Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fossil birds

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Fossil birds'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Fossil birds"

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Lydekker, R. "On British Fossil Birds." Ibis 33, no. 3 (June 28, 2008): 381–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1891.tb08547.x.

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Mayr, Gerald, S. Bruce Archibald, Gary W. Kaiser, and Rolf W. Mathewes. "Early Eocene (Ypresian) birds from the Okanagan Highlands, British Columbia (Canada) and Washington State (USA)." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 8 (August 2019): 803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0267.

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We survey the known avian fossils from Ypresian (early Eocene) fossil sites of the North American Okanagan Highlands, mainly in British Columbia (Canada). All specimens represent taxa that were previously unknown from the Eocene of far-western North America. Wings from the McAbee site are tentatively referred to the Gaviiformes and would constitute the earliest fossil record of this group of birds. A postcranial skeleton from Driftwood Canyon is tentatively assigned to the Songziidae, a taxon originally established for fossils from the Ypresian of China. Two skeletons from Driftwood Canyon and the McAbee site are tentatively referred to Coliiformes and Zygodactylidae, respectively, whereas three further fossils from McAbee, Blakeburn, and Republic (Washington, USA) are too poorly preserved for even a tentative assignment. The specimens from the Okanagan Highlands inhabited relatively high paleoaltitudes with microthermal climates (except Quilchena: lower mesothermal) and mild winters, whereas most other Ypresian fossil birds are from much warmer lowland paleoenvironments with upper mesothermal to megathermal climates. The putative occurrence of a gaviiform bird is particularly noteworthy because diving birds are unknown from other lacustrine Ypresian fossil sites of the Northern Hemisphere. The bones of the putative zygodactylid show a sulphurous colouration, and we hypothesize that this highly unusual preservation may be due to the metabolic activity of sulphide-oxidizing bacteria.
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Abrahams, Miengah, and Emese M. Bordy. "The oldest fossil bird-like footprints from the upper Triassic of southern Africa." PLOS ONE 18, no. 11 (November 29, 2023): e0293021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293021.

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Footprint morphology reflects the anatomy of the trackmaker’s foot and is direct evidence for the animal’s behaviour. Consequently, fossil tracks can be used to infer ancient diversity, ethology, and evolutionary trends. This is particularly useful for deep-time intervals during which the early history of an animal group is reliant upon limited fossil skeletal material. Fossil tracks of early birds and theropods, the co-existing dinosaurian ancestors of birds, co-occur in the rock record since the Early Cretaceous. However, the evolutionary transition from dinosaur to bird and the timing of the birds’ origin are still contested. Skeletal remains of the basal-most birds Aurornis, Anchiornis, Archaeopteryx and Xiaotingia are Middle to Late Jurassic, while tracks with tentative bird affinities, attributed to dinosaurs, are known from as early as the Late Triassic. Here, we present numerous, well-provenanced, Late Triassic and Early Jurassic tridactyl tracks from southern Africa, with demonstrable bird-like affinities, predating basal bird body fossils by c. 60 million years.
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Kurochkin, Evgeny N., Gareth J. Dyke, Sergei V. Saveliev, Evgeny M. Pervushov, and Evgeny V. Popov. "A fossil brain from the Cretaceous of European Russia and avian sensory evolution." Biology Letters 3, no. 3 (April 10, 2007): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0617.

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Fossils preserving traces of soft anatomy are rare in the fossil record; even rarer is evidence bearing on the size and shape of sense organs that provide us with insights into mode of life. Here, we describe unique fossil preservation of an avian brain from the Volgograd region of European Russia. The brain of this Melovatka bird is similar in shape and morphology to those of known fossil ornithurines (the lineage that includes living birds), such as the marine diving birds Hesperornis and Enaliornis , but documents a new stage in avian sensory evolution: acute nocturnal vision coupled with well-developed hearing and smell, developed by the Late Cretaceous ( ca 90 Myr ago). This fossil also provides insights into previous ‘bird-like’ brain reconstructions for the most basal avian Archaeopteryx —reduction of olfactory lobes (sense of smell) and enlargement of the hindbrain (cerebellum) occurred subsequent to Archaeopteryx in avian evolution, closer to the ornithurine lineage that comprises living birds. The Melovatka bird also suggests that brain enlargement in early avians was not correlated with the evolution of powered flight.
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Moyer, Alison E., Wenxia Zheng, and Mary H. Schweitzer. "Microscopic and immunohistochemical analyses of the claw of the nesting dinosaur, Citipati osmolskae." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1842 (November 16, 2016): 20161997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1997.

