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Journal articles on the topic "Fossil fuels – Combustion – Environmental aspects"
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SEKULA, ROBERT. "Environmental Aspects of Fossil Fuels Combustion in Poland." Energy Sources 18, no. 3 (April 1996): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908319608908769.
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SOMESHWAR, ARUN V., JAY P. UNWIN, WILLIAM THACKER, LAUREL EPPSTEIN, and BARRY MALMBERG. "Environmental aspects of wood residue combustion in forest products industry boilers." March 2011 10, no. 3 (April 1, 2011): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj10.3.27.
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We conducted a comprehensive review of air emissions resulting from burning wood residues in industrial boilers and potential methods to control these emissions. This report compares average emissions with similar data published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the burning of fossil fuels coal, oil, and natural gas in industrial boilers. As compared with coal or oil combustion, wood combustion in boilers generally leads to lower emissions of trace metals, hydrochloric acid, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx); higher emissions of carbon monoxide, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and total volatile organic compounds; and comparable emissions of particulate matter and polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and -furans (PCDDs/Fs) (both of which are highly dependent on the efficiency of the ultimate particulate matter control device). Most importantly, wood combustion is carbon dioxide-neutral, a distinct advantage over fossil fuel combustion. Firing wood in stoker units with sulfur-containing fuels, such as coal and oil, leads to a reduction in expected SO2 emissions because of the high carbon and alkali content of most wood ash, and cofiring wood with coal also has some benefits for NOx reduction. This report also discusses the generation and types of combustion ashes resulting from wood burning in mostly combination boilers in the United States and Canada, and provides an overview of ash management practices and the salient characteristics of such ashes relative to their trace metal, organic, and PCDD/F contents.
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Dash, Santanu Kumar, Suprava Chakraborty, Michele Roccotelli, and Umesh Kumar Sahu. "Hydrogen Fuel for Future Mobility: Challenges and Future Aspects." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 8285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148285.
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Nowadays, the combustion of fossil fuels for transportation has a major negative impact on the environment. All nations are concerned with environmental safety and the regulation of pollution, motivating researchers across the world to find an alternate transportation fuel. The transition of the transportation sector towards sustainability for environmental safety can be achieved by the manifestation and commercialization of clean hydrogen fuel. Hydrogen fuel for sustainable mobility has its own effectiveness in terms of its generation and refueling processes. As the fuel requirement of vehicles cannot be anticipated because it depends on its utilization, choosing hydrogen refueling and onboard generation can be a point of major concern. This review article describes the present status of hydrogen fuel utilization with a particular focus on the transportation industry. The advantages of onboard hydrogen generation and refueling hydrogen for internal combustion are discussed. In terms of performance, affordability, and lifetime, onboard hydrogen-generating subsystems must compete with what automobile manufacturers and consumers have seen in modern vehicles to date. In internal combustion engines, hydrogen has various benefits in terms of combustive properties, but it needs a careful engine design to avoid anomalous combustion, which is a major difficulty with hydrogen engines. Automobile makers and buyers will not invest in fuel cell technology until the technologies that make up the various components of a fuel cell automobile have advanced to acceptable levels of cost, performance, reliability, durability, and safety. Above all, a substantial advancement in the fuel cell stack is required.
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Volchyn, I. A., A. O. Yasynetskyi, and Wlodzimierz Przybylski. "ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF GREEN AMMONIA ROLE IN UKRAINIAN ENERGY SECTOR." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 2 (June 17, 2022): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2022.07.
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Ammonia production using traditional Haber-Bosch technology using natural gas or coal emits large amounts of carbon dioxide and consumes a significant amount of electricity, its generation consumes a lot of fossil fuel and produces a large amount of emissions of pollutants and CO2. The transition to the production of "green" ammonia with the help of electricity from renewable energy sources and nuclear power plants will require a significant increase in their capacity. This will not only avoid CO2 emissions from NH3 production, but also avoid emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases at thermal power plants by replacing their capacity with "green" capacity. Ammonia as a fuel has environmental advantages over traditional fuels, as it does not emit dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Only nitrogen oxides are formed, the emissions of which are reduced by the use of selective reduction technologies. Promising combustion of mixtures of ammonia and hydrogen. Co-combustion of coal and ammonia in existing boilers can significantly reduce emissions of pollutants and CO2. Bibl. 18, fig. 2, table. 2.
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Venkatesan, V., and N. Nallusamy. "A Review on Microalgae Biodiesel Production and its Usage in Direct Injection Diesel Engines as Alternate Fuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.776.
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Biodiesel is one of the promising alternative fuels for automotive engines due to the depletion of fossil fuel resources, increasing energy demands and environmental concerns. The biodiesel can be obtained from various bio energy resources such as edible and non-edible vegetable oils and animal fats. However, the use of biodiesel derived from edible oils such as palm oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil has negative impact on global food market. Biodiesel from microalgae is considered as a third generation biofuel derived from non-edible resources and best suited for internal combustion engines. Microalgae have the potential to provide sufficient fuel for global consumption due to its high oil content and fast growing ability. This paper provides a brief overview of biodiesel production from microalgae biomass and its suitability as alternate fuel in diesel engines. This review highlights the selection of suitable algae species for oil production, fuel properties in comparison with standard diesel and other biodiesel fuels, performance, combustion and emission characteristics when used in engines, and the economical aspects. Further, the research and development aspects of biodiesel from microalgae as fuel for automobile diesel engines are also reviewed.
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Molina, Santiago, Ricardo Novella, Josep Gomez-Soriano, and Miguel Olcina-Girona. "New Combustion Modelling Approach for Methane-Hydrogen Fueled Engines Using Machine Learning and Engine Virtualization." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 16, 2021): 6732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206732.
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The achievement of a carbon-free emissions economy is one of the main goals to reduce climate change and its negative effects. Scientists and technological improvements have followed this trend, improving efficiency, and reducing carbon and other compounds that foment climate change. Since the main contributor of these emissions is transportation, detaching this sector from fossil fuels is a necessary step towards an environmentally friendly future. Therefore, an evaluation of alternative fuels will be needed to find a suitable replacement for traditional fossil-based fuels. In this scenario, hydrogen appears as a possible solution. However, the existence of the drawbacks associated with the application of H2-ICE redirects the solution to dual-fuel strategies, which consist of mixing different fuels, to reduce negative aspects of their separate use while enhancing the benefits. In this work, a new combustion modelling approach based on machine learning (ML) modeling is proposed for predicting the burning rate of different mixtures of methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2). Laminar flame speed calculations have been performed to train the ML model, finding a faster way to obtain good results in comparison with actual models applied to SI engines in the virtual engine model framework.
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Loo, Dong Lin, Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, Jun Sheng Teh, Liviu Catalin Andrei, Slađana Starčević, and Farooq Sher. "Applications Characteristics of Different Biodiesel Blends in Modern Vehicles Engines: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 9677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179677.
