on pollution reduction.
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Likus-Cieślik, Justyna, and Marcin Pietrzykowski. "Sulfur Contamination and Environmental Effects: A Case Study of Current SO2 Industrial Emission by Biomonitoring and Regional Post-mining hot-spots." Open Biotechnology Journal 15, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070702115010082.
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The presence of sulfur in the environment is an important macroelement for plant growth but becomes harmful in excessive amounts. The previous century saw rising levels of high SO2 concentrations (stemming from fossil fuel combustion) and wet deposition from acid rain, causing the intensification of forest die-back. Air pollution can be controlled or measured by biomonitoring. Despite recent reductions in SO2 emissions, urban and industrial areas are still at risk from high sulfur contamination. Open-cast lignite and sulfur borehole mining play a pivotal role in the regional scale of ecosystem contamination and acid mine drainage. Consequently, these aspects are unique for assessing the impact of extreme S contamination on soil properties changes, the vegetation effect, and biogeochemical cycles. We presented i) current SO2 pollution based on S concentration in pine needles, and ii) a comprehensive study of soil properties, as well as plant reactions to excessive sulfur concentration in the restored forest ecosystem of a former sulfur mine.
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Schöne, Nikolas, and Boris Heinz. "Semi-Systematic Literature Review on the Contribution of Hydrogen to Universal Access to Energy in the Rationale of Sustainable Development Goal Target 7.1." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 7, 2023): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041658.
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As part of the United Nations’ (UN) Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7), SDG target 7.1 recognizes universal electrification and the provision of clean cooking fuel as two fundamental challenges for global society. Faltering progress toward SDG target 7.1 calls for innovative technologies to stimulate advancements. Hydrogen has been proposed as a versatile energy carrier to be applied in both pillars of SDG target 7.1: electrification and clean cooking. This paper conducts a semi-systematic literature review to provide the status quo of research on the application of hydrogen in the rationale of SDG 7.1, covering the technical integration pathways, as well as the key economic, environmental, and social aspects of its use. We identify decisive factors for the future development of hydrogen use in the rationale of SDG target 7.1 and, by complementing our analysis with insights from the related literature, propose future avenues of research. The literature on electrification proposes that hydrogen can serve as a backup power supply in rural off-grid communities. While common electrification efforts aim to supply appliances that use lower amounts of electricity, a hydrogen-based power supply can satisfy appliances with higher power demands including electric cook stoves, while simultaneously supporting clean cooking efforts. Alternatively, with the exclusive aim of stimulating clean cooking, hydrogen is proposed to be used as a clean cooking fuel via direct combustion in distribution and utilization infrastructures analogous to Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG). While expected economic and technical developments are seen as likely to render hydrogen technologies economically competitive with conventional fossil fuels in the future, the potential of renewably produced hydrogen usage to reduce climate-change impacts and point-of-use emissions is already evident today. Social benefits are likely when meeting essential safety standards, as a hydrogen-based power supply offers service on a high tier that might overachieve SDG 7.1 ambitions, while hydrogen cooking via combustion fits into the existing social habits of LPG users. However, the literature lacks clear evidence on the social impact of hydrogen usage. Impact assessments of demonstration projects are required to fill this research gap.
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Redjeb, Youcef, Khatima Kaabeche-Djerafi, Anna Stoppato, and Alberto Benato. "The IRC-PD Tool: A Code to Design Steam and Organic Waste Heat Recovery Units." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185611.
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The Algerian economy and electricity generation sector are strongly dependent on fossil fuels. Over 93% of Algerian exports are hydrocarbons, and approximately 90% of the generated electricity comes from natural gas power plants. However, Algeria is also a country with huge potential in terms of both renewable energy sources and industrial processes waste heat recovery. For these reasons, the government launched an ambitious program to foster renewable energy sources and industrial energy efficiency. In this context, steam and organic Rankine cycles could play a crucial role; however, there is a need for reliable and time-efficient optimization tools that take into account technical, economic, environmental, and safety aspects. For this purpose, the authors built a mathematical tool able to optimize both steam and organic Rankine units. The tool, called Improved Rankine Cycle Plant Designer, was developed in MATLAB environment, uses the Genetic Algorithm toolbox, acquires the fluids thermophysical properties from CoolProp and REFPROP databases, while the safety information is derived from the ASHRAE database. The tool, designed to support the development of both RES and industrial processes waste heat recovery, could perform single or multi-objective optimizations of the steam Rankine cycle layout and of a multiple set of organic Rankine cycle configurations, including the ones which adopt a water or an oil thermal loop. In the case of the ORC unit, the working fluid is selected among more than 120 pure fluids and their mixtures. The turbines’ design parameters and the adoption of a water- or an air-cooled condenser are also optimization results. To facilitate the plant layout and working fluid selection, the economic analysis is performed to better evaluate the plant economic feasibility after the thermodynamic optimization of the cycle. Considering the willingness of moving from a fossil to a RES-based economy, there is a need for adopting plants using low environmental impact working fluids. However, because ORC fluids are subjected to environmental and safety issues, as well as phase out, the code also computes the Total Equivalent Warming Impact, provides safety information using the ASHRAE database, and displays an alert if the organic substance is phased out or is going to be banned. To show the tool’s potentialities and improve the knowledge on waste heat recovery in bio-gas plants, the authors selected an in-operation facility in which the waste heat is released by a 1 MWel internal combustion engine as the test case. The optimization outcomes reveal that the technical, economic, environmental, and safety performance can be achieved adopting the organic Rankine cycle recuperative configuration. The unit, which adopts Benzene as working fluid, needs to be decoupled from the heat source by means of an oil thermal loop. This optimized solution guarantees to boost the electricity production of the bio-gas facility up to 15%.
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Hossain, Md Junaed Al, Md Zakir Hasan, Md Hasanuzzaman, Md Ziaur Rahman Khan, and Mohammad Ahsan Habib. "Affordable Electric Three-Wheeler in Bangladesh: Prospects, Challenges, and Sustainable Solutions." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010149.