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One of the most well-recognized Cretaceous fossils is Citipati osmolskae (MPC-D 100/979), an oviraptorid dinosaur discovered in brooding position on a nest of unhatched eggs. The original description refers to a thin lens of white material extending from a manus ungual, which was proposed to represent original keratinous claw sheath that, in life, would have covered it. Here, we test the hypothesis that this exceptional morphological preservation extends to the molecular level. The fossil sheath was compared with that of extant birds, revealing similar morphology and microstructural organization. In living birds, the claw sheath consists primarily of two structural proteins; alpha-keratin, expressed in all vertebrates, and beta-keratin, found only in reptiles and birds (sauropsids). We employed antibodies raised against avian feathers, which comprise almost entirely of beta-keratin, to demonstrate that fossil tissues respond with the same specificity, though less intensity, as those from living birds. Furthermore, we show that calcium chelation greatly increased antibody reactivity, suggesting a role for calcium in the preservation of this fossil material.
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Ksepka, Daniel T., and Clint A. Boyd. "Quantifying historical trends in the completeness of the fossil record and the contributing factors: an example using Aves." Paleobiology 38, no. 1 (2012): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300000439.

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Improvements in the perceived completeness of the fossil record may be driven both by new discoveries and by reinterpretation of known fossils, but disentangling the relative effects of these processes can be difficult. Here, we propose a new methodology for evaluating historical trends in the perceived completeness of the fossil record, demonstrate its implementation using the freely available software ASCC (version 4.0.0), and present an example using crown-group birds (Aves). Dates of discovery and recognition for the oldest fossil representatives of 75 major lineages of birds were collected for the historical period ranging from 1910 to 2010. Using a comprehensive phylogeny, we calculated minimum implied stratigraphic gaps (MIG range) across these 75 lineages. Our results show that a reduction in global MIG values of 1.35 Ga (billion years) occurred over the past century in avian paleontology. A pronounced increase in the average rate of global MIG reduction is noted in the post-1970s interval (290.5 Myr per decade) compared to the pre-1970s interval (31.9 Myr per decade). Although the majority of the improvement in the fossil record of birds has come from new discoveries, substantial improvement (∼22.5%) has resulted from restudy and phylogenetic revision of previously described fossils over the last 40 years. With a minimum estimate indicating that at least 1.34 Gyr of gaps remain to be filled between the predicted and observed first appearances of major lineages of crown Aves, there is much progress to be made. However, a notable tapering off in the rate of global MIG reduction occurs between 1990 and 2010, suggesting we may be approaching an asymptote of oldest record discoveries for birds. Only future observations can determine whether this is a real pattern or a historical anomaly. Either way, barring the discovery of fossils that substantially push back the minimum age for the origin of crown-clade Aves, new discoveries cannot continue to reduce global MIG values at the average post-1970s rate over the long term.
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Wood, Casey A. "The Fossil Eggs of Bermudan Birds." Ibis 65, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1923.tb08212.x.

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Louchart, Antoine. "Fossil birds of the Kibish Formation." Journal of Human Evolution 55, no. 3 (September 2008): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.06.002.

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Morrison, Kurt, Gareth J. Dyke, and Luis M. Chiappe. "Cretaceous fossil birds from Hornby Island (British Columbia)." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 2097–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-081.

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We present the first records of Mesozoic fossil birds to be described from British Columbia. New fossil avians from the Campanian Northumberland Formation on Hornby Island (Strait of Georgia) add to the known distributions of two groups of fossil birds during the latter stage of the Mesozoic. New specimens referred to the clades Ornithurae and Enantiornithes demonstrate the presence of a diverse marine avifauna in Canadian Pacific marine sediments prior to the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. These new fossil bird remains from coastal rocks on the west coast of British Columbia lend further support to suggestions that ocean-going birds were important constituents of marine ecosystems in the terminal stages of the Mesozoic.
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Dalsätt, Johan, Thomas Mörs, and Per G. P. Ericson. "Fossil birds from the Miocene and Pliocene of Hambach (NW Germany)." Palaeontographica Abteilung A 277, no. 1-6 (October 30, 2006): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pala/277/2006/113.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fossil birds"

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Kambic, Robert Emmett. "Multivariate analysis of avian and non-avian theropod pedal phalanges." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/kambic/KambicR0508.pdf.