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Two main aspects of the transportation industry are pollution to the environment and depletion of fossil fuels. In the transportation industry, the pollution to the environment can be reduced with the use of cleaner fuel, such as gas-to-liquid fuel, to reduce the exhaust emissions from engines. However, the depletion of fossil fuels is still significant. Biodiesel is a non-toxic, renewable, and biodegradable fuel that is considered an alternative resource to conventional diesel fuel. Even though biodiesel shows advantages as a renewable source, there are still minor drawbacks while operating in diesel engines. Modern vehicle engines are designed to be powered by conventional diesel fuel or gasoline fuel. In this review, the performance, emissions, combustion, and endurance characteristics of different types of diesel engines with various conditions are assessed with biodiesel and blended fuel as well as the effect of biodiesel on the diesel engines. The results show that biodiesel and blended fuel had fewer emissions of CO, HC, and PM but higher NOx emissions than the diesel-fuelled engine. In the endurance test, biodiesel and blended fuel showed less wear and carbon deposits. A high concentration of wear debris was found inside the lubricating oil while the engine operated with biodiesel and blends. The performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of biodiesel and its blends showed that it can be used in a diesel engine. However, further research on long-term endurance tests is required to obtain a better understanding of endurance characteristics about engine wear of the diesel engine using biodiesel and its blends.
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H., Pal Vishal. "Performance and Emissions Analysis of 4-Stroke Biodiesel Engine at Different Injection Pressure." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 2361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34817.
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Alternative fuels for diesel engines have become increasingly important due to several socioeconomic aspects, imminent depletion of fossil fuel and growing environmental concerns. Global warming concerns due to the production of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide (CO2) as results from internal combustion engine have seen as one of major factor the promotion of the use of biofuels. Therefore, the use of biodiesel fuel (BDF) as an alternative for fossil diesel (DSL) is among the effective way to reduce the CO2 emission. In this experimental study, the effects on engine performance and fuel-induced emission characteristics were studied using fuel blends and under different fuel injection pressure. Even though the brake thermal efficiency was obtained maximum for the conventional diesel at standard operating condition, the same can also be achieved with biodiesel blends by increasing the injection pressure higher than that of the level used for conventional diesel. This experimental test was done using a small 4-stroke single cylinder diesel engine with electric dynamometer loads integrated with emission gas analyser that attached to the exhaust pipeline. As results of experimental investigations, decreasing in NOX Emission, SOX Emission, CO Emission and also brake specific fuel consumption compare to pure diesel.
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Aljaafari, Abdulelah, I. M. R. Fattah, M. I. Jahirul, Yuantong Gu, T. M. I. Mahlia, Md Ariful Islam, and Mohammad S. Islam. "Biodiesel Emissions: A State-of-the-Art Review on Health and Environmental Impacts." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 6854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186854.
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Biodiesel is an alternative source of fuel for various automotive applications. Because of the increasing demand for energy and the scarcity of fossil fuels, researchers have turned their attention to biodiesel production from various sources in recent years. The production of biofuels from organic materials and waste components allows for the use of these waste resources in transporting resources and people over long distances. As a result, developing sustainable measures for this aspect of life is critical, as knowledge of appropriate fuel sources, corresponding emissions, and health impacts will benefit the environment and public health assessment, which is currently lacking in the literature. This study investigates biodiesel’s composition and production process, in addition to biodiesel emissions and their associated health effects. Based on the existing literature, a detailed analysis of biodiesel production from vegetable oil crops and emissions was undertaken. This study also considered vegetable oil sources, such as food crops, which can have a substantial impact on the environment if suitable growing procedures are not followed. Incorporating biodegradable fuels as renewable and sustainable solutions decreases pollution to the environment. The effects of biodiesel exhaust gas and particulates on human health were also examined. According to epidemiologic studies, those who have been exposed to diesel exhaust have a 1.2–1.5 times higher risk of developing lung cancer than those who have not. In addition, for every 24 parts per billion increase in NO2 concentration, symptom prevalence increases 2.7-fold. Research also suggests that plain biodiesel combustion emissions are more damaging than petroleum diesel fuel combustion emissions. A comprehensive analysis of biodiesel production, emissions, and health implications would advance this field’s understanding.
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Zhao, Yan, Vince McDonell, and Scott Samuelsen. "Residential Fuel Transition and Fuel Interchangeability in Current Self-Aspirating Combustion Applications: Historical Development and Future Expectations." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 3547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103547.
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To reduce greenhouse gases and air pollutants, new technologies are emerging to reduce fossil fuel usage and to adopt more renewable energy sources. As the major aspects of fuel consumption, power generation, transportation, and industrial applications have been given significant attention. The past few decades witnessed astonishing technological advancement in these energy sectors. In contrast, the residential sector has had relatively little attention despite its significant utilization of fuels for a much longer period. However, almost every energy transition in human history was initiated by the residential sector. For example, the transition from fuelwood to cheap coal in the 1700s first took place in residential houses due to urbanization and industrialization. The present review demonstrates the energy transitions in the residential sector during the past two centuries while portending an upcoming energy transition and future energy structure for the residential sector. The feasibility of the 100% electrification of residential buildings is discussed based on current residential appliance adoption, and the analysis indicates a hybrid residential energy structure is preferred over depending on a single energy source. Technical considerations and suggestions are given to help incorporate more renewable energy into the residential fuel supply system. Finally, it is observed that, compared to the numerous regulations on large energy-consumption aspects, standards for residential appliances are scarce. Therefore, it is concluded that establishing appropriate testing methods is a critical enabling step to facilitate the adoption of renewable fuels in future appliances.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fossil fuels – Combustion – Environmental aspects"
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May, John R. (John Robert) 1978. "Sustainability of electricity generation using Australian fossil fuels." Monash University, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9537.
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Sørum, Lars. "Environmental aspects of municipal solid waste combustion." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1488.
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Nordin, Anders. "On the chemistry of combustion and gasification of biomass fuels, peat and waste : environmental aspects." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 1993. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-110672.
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Weiland, Daniel Albert. "Rooftop pv impacts on fossil fuel electricity generation and co2 emissions in the pacific northwest." Thesis, Portland State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1547603.
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This thesis estimates the impacts of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) capacity on electricity generation and CO2 emissions in America's Pacific Northwest. The region's demand for electricity is increasing at the same time that it is attempting to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity generated by rooftop PV capacity is expected to displace electricity from fossil fueled electricity generators and reduce CO2 emissions, but when and how much? And how can this region maximize and focus the impacts of additional rooftop PV capacity on CO2 emissions? To answer these questions, an hourly urban rooftop PV generation profile for 2009 was created from estimates of regional rooftop PV capacity and solar resource data. That profile was compared with the region's hourly fossil fuel generation profile for 2009 to determine how much urban rooftop PV generation reduced annual fossil fuel electricity generation and CO2 emissions. Those reductions were then projected for a range of additional multiples of rooftop PV capacity. The conclusions indicate that additional rooftop PV capacity in the region primarily displaces electricity from natural gas generators, and shows that the timing of rooftop PV generation corresponds with the use of fossil fuel generators. Each additional Wp/ capita of rooftop PV capacity reduces CO2 emissions by 9,600 to 7,300 tons/ year. The final discussion proposes some methods to maximize and focus rooftop PV impacts on CO2 emissions, and also suggests some questions for further research.
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Nelson, Hal T. "Presidential Domain: An Exploratory Study of Prospect Theory and US Climate Policy Since 1998." PDXScholar, 2002. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2879.
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The Bush administration's decision to abandon the Kyoto Protocol can be explained by prospect theory. The change in federal climate policy between the Clinton and Bush administrations was due to the difference in domain that each president operated under. President Clinton operated under a domain of losses as he associated continued fossil fuel use with future socio-economic and environmental damages from climate change. This domain of losses increased President Clinton's risk tolerances and explains his pursuit of the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Conversely, President Bush operated under a domain of gains where he did not connect fossil fuel use with future damages, rather with continued economic growth. President Bush's domain of gains reduced his risk tolerance and resulted in his pursuit of fossil fuel intensive economic development policies.