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With rapid urbanization and population growth, there has been a significant increase in the demand for public transport. Fossil-fuel-based internal combustion vehicles are increasingly fulfilling the transport demand and are creating negative impact on the environment. Electric three-wheeler (E3W) vehicles have better prospects in public transport in Bangladesh. The demand and usage of E3W vehicles are increasing rapidly because of their pollution-free and passenger-friendly services. However, there are many challenges, including vehicle stability, regulation, energy supply, battery disposal, etc. This paper discusses the prospects and challenges of the E3Ws in Bangladesh in terms of technological and environmental aspects. The paper addresses the issues of E3W, such as existing structural problems, inherent limitations, consequences of uncontrolled battery charging, and improper battery disposal. Potential solutions to tackle these challenges have been suggested for future sustainable transport in Bangladesh. An overview of existing policies regarding E3W in Bangladesh has been presented, and some recommendations have been made to facilitate the integration of E3Ws in the public transport domain. A review of the technologies can provide a base for strategic E3W policy for the next generation of sustainable transport policies and can help policymakers to frame strategies aiming for clean technology and sustainable development of the transportation system in Bangladesh.
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Petrin, Zlatko, Göran Englund, and Björn Malmqvist. "Contrasting effects of anthropogenic and natural acidity in streams: a meta-analysis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1639 (February 12, 2008): 1143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0023.
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Large-scale human activities including the extensive combustion of fossil fuels have caused acidification of freshwater systems on a continental scale, resulting in reduced species diversity and, in some instances, impaired ecological functioning. In regions where acidity is natural, however, species diversity and functioning seem to be less affected. This contrasting response is likely to have more than one explanation including the possibility of adaptation in organisms exposed to natural acidity over evolutionary time scales and differential toxicity due to dissimilarities in water chemistry other than pH. However, empirical evidence supporting these hypotheses is equivocal. Partly, this is because previous research has mainly been conducted at relatively small geographical scales, and information on ecological functioning in this context is generally scarce. Our goal was to test whether anthropogenic acidity has stronger negative effects on species diversity and ecological functioning than natural acidity. Using a meta-analytic approach based on 60 datasets, we show that macroinvertebrate species richness and the decomposition of leaf litter—an important process in small streams—tend to decrease with increasing acidity across regions and across both the acidity categories. Macroinvertebrate species richness, however, declines three times more rapidly with increasing acidity where it is anthropogenic than where it is natural, in agreement with the adaptation hypothesis and the hypothesis of differences in water chemistry. By contrast, the loss in ecological functioning differs little between the categories, probably because increases in the biomass of taxa remaining at low pH compensate for losses in functionality that would otherwise accompany losses of taxa from acidic systems. This example from freshwater acidification illustrates how natural and anthropogenic stressors can differ markedly in their effects on species diversity and one aspect of ecological functioning.
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CZERNUSZEWICZ, ROMAN S. "Geochemistry of porphyrins: biological, industrial and environmental aspects." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 04, no. 04 (June 2000): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1409(200006/07)4:4<426::aid-jpp248>3.0.co;2-1.
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The existence of metalloporphyrins in geological materials was established by Alfred Treibs in the 1930s. This discovery provided definitive evidence that organic matter in fossil fuels is largely of biological origin and laid the foundation for the modern science of porphyrin geochemistry. This overview covers to some degree biological, industrial, and environmental topics in the geochemistry of nickel and vanadyl porphyrins in fossil fuels, principally petroleum.
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Šerkinić, Vlatka, Marijana Majić Renjo, and Viktor Ucović. "CO2 footprint for distribution oil immersed transformers according to ISO 14067:2018." Journal of Energy - Energija 69, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/202069342.
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In the last few decades, climate change and the global warming have emerged as important environmental issues. The cause of global warming is the increase of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). There are several greenhouse gases responsible for global warming: water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxides, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and others. They are mostly the result of the fossil fuels' combustion in cars, buildings, factories, and power plants. The gas responsible for the most of the global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2). This increase in the greenhouse gas emissions leads to a greater interest of the consumers, board management and stakeholders in the environmental impact of their activities, products and services.The verification of the Carbon Footprint of distribution oil immersed transformer, presented in this paper, was recognized as an opportunity for the company to understand its own environmental impact and to identify inefficiencies and opportunities within its business.Carbon Footprint of a Product (CFP) is a rather new term closely related to the greenhouse gas emissions. The CFP is considered as a total of the greenhouse emissions generated during the life cycle of a product – that is, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to a final disposal. It is described within the standard ISO 14067:2018 Carbon footprint of products – Requirements and guidelines for quantification [1]. This standard belongs to the environmental series ISO 14000 and enables the organization to demonstrate its environmental responsibility.Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), as well as the Carbon Footprint of products together with environmental impact of the product, are shown in this paper in accordance with standard ISO 14067:2018. The LCA is a method for the quantification of the environmental impacts of individual products. It takes into account a complete life cycle, starting from a raw material production, until the product’s final disposal or materials’ recycling in accordance with ISO 14040 [2] and ISO 14044 [3]. Greenhouse gases are expressed in mass-based CO2 equivalents (CO2e), which is the unit of measurement in the ISO 14067:2018 standard. The functional unit in ISO 14067:2018 can be either a product or a service. In this paper, the functional unit was the product – oil immersed distribution transformer, in four product variations. The LCA scope used in the preparation of this study was "cradle to gate" – it covers the CFP from the acquisition of the raw materials ("cradle") up to dispatch from the factory ("gate").The objectives of product life cycle considerations in Končar D&ST Inc. are to reduce the use of natural resources and emissions to the environment, as well as to improve social performance at different stages of the product life cycle.By linking the economic and ecological dimension of the production, different aspects during realization of product in all phases of the life cycle come together. In this way company achieves cleaner products and processes, competitive advantage in the market and improved platform that will meet the needs of the changing business climate.Lifecycle thinking is based on the principles of reducing environmental impacts at the beginning of product creation, giving a wider picture of material and energy flow and ultimately environmental pollution prevention. These principles are organized in Končar D&ST Inc. internally by planning and introducing cleaner manufacturing processes, environmental protection management and eco-design.Incorporating ISO 14067:2018 into company business is recognized as an opportunity for transparent communication to interested parties, incorporating CO2 emissions into annual reports and as a baseline information for a first step towards managing carbon emissions.