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The relationship between morphology and behavior in theropods was examined using multivariate analyses performed on a set of linear measurements of pedal non-ungual phalanges in a sample of 132 extant and 13 extinct taxa. Principal component analysis reveals that modern birds with terrestrial lifestyles tend to cluster away from those with raptorial and non-predatory grasping lifestyles although the division is not clean. Most non-avian dinosaurs tend to cluster with terrestrial species although Deinonychus and some Tyrannosaurids cluster with raptorial taxa. Terrestrial taxa tend to have phalanges that are comparatively shorter distally, are relatively wide, and have shallow grooving of the distal trochleae, while grasping taxa show opposing trends. Predatory graspers have proportionately wider phalanges than non-predatory graspers. Discriminant function analysis performs well in distinguishing among species with specialized behavior while taxa with less stereotyped behaviors are harder to classify. Predatory graspers are easily separated from non-predatory graspers. Troodon and Elmisaurus are grouped with terrestrial/cursorial taxa. Tyrannosaurus, Allosaurus, Daspletosaurus, and Albertosaurus are identified as terrestrial/cursorial with some possible predatory grasping ability. Deinonychus and Bambiraptor appear to have more grasping ability than Troodon.
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Dalsätt, Johan. "Fossil birds: Contributions to the understanding of avian evolution." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för geologiska vetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-75015.

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The study of the evolution of birds began about 150 years ago with the finding of Archaeopteryx. Yet, many unsolved questions about avian evolution remain to be answered. This thesis aims at addressing some of these questions. The Early Cretaceous Confusiusornis is the most well-represented Mesozoic bird in the fossil record. The abundance of fossils facilitates a study of the preservation of specimens in the two geological formations in which this taxon is found. It was demonstrated that specimens in the Yixiang Formation always are represented by complete, articulated skeletons, while those in the Jiofutang Formation often lack the pectoral girdle and the wings. Despite the many specimens available of Confusiusornis few clues to the diet of this taxon have been found. We describe a Confusiusornis specimen with a pellet of fish remains preserved in the throat region. The enantiornithid birds probably constituted the most species-rich and diverse bird group during the Cretaceous. Several well-preserved specimens have been found in China, e.g. Grabauornis lingyuanensis described herein. The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous probably gave the only surviving group of birds,Neornithes,chance to radiate and evolve into new niches. One such group is the Strigiformes (owls). We describe a new species from the Eocene Green River Formation in USAthat we suggest is closely related to the contemporary European Prosybris antique and P. medius. Although birds are known from several Miocene localities in Europe, the discovery of vertebrate fossils in the Hambach opencast lignite mine was thus unexpected and remarkable. The most significant bird found in Hambach is a specimen of darter, genus Anhinga. It agrees in size, proportions and morphology the fossil species Anhinga pannonica to which we refer the Hambach specimen. Fossils of ducks and galliforms have also been found in deposits at Hambach dated to the Pliocene.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 4: Submitted.

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Jing, Jing. "Fossil Peonies and Birds Master of Arts in Studio Art Thesis." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1281.

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Because of influences of Chinese flower-and-bird paintings, I created a series of fossil peonies and birds paintings. This paper describes the concept of this series, materials, creative process, cultural and contextual influences, and the artists who inspired my works. Several problems I encountered during the creative process were addressed and have been solved to my satisfaction. My concept was influenced by my desire to combine Western painting techniques with Eastern topic and style.
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Dyke, Gareth John. "Taxonomy and phylogenetics of fossil modern birds : the early radiation of Neornithes." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322360.

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Wragg, Graham M. "The fossil birds of Henderson Island, Pitcairn Group, South Pacific : a chronology of human-caused extinctions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339060.

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James, Helen Frances. "Historical perspectives on the evolution and ecology of Hawaiian birds : part I: phylogeny of the Hawaiian finches (Fringillidae: Drepanidini); part II: palaeoecology of terrestrial communities." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325927.

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Wood, Jamie Russell, and n/a. "Pre-settlement paleoecology of Central Otago�s semi-arid lowlands, with emphasis on the pre-settlement role of avian herbivory in South Island dryland ecosystems, New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080211.142212.