This paper defines the domain that Presidents Clinton and Bush operated under regarding climate change, the independent variable of this analysis. A total of 26 speeches on climate change by these presidents were coded to explicate domain according to two categories of beliefs. The single most salient variable is the decision makers beliefs about the perceived robustness of the current state of scientific knowledge on climate change. The second most important aspect of these decision makers beliefs revolve around the role of fossil fuels in economic growth.
Once domain has been defined through the cognitive maps and each decision makers corresponding risk tolerance explicated, the dependent variable of policy preferences are analyzed. Two policy options are analyzed; the business as usual (BAU) option associated with the status quo, as well as a climate protection policy that is reflective of the emissions reductions associated with US compliance with Kyoto. These two policy options are evaluated in three case studies; the economy wide costs of compliance with Kyoto targets for greenhouse gas emissions, the public health impacts of greenhouse gas reductions, and finally against a component of the Kyoto Protocol that allows for international trading of permits to emit greenhouse gases.
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KUNNAS, Jan. "Fire and Fuels: CO2 and SO2 Emissions in the Finnish Economy, 1800-2005." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/11753.
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The full text available is only the introduction of the thesis.Defence date: 15 June 2009
Supervisor: Giovanni Federico External supervisor: Timo Myllyntaus Examining Board: Giovanni Federico Bartolomé Yun Casalilla Magnus Lindmark Jan Luiten van Zanden
This thesis examines Finland‘s transition from a solar based energy system to a fossil fuel based one, and the environmental consequences of this transition. The period under examination is from the beginning of the 19th century to the present, covering Finland's transition from a proto-industrial agricultural society to a --post- industrial| society. The theoretical starting point has been the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, which proposes that some pollution or measures of environmental degradation would follow an inverted U-curve related to incomes, increasing at low income levels and decreasing at high income levels. Based on the historical approach used in this thesis, two new explanations for the existence of an environmental Kuznets curve are added: 1) The severity of environmental degradation might itself create a turning point for the emissions, or in some cases fear of severe effects. 2) What at a first glance seems to be a genuine environmental improvement might just be a transformation of one environmental problem into another. Some proponents of economic growth go as far as claiming that economic growth is a necessary condition for proper protection of the environment. This thesis turns the argument around, claiming that the causal connection goes in an opposite direction: proper environmental standards and conservation comprise a necessary condition for economic growth in the long run. Finland industrialized by means of renewable, indigenous energy sources. The switch to imported fossil fuels in the 1960s led to exceptionally fast growth of carbon and sulphur dioxide emissions. The emissions of sulphur dioxide started to decline in the 1970s while the emission growth of carbon dioxide only slowed down. The initial decline of sulphur dioxide emissions was mainly a side-effect of changes in industrial processes rather than an outcome of a deliberate policy. Furthermore, anxiety about large and widespread damage to the forests was a major reason for active measures to decrease sulphur dioxide emissions since the mid- 1980s. Thus the emissions themselves provoked their downturn. Quantitative calculations on the use of natural resources provide valuable tools, which can give new insights to old questions and raise new questions. Burning cultivation of peatlands, which has been neglected in historical research, was found to be the greatest source of carbon dioxide in Finland during the whole of the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth century. Another neglected occupation, the production of potash might have consumed as much wood during the 19th century as the production of tar.
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Canova, Joseph H. "Testing and evaluating the combustion characteristics of waste fuels." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36710.
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Effective combustion of waste fuels requires an
understanding of the fuels characteristics. Gaseous and
particulate emissions, ash residues and combustion
properties are of interest to many; those that produce and
sell heating units, utilities interested in using the fuels
for power generation, regulatory agencies, municipalities
needing to solve a disposal problem, and environmentally
conscious people interested in maximum utilization of
resources.
A study was conducted at Oregon State University to
test and evaluate the use of two types of waste: mixed
waste paper (MWP) and refuse derived fuel (RDF). Wood
biomass (ponderosa pine) was used as a benchmark and also
cofired with MWP. Samples collected from the Pacific
Northwest were tested for physical, chemical, combustion,
and emission characteristics.
Raw fuel samples were tested for moisture content and
bulk density. The samples were then shredded and
pelletized. Pelletized fuels were tested for ultimate and
proximate analyses, ash fusion temperature, elemental ash
analysis, higher heating value, moisture content, bulk
density, and pellet durability.
Using an existing biomass combustion facility, the
samples were fired to determine the optimum thermodynamic
conversion combustion condition for each fuel.
Observations were made of physical problems associated with
firing of the samples. Combustion products were
continuously monitored for temperature and composition with
a combustion analyzer. An EPA Method 5 sampling train was
used to determine particulate, heavy metals, chloride,
fluoride, and sulfate emissions. Leachate testing was
performed on the bottom ash residue to determine heavy
metal concentrations.
Waste fuels provided a challenge for combustion study
in a biomass combustion unit. Modifications were required
to alleviate high ash content problems. Observations of
corrosion and clinkers provided another comparison for fuel
evaluation. Comparison of emissions resulting from
different fuel types provided good practical information
for industrial purposes. Observed trends indicated
possible minimization of emissions corresponding to optimum
thermodynamic conversion. Cofiring analysis revealed
possible increases and decreases of heavy metal emissions
for MWP and wood.Graduation date: 1992
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Kalenga, Pierre Mubiayi. "Synthesis and characterization of copper chalcogenide nanoparticles and their use in solution processed photovoltaics." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/19309.