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Tîrtea, Raluca-Nicoleta, and Cosmin Mărculescu. "Aspects of using biomass as energy source for power generation." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0019.
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AbstractBiomass represents an important source of renewable energy in Romania with about 64% of the whole available green energy. Being a priority for the energy sector worldwide, in our country the development stage is poor compared to solar and wind energy. Biomass power plants offer great horizontal economy development, local and regional economic growth with benefic effects on life standard. The paper presents an analysis on biomass to power conversion solutions compared to fossil fuels using two main processes: combustion and gasification. Beside the heating value, which can be considerably higher for fossil fuels compared to biomass, a big difference between fossil fuels and biomass can be observed in the sulphur content. While the biomass sulphur content is between 0 and approximately 1%, the sulphur content of coal can reach 4%. Using coal in power plants requires important investments in installations of flue gas desulfurization. If limestone is used to reduce SO2emissions, then additional carbon dioxide moles will be released during the production of CaO from CaCO3. Therefore, fossil fuels not only release a high amount of carbon dioxide through burning, but also through the caption of sulphur dioxide, while biomass is considered CO2neutral. Biomass is in most of the cases represented by residues, so it is a free fuel compared to fossil fuels. The same power plant can be used even if biomass or fossil fuels is used as a feedstock with small differences. The biomass plant could need a drying system due to high moisture content of the biomass, while the coal plant will need a desulfurization installation of flue gas and additional money will be spent with fuel purchasing.
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Egorov, Roman, Dmitrii O. Glushkov, and Maxim Belonogov. "Comparative Analysis of Partially Renewable Composite Fuels Based on Peat, Lignite and Plant Oil." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2023): 2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042739.
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The inevitable depletion of exploited fossil fuel deposits motivates the investigation of every possibility of saving them. One of the ways to do that is to combine fossil fuels with renewable plant-derived fuels. This paper studies the specific aspects of the thermochemical conversion of composite fuels consisting of peat or lignite with rapeseed oil. It was shown that mixtures of peat or lignite with rapeseed oil can be successfully gasified when the temperature is higher than 700–800 °C. The self-sustaining combustion of these fuels does not support such high temperatures, and thus the process requires external heating. The obtained optimal component ratio for peat-oil and lignite-oil compositions is about 1:2 and 3:2, respectively. Such mixtures allow the most efficient usage of the oxidation heat during conversion. The high calorific value of such fuels is very close to that of rapeseed oil (38.5 MJ/kg), even for the lignite-oil composition with 40 wt% lignite. Lower overall prices of fossil fuels compared to pure renewable plant-derived fuels help reduce costs and save valuable fossil fuels.
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Andres, R. J., T. A. Boden, F. M. Bréon, P. Ciais, S. Davis, D. Erickson, J. S. Gregg, et al. "A synthesis of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel combustion." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2012): 1299–376. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-1299-2012.
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Abstract. This synthesis discusses the emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production. While much is known about these emissions, there is still much that is unknown about the details surrounding these emissions. This synthesis explores our knowledge of these emissions in terms of why there is concern about them; how they are calculated; the major global efforts on inventorying them; their global, regional, and national totals at different spatial and temporal scales; how they are distributed on global grids (i.e. maps); how they are transported in models; and the uncertainties associated with these different aspects of the emissions. The magnitude of emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels has been almost continuously increasing with time since fossil fuels were first used by humans. Despite events in some nations specifically designed to reduce emissions, or which have had emissions reduction as a byproduct of other events, global total emissions continue their general increase with time. Global total fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions are known to within 10% uncertainty (95% confidence interval). Uncertainty on individual national total fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions range from a few percent to more than 50%. The information discussed in this manuscript synthesizes global, regional and national fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions, their distributions, their transport, and the associated uncertainties.
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BİLGİLİ, Levent. "A Discussion on Alternative Fuel Criteria for Maritime Transport." Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 11, Early View (September 30, 2022): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1145994.
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Alternative marine fuels are considered an important solution for reducing ship emissions from fossil fuels. These fuels have similar energy content with fossil fuels, but they create much less environmental burden during their use due to the elements they contain (or not), the ratio of elements to each other and different combustion characteristics. On the other hand, for these fuels to replace fossil fuels, they must meet a number of important criteria and conditions. These are divided under four main titles: Economic, technical, environmental, social and other. In addition, examining the environmental impacts of alternative fuels from a life-cycle perspective is also important for determining the holistic and cumulative impacts. In this study, the criteria determined for alternative marine fuels were evaluated from the life cycle perspective and it was investigated which criterion is the most important in terms of life cycle. Thus, it is aimed to summarize the assessments of the criteria for acceptance of the alternative fuels.
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Nowotny, J., and T. N. Veziroglu. "IMPACT OF HYDROGEN ON THE ENVIRONMENT." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 01-03 (February 25, 2019): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2019.01-03.016-024.
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The present work considers the impact of hydrogen fuel on the environment within the cycles of its generation and combustion. Hydrogen has been portrayed by the media as a fuel that is environmentally clean because its combustion results in the formation of harmless water. However, hydrogen first must be generated. The effect of hydrogen generation on the environment depends on the production process and the related byproducts. Hydrogen available on the market at present is mainly generated by using steam reforming of natural gas, which is a fossil fuel. Its byproduct is CO2, which is a greenhouse gas and its emission results in global warming and climate change. Therefore, hydrogen generated from fossil fuels is contributing to global warming to the similar extent as direct combustion of the fossil fuels. On the other hand hydrogen obtained from renewable energy, such solar energy, is environmentally clean during the cycles of its generation and combustion. Consequently, the introduction of hydrogen economy must be accompanied by the development of hydrogen that is environmentally friendly. The present work considers several aspects related to the generation and utilisation of hydrogen obtained by steam reforming and solar energy conversion (solar-hydrogen).
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Andres, R. J., T. A. Boden, F. M. Bréon, P. Ciais, S. Davis, D. Erickson, J. S. Gregg, et al. "A synthesis of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel combustion." Biogeosciences 9, no. 5 (May 25, 2012): 1845–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1845-2012.