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The vegetation communities that existed in the semi-arid intermontane basins and gorges of Central Otago prior to human settlement ~750 years B.P. are poorly understood. This is because of a lack of fossil evidence and complex restructuring by anthropogenic factors, especially increased fire frequency, and more recently mammalian grazing. There is also little information regarding the effect of the lost fauna on maintaining and structuring presettlement communities, both in Central Otago and throughout the eastern South Island dryland zone. This study aims to provide a clearer understanding of the functioning of pre-settlement ecosystems in dryland Central Otago, particularly the role of the largest vertebrate herbivores, the moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes), and to explore the implications of the extinct fauna for land conservation management across New Zealand. Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation communities of the Central Otago lowlands were reconstructed from plant macrofossils, including seeds, leaves, and wood, excavated from rockshelter, cave, and swamp deposits throughout the region. The macrofossils represent three main vegetation types: late Pleistocene to mid (late?) Holocene basin floor wetland herb associations, Olearia-shrublands surrounding these wetlands, and mid to late Holocene open scrubland and woodland in gorges and on low altitude slopes, dominated by filiramulate Olearia, Coprosma, and Corokia, with abundant lianes (Muehlenbeckia spp. and Rubus spp.) and understorey herbs. Many native tree and shrub species that are presently widespread in the Central Otago lowlands were rare or absent prior to anthropogenic fires (e.g. Discaria toumatou, Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium). Other tree and shrub species once present are now extinct in the region (e.g. Coprosma obconica, Plagianthus regius, Pseudopanax ferox). The loss of these indigenous woody vegetation communities was a major factor contributing to the extirpation of many small bird species, and undoubtedly also reptile and invertebrate species, from the region. Plant macrofossils from rockshelters included remains of bird nests, identifiable by desiccated feathers and eggshell amongst them. These macrofossils include the first described plant remains from the nests of moa, which were constructed from a shallow bed of twigs of locally available shrubs and lianes. Many of the twigs are 25-30 mm in length and show evidence of having been clipped by moa bills. Desiccated coprolites, mostly of moa, but also specimens attributed to Finsch�s duck (Chenonetta finschi) and red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae), were recovered from rockshelter excavations. Moa species associated with a sample of coprolites were identified using ancient DNA analysis, and plant macrofossils from these were examined, together with previously unexamined moa gizzard content samples excavated from mires in the eastern South Island dryland zone. The results indicate that, in addition to previously reported browsing, upland moa (Megalapteryx didinus) and heavy-footed moa (Pachyornis elephantopus) also functioned as grazers, and seeds in their coprolites are dominantly of low shrubs and ground-cover herbs. Of particular interest was the higher than expected frequency of seeds from the currently rare and threatened 'spring annual' herbs; Ceratocephala pungens and Myosurus minimus subsp. novae-zelandiae (Ranunculaceae), suggesting further research on potential ecological relationships between moa and these plants would be worthwhile. The results of this study have provided a baseline for future conservation and restoration projects in the Central Otago lowlands.
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Davis, Paul G. "The taphonomy of birds." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/66bf971f-5ef0-44ec-83e5-92c7887f7471.

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Palaeo-ornithology has been dominated by taxonomy. To try and redress the balance and help palaeoecologists interpret fossil birds in a biological and ecological perspective, the taphonomy of birds needs to be fully understood. The taphonomy of birds is concerned with all processes from death to the collection of the fossil bird. Between these two points (the transfer of the organism from the biosphere to the lithosphere) a variety of forces and processes affect the bird/fossil. By means of experiments in the natural environment and in controlled conditions in the laboratory, and subsequent comparisons of the results with case studies of fossil assemblages, the processes leading to preservation can be deduced and the former living community restored on the basis of the fossil evidence. The research involved two main approaches: 1. experimental taphonomy / observational taphonomy; and 2. case histories of fossil communities and their interpretation. Experimental work was carried out in the natural environment. Two field sites were chosen in southern Florida, a freshwater environment and a marine environment. The monitoring and controlling of these experiments required knowledge and techniques in zoology, botany, ecology, sedimentology, limnology, marine biology, microbiology, pathology and forensic science. Results obtained included the effects of scavenging, anoxia, transport, rate of burial, and temperature on rates of decay, the causes of bird mortality, the processes resulting in disarticulation, and the effects of decay upon feathers. Once the experimentaVobservational data had been collected they allowed a series of taphonomic thresholds (a decay sequence) to be defined. These data were then applied to case studies of fossil bird assemblages from different sedimentological environments. The following LagersHitten were investigated: Messel (Eocene, Germany) = restricted lacustrine; Green River (Eocene, USA) = lacustrine; Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone (Jurassic, Germany) = restricted marine; La Meseta Formation (Eocene, Antarctica) = marine; Rancho La Brea (Pleistocene, USA) = terrestrial "trap". The biases in each environment were assessed (e.g. birds in an aquatic ten-estrial environment had a higher preservation potential than birds from a tenestrial environment). The fossil record of birds is not as depauperate as previously thought but is heavily biased, depending on the proximity of the bird's habitat to that of the preserving sedimentary environment. Marine and littoral birds are poorly represented even though they inhabit sedimentary environments with a high preservation potential. This reflects low densities of birds per unit area. Aquatic birds (and terrestrial birds that inhabit the ecotone surrounding freshwater together with some larger fOlIDS from further away) are much better represented. This is because they inhabit the only terrestrial environments with a high preservation potential, coupled with the high densities of individuals per unit area. The bias towards large terrestrial birds is due to their large bones being more resistant to transport induced damage. These results have implications for the understanding of the evolution of birds. Patterns of evolution in birds can not be fully resolved on fossil evidence alone; biases in the taphonomy of birds only permit a small proportion of species from certain environments to be preserved. The taphonomy of feathers was investigated and it was discovered that the "organic trace" that commonly represents the outline of the feather trace is the diagenetically altered glycocalyx of the bacteria that were degrading the feather. In several localities these feather-degrading bactelia are preserved in authigenic minerals. The taphonomy of bats and pterosaurs was also investigated. The similarity of anatomical structures of birds, bats and pterosaurs results in similar taphonomic pathways.
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Angst, Delphine. "Successeurs des dinosaures ? Paléobiologie et paléoécologie d’un oiseau géant terrestre du Paléogène." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10247.