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A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, School of Chemistry at
University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2015.Photovoltaic cells offer a good alternative to the fossil fuels. Several approaches are being analysed in order to have solar cells that are capable to conquer the energy market all around the world. Quantum dots (QDs) have already proven features that can be taken into account to improve the properties of solar cells. Metal selenide nanoparticles (NPs) possess semiconducting behaviours that can vary with their structural and optical properties evolving from their synthesis. The reaction parameters such as the method, time, solvent and precursors can affect the growth and nucleation of particles and thus impose on the properties of the synthesized materials. The performance of solar cells made of the synthesized metal selenides will then be dependent upon the properties of the NPs used as active layer. Furthermore, the electrical current generation also depends on the structure of the deposited active layer and its interface with other films to be assembled for the device. The binary copper selenide, ternary copper indium selenide (CISe), quaternary copper indium gallium selenide (CIGSe) and quinary copper zinc tin sulphur selenide (CZTSSe) NPs were synthesized via conventional colloidal method (CCM) and microwave assisted method (MAM). The MAM has a particular interest as it is less time consuming and can easily be a large scale synthesis. Photovoltaic devices were fabricated from the synthesized materials as proof of concept for photovoltaic activities. The CCM was used to optimize various parameters for the synthesis of each type of the chalcogenide materials as this is easily controllable than the ones from the sealed vessel from MAM. The dependency of properties of all copper chalcogenide NPs on the time, precursor concentration, temperature and solvent of synthesis have been demonstrated via various characterization techniques including ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. The binary copper selenide was first synthesized and considered as a template for evaluation of the use of copper chalcogenide materials in solar cells. Relatively smaller copper selenide NPs with average sizes of 4.5 and 6.0 nm were obtained from conventional colloidal and microwave assisted methods respectively. The sample yielded from the microwave assisted method possessed less polydispersed NPs. The later had better crystallinity in which prevailed a single cubic Cu2Se phase. To the best of our knowledge this is the first evidence of defined shapes and nearly single phase of small sized copper selenide NPs synthesized by mean of the MAM. The copper selenide particles synthesized via this method were used to fabricate a Schottky device. The conditions of copper selenide synthesis were optimized to 250 oC, 30 min of CCM synthesis using oleylamine (OLA) and a Cu/Se ratio of 1:1. Nearly hexagonal facets with blue-shifted absorption band edge of monodispersed NPs sizing 4-8 nm in diameter were obtained. The synthesized copper selenide showed better crystallinity with a single cubic Cu2Se phase. A Schottky device using MAM synthesized copper selenide NPs as the semiconducting layer was fabricated at room temperature. The diode effect was demonstrated with the electrical parameters such as the ideality factor, barrier height and the series resistances extracted from the experimental current-voltage data using the thermionic theory and Cheung’s modification. The thermionic theory resulted in the ideality factor of 4.35 and the barrier height of 0.895 eV whilst the Cheung’s method resulted in the ideality factor, barrier height and series resistance of 1.04, 2.59 10-3 eV and 0.870 Ω respectively. The ternary copper indium selenide NPs showed that the MAM allowed the formation of copper rich NPs alongside secondary products. The synthesis of the ternary sample via CCM was optimized using uncapped precursors (no TOP was added) in OLA at 220 oC for 30 min. The synthesized CuInSe2 NPs possessed a large blue-shift in their absorption band edges and emission peaks. The nearly stoichiometric CuInSe2 particles with diameter sizes of 5-9 nm were found in tetragonal crystalline orientation. The cyclic voltametry (CV) and the absorption spectra showed a large blue-shifted energy gap, about 0.95 eV, an increase from the bulk, proving the quantum confinement effects of synthesized copper indium selenide quantum dots. The CuInSe2 NPs were thus used as absorbing materials in the quantum dot sensitized solar cell devices (QDSSCs). The QDSSC devices were assembled via treatment of the titanium oxide, quantum dot layers and their interface. This was done by the treatment of copper indium selenide surface with mercapto-propionic acid (MPA) and ethanedithiol (EDT) during the deposition of the quantum dots onto TiO2 films. The MPA treatment did not reveal positive effects on copper indium selenide thin film and the assembled device under our optimized working conditions. However the use of EDT allowed the improvement of electron transport. The short circuit current (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) obtained from the current-voltage (J-V) curves reached the values of 324 μA cm-2, 487 mV and 43% respectively, indicating that the investigated quantum dots possess electrical properties. For the quaternary copper indium gallium selenide, relatively small sized NPs were synthesized via CCM and MAM. The CCM synthesized CIGSe NPs were less agglomerated with a shorter tailing in absorption than those from MAM. The stoichiometric CuIn0.75Ga0.25Se2 showed less agglomerated and highly crystalline particles with a large blueshifted absorption band edge and a smaller full width at halth maximum (FWHM) of the emission peak compared to CuIn0.5Ga0.5Se2 and CuIn0.25Ga0.75Se2. The use of OLA as solvent of synthesis improved the growth and dispersivity of copper indium gallium selenide NPs. The particles with a large blue-shifted absorption band edge, a lattice of tetragonal phase, more monodispersed CIGSe and possessing an average size of 6.5 nm were obtained from CCM synthesis using OLA. The OLA as-synthesized CIGSe NPs were used in thin film for the assembly of QDSSC. The device exhibited electrical properties with the Jsc, Voc and FF of 168 μA cm-2, 162 mV and 33% respectively. The overall device performance was poor but may further be improved for further photovoltaic application. The quinary CZTSSe NPs possessed large blue-shifted absorption band edges of 450-460 nm than the bulk material (827 nm). The emission peak at 532 nm and similar FWHM of less than 50 nm were observed in samples from both CCM and MAM. More monodispersed crystals were obtained with both methods whilst the average particle sizes of 10 and 9 nm were yielded from MAM and CCM respectively. The nanoparticles crystallized in tetragonal lattices between copper zinc tin sulphide and copper zinc tin selenide crystals. However, the MAM gave more crystalline phases. The CV and the absorption spectra showed a blue shifted energy gap, about 0.21 eV increase from the buk which is located at 1.51 eV. This is indicative of the quantum confinement effects of synthesized NPs. The evidence of electrical properties was also shown in the QDSSCs fabricated using the MAM synthesized quinary QDs. This was done following the same treatments as for copper indium selenide devices. The Jsc, Voc and FF were found at the maxima of 258 μA cm-2, 395 mV and 38% respectively. The MPA and EDT treatments did not improve the device performance under our working conditions. Nevertheless, the electrical properties observed in the assembled device were indicative of promising efficient solar cells from synthesized CZTSSe NPs.
Books on the topic "Fossil fuels – Combustion – Environmental aspects"
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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response and United States. Office of Solid Waste. Industrial and Extractive Wastes Branch, eds. Report to Congress: Wastes from the combustion of fossil fuels. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 1999.
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Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, ed. Industrial combustion emissions model (version 6.0): Software description : project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1988.
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Joel, Horowitz, Cook Thomas, and Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, eds. Development of the fuel choice module in the industrial combustion emissions model: Project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1988.
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Joel, Horowitz, Cook Thomas, and Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory., eds. Development of the fuel choice module in the industrial combustion emissions model: Project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1988.
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Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, ed. Revision of the industrial combustion emissions model to a base year of 1980: Project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1988.
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Agency, International Energy. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion =: Emissions de CO2 dues a la combustion d'energie. 2nd ed. Paris: OECD/IEA, 2008.
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Netherlands. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Afdeling Natuulijk Milieu., ed. Zwavel en koolstof in fossiele brandstoffen, 1975-1991. 's-Gravenhage: SDU, 1992.
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F, Haites Erik, and National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (Canada). Multistakeholder Expert Group on Domestic Emissions Trading., eds. Design options in a domestic emissions trading system for the treatment of fossil fuels used as feedstocks. Ottawa: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy = Table ronde nationale sur l'environnement et l'économie, 1999.
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(Firm), ALSTOM, ed. Clean combustion technologies. 5th ed. Windsor, CT: Alstom Inc., 2009.
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Chmielewski, Andrzej G. Electron beam gaseous pollutants treatment. Warszawa: Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Fossil fuels – Combustion – Environmental aspects"
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Manowitz, B., and F. W. Lipfert. "Environmental Aspects of the Combustion of Sulfur-Bearing Fuels." In Geochemistry of Sulfur in Fossil Fuels, 53–67. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1990-0429.ch003.
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Bikam, Peter Bitta. "Technology Innovations in Green Transport." In Green Economy in the Transport Sector, 37–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86178-0_4.
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AbstractThe paper uses the case study of Limpopo province to discuss technology innovations in green transport in South Africa with respect to the reduction of global greenhouse emission through technology innovation. South Africa’s emission from fuel combustion is the world’s 15th largest in forms of CO emission because it contributes about 1.2% of global emissions. In a submission from the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) on the impact of greenhouse emissions stated that companies are required to be innovative to reduce the carbon emission levels in South Africa. Literature on road transport in South Africa shows that road transport is the fastest growing source of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 19% of global energy consumption. The policy to promote an integrated public transport in municipalities is in line with the National Development Plan and the White Paper on National Climate Change Response. This requires innovative technology that promotes carbon trading markets such as taxi recapitalisation programmes and carbon tax on new vehicles. The study analysed the factors influencing green technology innovations in South Africa with specific reference to Limpopo province green transportation study. The methodology used to unpack innovative technology in South Africa discusses green technology in Limpopo province in the context of greenhouse gases emission reduction innovative technologies in the transport sector with respect to sustainable fuels, energy efficient systems and smart information as well as hybrid technologies. The study advances arguments on technologies for engine and propulsion systems, alternative energy sources, navigation technologies, cargo handling systems, heating and cooling vehicles, road and rail vehicles and maritime transportation with respect to innovations as well as battery charging systems, engine oil disposal etc. The findings shows that no single trajectory of technology innovation in green transport will suffice but technological innovations that improve fuel economy and transition from fossil fuels to cleaner fuel alternatives. The study in Limpopo province showed that green transport innovations must not obscure the role of non-technological innovations in reducing emissions, but the two should be tackled with green transport value chain as a whole.