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Abstract. This synthesis discusses the emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production. While much is known about these emissions, there is still much that is unknown about the details surrounding these emissions. This synthesis explores our knowledge of these emissions in terms of why there is concern about them; how they are calculated; the major global efforts on inventorying them; their global, regional, and national totals at different spatial and temporal scales; how they are distributed on global grids (i.e., maps); how they are transported in models; and the uncertainties associated with these different aspects of the emissions. The magnitude of emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels has been almost continuously increasing with time since fossil fuels were first used by humans. Despite events in some nations specifically designed to reduce emissions, or which have had emissions reduction as a byproduct of other events, global total emissions continue their general increase with time. Global total fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions are known to within 10 % uncertainty (95 % confidence interval). Uncertainty on individual national total fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions range from a few percent to more than 50 %. This manuscript concludes that carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel combustion continue to increase with time and that while much is known about the overall characteristics of these emissions, much is still to be learned about the detailed characteristics of these emissions.
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Kim, Hwan-Young, Hye-Ran Kim, Stephanie J. Won, Hee-Jo Baek, Jae-Dong Moon, Jong-Hee Shin, Soon-Pal Suh, Hoon Kook, Dong-Wook Ryang, and Myung-Geun Shin. "Protein Profiling of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells and Leukemia Cells Identifies Novel Biomarkers Associated with Exposure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 4690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.4690.4690.
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Abstract Abstract 4690 Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major environmental hazardous compounds in living environment generated by combustion of fossil fuels. PAHs are classified as carcinogens by International Agency for Research on Cancer. However, the study on biomarkers and biological effect of PAHs has not been thoroughly studied in peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) and leukemia cell lines. Therefore, the present study investigated biological characteristics and biomarkers in hematopoietic cells and leukemia cell lines after exposure of PAHs. Materials and Methods: Cytokine stimulation (10 mg/kg/d) was used in a 28-year-old healthy male donor from 5 d before to 2 d after. One to three apheresis procedures were planned for on day 0, day 1, and day 2, using a Baxter CS-3000 PLUS machine (Baxter Healthcare) and a COBE-Spectra (Gambro). PBSC and three leukemia cell lines (THP-1, Molt-4 and K562) were cultured in RPMI media containing 10% fetal bovine serum. In this study, four types of PAHs- Benzopyrene (BaP), Pentacene, Fluoranthene and Pyrene -were added in the cell culture media with 100μM concentration (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Cell count was performed using an automated blood cell analyzer. Viability and apoptosis were assessed by trypan blue dye exclusion test and flowcytometry based on annexin V staining protocol. Cytotoxicity was determined by the water-soluble tetrazolium salts -1 assay. Proteomics in mitochondrial-rich cytoplasmic fraction was performed using nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The acquired fragment spectra were searched in the BioWorksBrowser (version Rev. 3.3.1 SP1, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., CA) with the SEQUEST search engines against National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/) non-redundant human database. Results: Depending on the type of PAHs, each cell count showed different aspects. In comparison to control group, Fluoranthene displayed profound significant reduction in cell count, especially in PBSC and THP-1 cells. Viability decreased significantly after two days of exposuring into Fluoranthene. On the third day of PAHs exposure, viability reduced remarkably in all the cells. Each type of cell lines displayed different proportionality of apoptosis. Several hundreds of PAHs exposure biomarkers were identified in comparison to control group. The notable biomarkers for PAHs exposure were displayed as following: prelamin-A/C isoform 3 and annexin A1 for BaP; prelamin-A/C isoform 3 and DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha for Pentacene; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 for Fluoranthene; talin-1 and DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha for Pyrene. By using Gene Ontology tool, we further identified protein candidate biomarkers for PAH exposure. Conclusion: This study shows new biomarkers and biological characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure in hematopoietic tissue. Specifically, talin-1 was identified as universal biomarker for PAHs exposure. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Zhang, Long, Shanshan Zhang, Hua Zhou, Zhuyin Ren, Hongchuan Wang, and Xiuxun Wang. "Efficient Combustion of Low Calorific Industrial Gases: Opportunities and Challenges." Energies 15, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 9224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239224.
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It is becoming increasingly important to develop effective combustion technologies for low calorific industrial gases (LCIG) because of the rising energy demand and environmental issues caused by the extensive use of fossil fuels. In this review, the prospect of these opportunity fuels in China is discussed. Then, the recent fundamental and engineering studies of LCIG combustion are summarized. Specifically, the differences between LCIG and traditional fuels in the composition and fundamental combustion characteristics are described. The state-of-the-art combustion strategies for burning LCIG are reviewed, including porous media combustion, flameless combustion, oxy-fuel combustion, and dual-fuel combustion. The technical challenges and further development needs for efficient LCIG combustion are also discussed.
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Quach, Qui, Ahmed Elmekawy, and Tarek M. Abdel-Fattah. "Application of Metals Modified Carbon Based Material for Hydrogen Storage." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 8 (October 9, 2022): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-028668mtgabs.