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Les Gastornithidae sont des oiseaux géants terrestres présents dans le Tertiaire (Paléocène- Eocène) d'Europe, d'Amérique du Nord et d'Asie. Bien que ces oiseaux soient connus depuis le 19ème siècle, leur écologie et les environnements dans lesquels ils vivaient sont encore très mal connus. Cette thèse propose donc d'apporter des réponses sur ces deux points afin de mieux comprendre ces oiseaux grâce à une approche pluridisciplinaire, combinant des études de morphologie-fonctionnelle, de géochimie isotopique, et de paléontologie. Nous avons pu déterminer que cet oiseau de deux mètres de haut devait peser entre 110 et 260 kg, et avait un déplacement relativement lent ne lui permettant pas de courir rapidement et longtemps. Le régime alimentaire des Gastornithidae, en débat depuis plus de vingt ans, a été ré-étudié grâce à une étude de géochimie isotopique combinée à une étude de morphologie fonctionnelle, permettant de conclure à une alimentation herbivore. Parallèlement, les paléo-environnements dans lesquels évoluaient cet oiseau ont également pu être étudiés grâce une étude de géochimie isotopique appliquée à des coquilles d'oeufs fossiles du Sud de la France attribuées à Gastornis dans cette thèse. Ces grands oiseaux vivaient donc dans un environnement relativement sec et chaud avec probablement une alternance de saison sèche et humide pour le Sud de la France, ce qui est différent de ce qu'on connait pour des environnements du centre de l'Allemagne où d'autres fossiles de Gastornis ont été trouvés, et où la végétation montre un environnement plus humide. Cela montre donc que cet oiseau avait une bonne capacité d'adaptation à différents environnements, ce qui lui a probablement permis de franchir le PETM sans être particulièrement affecté, comme le montre le registre fossile dans lequel aucune extinction, aucune variation géographique ou anatomique ne sont observées dans cette famille contrairement au cas de nombreux mammifères
Gastornithidae are a familly of large ground fossils birds present in the Tertiary (Paleocene- Eocene) from Europe, North America and Asia. Although these birds are known since the beginning of the 19th century, their ecology and the environment where they lived are still poorly known. Therefore, this PhD propose to bring some answers about this two points in order to better understand these birds using a multidisciplinary approach, including functional morphology, isotope geochemistry and paleontological studies. We have determined that this two meter high bird should weigh around 110 to 260 kg, and had a relatively slow locomotion not allowing him to run quickly and for a long time. The diet of the Gastornithidae, discussed since more twenty years, has been studied using an isotopic geochemical approach combine with a morphofunctional study, which permits to conclude to an herbivore diet. In parallel, paleo-environments where lived this bird have also been studied using isotopical analysis applied on fossils bird’s eggshells from the southern France, attributed to Gastornis in this thesis. Thus these large birds lived in an environment relatively dry and hot, with probably an alternance of dry and wet saison in the southern France, which is different than which is known in middle Germany environments where other Gastornis fossils were found, and where vegetation shows an environment wetter. Therefore, that shows that this bird had a good adaptability to different environments, which allowed him to cross the PETM without being particularly affected as shown in the fossil record, on the contrary to numerous mammals
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Morris, Scott L. "Cluster and Classification Analysis of Fossil Invertebrates within the Bird Spring Formation, Arrow Canyon, Nevada: Implications for Relative Rise and Fall of Sea-Level." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2207.

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Carbonate strata preserve indicators of local marine environments through time. Such indicators often include microfossils that have relatively unique conditions under which they can survive, including light, nutrients, salinity, and especially water temperature. As such, microfossils are environmental proxies. When these microfossils are preserved in the rock record, they constitute key components of depositional facies. Spence et al. (2004, 2007) has proposed several approaches for determining the facies of a given stratigraphic succession based upon these proxies. Cluster analysis can be used to determine microfossil groups that represent specific environmental conditions. Identifying which microfossil groups exist through time can indicate local environmental change. When new observations (microfossils) are found, classification analysis can be used to predict group membership. Kristen Briggs (2005) identified the microfossils present in sedimentary strata within a specific time interval (Morrowan) of Pennsylvanian-age rocks. In this study we expand analysis to overlying Atokan and Desmoinesian strata. The Bird Spring Formation in Arrow Canyon, Nevada records cycles of environmental change as evidenced by changes in microfossils. Our research investigates cluster and classification analyses as tools for determining the marine facies succession. Light, nutrients, salinity, and water temperature are very dependent on water depth; therefore, our analyses essentially indicate the relative rise and fall of sea-level during Early to Middle Pennsylvanian time.
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Books on the topic "Fossil birds"

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Mayr, Gerald. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87645-6.