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Trillos, Juan Camilo Gomez, Dennis Wilken, Urte Brand, and Thomas Vogt. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Hydrogen and Fuel Cell RoPax Ferry Prototype." In Progress in Life Cycle Assessment 2019, 5–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50519-6_2.
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AbstractEstimates for the greenhouse gas emissions caused by maritime transportation account for approx. 870 million tonnes of CO2 tonnes in 2018, increasing the awareness of the public in general and requiring the development of alternative propulsion systems and fuels to reduce them. In this context, the project HySeas III is developing a hydrogen and fuel cell powered roll-on/roll off and passenger ferry intended for the crossing between Kirkwall and Shapinsay in the Orkney Islands in Scotland, a region which currently has an excess of wind and tidal power. In order to explore the environmental aspects of this alternative, a life cycle assessment from cradle to end-of-use using the ReCiPe 2016 method was conducted, contrasting the proposed prototype developed within the project against a conventional diesel ferry and a diesel hybrid ferry. The results show that the use of hydrogen derived from wind energy and fuel cells for ship propulsion allow the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of up to 89% compared with a conventional diesel ferry. Additional benefits are lower stratospheric ozone depletion, ionizing radiation, ozone formation, particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification and use of fossil resources. In turn, there is an increase in other impact categories when compared with diesel electric and diesel battery electric propulsion. Additionally, the analysis of endpoint categories shows less impact in terms of damage to human health, to the ecosystems and to resource availability for the hydrogen alternative compared to conventional power trains.
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Munsif, Rabia, Muhammad Zubair, Ayesha Aziz, and Muhammad Nadeem Zafar. "Industrial Air Emission Pollution: Potential Sources and Sustainable Mitigation." In Environmental Emissions. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93104.
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Air of cities especially in the developing parts of the world is turning into a serious environmental interest. The air pollution is because of a complex interaction of dispersion and emission of toxic pollutants from manufactories. Air pollution caused due to the introduction of dust particles, gases, and smoke into the atmosphere exceeds the air quality levels. Air pollutants are the precursor of photochemical smog and acid rain that causes the asthmatic problems leading into serious illness of lung cancer, depletes the stratospheric ozone, and contributes in global warming. In the present industrial economy era, air pollution is an unavoidable product that cannot be completely removed but stern actions can reduce it. Pollution can be reduced through collective as well as individual contributions. There are multiple sources of air pollution, which are industries, fossil fuels, agro waste, and vehicular emissions. Industrial processes upgradation, energy efficiency, agricultural waste burning control, and fuel conversion are important aspects to reducing pollutants which create the industrial air pollution. Mitigations are necessary to reduce the threat of air pollution using the various applicable technologies like CO2 sequestering, industrial energy efficiency, improving the combustion processes of the vehicular engines, and reducing the gas production from agriculture cultivations.
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Munsif, Rabia, Muhammad Zubair, Ayesha Aziz, and Muhammad Nadeem Zafar. "Industrial Air Emission Pollution: Potential Sources and Sustainable Mitigation." In Environmental Emissions. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93104.
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Air of cities especially in the developing parts of the world is turning into a serious environmental interest. The air pollution is because of a complex interaction of dispersion and emission of toxic pollutants from manufactories. Air pollution caused due to the introduction of dust particles, gases, and smoke into the atmosphere exceeds the air quality levels. Air pollutants are the precursor of photochemical smog and acid rain that causes the asthmatic problems leading into serious illness of lung cancer, depletes the stratospheric ozone, and contributes in global warming. In the present industrial economy era, air pollution is an unavoidable product that cannot be completely removed but stern actions can reduce it. Pollution can be reduced through collective as well as individual contributions. There are multiple sources of air pollution, which are industries, fossil fuels, agro waste, and vehicular emissions. Industrial processes upgradation, energy efficiency, agricultural waste burning control, and fuel conversion are important aspects to reducing pollutants which create the industrial air pollution. Mitigations are necessary to reduce the threat of air pollution using the various applicable technologies like CO2 sequestering, industrial energy efficiency, improving the combustion processes of the vehicular engines, and reducing the gas production from agriculture cultivations.
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Burlaka, Serhiy, and Tetiana Yemchik. "IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF BIODIESEL FUEL MIXTURES IN THE SYSTEMS OF AUTONOMOUS ENERGY SUPPLY OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES." In Modernization of research area: national prospects and European practices. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-221-0-9.
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The research is devoted to solving important tasks of interdisciplinary research work on the topic: «Development of scientific and technical support for energy autonomy of the agro-industrial complex based on environmentally efficient use of agrobiomass for biofuel production», state registration number 0122U000844, implementation of which is planned for 2022–2024 at the expense of the state budget of Ukraine.The use of fossil fuels leads to environmental pollution and climate change in general. To ensure energy security and to improve the environmental conditions necessary for the use of alternative energy sources and to determine their potential impact on the climate and our planet. Looking for more in-depth analysis of all aspects of the use of biofuels in order to determine their potential through the use and economic components.During studies carried out comparing the performance of different fuels. It has been found that the fuel obtained from biomass is advantageous in environmental protection performance in the production process, is absorbed when the biomass in the growth process and the carbon dioxide in operation.Analyzing the following requirements fuel when executed estimate (European) emission standards (CO, ShNu, NO X) for the test cycle, reduced CO2 emissions, the minimum consumption of natural resources and energy, and minimal impact on the environment in its life cycle. There are theoretical ways to increase the effective capacity of machine units and to determine the impact of this increase on the technical, economic and environmental efficiency of a diesel internal combustion engine. It has been found that the use of biofuels from plant oils can reduce the use of fossil fuels and environmental improvements. However, when using a fuel, wherein the content of the organic component exceeds 50%, i.e. deterioration of technical and economic parameters of the diesel engine. Among the mixed fuel we studied the best technical and economic characteristics of a mixture containing 70% of mineral fuels and biofuels 30% rapeseed oil. Thus, the subject to reach a dosage adjustment of the change of the fuel mixture, depending on the speed of rotation of the crankshaft of the engine the best environmental performance.
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del Valle-Zermeño, Ricardo, Josep Maria Chimenos, and Joan Formosa. "Flue Gas Desulfurization." In Applying Nanotechnology to the Desulfurization Process in Petroleum Engineering, 337–77. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9545-0.ch011.
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Most of the total quantity of sulfur oxides (SOx) emitted to the atmosphere come from the combustion of fossil fuels, whose preponderance in the energy mix is expected to prevail in the years to come. In order to avoid the damaging consequences that this supposes, the improvement of the removal methods has been the topic of many researches. In this sense, the majority of abatement processes have always been based on wet Flue Gas Desulfurization (wFGD) technologies. In this chapter, the origin, development, deployment and enhancement of the wFGD processes is thoroughly revised. From the early studies on sulfur absorption for commercial purposes to the maturing of the technology fostered by environmental regulations, the chapter covers the aspects that have accompanied FGD research, including the reaction mechanism studies, the main types and configurations, and extending the analysis on the variables, parameters and technical aspects conditioning the process.