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The dependence on fossil fuel caused negative impact on the environment. It was predicted that the fossil fuel will be depleted in the near future. Various studies have been conducted to search for alternative clean energy supply. Hydrogen arises as a potential candidate due to its high energy storage and clean combustion of water vapor. However, the wide application of hydrogen energy met challenges. The hydrogen was often need to be stored in compressed tank and under specific pressures. It will require fossil fuel to provide the energy for the storage process. In order to solve that issue, different materials have been researched to store hydrogen at atmosphere pressure and room temperature. Nanomaterials materials have been used in many applications [1-30]. Carbon based materials are very attractive in many applications ranging from water purifications, catalysts support, gases purification and storage. In this study, we utilize cobalt, and nickel to improve the hydrogen storage ability of activated carbon. The activated carbon used in this study, derived from sustainable coconut shells. The structure and chemical composition of the composites was confirmed by using Powder X-Ray Diffraction (P-XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The BET surface area as well as the hydrogen uptake of all materials were measured using Micromeritics ASAP 2020. In conclusion, the hydrogen uptake data show that carbon-based material synthesized in this study significantly enhanced the hydrogen storage capacity. For example, the percentage of hydrogen uptake for nickel modified activated carbon was 5%. References: Biehler, Q. Quach, C. Huff, T. M. Abdel-Fattah, Materials, 15, 2692 (2022). TM Abdel-Fattah, ME Mahmoud, MM Osmam, SB Ahmed, Journal of Environmental Science and health, part A 49 (9), 1064-1076 (2014) ME Mahmoud, TM Abdel-Fattah, MM Osman, SB Ahmed, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 47 (1), 130-141 (2012) C Huff, E Biehler, Q Quach, JM Long, TM Abdel-Fattah, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 610 (5), 125734 (2021) K Foe, G Namkoong, TM Abdel-Fattah, H Baumgart, MS Jeong, DS Lee, Thin solid films 534, 76-82 (2013) M Abdel-Fattah, A Wixtrom, K Zhang, W Cao, H Baumgart, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 3 (10), M61 (2014) M. Abdel Fattah, M.E. Mahmoud, S.B. Ahmed, M.D. Huff, J.W. Lee, S. Kumar, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 22, 103-109 (2015) M. Abdel-Fattah, M.E Mahmoud, M. M. Osmam, S.B. Ahmed, Journal of Environmental Science and health part A, 49, 1064-1076 (2014) ME Mahmoud, MA Khalifa, YM El Wakeel, MS Header, TM Abdel-Fattah, Journal of Nuclear Materials 487, 13-22 (2017) C Huff, T Dushatinski, TM Abdel-Fattah, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42 (30), 18985-18990 (2017) SE Mohmed Labeb, Abdel-Hamed Sakr, Moataz Soliman, Tarek M.Abdel-Fattah, Optical Materials 79, 331-335 (2018) ME Mahmoud, MM Osman, SB Ahmed, TM Abdel-Fattah, Chemical engineering journal 175, 84-94 (2011) S Ebrahim, M Soliman, M Anas, M Hafez, TM Abdel-Fattah, International Journal of Photoenergy, 2013, ID 906820 (2013). TM Abdel-Fattah, ME Mahmoud, Chemical engineering journal 172 (1), 177-183 (2011) R Bhure, TM Abdel-Fattah, C Bonner, JC Hall, A Mahapatro, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology 6 (2), 117-128 (2010) TM Abdel-Fattah, D Loftis, A Mahapatro, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology 7 (6), 794-800 (201) M Stacey, C Osgood, BS Kalluri, W Cao, H Elsayed-Ali, T Abdel-Fattah, Biomedical Materials 6 (1), 011002 (2011) OH Elsayed-Ali, T Abdel-Fattah, HE Elsayed-Ali, Journal of hazardous materials 185 (2-3), 1550-1557 (2011) R Bhure, A Mahapatro, C Bonner, TM Abdel-Fattah, Materials Science and Engineering: C 33 (4), 2050-2058 (2013) BE Bishop, BA Savitzky, T Abdel-Fattah, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 73 (4), 565-571 (2010) C Huff, JM Long, A Heyman, TM Abdel-Fattah, ACS Applied Energy Materials 1 (9), 4635-4640 (2018) TM Abdel-Fattah, EM Younes, G Namkoong, EM El-Maghraby, Synthetic Metals 209, 348-354 (2015) S Ebrahim, M Soliman, TM Abdel-Fattah, Journal of electronic materials 40 (9), 2033-2041 (2011) SH Lapidus, A Naik, A Wixtrom, NE Massa, V Ta Phuoc, L del Campo, Crystal growth & design 14 (1), 91-100 (2014) A Mahapatro, TD Matos Negrón, C Bonner, TM Abdel-Fattah, Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 3 (2), 196-204 (2013) S Ebrahim, M Labeb, T Abdel-Fattah, M Soliman, Journal of Luminescence 182, 154-159 (2017)
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Hetland, Jens. "Assessment of pre-combustion decarbonisation schemes for polygeneration from fossil fuels." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 11, no. 1 (August 21, 2008): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-008-0178-z.
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Handwerker, Michael, Jörg Wellnitz, and Hormoz Marzbani. "Comparison of Hydrogen Powertrains with the Battery Powered Electric Vehicle and Investigation of Small-Scale Local Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy." Hydrogen 2, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 76–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2010005.
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Climate change is one of the major problems that people face in this century, with fossil fuel combustion engines being huge contributors. Currently, the battery powered electric vehicle is considered the predecessor, while hydrogen vehicles only have an insignificant market share. To evaluate if this is justified, different hydrogen power train technologies are analyzed and compared to the battery powered electric vehicle. Even though most research focuses on the hydrogen fuel cells, it is shown that, despite the lower efficiency, the often-neglected hydrogen combustion engine could be the right solution for transitioning away from fossil fuels. This is mainly due to the lower costs and possibility of the use of existing manufacturing infrastructure. To achieve a similar level of refueling comfort as with the battery powered electric vehicle, the economic and technological aspects of the local small-scale hydrogen production are being investigated. Due to the low efficiency and high prices for the required components, this domestically produced hydrogen cannot compete with hydrogen produced from fossil fuels on a larger scale.
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Mathan Raj, V., Chetan Bharadwaj, Yash Mandal, and G. Manikandaraja. "Experimental Study on the effect of Di-Ethyl Carbonate in Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of CI Engine Fueled with Karanja Oil Blended." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012019.
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Abstract In today’s world where the earth chokes on the pollution caused everyday by the human society the need for alternative means of fuels is now more than ever. We need to find alternative fuel sources as soon as possible as the health and environmental problems caused by the fossil fuels, we use on a daily basis now exceed the benefits provided by them. However, fuel sources which are clean in nature such as hydrogen have not been researched thoroughly enough for them to be implemented in practical use and power sources such as electric power though researched thoroughly and in current use cannot be implemented on a larger scale in such a short period of time. Hence biofuels I.e., fuels extracted from feed crops are our best chance to reduce the effect of pollution caused by fossil fuels. Vegetable oils are one such fuel source that can potentially replace the fossil fuels with none or minimal modifications to the existing engines. In this experimental study, performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Karanja oil blends (K-10, K-20, K-30) with mineral diesel and 5%DEC (Di-ethyl carbonate) additive were investigated in a CI engine at different engine loads and constant engine speed. Combustion analysis revealed that the combustion duration increased significantly even with smaller concentration of Karanja oil in the fuel blend.