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Mayr, Gerald. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89628-9.

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Worthy, T. H. Fossils of Honeycomb Hill. Wellington: Museum of New Zealand, 1993.

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Llamas, Andreu. Birds conquer the sky. New York: Chelsea House, 1996.

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Thomson, Sarah L. Prehistoric beasts: Terror birds. Watertown, MA: Charlesbridge, 2013.

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Arnold, Caroline. Dinosaurs with feathers: The ancestors of modern birds. New York: Clarion Books, 2001.

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Feduccia, Alan. The origin and evolution of birds. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.

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Feduccia, Alan. The origin and evolution of birds. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.

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Feduccia, Alan. The origin and evolution of birds. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.

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Symposium, Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution. Acta palaeornithologica: 3. Symposium SAPE : 5. Internationale Senckenberg-Konferenz, 22.-26. Juni 1992. Frankfurt a.M: Courier Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fossil birds"

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Mayr, Gerald. "Arboreal birds." In Paleogene Fossil Birds, 169–204. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89628-9_16.

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Mayr, Gerald. "Palaeognathous birds." In Paleogene Fossil Birds, 25–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89628-9_5.

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Mayr, Gerald. "Palaeognathous Birds." In Paleogene Fossil Birds, 29–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87645-6_3.

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Mayr, Gerald. "“Falconiformes” (Diurnal Birds of Prey)." In Paleogene Fossil Birds, 153–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89628-9_14.

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Mayr, Gerald. "Introduction." In Paleogene Fossil Birds, 1–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89628-9_1.

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Mayr, Gerald. "Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos) and Podicipediformes (grebes)." In Paleogene Fossil Birds, 105–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89628-9_10.

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Mayr, Gerald. "Columbiformes (doves and sandgrouse), Cuculiformes (cuckoos), and other neoavian taxa of uncertain affinities." In Paleogene Fossil Birds, 111–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89628-9_11.

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Mayr, Gerald. "“Caprimulgiformes” and Apodiformes (Nightjars and Allies, Swifts, and Hummingbirds)." In Paleogene Fossil Birds, 119–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89628-9_12.

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Mayr, Gerald. "Cariamae (seriemas and allies)." In Paleogene Fossil Birds, 139–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89628-9_13.

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Mayr, Gerald. "Strigiformes (owls)." In Paleogene Fossil Birds, 163–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89628-9_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fossil birds"

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Arif Ashraf, M., A. A. Khan, and M. D. Salim Miah. "An Overview of Progress in Flapping Wing Power Generation." In International Conference on Marine Engineering and Technology Oman. London: IMarEST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/icmet.oman.2019.026.

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Recently, with the increase in power generation and consumption needs of our planet, the global community has been concerned by two major issues: the severe environmental impact of burning fossil fuels and the availability of finite resources of fossil fuel for conventional power generation. These two factors are the main reason behind the search of alternative methods to harvest energy from alternate renewable sources. One such alternate method is the use of bio-inspired unsteady flapping wing power generation which has gained much interest from engineering community. At low Reynolds number, natural flyers and swimmers such as birds, insects and fish employ the unsteady vortices to generate thrust and lift which makes them one the most agile and efficient flyers and swimmers. Better understanding of the aerodynamic forces generation mechanisms associated with the flow over flapping wings can help us develop efficient micro and nano aerial vehicles (MAVs/NAVs) and with the proper phasing between different modes of wing motion, flapping wings can also be employed for the power extraction from low speed river or ocean tidal streams. It has been shown that flapping wing power generators can harness power with comparable efficiencies to that of conventional rotary wind turbines. The aerodynamics forces generation by flapping wings is a complex phenomenon and depends on many parameters like the mode of motion, phase difference between different modes, amplitude of flapping, wing shape and wing flexibility etc. Lately, there has been concerted effort to find the optimal conditions to generate maximum thrust and lift using flapping wings. In this paper, a brief overview of fundamentals of flapping wing aerodynamics and recent advancements in the research and development of the flapping.
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Panicker, Philip K., and Amani Magid. "Microwave Plasma Gasification for the Restoration of Urban Rivers and Lakes, and the Elimination of Oceanic Garbage Patches." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59632.