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Inumaru, Jun, Takeharu Hasegawa, Hiromi Shirai, Hiroyuki Nishida, Naoki Noda, and Seiichi Ohyama. "Fossil fuels combustion and environmental issues." In Advances in Power Boilers, 1–56. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-820360-6.00001-1.
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Saleh, Tawfik A. "Environmental Concerns and the Importance of Desulfurization." In Nanocomposites for the Desulfurization of Fuels, 284–94. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2146-5.ch008.
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The increased utilization of fossil fuels and subsequent industrialization in most of the world has led to a remarkable increase in the atmospheric sulfur compounds concentrations. Pollution released by the use of petroleum-based fuels contributes immensely to the deterioration of air quality despite regulatory and technological advances in place. SOx, NOx, and particulate matter are constantly emitted to the environment which affects public health, ecosystem, and general wellbeing of the people living mostly in urban areas. Sulfur dioxide, which is the immediate sulfur compound found in the lower atmosphere after combustion of fuels, has a major role to play in the formation of acid rain, smog formation, and particulate aerosols. Each of these formations affects the healthy living of animals, plants, soils, water, and the general ecosystem. This chapter discusses the environmental issues of sulfur.
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Andrew Gauci, David, and Panagiotis Arkoudeas. "Quality and Trends of Automotive Fuels." In Automotive System Engineering - New Methods and Optimal Solutions [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94167.
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Automotive engines are designed to convert chemical energy to mechanical energy. The efficiency of this conversion is governed by thermodynamics. The two most common engines utilize gas oil and gasoline fuels for this purpose. However, the combustion processes are radically different. The combustion sequence and relative characteristics for both engine types will be discussed. Due to different combustion requirements, the fundamental properties of both fuels will also be examined as these are significantly different for the two fuel types. The main fuel properties discussed are energy density, stability, fluidity, corrosion, contaminants, safety, wear and environmental aspects. Also, with the advent of various renewable components in both fuels, new trends are emerging for both fuel quality assessments as these are molecularly distinct from their crude oil counterparts.
Conference papers on the topic "Fossil fuels – Combustion – Environmental aspects"
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Mueller, Christian, Dan Lundmark, Bengt-Johan Skrifvars, Rainer Backman, Maria Zevenhoven, and Mikko Hupa. "CFD Based Ash Deposition Prediction in a BFB Firing Mixtures of Peat and Forest Residue." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-102.
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Fuels currently used for energy production in thermal power plants are characterized by their huge variety ranging from fossil fuels to biomass and waste. This multitude of fuels offers opportunities to the energy industry and nowadays many power plants do not fire either of these fuels but mixtures of them are burnt. While this procedure may lead to overall economic and environmental advantages it is very demanding for the boiler operators to still meet expectations concerning boiler performance, boiler availability and emission regulations. In the course of this latest trend in boiler operation, ash related operational problems such as slagging, fouling and corrosion are ranking very high on the list of reasons leading to significant reduction of boiler availability. Ash related problems strongly dependent on fuel specific aspects, such as the mineral matter distribution in the fuel, aspects specific to the used combustion technique as well as design aspects unique for the combustion chamber of any operating power plant. The overall goal in combustion related research is therefore the prediction of potential operational problems originating from fuel streams entering the combustion chamber as well as those originating from the design of individual furnaces. In our earlier work we have strongly focused on developing an advanced ash behavior prediction tool for biomass combustion combining computational fluid dynamic calculations (CFD) and advanced fuel analysis. In this paper the tool is applied to analyze the slagging and fouling tendency in a 295 MW bubbling fluidized bed boiler fired with mixtures of peat and forest residue. In addition to the overall deposition prediction this work focuses on details of the models used in the computational fluid dynamic calculations. These include a study on the importance of the accurate description of the fuel feeding system and related to this aspect the advanced description of the bubbling bed with regard to release of primary gas and ash particles from its surface to the freeboard. Evaluation of the predictions comparing simulation results with deposits on the furnace walls show good agreement.
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Houlihan, Thomas. "Boiler Emission Control With Fuel Oil Emulsion (FOE) Technology." In ASME 2007 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2007-22155.
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In the early twenty-first century, emphasis on fossil fuel emission reductions was focused on gaseous emissions. NOx emissions were recognized as precursors of smog and as such adversely affected the quality of life. Lately, emphasis on emission reductions has shifted to solid emissions. Particulates are recognized as health hazards that contribute to respiratory ailments. Fossil fuel combustion — so fundamental to the nation’s economy — unfortunately produces both emissions. Thus, the development of after-treatment technologies to treat fossil fuel combustion was pursued. Imposition of after-treatment technology proved costly from both application and maintenance aspects. In some instances, introduction of after-treatment technology caused a decrease in fuel efficiency. In view of the foregoing, it is important to note that there is a technology that REDUCES gaseous AND solid emissions of liquid fossil fuels. Furthermore, this technology can INCREASE fuel efficiency. The technology that can deliver this “triple-crown” of dual emission reduction and enhanced fuel efficiency is EMULSIFIED FUEL TECHNOLOGY (EFT). In this paper, we consider the constitution, production and characteristics of Emulsified Fuels. Then we consider their combustion and the environmental benefits that can accrue to their utilization. Finally, we consider past applications of EFT and the future markets for this intriguing technology.
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Lonia, B., N. K. Nayar, S. B. Singh, and P. L. Bali. "Techno Economic Aspects of Power Generation From Agriwaste in India." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-170.