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Anchupogu, Praveen, G. Lakshmi Narayana Rao, B. Balakrishna, B. Ravi Sankar, and P. Umamaheswarrao. "Effect of TiO2 Nanoadditives on the Combustion Performance and Emission Characteristics of a DI Diesel Engine." Advanced Science Letters 24, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 5712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12183.
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Development of environmental friendly fuels is the ever constant endeavor in the field of engine technology. Owing to the merits of Diesel fuel, number of vehicles operated with Diesel are increased to meet the needs of multiplied population. However, depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution are the main concerns with the diesel engines. Usage of bio-fuel is found to be the prominent technology in compensating fossil fuels depletion, whereas emission control is a major setback. Suspension of nano particles in the conventional fuels termed as Nanofuel is the prominent technology in emission control. Hence, the present work is aimed to investigate the influence of TiO2 nano particulate in Diesel on the performance and emission characteristic of single cylinder Diesel engine. From the experimental results it is observed that the performance of the engine is marginally increased with the suspension of TiO2 nano particles whereas the reduction emissions are considerable.
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do Nascimento Silva, Fabiana Medeiros, Erivaldo Genuíno Lima, Tellys Lins de Almeida Barbosa, and Meiry Gláucia Freire Rodrigues. "Evaluation of Catalysts Mordenite and MoO3/Mordenite in the Production of Biodiesel." Materials Science Forum 958 (June 2019): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.958.11.
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The world's energy production is generated mainly from fossil fuels, so it is important to develop fuels from renewable sources. Growing caution with the environmental impact imposes restrictions on emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. With increasing human population and expanding economies in both developing and developed countries, there is an increase in energy consumption and production. The need arises to supply this high energy production with a renewable and reliable source fuel [1]. These facts have stimulated research by alternative sources for the development of renewable fuels. One of the most promising fuels is biodiesel, an alternative to petroleum diesel from high-quality renewable sources, which allows the replacement of fossil diesel oil without modifications to the vehicle's engine [2, 3]. In recent years, methyl esters of fatty acids derived from vegetable oil have gained considerable attention as alternative fuel [4, 5].
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Ingawale, Shrikant Madan, J. S. Bagi, and L. S. Nikam. "Comparative study of a performance of an internal combustion engine and its emission working on conventional fuel (Diesel) and alternative fuel (Bio-CNG)." Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering 6, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30464/jmee.2022.6.1.67.
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Currently, the world is facing problems regarding environmental pollutions due to the combustion of fossil fuels. The combustion of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases that lead to the greenhouse effect. The main symptom of the greenhouse effect is increased earth surface temperature. Also, the resources of fossil fuels are depleting rapidly and can take thousands of years to reproduce, so the time has come to go for lesser polluting renewable fuels. In this research, Bio-CNG is considered as an alternative fuel to conventional fuel i.e. Diesel. The performance test on four-stroke IC Engines working on the Bio-CNG and Diesel fuel is conducted simultaneously. The performance parameters such as Brake Power, Indicated Power, Thermal Efficiencies, Mechanical, Volumetric efficiency for both fuels are compared. Along with the performance, the emission is also recorded and compared. The results have shown that Bio-CNG has slightly less performance ability for similar engines working on Diesel fuel. But this study also shows that Bio-CNG possesses the ability to replace the conventional fuel with some engine and exhaust system modifications. The higher calorific value (47000kJ/kg) and lower or negligible carbon emission make it the best sustainable fuel substitute to conventional fuel i.e. Diesel.
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Wang, Ran, Jiecai Han, Xinghong Zhang, and Bo Song. "Synergistic modulation in MX2 (where M = Mo or W or V, and X = S or Se) for an enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 44 (2018): 21847–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta05912h.
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In order to solve the energy crisis and reduce the environmental impact of the combustion of fossil fuels, the strategy of obtaining hydrogen using the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has great potential.
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Glushkov, Dmitrii, Galina Nyashina, Valeriy Medvedev, and Kseniya Vershinina. "Relative Environmental, Economic, and Energy Performance Indicators of Fuel Compositions with Biomass." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (March 19, 2020): 2092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10062092.
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The present study deals with the experimental research findings for the characteristics of ignition (ignition delay times, minimum ignition temperature) and combustion (maximum combustion temperature, concentration of anthropogenic emission), as well as theoretical calculations of integral environmental, economic, and energy performance indicators of fuel compositions based on coal processing waste with the most typical types of biomass (sawdust, leaves, straw, oil-containing waste, and rapeseed oil). Based on the results of the experiments, involving the co-combustion of biomass (10% mass) with coal processing waste (90% mass) as part of slurry fuels, we establish differences in the concentrations of NOx and SOx in the gaseous combustion products. They make up from 36 to 218 ppm when analyzing the flue gases of coal and fuel slurries. Additionally, the values of relative environmental, economic, and energy performance indicators were calculated for a group of biomass-containing fuel compositions. The calculation results for equal weight coefficients are presented. It was shown that the efficiency of slurry fuels with biomass is 10%–24% better than that of coal and 2%–8% better than that of filter-cake without additives. Much lower anthropogenic emissions (NOx by 25%–62% and SOx by 61%–88%) are confirmed when solid fossil fuels are partly or completely replaced with slurry fuels.
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Akella, Sri Ram Deepak, Akella Yeswanth, and Pasikanti Gayathri. "Mathematical modeling and analysis of a hydrogen based internal combustion engine." Technical Journal of Daukeyev University 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52542/tjdu.2.1.11-20.