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This review paper describes techniques proposed for applying microwave-induced plasma gasification (MIPG) for cleaning rivers, lakes and oceans of synthetic and organic waste pollutants by converting the waste materials into energy and useful raw materials. Rivers close to urban centers tend to get filled with man-made waste materials, such as plastics and paper, gradually forming floating masses that further trap biological materials and animals. In addition, sewage from residences and industries, as well as rainwater runoff pour into rivers and lakes carrying solid wastes into the water bodies. As a result, the water surfaces get covered with a stagnant, thick layer of synthetic and biological refuse which kill the fish, harm animals and birds, and breed disease-carrying vectors. Such destruction of water bodies is especially common in developing countries which lack the technology or the means to clean up the rivers. A terrible consequence of plastic and synthetic waste being dumped irresponsibly into the oceans is the presence of several large floating masses of garbage in the worlds’ oceans, formed by the action of gyres, or circulating ocean currents. In the Pacific Ocean, there are numerous debris fields that have been labeled the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. These patches contain whole plastic litters as well as smaller pieces of plastic, called microplastics, which are tiny fragments that were broken down by the action of waves. These waste products are ingested by animals, birds and fishes, causing death or harm. Some of the waste get washed ashore on beaches along with dead marine life. The best solution for eliminating all of the above waste management problems is by the application of MIPG systems to convert solid waste materials and contaminated water into syngas, organic fuels and raw materials. MIPG is the most efficient form of plasma gasification, which is able to process the most widest range of waste materials, while consuming only about a quarter of the energy released from the feedstock. MIPG systems can be scaled in size, power rating and waste-treatment capacity to match financial needs and waste processing requirements. MIPG systems can be set up in urban locations and on the shores of the waterbody, to filter and remove debris and contaminants and clean the water, while generating electric power to feed into the grid, and fuel or raw materials for industrial use. For eliminating the pelagic debris fields, the proposed design is to have ships fitted with waste collector and filtration systems that feeds the collected waste materials into a MIPG reactor, which converts the carbonaceous materials into syngas (H2 + CO). Some of the syngas made will be used to produce the electric power needed for running the plasma generator and onboard systems, while the remainder can be converted into methanol and other useful products through the Fischer-Tropsch process. This paper qualitatively describes the implementation schemes for the above processes, wherein MIPG technology will be used to clean up major waste problems affecting the earth’s water bodies and to convert the waste into energy and raw materials in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner, while reducing the dependence on fossil fuels and the release of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.
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Stoneburg, Brittney Elizabeth, Andrew L. Moore, Karol Gaona Chong, Alton C. Dooley, Brett Dooley, Shannon Hayes, and Meeghan Kersten. "IT’S A BIRD, IT’S A PLANE, IT’S A BRAND NEW FIELD SITE: USING UNCREWED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (UAS) TO DISCOVER AND DIGITIZE FOSSIL LOCALITIES." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-380528.

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Nyborg, Torrey. "FOSSIL VERTEBRATE TRACKS OF DEATH VALLEY NATIONAL PARK: INDICATION OF A LARGE MAMMAL AND BIRD POPULATION IN DEATH VALLEY DURING THE MIOCENE AND PLIOCENE." In 112th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016cd-274760.

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Fritzer, Johannes, Alain Strzelecki, Fabrice Giuliani, and Virginel Bodoc. "Validation of an Infrared Extinction Method for Fuel Vapor Concentration Measurements Towards the Systematic Comparison Between Alternative and Conventional Fuels for Aviation." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45787.

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Due to an increasing oil price and the obvious influence of the combustion of fossil fuel-derivatives on climate change on one hand and the steady growth of transportation needs on the other, it is necessary to develop alternatives to oil for aviation. For this purpose a specific research program on the investigation of adequate alternative fuels for aviation has been founded by the European Commission’s Framework Program. The project Alfa Bird (Alternative Fuels and Bio-fuels in Aircraft Development) focuses on an identification of possible alternative fuels to kerosene, the investigation of the adequacy of the selected ones, an evaluation of the environmental and economical impact of those and finally the creation of a future perspective for the industrial use of the “best” alternative. The main part of the investigation activities at TU Graz, in cooperation with ONERA Centre de Toulouse and Fauga-Mauzac on these specific topics consists of the analysis of the evaporation of the previously chosen fuel types in comparison to Fully Synthetic Jet Fuel (FSJF). Therefore qualitative measurements to obtain vapor concentration gradients will be done using the Infrared Extinction (IRE) measurement method. Based on a simplified Beer-Lambert-Law the integral vapor concentrations can be obtained. The main hypothesis is that if the line-of-sight extinction due to Mie-scattering is similar for both infrared and visible wavelengths because of the presence of the spray, only infrared light will be absorbed by the fuel vapor, being transparent to visible light. This contribution focuses on the validation of the infrared measurement technique on a well characterized spray. The tests are performed under controlled boundary conditions. Therefore an existing IRE test arrangement at ONERA Toulouse using an ultrasonic atomizer injecting n-octane at atmospheric conditions has been analyzed. Error sources related to misalignments in the hardware have been considered and an iterative alignment method of the laser beams followed by a beam diameter and diffraction analysis have been performed. Optimizing the setup to obtain a stable operation point has been successful. Improved experimental results at this operation point were compared with existing simulation results for the evaporation of the used ultrasonic atomizer. The achieved data has shown good accordance to the existing simulation results. This work has been supported by the Eccomet project (Efficient and Clean Combustion Experts Training) in the framework of Alfa Bird.
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Reports on the topic "Fossil birds"