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The agricultural operations in India are suffering from a serious problem of shortage of electrical power on one side and economic and effective disposal of agriwaste stuff on the other. India being agriculture based country, 70% of its main income (share in GDP) comes from agriculture sector. Any enhancement of income from this sector is based upon adequate supply of basic inputs in this sector. Regular and adequate power supply is one such input. But, the position of power supply in our country defies both these characteristics. With a major portion of power produced being sent to the industrial and urban consumers, there is a perennial shortage of power in the agriculture sector. Consequently, there is an emergent need to produce more power in order to fulfil the needs of this sector effectively. One way of accomplishing this is setting up captive, preferably rural based, small power generation plants. In these power plants, instead of water-head, diesel oil or coal, we can use agri-residue to produce electricity. One such power plant (1–2 MW capacity) can satisfy the power need of 25 to 40 nearby villages. The agriwaste like rice straw, sugarcane-trash, coir-pith, peanut shells, wheat stalks & straw, cottonseed, stalks and husk, soyabean stalks, maize stalks & cobs, sorghum. Bagasse, wallnut shells, sunflower seeds, shells, hulls and kernels and coconut husk, wastewood and saw dust can be fruitfully utilized in power generation. This stuff is otherwise a waste and liability and consumes a lot of effort on its disposal; in addition to being a fire and health hazard. Agriwaste stuff which at present is available in abundance and prospects of its utilization in producing energy are enormous. This material can be procured at reasonably low rates from the farmers who will thus be benefited economically, apart from being relieved of the responsibility of its disposal. Agri-residue has traditionally been a major source of heat energy in rural areas in India. It is a valuable fuel even in the sub-urban areas. Inspite of rapid increase in the supply of, access lo and use of fossil fuels, agri-residue is likely to continue to play an important role, in the foreseeable future. Therefore, developing and promoting techno-economically-viable technologies to utilize agri-residue efficiently should be a persuit of high priority. Though there is no authentic data available with regard to the exact quantity of agricultural and agro-industrial residues, its rough estimate has been put at about 350 mt per annum. It is also estimated that the total cattle refuse generated is nearly 250 mt per year. Further, nearly 20% of the total land is under forest cover, which produces approximately 50 mt of fuel wood and with associated forest waste of about 5 mt.(1). Taking into account the utilization of even a portion (say 30%) of this agri-residue & agro-industrial waste as well as energy plantation on one million hectare (mha) of wastelands for power generation through bioenergy technologies, a potential of some 18000 MW of power has been estimated. From the foregoing, it is clear that there is an enormous untapped potential for energy generation from agri-residue. What is required is an immediate and urgent intensification of dedicated efforts in this field, with a view to bringing down the unit energy cost and improving efficiency and reliability of agri-waste production, conversion and utilisation, leading to subsequent saving of fossil fuels for other pressing applications. The new initiatives in national energy policy are most urgently needed to accelerate the social and economic development of the rural areas. It demands a substantial increase in production and consumption of energy for productive purposes. Such initiatives are vital for promoting the goals of sustainability. cleaner production and reduction of long-term risks of environmental pollution and consequent adverse climatic changes in future. A much needed significant social, economic and industrial development has yet to take place in large parts of rural India; be it North, West, East or South. It can be well appreciated that a conscious management of agri-residue, which is otherwise a serious liability of the farmer, through its economic conversion into electric power can offer a reasonably viable solution to our developmental needs. This vision will have to be converted into a reality within a decade or so through dedicated and planned R&D work in this area. There is a shimmering promise that the whole process of harvesting, collection, transport and economic processing and utilisation of agri-waste can be made technically and economically more viable in future. Thus, the foregoing paras amply highlight the value of agri-residue as a prospective source of electric power, particularly for supplementing the main grid during the lean supply periods or peak load hours and also for serving the remote areas in the form of stand-alone units giving a boost to decentralised power supply. This approach and option seems to be positive in view of its potential contribution to our economic and social development. No doubt, this initiative needs to be backed and perused rigorously for removing regional imbalances as well as strengthening National economy. This paper reviews the current situation with regards to generation of agriwaste and its prospects of economic conversion into electrical power, technologies presently available for this purpose, and the problems faced in such efforts. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to devise ways and means for generating electrical power from agriwaste; keeping in mind the requirements of cleaner production and environmental protection so that the initiative leads to a total solution.
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Welch, Michael, and Rajan Patel. "Can Propane Displace Diesel as a Fuel for Power Generation?" In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3078.
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Access to electricity is a key necessity in today’s World for economic growth and improvements in quality of life. However, the global challenge is addressing the so-called Energy Trilemma: how to provide secure, affordable electricity while minimizing the impact of power generation on the environment. The rapid growth in power generation from intermittent renewable sources, such as wind and photovoltaics, to address the environmental aspect has created additional challenges to meet the security of supply and affordable electricity aspects of this trilemma. Fossil fuels play a major role in supporting intermittent renewable power generation, rapidly providing the security of supply needed and ensuring grid stability. Globally diesel or other fuel oils are frequently used as the primary fuel or back-up fuel for fossil-fueled power generation plants at all scales, from a few kiloWatts to hundreds of MegaWatts, and helps provide millions of people with secure electricity supplies. But diesel is a high polluting fuel, emitting high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) per unit of fuel input compared to natural gas, as well as high levels of combustion contaminants that are potentially hazardous to the local environment and human health. Additionally, diesel can be a high cost fuel in many countries, with imports consuming significant portions of sometimes scarce foreign currency reserves. Most observers consider that natural gas is the ‘fuel of choice’ for fossil power generation due to its reduced CO2 emissions compared to coal and diesel. However, access to gas supplies cannot be guaranteed even with the increased availability of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). Additionally where natural gas is available, operators may opt for an interruptible gas supply contract which offers a lower tariff than a firm gas supply contract, therefore there is a need for a back-up fuel to ensure continuous power supplies. While traditionally diesel or Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) has been used as fuel where gas is not available or as a back-up fuel, propane offers a cleaner and potentially lower cost alternative. This paper compares the potential economic, operational and environmental benefits of using propane as a fuel for gas turbine-based power plants or cogeneration plants.
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Welch, Michael. "Addressing the Energy Trilemma With LPG-Fuelled, Water-Free Combined Cycle Power Plants." In ASME 2020 Power Conference collocated with the 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2020-16097.
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Abstract Many parts of the world are facing the triple challenge of providing secure energy to fuel economic growth at an affordable cost while minimizing the impact of energy production on the environment. Island nations especially struggle to address this trilemma, as renewable resources are usually limited and fossil fuels imported. Traditionally such distributed power plants have relied on liquid fuels and multiple open cycle reciprocating engines to provide both redundancy and the ability to load follow across a broad load range to maximize efficiency. This approach has created high electricity prices and significant negative environmental impact, especially that attributed to CO2, NOx, and SOx. With increasing natural gas production, the availability of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) has grown, and costs have fallen, allowing the potential to switch from fuel oils to LPG to reduce environmental impacts. Energy costs and environmental impact can be further reduced by using high efficiency Gas Turbine Combined Cycle plants with dry low emissions combustion technology. However, a further hurdle facing many locations is lack of the fresh water required for combined cycle operations. LPG-fuelled Gas Turbine Combined Cycle using Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technology can address all aspects of this energy trilemma. This paper reviews the conceptual design of a proposed 100MW distributed power plant for an island location, based on multiple LPG-fuelled gas turbines to follow load demand, with an ORC bottoming cycle to maximize efficiency.
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Zvorykina, Anastasiia, Sahil Gupta, Wargha Peiman, Igor Pioro, and Natalia Fialko. "Current Status and Future Applications of Supercritical Pressures in Power Engineering." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54558.
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It is well known that the electrical-power generation is the key factor for advances in any other industries, agriculture and level of living. In general, electrical energy can be produced by: 1) non-renewable sources such as coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear; and 2) renewable sources such as hydro, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and marine. However, the main sources for electrical-energy production are: 1) thermal - primary coal and secondary natural gas; 2) nuclear and 3) hydro. The rest of the sources might have visible impact just in some countries. Therefore, thermal and nuclear electrical-energy production as the major source is considered in the paper. From thermodynamics it is well known that higher thermal efficiencies correspond to higher temperatures and pressures. Therefore, modern SuperCritical (SC)-pressure coal-fired power plants have thermal efficiencies within 43–50% and even slightly above. Steam-generator outlet temperatures or steam-turbine inlet temperatures have reached a level of about 625°C (and even higher) at pressures of 25–30 (35–38) MPa. This is the largest application of SC pressures in industry. In spite of advances in coal-fired power-plants they are still considered as not environmental friendly due to producing a lot of carbon-dioxide emissions as a result of combustion process plus ash, slag and even acid rains. The most efficient modern thermal-power plants with thermal efficiencies within a range of 50–60%, are so-called, combined-cycle power plants, which use natural gas as a fuel. Natural gas is considered as a clean fossil fuel compared to coal and oil, but still due to combustion process emits a lot of carbon dioxide when it used for electrical generation. Therefore, a new reliable and environmental friendly source for the electrical-energy generation should be considered. Nuclear power is also a non-renewable source as the fossil fuels, but nuclear resources can be used for significantly longer time than some fossil fuels plus nuclear power does not emit carbon dioxide into atmosphere. Currently, this source of energy is considered as the most viable one for electrical generation for the next 50–100 years. Current, i.e., Generation II and III, Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) consist of water-cooled reactors NPPs with the thermal efficiency of 30–35% (vast majority of reactors); subcritical carbon-dioxide-cooled reactors NPPs with the thermal efficiency up to 42% and liquid-sodium-cooled reactor NPP with the thermal efficiency of 40%. Therefore, the current fleet of NPPs, especially, water-cooled NPPs, are not very competitive compared to modern thermal power plants. Therefore, next generation or Generation-IV reactors with new parameters (NPPs with the thermal efficiency of 43–50% and even higher for all types of reactors) are currently under development worldwide. Generation-IV nuclear-reactor concept such as SuperCritical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR) is intended to operate with direct or in-direct SC-“steam” Rankine cycle. Lead-cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) can be connected to SC-“steam” Rankine cycle or SC CO2 Brayton cycle through heat exchangers. In general, other Generation IV reactor concepts can be connected to either one or another cycle through heat exchangers. Therefore, this paper discusses various aspects of application of SC fluids in power engineering.