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The depletion of fossil fuels has raised an urgent demand for carrying out work for researchers and scientists to find an alternative fuel for a more stabilized emission and to minimize the environmental damage and their impact on the future generation. In the future, the energy system needs to be stabilized and has too renewable, sustainable, convenient, and efficient. The convection of all the combustion-based cars into the electric car may not be a suitable idea since the massive creation of the electricity in present technology is also a non-renewable source. So, research has come up with the idea of using alternative fuels in transportation to reduce carbon emissions and preserve fossil fuels for future generations. There is a variety of alternative fuels for an internal combustion engine. However, the hydrogen based internal combustion engine is estimated to be one of the most significant fuels in the near future to meet the stringent emission norms. The hydrogen usage in the internal combustion engine represents the alternation of petrol to produce the maximum amount of energy. In this paper, a study has been performed to understand the performance of the four-stroke hydrogen engine, which is compared with the standard four-stroke petrol engine to observe the energy supplied, energy losses by the exhaust gasses, thermal efficiency, and work done for both the engines.
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Mateus, Maria Margarida, Teresa Neuparth, and Duarte Morais Cecílio. "Modern Kiln Burner Technology in the Current Energy Climate: Pushing the Limits of Alternative Fuel Substitution." Fire 6, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6020074.
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The current manuscript presents a review on existing kiln burner technologies for the cement production process, in the context of the current climate of energy transition and environmental remediation. Environmental legislation has become ever stricter in response to global climate change, and cement plants need to adapt to this new reality in order to remain competitive in the market and ensure their longevity. The cement production process is a well-established technology with more than a century of existence. There are several plants in operation whose process is outdated by modern standards, particularly considering the current industry decarbonization needs. The cement process requires tremendous amounts of energy, mainly recovered from the combustion of solid, liquid or gaseous fuels, which yields massive emissions of greenhouse gases. Thus, an important onus is placed upon the minimization of pollutant emission in the combustion system, as well as a substitution of fossil fuels with more sustainable alternatives. One of the sustainable alternative fuels comes in the form of refuse derived fuels (RDF). These high caloric fractions of municipal solid waste present a double advantage by reducing the amount of fossil fuels used and reducing the landfilling fraction of waste. However, their use in rotary kiln burners comes with important limitations for burner operation, namely that a high degree of control over primary air supply is needed to ensure complete combustion with minimal pollutant emission.
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Imran, Muhammad, Shiraz Khan, Khalid Zaman, Haroon ur Rashid Khan, and Awais Rashid. "Assessing Green Solutions for Indoor and Outdoor Environmental Quality: Sustainable Development Needs Renewable Energy Technology." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111904.
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The survival of humans depends on both natural and manufactured surroundings. Though most people spend their time indoors, there are constantly new challenges to address, and air pollution is one of them. This research considered both outdoor and indoor factors that affected green development agendas. Outdoor factors include fossil fuel combustion, renewable energy supplies, and carbon emissions, whereas indoor factors include industrial waste management, chemical use in production, and green technologies. Against the backdrop of the Indian economy, plagued by severe environmental problems from 1995Q1 to 2020Q4, this research evaluated green alternatives for indoor and outdoor environments. Carbon emissions rise with the use of chemicals in production, with the burning of fossil fuels, and with economic expansion, as shown by the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) testing method employed. In contrast, emissions fall when a nation invests in renewable energy technologies and appropriately manages its industrial waste. Granger causality estimations validated the feedback link between industrial chemical usage and carbon emissions while demonstrating a unidirectional causality from chemical use to green energy demand and fossil fuel combustions. Moreover, burning fossil fuels and energy demand causes carbon emissions. Carbon emissions and fossil fuel combustion are produced due to industrial waste handling. The scale of the use of chemicals is expected to have the greatest impact on carbon emissions over the next few decades, followed by industrial waste, renewable energy supply, fossil fuel combustion, and renewable energy technologies. In order to achieve environmental sustainability via emissions reduction, this study proposed policies for a low-carbon economy, renewable energy source encouragement, and sustainable management. Close attention should be paid to clean energy and environmental sustainability by investing in research and development (R&D) to create a long-term sustainable energy strategy that is environmentally benign.
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Plume, R. W. "The Greenhouse Effect and the Resource Management Act, as Related to Oil and Gas Exploration and Production." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 2-3 (May 1995): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598795013002-311.
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The release of CO2 into the atmosphere - and more specifically its consequential effect on global temperature – is now more-or-less universally acknowledged as a significant international environmental problem. Known colloquially as the Greenhouse Effect, it is the subject of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. That convention commits its signatories to specific actions directed at stabilising emissions of greenhouse gases (including CO2) at 1990 levels. It was signed at the UN Conference on Environment & Development (the “Earth Summit” which was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992) by 153 countries including New Zealand. New Zealand has now officially ratified the Convention and has thus effectively committed itself to participate in international programmes of CO2 emission reduction. The Resource Management Act 1991 requires regulatory authorities to consider the environmental effects of activities in their jurisdiction. Carbon dioxide is now considered to be a “contaminant” as defined in the Act and it therefore becomes contingent upon local authorities to determine a suitable response to the problem of CO2 emissions. Regional and district policy statements and plans are required to be consistent with the national policy statement. Although a national policy statement on CO2 emissions does not yet exist it can be expected that eventually the approval of resource consents for oil and gas exploration and production activities typically will require specific actions relating to the release of CO2. The increase of CO2 in the atmosphere is almost entirely the direct result of two fundamental and worldwide activities: the combustion of fossil fuels and the removal of forest cover. When burned, hydrocarbons add large quantities of CO2 to the atmosphere. The removal of forest cover reduces the ability of the ecosystem to extract CO2 from the atmosphere by photosynthesis. The oil and gas industry is, of course, the source of a large proportion of the hydrocarbons used for energy and other purposes. It can therefore be expected that governments (including New Zealand) will focus on various aspects of the industry in their efforts to meet the reduction goal. Until recently the central Government approach to CO2 emission reduction was to implement the so-called no regrets policies which are desirable goals (e.g. increased energy efficiency) which have the positive spin-off effect of reducing CO2 emissions. By themselves such policies are likely to be inadequate to meet the internationally accepted reduction target. The Government must therefore implement more stringent measures. As the matter now stands the Government is investigating a diverse range of methods for reducing CO2 emissions. Because CO2 emissions and energy use are inextricably linked, reducing CO2 emissions can clearly have a detrimental effect on economic development. The 'holy grail' of policy development in this area is to reduce CO2 emissions without producing harmful effects on the economy. Several options (and myriad variations on the theme) have been put forward including, for example, carbon taxes and tradeable quotas. These options and others are now being assessed by Government officials. The industry should be alert to the distinct possibility that policy will focus directly on oil and gas production. From a regulatory point of view such an approach has an enticing simplicity but the effect on the oil and gas industry may prove to be less than desirable.