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Salcido, Charles, Patrick Wilson, Justin Tweet, Blake McCan, Clint Boyd, and Vincent Santucci. Theodore Roosevelt National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293509.

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Theodore Roosevelt National Park (THRO) in western North Dakota was established for its historical connections with President Theodore Roosevelt. It contains not only historical and cultural resources, but abundant natural resources as well. Among these is one of the best geological and paleontological records of the Paleocene Epoch (66 to 56 million years ago) of any park in the National Park System. The Paleocene Epoch is of great scientific interest due to the great mass extinction that occurred at its opening (the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event), and the unusual climatic event that began at the end of the epoch (the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, an anomalous global temperature spike). It is during the Paleocene that mammals began to diversify and move into the large-bodied niches vacated by dinosaurs. The rocks exposed at THRO preserve the latter part of the Paleocene, when mammals were proliferating and crocodiles were the largest predators. Western North Dakota was warmer and wetter with swampy forests; today these are preserved as the “petrified forests” that are one of THRO’s notable features. Despite abundant fossil resources, THRO has not historically been a scene of significant paleontological exploration. For example, the fossil forests have only had one published scientific description, and that report focused on the associated paleosols (“fossil soils”). The widespread petrified wood of the area has been known since at least the 19th century and was considered significant enough to be a tourist draw in the decades leading up to the establishment of THRO in 1947. Paleontologists occasionally collected and described fossil specimens from the park over the next few decades, but the true extent of paleontological resources was not realized until a joint North Dakota Geological Survey–NPS investigation under John Hoganson and Johnathan Campbell between 1994–1996. This survey uncovered 400 paleontological localities within the park representing a variety of plant, invertebrate, vertebrate, and trace fossils. Limited investigation and occasional collection of noteworthy specimens took place over the next two decades. In 2020, a new two-year initiative to further document the park’s paleontological resources began. This inventory, which was the basis for this report, identified another 158 fossil localities, some yielding taxa not recorded by the previous survey. Additional specimens were collected from the surface, among them a partial skeleton of a choristodere (an extinct aquatic reptile), dental material of two mammal taxa not previously recorded at THRO, and the first bird track found at the park. The inventory also provided an assessment of an area scheduled for ground-disturbing maintenance. This inventory is intended to inform future paleontological resource research, management, protection, and interpretation at THRO. THRO’s bedrock geology is dominated by two Paleocene rock formations: the Bullion Creek Formation and the overlying Sentinel Butte Formation of the Fort Union Group. Weathering of these formations has produced the distinctive banded badlands seen in THRO today. These two formations were deposited under very different conditions than the current conditions of western North Dakota. In the Paleocene, the region was warm and wet, with a landscape dominated by swamps, lakes, and rivers. Great forests now represented by petrified wood grew throughout the area. Freshwater mollusks, fish, amphibians (including giant salamanders), turtles, choristoderes, and crocodilians abounded in the ancient wetlands, while a variety of mammals representing either extinct lineages or the early forebearers of modern groups inhabited the land. There is little representation of the next 56 million years at THRO. The only evidence we have of events in the park for most of these millions of years is isolated Neogene lag deposits and terrace gravel. Quaternary surficial deposits have yielded a few fossils...
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Breeding bird monitoring protocol for the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network: Narrative, version 3.0. National Park Service, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2300001.

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The National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Program provided funding for the development of this bird monitoring protocol and continues to fund monitoring of the resource in network parks. Numerous NPS personnel and volunteers have contributed in-kind support to the development of this protocol and continue to assist with annual surveys. This protocol in an earlier version (Version 1.0) benefited from comments by Dr. John Sauer (USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center), Dr. Rich Camp (USGS Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center) and Dr. Rodney Siegel (Institute for Bird Populations). In 2008, the protocol was revised (Version 2.0) to reflect the network’s expansion of its bird monitoring efforts into additional parks and the turning over of Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Nebraska, to the Northern Great Plains Inventory and Monitoring Network.
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