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Malcata, F. Xavier. "Engineering of microalgae toward biodiesel: Facts and prospects." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/jeul5047.
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Excessive release to the atmosphere of greenhouse-effect gases—arising from combustion of fossil fuels, has urged a worldwide search for alternative sources of environment-friendly fuels; microalgae constitute an interesting possibility, owing to their widespread presence in most habitats and unique ability to synthesize oil. Microalgae require indeed only sunlight and water to grow—both freely available; together with CO2 as source of carbon—which concomitantly conveys a path for its direct sequestering from the atmosphere; and low-cost inorganic sources of phosphorus and nitrogen. However, the efficiency of the associated metabolic processes is still poor—and this has so far hampered economic feasibility of such microbial factories for eventual manufacture of biodiesel. Recent advances in genetic engineering tools, systems and synthetic biology, and bioinformatics and omics have widened the portfolio of possibilities for tailor-made genome engineering of microalgae. A holistic approach is needed to metabolic engineering, in which various aspects of cellular metabolism—including transcription factors, transporters, competing pathways, and balance between growth and proliferation are to be taken into account. In attempts to harness the potential of genetic engineering upon microalga-mediated oil production, a realistic assessment of risks and opportunities is a must. The current state-of-the-art of metabolic engineering approaches will accordingly be presented, aimed at enhancing lipid productivity by microalgal strains; technical issues will be critically discussed as well. An overview of the challenges and prospects for technical applicability of such techniques will be tackled, focused on oil for esterification downstream as biodiesel—along with ethical concerns associated to large-scale utilization of such tools.
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Krzysik, David. "Utilization of the MK Combustion Optimization System™ to Maximize Combustion Efficiency in an Environment-First Fashion." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52182.
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Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions discharged into the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion prove to have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Contributing factors include the formation of acid rain, ozone, degradation of visibility, and inhalable fine particles. In addressing these problems, environmental regulations are becoming more stringent on electric utilities. Low NOx burner (LNB) technology was developed to provide a cost-effective means of complying with the NOx Reduction Program under Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990. Prior to LNB technology, standard burners were designed to rapidly mix the fuel and oxidant, producing high combustion efficiency and large quantities of NOx. Limiting the reaction rate at which the air and fuel mix, particularly during the early stages of combustion, can effectively control NOx formation; however, this rate limitation tends to diminish combustion efficiency and proves to be the compromise of LNB technology. Controlling one aspect or the other can be intuitively easy, but controlling both is challenging and trade-offs are necessary. Identifying a happy medium between the standards of yesterday and today is necessary in the optimization of coal-fired combustion. The ultimate effect will improve commercial availability in an environment-first fashion.
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Bazan-Krzywoszanska, Anna, Maria Mrówczynska, Marta Skiba, and Małgorzata Sztubecka. "Sustainable Urban Development on the Example of the Housing Deveopment of Zielona Góra (Poland), as a Response to the Climate Policy of the European Union." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.119.
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In the world, in Europe, and also in Poland the use of energy is growing rapidly, causing concern about the difficulty of supply, a depletion of non-renewable energy resources and the increase in negative impacts on the environment (ozone depletion, global warming, climate change, etc. caused by increased emissions of CO2) (Balaras et al. 2005). Political or economic attempts to enforce climate change, through the increase in the price of fossil fuels, lead to exclusion and growth of energy poverty therefore they cause social effects (fossil fuels become so expensive that a large part of the population cannot afford their combustion). The ideal solution would be a combination of activities aimed at the energy modernization of cities with sustainable strategies of their rebuilding. The purpose of the article is a search for the optimal way of spatial policies at the local level that enable implementation of the objectives of the energy policy of the European Union. Factors affecting changes in the pollutant emissions associated with the combustion of fossil fuels, depending on the energy efficiency of selected buildings were modelled with a use of deduction based on radial neural networks. The observations presented in this article may be relevant for other regions that are interested in reducing polutant emission and energy consumption of buildings, housing estates and cities. Taking the geographical context into account, it is especially important for those regions which benefit from financial support of the European Union.
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Ciconkov, Risto. "Climate Change and HVACR Systems." In 50th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.019.50.1.245.
Full textAbstract:
Indicators at a global level are presented: population in the world today and forecasts for developed and developing countries. The following diagrams are presented: world total primary energy consumption, global CO2 emissions from combustion since 1971, as well as cumulative CO2 emissions by regions since 1750. Facts for climate change are included (according to WMO and IPCC): increase in GHG concentrations, increase in air temperature, rise in sea level, etc. The consequences of global warming are listed: extreme rainfall and floods; high temperatures – heat waves, droughts, wildfires; huge damage to agriculture; harmful impacts on the environment, etc. The IPCC provides several scenarios for a global rise of air temperature up to 2100, for a global rise of sea level etc. The activities of the international community on climate change are organized through: IPCC, UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement and continuous negotiations. The European Union (EU) is probably the most advanced in the battle against climate change. Some important strategies are outlined: by 2020, by 2030, and by 2050. Heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration systems (HVACR) are connected with energy consumption, which means they are a source of GHG emissions. The situation with HVACR systems is such that even in EU countries, the fossil fuels are dominant in the heating systems. Future solutions for HVACR systems are described. The first step is to increase the energy efficiency of buildings and HVACR equipment. The concept of "nearly zero-energy buildings" should be worked on. HVACR systems should be based on renewable energy sources (RES). The considered solutions include heat pumps, solar panels, thermal storage, district heating, combined heat and power, condensing boilers, reversible air conditioners, the concept of "smart" buildings, automation of HVACR systems with digital technology, etc. The political, economic and social aspects of climate change are analyzed. Capitalism society, market economy, profit, is the main reason for today's climate change situation. On the end, there is a discussion highlighting the need for urgent and major investment in RES and energy efficiency. For rich countries, this is really achievable. But developing countries, representing 83% of the world's population, need financial assistance, and this needs to be regulated through the Paris Agreement. Obstacles of a political nature are also possible (US and Paris Agreement).
Reports on the topic "Fossil fuels – Combustion – Environmental aspects"
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Koomey, J. Comparative analysis of monetary estimates of external environmental costs associated with combustion of fossil fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6460869.
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