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Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, Akhilendra Pratap Singh, Tarun Gupta, Rashmi Avinash Agarwal, Nikhil Sharma, Swaroop Kumar Pandey, and Bushra Ateeq. "Toxicity of exhaust particulates and gaseous emissions from gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline)-fuelled spark ignition engines." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 22, no. 7 (2020): 1540–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0em00082e.
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Blending of oxygenated additives with gasoline has been advocated to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and to reduce hazardous health effects of gaseous emissions and particulate matter (PM) emitted by internal combustion (IC) engines in the transport sector worldwide.
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Ravi Kumar, N. "Exergy Analysis of Porous Medium Combustion Engine Cycle." ISRN Mechanical Engineering 2011 (October 16, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/542840.
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The need of the fossil fuels is ever increasing in the areas of manufacturing, transportation, heating, and electricity. Nearly 90% of the energy requirement in transport sector is met by combustion of fossil fuels only. Porous media (PM) combustion is an effective method, which can increase the combustion efficiency as well as minimize environmental pollution. The present paper is aimed at thermodynamic analysis of ideal IC engine cycles with porous media combustion. Two practically possible cycles, namely, periodic and permanent contact of gas with porous medium are considered, and the ideal cycle analyses are made. It is found that PM engine with periodic contact is more efficient than permanent contact type. The exergy analysis also reveals that the energy loss due to irreversibilities in the periodic contact type is less than that of the permanent contact type. With the help of model calculations and graphs, the performance of these two cycles is compared and optimal operating conditions are also evaluated and presented along with the suggestions for enhancing the performance of homogeneous PM combustion in IC engines.
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Lee, Jisook, Yongho Son, Kwang Lee, and Wangyun Won. "Economic Analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment of Heat Pump-Assisted Distillation in a Gas Fractionation Unit." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 5, 2019): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050852.
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The depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions) through the combustion of fossil fuels have stimulated studies on new technologies able to curtail the energy consumption of existing fractionation units. In this regard, heat pumps have garnered substantial attention due to their potential to improve the process energy efficiency. This study aims to provide extensive economic analysis and environmental impact assessment of the application of heat pumps under different conditions and scenarios. For this purpose, we first selected three important conditions: feed composition, plant capacity, and fuel price. Then, we performed a range of analyses to identify the major costs and environmental drivers. The economics and environmental impact of heat pump-assisted distillation was investigated and compared with those of conventional distillation.
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Spoof-Tuomi, Kirsi, and Seppo Niemi. "Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Fuel Choices for Short Sea Shipping." Clean Technologies 2, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol2010004.
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The shipping industry is looking for strategies to comply with increasingly stringent emission regulations. Fuel has a significant impact on emissions, so a switch to alternative fuels needs to be evaluated. This study investigated the emission performances of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied biogas (LBG) in shipping and compared them to conventional marine diesel oil (MDO) combined with selective catalytic reduction (SCR). For assessing the complete global warming potential of these fuels, the life-cycle approach was used. In addition, the study evaluated the local environmental impacts of combustion of these fuels, which is of particular importance for short sea shipping operations near coastal marine environment and residential areas. All three options examined are in compliance with the most stringent emission control area (ECA) regulations currently in force or entering into force from 2021. In terms of local environmental impacts, the two gaseous fuels had clear advantages over the MDO + SCR combination. However, the use of LNG as marine fuel achieved no significant CO2-equivalent reduction, thus making little progress towards the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO’s) visions of decarbonizing shipping. Major life cycle GHG emission benefits were identified by replacing fossil fuels with LBG. The most significant challenge facing LBG today is fuel availability in volumes needed for shipping. Without taxation or subsidies, LBG may also find it difficult to compete with the prices of fossil fuels.
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Pierce, Christina Kerby Jessica, and Christina Kerby. "The Global Ethics of Latex Gloves: Reflections on Natural Resource Use in Healthcare." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 8, no. 1 (January 1999): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180199221159.
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A quick tour through an average U.S. hospital gives pause to anyone with even a rudimentary concern for environmental issues. To a careful observer, the typical U.S. hospital presents an array of challenges to the health of ecosystems. For example, hospitals consume vast quantities of natural resources. The most obvious of these are fossil fuels, which form the basic building blocks of the industrialized medical care industry. Aside from the worry that our healthcare systems are technologically and functionally dependent upon nonrenewable, relatively scarce, and politically volatile resources, our heavy reliance on fossil fuels has important ill effects, including unfavorable health outcomes for humans. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels is the driving force behind global warming, which will likely result in increasing heat-related mortality and morbidity and may contribute to the spread and resurgence of infectious diseases around the world. Also, the combustion of coal and oil releases pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ground-level ozone that contribute to various respiratory ailments. In addition to being energy intensive, the modern hospital uses a great deal of water, wood, paper, metals, minerals, plastics, chemicals, food, and land.
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Sun, Yuxin, Jiaying Xu, Meixuan He, Yixuan Tang, and Leichang Cao. "Parameter Effects in the Preparation of Pyrolytic Carbon from Agroforestry Biomass Waste." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126104002.
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Traditional fossil fuels are being replaced by pyrolytic carbonization fuel from agricultural and forestry biomass to address the energy shortage crisis and the environmental pollution caused by the massive burning of fossil fuels in recent years. This paper introduces the research progress in the preparation of agriculture and forestry biomass pyrolysis carbonization molding fuel. The advantages and disadvantages of different biomass conversion technology are presented. The effects of different technological parameters on the preparation of pyrolytic carbon from agricultural and forestry biomass waste were reviewed. Agriculture and forestry biomass combustion characteristics and their regularity are analyzed.